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m
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tag
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re
a
l
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ti
m
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
DC m
icro
g
ri
d
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ad
ap
tiv
e
n
e
u
r
o
-
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
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n
ce
s
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s
tem
Ar
tific
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in
tellig
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ce
tu
n
in
g
DC
m
icr
o
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r
id
Fra
ctio
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al
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d
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PID
co
n
tr
o
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I
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tellig
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t c
o
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
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T
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s
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c
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ss
a
rticle
u
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d
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e
CC B
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C
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:
Su
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R
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Salk
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Dep
ar
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Glo
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ailway
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W
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g
Un
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s
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J
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d
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d
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N
T
h
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r
o
win
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a
p
p
licatio
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ce
s
an
d
en
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g
y
s
to
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ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
h
as
led
to
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e
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
irec
t
c
u
rre
n
t
(
DC
)
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
eliab
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y
o
f
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
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p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Nev
er
th
eless
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th
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ities
an
d
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
o
f
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
p
r
esen
t
m
o
n
u
m
e
n
tal
ch
allen
g
es
in
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
o
p
tim
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m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
ested
to
m
itig
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th
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ch
allen
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Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
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m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
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co
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tr
o
l
h
as
b
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u
s
ed
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
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esp
o
n
s
e
a
n
d
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er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
o
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h
y
b
r
id
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n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
in
D
C
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
[
1
]
.
C
o
o
r
d
in
ated
p
o
wer
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
m
o
d
i
f
ied
in
v
asiv
e
wee
d
o
p
tim
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n
-
b
ased
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT
)
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
m
ax
im
ize
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
in
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
-
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
]
.
W
ith
co
n
s
tan
t
p
o
wer
lo
a
d
s
p
r
esen
tin
g
ex
tr
em
e
s
tab
ilit
y
th
r
ea
ts
,
p
o
ten
tial
th
eo
r
y
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
th
e
r
eg
io
n
o
f
attr
ac
tio
n
f
o
r
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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2
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I
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f
&
C
o
m
m
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n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
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9
7
-
8
0
4
798
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
u
s
ef
u
l
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
s
y
s
tem
b
eh
av
io
r
u
n
d
er
d
is
tu
r
b
an
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s
[
3
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
d
is
cr
ete
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tim
e
s
tate
-
s
p
ac
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s
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v
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ac
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d
et
ailed
s
m
all
-
s
ig
n
al
o
s
cillatio
n
an
aly
s
is
in
AC
/DC
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
[
4
]
,
wh
ile
ex
ten
d
ed
-
G
e
r
s
h
g
o
r
in
th
eo
r
em
-
b
ased
cr
iter
ia
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
e
d
to
a
n
aly
ze
s
tab
ilit
y
m
ar
g
in
s
in
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
[
5
]
.
T
o
f
ac
ilit
ate
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles (
E
Vs),
in
tellig
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l sch
em
es h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
to
m
an
ag
e
s
to
ch
asti
c
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
6
]
.
Vo
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
r
em
ain
s
a
cr
u
cial
asp
ec
t
o
f
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
o
p
er
atio
n
s
;
s
er
ies
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
ested
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
v
o
lta
g
e
p
r
o
f
iles
in
r
ad
ial
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
[
7
]
,
an
d
d
ec
en
tr
a
lized
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
es
h
av
e
f
ac
ilit
ated
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
v
o
lta
g
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
in
is
lan
d
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
[
8
]
.
Po
wer
e
lectr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
s
u
ch
as
d
u
al
ac
tiv
e
b
r
i
d
g
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
en
h
a
n
ce
d
u
s
in
g
d
ir
ec
t p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
l w
it
h
d
u
al
-
ter
m
in
al
v
o
ltag
e
f
ee
d
f
o
r
war
d
tech
n
i
q
u
es,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tab
ilit
y
[
9
]
.
No
n
lin
ea
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
h
av
e
also
en
ab
led
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
esto
r
atio
n
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
h
ar
in
g
i
n
is
lan
d
ed
m
o
d
es
[
1
0
]
.
Fo
r
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
tio
n
,
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
-
d
o
m
ain
m
eth
o
d
s
b
ased
o
n
f
ilter
ca
p
ac
ito
r
cu
r
r
en
t
d
y
n
am
ics
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
[
1
1
]
.
De
ce
n
tr
alize
d
o
p
tim
al
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
t
o
o
f
f
er
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y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
u
n
d
er
u
n
ce
r
tain
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
2
]
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
in
d
ep
th
to
co
u
n
ter
c
y
b
er
-
p
h
y
s
ical
attac
k
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
en
ial
-
of
-
s
er
v
ice
attac
k
s
,
with
ev
en
t
-
t
r
ig
g
er
e
d
co
n
tr
o
l
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
[
1
3
]
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
elay
an
d
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
u
n
ter
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
o
r
d
in
ated
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
[
1
4
]
,
wh
ile
p
ar
tially
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
co
n
t
r
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
ev
en
t
-
tr
ig
g
er
ed
s
am
p
lin
g
h
av
e
en
a
b
led
p
r
ec
is
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
h
ar
in
g
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
[
1
5
]
.
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
o
p
tim
ized
t
o
o
f
f
er
h
ig
h
v
o
l
tag
e
g
ain
an
d
wid
e
r
ze
r
o
-
v
o
ltag
e
s
witch
in
g
r
an
g
es
[
1
6
]
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
tr
o
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
e
v
en
in
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Sy
n
c
h
r
o
n
ized
o
p
er
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
u
n
d
er
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
elay
s
h
av
e
e
n
ab
led
th
e
r
ea
lizatio
n
o
f
ex
ac
t
p
o
wer
s
h
ar
in
g
a
n
d
s
tab
le
v
o
lt
ag
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
b
i
p
o
lar
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
b
alan
ce
an
d
o
v
er
all
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
[
1
8
]
.
Ad
ap
tiv
e
p
ass
iv
ity
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
h
as
b
ee
n
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
en
ab
li
n
g
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
f
ee
d
in
g
c
o
n
s
tan
t p
o
wer
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
lo
ad
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
o
co
u
n
ter
in
ter
m
itten
c
y
is
s
u
es
in
r
estru
ctu
r
e
d
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
tem
s
,
r
u
le
-
b
ased
ad
a
p
tiv
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
eg
u
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
th
e
E
V
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
in
tellig
en
t
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
o
p
tim
ized
in
m
u
lti
-
o
b
jectiv
e
s
ettin
g
s
h
av
e
en
ab
led
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
alan
cin
g
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
am
ic
lo
ad
s
[
2
1
]
.
Sm
all
-
s
ig
n
al
m
o
d
elin
g
in
4
8
V
DC
g
r
id
s
h
as
f
u
r
th
er
en
a
b
led
th
e
r
ea
lizati
o
n
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
in
ter
ac
tiv
ity
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
b
eh
av
io
r
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
f
a
u
lt
r
id
e
-
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
ap
ab
ilit
y
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
u
n
d
er
cr
itical
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
en
a
b
lin
g
en
h
an
ce
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
tin
u
ity
[
2
2
]
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
o
b
s
er
v
er
-
b
ased
f
au
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
co
n
t
r
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
e
n
h
an
ce
d
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
ag
ain
s
t
s
en
s
o
r
f
au
lts
[
5
]
.
R
o
b
u
s
t
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
g
r
id
-
f
o
r
m
in
g
an
d
g
r
id
-
f
o
llo
win
g
in
v
er
te
r
s
h
as
en
ab
led
d
y
n
am
ic
s
im
u
latio
n
in
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
1
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
p
ass
iv
ity
-
b
ased
d
am
p
in
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
t
o
p
o
wer
o
s
cillatio
n
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
an
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
[
2
3
]
.
B
alasu
n
d
a
r
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
s
tu
d
ied
E
V
f
au
lt
r
id
e
-
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
en
h
an
ce
d
r
esil
ien
ce
,
wh
ile
Hu
an
g
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
ap
p
lied
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
o
b
s
er
v
er
-
b
ased
f
au
lt
-
t
o
ler
an
t
co
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
s
en
s
o
r
-
f
au
lt
r
esil
ien
ce
in
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
Du
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
p
r
esen
ted
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
els
o
f
g
r
id
-
f
o
r
m
in
g
/f
o
ll
o
win
g
in
v
er
te
r
s
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
J
eu
n
g
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ca
lab
le
d
am
p
in
g
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
f
o
r
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
o
s
cillatio
n
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
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O
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e
f
lo
wch
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in
Fig
u
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1
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tlin
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an
AI
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b
ased
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p
tim
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p
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f
o
r
tu
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eter
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FO
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o
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F
O
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ar
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f
o
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Af
ter
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I
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Fig
u
r
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1
.
AI
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b
ased
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s
s
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f
FO
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with
p
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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8
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P
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(
ANFI
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tech
n
iq
u
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to
d
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FO
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s
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d
Kalm
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in
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f
o
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p
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r
am
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.
B
o
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f
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FO
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n
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ch
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Fig
u
r
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2
.
Op
tim
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p
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n
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f
FO
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co
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3.
RE
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SCU
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Fig
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r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
v
ar
iati
o
n
in
lo
a
d
d
em
a
n
d
o
v
er
tim
e
u
n
d
er
b
o
th
n
o
r
m
al
a
n
d
f
a
u
lt
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
u
s
in
g
an
AI
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b
ased
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
e
b
lac
k
lin
e
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ts
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
lo
ad
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
a
g
r
ad
u
al
in
cr
ea
s
e
an
d
r
em
ai
n
s
r
elativ
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y
s
tab
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
1
0
-
s
ec
in
ter
v
al.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
r
ed
d
ash
ed
lin
e
d
e
p
icts
th
e
lo
ad
b
eh
av
io
r
d
u
r
i
n
g
m
u
lti
p
le
f
au
l
t o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
s
.
Sh
ar
p
s
p
ik
es in
lo
ad
d
em
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d
ar
e
v
is
ib
le
at
ap
p
r
o
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im
ately
3
,
5
.
5
,
a
n
d
9
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
in
s
tan
ts
wh
en
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lts
o
cc
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r
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ca
u
s
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s
u
d
d
en
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d
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ig
n
i
f
ican
t
in
cr
ea
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es
in
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o
wer
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n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
,
AI
-
b
ased
c
o
n
tr
o
l
h
elp
s
m
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tem
s
tab
ilit
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ic
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ly
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i
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h
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tiv
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m
an
a
g
in
g
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a
d
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
f
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lts
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
L
o
ad
d
em
an
d
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
u
n
d
e
r
n
o
r
m
al
an
d
f
au
lt c
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n
d
itio
n
s
u
s
in
g
a
n
AI
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ased
c
o
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
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Fig
u
r
e
4
p
r
esen
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m
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o
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(
d
ash
ed
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n
d
AI
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ased
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izatio
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m
eth
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illu
s
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atin
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eir
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eq
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e
ch
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ter
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.
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h
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b
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ag
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ased
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1
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g
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iatio
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tain
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s
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b
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ws
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e
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h
ase
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n
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e,
with
th
e
AI
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ased
m
eth
o
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d
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lay
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e
r
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ase
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ip
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ig
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en
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itiv
ity
to
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r
e
q
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e
n
cy
ch
an
g
es.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
AI
-
b
ased
o
p
tim
izatio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
7
7
6
I
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n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
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l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
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2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
7
9
7
-
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4
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ic
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lex
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m
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tain
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a
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m
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er
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m
o
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tab
le
p
r
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f
ile
ac
r
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e
f
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eq
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en
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ef
lectin
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f
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er
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t
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n
tr
o
l
d
y
n
a
m
ics
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d
s
y
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tem
r
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u
s
tn
ess
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
B
o
d
e
p
lo
t c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
FA
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PS
O
an
d
AI
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b
ased
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
an
d
p
h
ase
Fig
u
r
e
5
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
o
wer
s
h
ar
in
g
an
d
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
o
v
er
1
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
to
p
p
lo
t
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
u
r
ce
s
-
PV
(
r
ed
)
,
W
in
d
(
g
r
ee
n
)
,
B
E
SS
(
b
lu
e)
,
SOFC
(
m
ag
en
ta
)
,
an
d
E
lectr
o
ly
ze
r
(
c
y
an
)
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al
o
n
g
with
th
e
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tal
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o
ad
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we
r
(
b
lack
)
.
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tab
l
y
,
th
e
L
o
ad
Po
wer
in
cr
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tep
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3
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n
d
5
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ile
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s
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ee
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tly
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s
d
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r
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g
in
cr
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ed
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a
d
d
em
an
d
b
u
t
r
ec
o
v
er
s
an
d
r
is
es
as
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e
lo
ad
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
r
ef
l
ec
tin
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
t
h
e
ch
an
g
in
g
p
o
wer
d
em
a
n
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
p
o
we
r
s
h
ar
in
g
a
n
d
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
lta
g
e
Fig
u
r
e
6
co
m
p
a
r
es
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
two
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
:
FA
-
PS
O
an
d
an
AI
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
o
v
e
r
1
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
W
h
ile
th
e
leg
en
d
in
d
ic
ates
b
o
th
m
eth
o
d
s
,
o
n
ly
th
e
AI
-
b
ased
o
p
tim
ized
o
u
tp
u
t
(
in
b
lu
e)
is
v
is
ib
ly
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lo
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ted
,
s
h
o
win
g
a
f
lu
ct
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atin
g
y
et
s
m
o
o
th
o
v
er
all
tr
e
n
d
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
in
cr
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
ar
o
u
n
d
5
k
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ly
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ad
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T
h
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f
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ctu
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icate
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y
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ic
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tem
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av
io
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d
th
e
s
m
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r
v
e
s
u
g
g
ests
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
o
wer
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
AI
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
imp
r
o
ve
men
t o
f D
C
micro
g
r
id
s
via
a
d
a
p
tive
n
eu
r
o
-
fu
z
z
y
in
feren
ce
…
(
Deb
a
n
i P
r
a
s
a
d
Mis
h
r
a
)
801
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vd
ch
)
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
o
p
tim
i
ze
d
u
s
in
g
ANFI
S
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FA
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P
SO
o
v
er
1
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
s
cillates
s
m
o
o
t
h
ly
b
etwe
en
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
5
0
V
an
d
6
7
0
V,
in
d
icatin
g
s
tab
le
an
d
co
n
tr
o
lle
d
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
in
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
d
u
e
to
ch
an
g
in
g
lo
ad
s
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
p
atter
n
an
d
n
a
r
r
o
w
v
o
ltag
e
r
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g
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
ANFI
S
-
FA
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PS
O
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
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tain
s
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o
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e
s
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ilit
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,
en
s
u
r
in
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eliab
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er
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o
r
m
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ce
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
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n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Po
wer
o
u
tp
u
t c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
FA
-
PS
O
an
d
AI
-
b
ased
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
v
er
a
1
0
-
s
ec
o
n
d
in
ter
v
al
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Vd
c
h
R
esp
o
n
s
e
u
n
d
er
ANFI
S
-
FA
-
PS
O
Op
tim
izat
i
o
n
s
h
o
win
g
s
tab
le
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
l
tag
e
o
s
cillatio
n
s
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
r
o
m
f
o
u
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
a
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
o
v
er
1
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
I
t
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
ea
ch
s
o
u
r
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c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
t
o
tal
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
b
ased
o
n
an
o
p
tim
ized
c
o
n
tr
o
l stra
te
g
y
u
s
in
g
ANFI
S,
FA,
an
d
PS
O.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Po
wer
s
h
a
r
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
o
p
tim
ized
u
s
in
g
ANFI
S
-
FA
-
PS
O:
t
im
e
-
v
ar
ian
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
PV,
W
in
d
,
Fu
el
C
ell,
an
d
B
E
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p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
v
er
a
1
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-
s
ec
o
n
d
in
ter
v
al
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
S
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
DC
m
ic
r
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G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
De
b
a
n
i
Pra
sa
d
Mi
shr
a
re
c
e
iv
e
d
B
.
Tec
h
.
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
th
e
Bij
u
P
a
tn
a
ik
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
O
d
ish
a
,
In
d
ia,
in
2
0
0
6
a
n
d
M
.
Tec
h
.
i
n
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s
fro
m
IIT
,
De
lh
i,
In
d
ia
i
n
2
0
1
0
.
He
w
a
s
a
wa
rd
e
d
t
h
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s
fr
o
m
Ve
e
r
S
u
re
n
d
ra
S
a
i
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
O
d
ish
a
,
In
d
ia,
i
n
2
0
1
9
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
se
rv
in
g
a
s
a
ss
istan
t
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
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n
th
e
De
p
t
.
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
g
.
,
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Bh
u
b
a
n
e
sw
a
r,
Od
is
h
a
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
so
ft
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
in
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s,
si
g
n
a
l
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
l
it
y
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
d
e
b
a
n
i@ii
it
-
b
h
.
a
c
.
in
.
S
a
r
ita
S
a
m
a
l
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
P
h
.
D
.
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
VSS
UT
Bu
rla,
in
2
0
1
9
,
s
h
e
d
i
d
h
e
r
M
.
Tec
h
.
i
n
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
VSS
UT
Bu
rla
i
n
2
0
0
6
a
n
d
B.
Tec
h
.
(Ho
n
s)
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
Be
rh
a
m
p
u
r
U
n
iv
e
rs
it
y
i
n
2
0
0
3
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
wo
rk
i
n
g
a
s
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
-
I
in
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
KIIT
d
e
e
m
e
d
to
b
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Bh
u
b
a
n
e
sw
a
r,
Od
is
h
a
.
He
r
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
,
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s
a
n
d
m
i
c
ro
g
rid
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
m
o
re
th
a
n
5
0
n
u
m
b
e
rs
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
in
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
a
n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
S
h
e
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
4
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
ters
in
El
se
v
ier
,
Ta
y
lo
r
,
F
ra
n
c
is
,
an
d
6
p
a
ten
ts.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
ss
a
m
a
lfel@
k
ii
t.
a
c
.
i
n
.
Ma
n
a
s
Ra
n
ja
n
S
a
h
u
is
a
st
u
d
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tr
o
n
ics
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
d
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
In
stit
u
te
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Bh
u
b
a
n
e
sw
a
r.
He
b
e
lo
n
g
s
to
2
0
2
2
-
2
0
2
6
Ba
tch
.
His
p
r
ima
ry
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
li
e
in
im
p
ro
v
in
g
t
h
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
in
a
m
o
re
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
wa
y
a
n
d
m
a
k
in
g
it
c
o
st
-
e
fficie
n
t.
He
is
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
f
o
c
u
se
d
o
n
i
n
n
o
v
a
ti
n
g
a
n
d
a
p
p
ly
in
g
n
e
w
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
se
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
a
n
a
sh
9
3
2
0
0
4
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Pi
y
u
sk
a
n
t
Da
s
i
s
a
stu
d
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
d
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
In
stit
u
te
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Bh
u
b
a
n
e
sw
a
r.
He
b
e
lo
n
g
s
to
th
e
2
0
2
2
-
2
0
2
6
Ba
tch
.
His
p
rima
ry
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
li
e
in
imp
ro
v
in
g
th
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
m
o
re
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
l
y
a
n
d
m
a
k
i
n
g
it
c
o
st
-
e
fficie
n
t
.
He
is
p
a
rti
c
u
larl
y
f
o
c
u
se
d
o
n
in
n
o
v
a
ti
n
g
a
n
d
a
p
p
ly
in
g
n
e
w
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
se
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
o
m
m
p
iy
u
s
h
6
7
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
S
o
n
n
a
Mu
r
a
r
i
i
s
a
stu
d
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
d
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
th
e
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
In
stit
u
te
o
f
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Bh
u
b
a
n
e
sw
a
r.
He
b
e
lo
n
g
s
to
th
e
2
0
2
2
-
2
0
2
6
Ba
tch
.
His
p
rima
ry
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
li
e
i
n
imp
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
in
a
m
o
re
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
wa
y
a
n
d
m
a
k
in
g
i
t
c
o
st
-
e
fficie
n
t.
He
is
p
a
rti
c
u
larl
y
fo
c
u
se
d
o
n
i
n
n
o
v
a
ti
n
g
a
n
d
a
p
p
ly
in
g
n
e
w
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
se
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
b
u
n
n
y
1
9
4
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
S
u
r
e
n
d
e
r
Re
d
d
y
S
a
lk
u
ti
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
th
e
In
d
ian
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Ne
w
De
lh
i,
In
d
ia,
i
n
2
0
1
3
.
He
wa
s
a
P
o
st
d
o
c
t
o
ra
l
Re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
a
t
Ho
wa
rd
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Was
h
in
g
t
o
n
,
DC,
USA,
fro
m
2
0
1
3
t
o
2
0
1
4
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
n
As
so
c
iate
P
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
wit
h
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
G
lo
b
a
l
Ra
il
wa
y
s,
W
o
o
so
n
g
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Da
e
jeo
n
,
Re
p
u
b
li
c
o
f
Ko
re
a
.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
m
a
rk
e
t
c
lea
rin
g
,
i
n
c
lu
d
in
g
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s,
d
e
m
a
n
d
re
sp
o
n
se
,
a
n
d
sm
a
rt
g
ri
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
wit
h
in
te
g
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
win
d
a
n
d
so
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
su
re
n
d
e
r@ws
u
.
a
c
.
k
r
.
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