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ns
be
c
a
us
e
t
h
e
y
r
e
l
y
t
oo
m
u
c
h
o
n
e
x
pe
n
s
i
ve
mi
c
r
o
pr
o
c
e
s
s
o
r
s
or
c
l
o
ud
-
b
a
s
e
d
a
r
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
e
s
.
S
e
c
o
n
d,
a
l
o
t
o
f
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
o
c
us
e
s
m
o
r
e
o
n
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
a
n
c
l
o
s
e
d
-
l
o
o
p
a
c
t
ua
t
i
o
n
,
whi
c
h
m
e
a
ns
t
h
a
t
r
e
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
a
vi
ng
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
a
s
hi
g
h
a
s
t
h
e
y
c
o
ul
d
be
.
T
hi
r
d,
c
ur
r
e
n
t
s
e
n
s
o
r
-
f
u
s
i
o
n
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
s
r
a
r
e
l
y
u
s
e
l
o
w
-
po
we
r
e
m
b
e
dd
e
d
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
m
o
de
l
s
t
h
a
t
wor
k
we
l
l
w
i
t
h
m
i
c
r
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
t
h
a
t
h
a
v
e
l
im
i
t
e
d
m
e
m
o
r
y
.
T
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
pr
o
p
o
s
e
s
a
c
o
s
t
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
f
u
l
ly
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
e
d
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
i
ndo
o
r
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
r
e
gul
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
a
t
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
e
s
m
u
l
t
im
o
da
l
s
e
ns
i
ng
w
i
t
h
a
n
e
nh
a
n
c
e
d
r
a
n
do
m
f
o
r
e
s
t
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
e
r
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
t
h
e
s
e
de
f
i
c
i
e
nc
ies
.
T
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
ng
i
s
a
s
u
mm
a
r
y
o
f
t
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
’
s
m
a
jo
r
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
ns
.
I
n
or
de
r
to
i
m
pr
o
v
e
o
c
c
upa
n
c
y
de
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
we
f
i
r
s
t
pr
e
s
e
n
t
a
m
u
l
t
im
o
da
l
s
e
n
s
i
ng
a
r
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
e
t
h
a
t
c
o
m
bi
ne
s
P
I
R
,
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
,
a
n
d
il
l
u
m
i
na
t
i
o
n
da
t
a
.
S
e
c
o
n
d,
we
r
e
duc
e
l
a
t
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
do
a
wa
y
w
i
t
h
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
c
o
m
put
a
t
i
o
n
by
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
de
p
l
o
y
i
ng
a
n
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
d
r
a
n
do
m
f
o
r
e
s
t
m
o
de
l
o
n
a
n
A
r
du
i
n
o
Un
o
pl
a
t
f
o
r
m
.
T
hi
r
d,
we
de
v
e
l
o
p
a
m
o
de
l
f
o
r
o
p
t
i
mi
z
i
ng
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
t
h
a
t
i
s
s
pe
c
if
i
c
to
r
e
s
i
de
n
t
i
a
l
e
nvi
r
o
nm
e
n
t
s
.
L
a
s
t
l
y
,
we
va
l
i
d
a
t
e
t
h
e
s
ugge
s
t
e
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
in
a
c
t
ua
l
h
o
us
e
h
o
l
d
s
a
n
d
s
h
o
w
t
h
a
t
i
t
i
s
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
t
h
a
n
pr
e
vi
o
us
m
e
t
h
o
ds
.
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
i
n
t
e
l
li
ge
n
t
r
e
s
i
de
n
t
i
a
l
e
ne
r
g
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
h
a
s
pr
o
gr
e
s
s
i
v
e
ly
i
nve
s
t
i
ga
t
e
d
m
u
l
t
im
o
da
l
s
e
n
s
i
ng,
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng,
a
n
d
a
da
pt
i
v
e
a
c
t
ua
t
i
o
n
.
E
a
r
l
i
e
r
I
o
T
-
b
a
s
e
d
m
e
t
e
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
[
2]
,
[
3]
m
a
d
e
i
t
e
a
s
i
e
r
to
s
e
e
h
o
w
m
uc
h
e
n
e
r
g
y
wa
s
b
e
i
ng
u
s
e
d,
b
ut
t
h
e
y
d
i
d
n
’
t
h
a
v
e
a
ny
t
oo
l
s
f
o
r
m
a
k
i
ng
de
c
i
s
i
o
ns
f
o
r
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
a
c
t
ua
t
i
o
n
.
P
r
i
v
a
c
y
-
pr
e
s
e
r
vi
ng
bl
o
c
kc
h
a
i
n
-
b
a
s
e
d
s
m
a
r
t
-
gr
i
d
m
o
de
l
s
[
4]
,
[
5
]
i
m
pr
o
v
e
d
da
t
a
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
but
di
d
n
o
t
s
i
g
nif
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
a
f
f
e
c
t
de
m
a
n
d
-
s
i
de
o
pt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
r
e
gul
a
t
i
o
n
.
S
e
ns
o
r
-
f
us
i
o
n
s
t
ud
i
e
s
li
ke
M
b
u
n
gu
e
t
al.
[
6]
a
n
d
Gun
go
r
e
t
a
l.
[
7]
f
o
c
us
e
d
o
n
di
s
tr
i
b
ut
e
d
a
r
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
e
s
,
b
ut
t
h
e
y
d
i
d
n
’
t
i
n
c
l
ude
l
o
w
-
c
o
s
t
mi
c
r
o
c
o
n
tr
o
l
l
e
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
im
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
w
ou
l
d
wo
r
k
we
l
l
i
n
h
o
m
e
s
.
Al
t
h
o
ugh
t
h
e
y
r
e
li
e
d
o
n
c
o
m
put
a
t
i
o
n
a
ll
y
de
m
a
n
d
i
ng
c
l
o
ud
pl
a
t
f
o
r
m
s
,
r
e
c
e
n
t
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
o
n
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
-
b
a
s
e
d
pr
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
[
8]
-
[
10
]
s
h
o
we
d
e
n
c
o
ur
a
gi
n
g
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
.
F
ur
t
h
e
r
mo
r
e
,
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
a
t
t
h
e
h
o
us
e
h
o
l
d
l
e
ve
l
,
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
s
t
udi
e
s
f
o
u
n
d
i
m
pr
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
a
t
t
h
e
gr
i
d
l
e
v
e
l
.
T
h
e
pr
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
udy
s
e
t
s
i
t
s
e
l
f
a
pa
r
t
by
pr
o
vi
d
i
ng
a
n
e
m
be
dde
d,
mi
c
r
o
c
o
n
tr
o
l
l
e
r
-
de
p
l
o
y
a
bl
e
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
k
t
h
a
t
c
o
m
bi
ne
s
a
c
t
ua
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
m
u
l
t
im
o
da
l
s
e
ns
i
ng
whil
e
r
e
m
a
i
n
i
ng
pr
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
a
f
f
o
r
da
bl
e
.
T
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
’
s
go
a
l
s
a
r
e
to
:
(
i
)
c
r
e
a
t
e
a
m
u
l
t
i
-
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
a
c
c
ur
a
t
e
l
y
d
e
t
e
c
t
h
u
m
a
n
pr
e
s
e
n
c
e
;
(
ii
)
c
r
e
a
t
e
a
da
p
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
s
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
r
e
gul
a
t
e
t
h
e
e
nvi
r
o
nm
e
n
t
;
(
iii
)
us
e
a
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
m
o
de
l
t
o
m
a
ke
de
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
;
a
n
d
(
iv
)
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
k
i
s
e
ne
r
g
y
-
a
n
d
c
o
s
t
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
.
B
y
pr
o
vi
d
i
ng
a
l
o
w
-
c
o
s
t,
s
c
a
l
a
bl
e
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
s
uppo
r
t
e
d
by
da
t
a
f
r
o
m
a
c
t
ua
l
de
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
s
,
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
e
x
pa
n
ds
o
n
e
a
r
l
i
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
T
h
e
c
o
nv
e
r
ge
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
ne
t
o
f
t
hi
n
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
,
s
e
n
s
o
r
f
u
s
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
ha
s
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
h
o
m
e
a
ut
o
m
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
a
i
mi
ng
to
o
p
t
i
m
i
s
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
us
e
r
c
o
m
f
o
r
t.
De
s
p
i
t
e
r
e
c
e
n
t
s
t
udi
e
s
f
o
c
us
i
ng
o
n
i
n
t
e
l
li
ge
n
t
,
s
c
a
l
a
bl
e
,
a
nd
c
o
s
t
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
s
,
t
h
e
i
r
r
e
a
l
-
wo
r
l
d
im
p
l
e
men
t
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
m
a
i
ns
i
ns
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,
pa
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
ly
i
n
r
e
s
o
ur
c
e
-
c
o
n
s
tr
a
i
n
e
d
e
nvi
r
o
nm
e
n
t
s
.
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ha
s
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
ve
ly
f
o
c
us
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
I
oT
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
ks
i
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
ge
m
e
n
t
.
Al
b
r
a
h
e
e
m
e
t
al.
[
2]
de
v
e
l
o
pe
d
a
n
I
oT
s
m
a
r
t
pl
ug
f
o
r
e
ne
r
g
y
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g
ut
i
li
z
i
ng
No
de
M
C
U.
T
he
y
c
o
ul
d
o
bs
e
r
ve
i
n
r
e
a
l
t
i
m
e
,
y
e
t
t
h
e
y
c
o
u
l
d
n
o
t
a
c
t
i
v
a
t
e
t
h
e
p
l
ug
.
S
a
l
e
e
m
e
t
al.
[
3]
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
n
i
nn
o
va
t
i
ve
m
e
ter
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
h
a
t
c
o
m
bi
ne
s
h
o
m
e
a
ut
o
m
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
I
oT
.
T
h
o
ugh
t
h
e
e
qu
i
p
m
e
n
t
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
to
t
hi
s
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
y
i
s
s
o
m
e
w
h
a
t
e
x
pe
ns
i
ve
,
it
c
o
ul
d
m
a
ke
t
he
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
us
e
r
e
x
pe
r
i
e
n
c
e
b
e
t
t
e
r
.
Ga
i
e
t
al.
[
4]
s
ugge
s
t
e
d
us
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10]
us
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[
13
]
l
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[
14]
e
x
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wh
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Ami
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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15]
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Initialize:
sensors, random forest model
Loop:
Read: H = PIR(), L = Photoresistor(), T = TempSensor()
Preprocess: Normalize(H, L, T)
Predict: H_pred = RF(H, L, T)
Control:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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549
If H_pred == 1:
If L <L_threshold: Relay_Light_ON()
If T >T_threshold: Relay_AC_ON()
Else:
Relay_Light_OFF()
Relay_AC_OFF()
Update
: UI(H, L, T, Status)
End Loop
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[
1]
T
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I
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l
E
n
e
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y
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g
e
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)
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E
n
e
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f
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c
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e
n
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y
20
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T
h
e
I
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E
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n
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(
I
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A
)
, 2023.
[
2]
L
.
A
lb
r
a
he
e
m,
H
.
A
la
jl
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n,
N
.
A
lj
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L
.
A
.
A
lk
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nd
S
.
B
in
G
w
e
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d,
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A
n
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oT
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d
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ug
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
o
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t
o
r
in
g
s
y
s
te
m,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
o
f
A
dv
anc
e
d
C
o
m
put
e
r
Sc
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e
n
c
e
and
A
ppl
ic
at
io
ns
,
v
o
l.
14,
n
o
.
10,
2023,
do
i:
10.14569/I
J
A
C
S
A
.2023.0141038.
[
3]
M
.
U
.
S
a
le
e
m,
M
.
R
.
U
s
ma
n,
M
.
A
.
U
s
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n,
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nd
C
.
P
o
li
ti
s
,
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,”
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E
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A
c
c
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s
s
,
v
o
l.
10,
pp.
15261
–
15278,
20
22,
do
i:
10.1109/AC
C
E
S
S
.2022.3147484.
[
4]
K
.
G
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Y
.
W
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.
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,
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E
T
r
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ons
on I
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tr
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l
I
nf
o
r
m
at
ic
s
, v
o
l.
15, n
o
. 6, pp.
354
8
–
3558, J
un. 2019, do
i:
10.1109/
T
I
I
.2019.2893433.
[
5]
D
.
B
.
A
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in
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J
.
J
.
P
.
C
.
R
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s
,
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.
A
.
L
.
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o
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.
K
.
D
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s
,
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.
K
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nd
P
.
S
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,
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n
e
w
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m
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s
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nt
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nat
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nal
J
our
nal
of
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ne
r
g
y
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
, v
o
l
. 45, no
. 1
, pp. 189
–
202, J
a
n. 2021, do
i
:
10.1002/e
r
.5177.
[
6]
N
.
T
.
M
bungu,
R
.
M
.
N
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id
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o
,
R
.
C
.
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l,
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.
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.
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.
H
.
T
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o
,
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n
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n
e
r
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y
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nd
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r
c
o
mm
e
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c
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l
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a
ppl
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ti
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ns
,”
J
our
nal
of
E
ne
r
g
y
St
or
age
,
v
o
l.
29,
p.
101385,
J
un.
2020,
do
i:
10.1016/j
.e
s
t.
2020.101385.
[
7]
V
.
C
.
G
ung
o
r
e
t
al
.
,
“
S
ma
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hn
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gi
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s
:
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o
mm
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l
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s
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nd
s
ta
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E
E
E
T
r
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ac
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ons
on
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ndus
tr
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l
I
nf
or
m
at
ic
s
, v
ol
. 7, n
o
. 4, pp. 529
–
539, Nov
. 2011, d
oi
:
10.110
9/
T
I
I
.2011.2166794.
[
8]
A
.
R
.
A
l
-
A
li
,
I
.
A
.
Z
ua
lk
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r
na
n,
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.
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ar
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c
tu
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e
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r
ot
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ti
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Se
c
ur
it
y
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P
r
iv
ac
y
M
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ti
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E
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r
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ti
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G
r
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g
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ic
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H
a
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o
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ur
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s
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C
om
put
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r
s
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Se
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ur
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