I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
I
nfo
rm
a
t
ics a
nd
Co
m
m
un
ica
t
io
n T
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
(
I
J
-
I
CT
)
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
644
~
65
4
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/iji
ct
.
v
1
5
i
2
.
pp
644
-
65
4
644
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ict.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Exploring
play
er
interaction
and
t
e
a
m co
o
pera
tion in MM
O
G
pla
y
a
bility enha
ncement
G
o
ng
Xia
o
x
ue
1
,
L
ili Nurliy
a
na
Abdu
lla
h
1
,
Azr
ul H
a
zr
i J
a
nta
n
1
,
No
ris M
o
hd
No
ro
wi
1
,
F
a
t
im
a
h Sid
i
1
,
G
ulm
ira
Abild
ino
v
a
2
1
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
C
o
mp
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
P
u
t
r
a
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
,
S
e
r
d
a
n
g
,
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
2
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s,
L.
N
.
G
u
m
i
l
y
o
v
E
u
r
a
si
a
n
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
A
s
t
a
n
a
,
K
a
z
a
k
h
s
t
a
n
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
n
8
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
No
v
7
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Dec
1
4
,
2
0
2
5
Th
e
m
a
ss
iv
e
ly
m
u
lt
ip
la
y
e
r
o
n
l
i
n
e
g
a
m
e
s
(M
M
OG
s)
c
o
n
ti
n
u
e
t
o
g
ro
w
i
n
p
o
p
u
larit
y
,
a
n
d
it
h
a
s
b
e
c
o
m
e
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
imp
o
rtan
t
t
o
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
th
e
k
e
y
fa
c
to
rs
th
a
t
i
n
flu
e
n
c
e
tea
m
p
lay
a
b
il
it
y
.
W
h
il
e
e
x
ist
in
g
re
se
a
rc
h
h
a
s
fo
c
u
se
d
p
rima
ril
y
o
n
sy
ste
m
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
a
li
ty
a
n
d
i
n
d
iv
i
d
u
a
l
p
lay
e
r
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
,
in
su
fficie
n
t
a
tt
e
n
ti
o
n
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
p
a
id
to
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
tea
m
d
y
n
a
m
ics
in
p
lay
e
r
sa
ti
sfa
c
ti
o
n
.
Th
is
stu
d
y
f
o
c
u
se
s
o
n
th
e
c
o
re
v
a
riab
les
th
a
t
in
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
tea
m
p
lay
a
b
il
it
y
,
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
tea
m
wo
rk
,
tas
k
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
y
,
tea
m
lo
y
a
lt
y
(T
LO)
,
a
n
d
tea
m
re
latio
n
sh
ip
s
(
TR)
,
a
n
d
e
x
p
lo
re
s
h
o
w
th
e
se
v
a
riab
les
wo
r
k
t
o
g
e
th
e
r
t
o
in
flu
e
n
c
e
p
lay
e
r
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
.
Th
i
s
stu
d
y
u
se
d
a
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
e
x
p
l
o
ra
to
r
y
re
se
a
rc
h
(m
u
lt
i
-
v
a
ria
te
s
)
a
n
d
a
q
u
e
stio
n
n
a
ire
su
rv
e
y
(N=
1
0
64
)
t
o
i
n
it
iall
y
c
o
n
stru
c
t
a
tea
m
p
lay
a
b
il
i
ty
m
o
d
e
l,
w
h
ich
wa
s
v
a
li
d
a
ted
b
y
stru
c
tu
ra
l
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
(S
EM
).
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
th
a
t
TR
h
a
v
e
a
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
p
o
siti
v
e
e
ffe
c
t
o
n
tea
m
wo
rk
e
ffi
c
ien
c
y
,
a
n
d
c
a
p
tai
n
s
with
tra
n
s
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
l
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
(
TL
)
st
y
les
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
TR
b
u
t
a
lso
fu
rt
h
e
r
imp
ro
v
e
o
v
e
ra
ll
tea
m
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
(TE
)
a
n
d
p
lay
e
r
sa
ti
sfa
c
ti
o
n
.
T
h
is
st
u
d
y
p
ro
v
id
e
s
M
M
OG
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
rs
with
th
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
su
p
p
o
rt
f
o
r
d
e
sig
n
i
n
g
g
a
m
e
m
e
c
h
a
n
ics
c
e
n
tere
d
o
n
tea
m
in
tera
c
ti
o
n
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
o
v
e
ra
ll
p
lay
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
p
lay
e
r
stic
k
i
n
e
ss
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ma
s
s
iv
ely
m
u
ltip
lay
er
o
n
lin
e
g
am
es
P
lay
er
in
ter
ac
tio
n
T
ea
m
p
lay
ab
ilit
y
T
ea
m
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
L
ili Nu
r
liy
an
a
Ab
d
u
llah
Facu
lty
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scien
ce
an
d
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Un
iv
er
s
iti Pu
tr
a
Ma
lay
s
ia,
UP
M
Selan
g
o
r
Dar
u
l E
h
s
an
,
Ser
d
a
n
g
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail:
liy
an
a@
u
p
m
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Ma
s
s
iv
ely
m
u
ltip
lay
er
o
n
lin
e
g
am
es
(
MM
OGs
)
,
h
av
e
r
e
ce
n
tly
g
ain
e
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
i
n
th
e
g
am
in
g
m
ar
k
et
all
o
v
e
r
th
e
wo
r
ld
.
T
h
e
s
e
g
am
es
ar
e
ap
p
ea
lin
g
to
p
lay
er
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
em
with
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
to
c
o
llab
o
r
ate
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icate
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
with
in
a
h
ig
h
ly
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
v
ir
tu
al
wo
r
ld
.
W
ith
in
th
is
wo
r
ld
,
th
e
y
tack
le
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
task
s
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
to
g
et
h
er
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
in
g
le
-
p
lay
e
r
g
am
e
s
,
MM
OGs
em
p
h
asize
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
u
lti
-
u
s
er
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
co
m
p
licated
j
o
b
d
iv
is
io
n
,
a
n
d
s
o
cially
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
ey
em
p
h
asize
team
co
o
p
er
atio
n
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
elem
en
t o
f
th
e
g
am
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
[
1
]
-
[
3
]
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
o
n
lin
e
g
am
e
p
lay
ab
ilit
y
h
av
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
m
o
r
e
o
n
s
y
s
tem
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
(
e.
g
.
,
laten
cy
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
d
esig
n
)
a
n
d
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
(
e.
g
.
,
im
m
er
s
io
n
,
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
al
a
n
aly
s
is
)
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
tim
es
wh
en
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
te
am
co
o
p
er
atio
n
is
o
v
er
l
o
o
k
e
d
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
team
-
lev
el
d
y
n
am
ics
o
n
p
lay
e
r
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
a
n
d
g
am
e
p
leasu
r
e
[
4
]
.
T
ea
m
co
o
p
er
atio
n
is
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
wh
ich
p
lay
er
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ea
ch
o
t
h
er
a
n
d
co
llab
o
r
ate
to
s
tr
iv
e
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
co
m
m
o
n
g
o
al
n
etwo
r
k
[
1
]
.
I
t
is
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
lay
er
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
(
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
p
la
y
er
s
an
d
o
th
e
r
p
lay
er
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
g
am
e)
wh
ich
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
p
lay
er
”
s
g
am
e
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
an
d
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
th
u
s
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
p
lay
ab
ilit
y
an
d
im
m
er
s
io
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
p
la
ye
r
in
tera
ctio
n
a
n
d
tea
m
co
o
p
era
tio
n
i
n
MM
OG
p
la
ya
b
ilit
y
…
(
Go
n
g
X
ia
o
xu
e)
645
o
f
th
e
g
am
e.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
p
l
a
y
er
s
to
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
er
as
a
team
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
af
f
ec
ts
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
co
m
p
lete
task
s
b
u
t a
ls
o
p
lay
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
l
e
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
lay
er
i
n
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t a
n
d
lo
y
alty
[
5
]
.
W
h
en
it
co
m
es
to
MM
OGs,
team
co
o
p
er
atio
n
tak
es
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
c
o
o
p
e
r
ativ
e
co
m
b
at,
th
e
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
task
s
,
an
d
th
e
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
wh
ich
b
u
ild
s
a
co
m
p
lex
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
[
1
]
.
Play
er
s
ca
n
b
u
ild
clo
s
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
in
s
id
e
th
is
n
etwo
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
th
at
th
ey
h
av
e
wi
th
th
eir
team
m
ates.
T
h
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
e
to
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
ap
p
ea
l
o
f
th
e
g
am
e
a
n
d
ass
is
t
in
k
ee
p
in
g
p
lay
e
r
s
en
g
a
g
ed
.
R
o
le
allo
ca
tio
n
s
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
all
o
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
th
e
g
en
e
r
al
p
la
y
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
ar
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
in
ter
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
am
o
n
g
team
m
em
b
er
s
[
6
]
.
B
u
t
g
am
e
d
esig
n
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
o
f
ar
p
aid
s
ca
n
t
atten
tio
n
to
th
ese
team
-
lev
el
elem
en
ts
,
s
o
m
eti
m
es
i
g
n
o
r
in
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
les
o
f
team
ef
f
icac
y
,
lo
y
alty
,
an
d
task
in
ter
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
(
T
I
)
in
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
p
lay
er
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
.
T
ea
m
c
o
o
p
er
atio
n
in
MM
OGs
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
af
f
ec
ts
p
lay
er
s
”
em
o
tio
n
al
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
a
n
d
i
m
m
er
s
io
n
in
th
e
g
am
e,
an
d
n
o
t o
n
ly
s
er
v
es
as
a
p
r
ac
tical
to
o
l.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
a
b
etter
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
team
d
y
n
a
m
ics is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
g
r
asp
th
eir
e
f
f
e
ct
o
n
p
lay
e
r
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
an
d
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
n
atu
r
e
o
f
team
w
o
r
k
in
MM
OGs
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
ti
lized
a
two
-
p
h
ase
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
.
First,
an
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
s
u
r
v
ey
wa
s
co
n
d
u
cted
t
o
id
en
tif
y
k
ey
v
ar
ia
b
les
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
team
d
y
n
am
ics
an
d
t
o
d
r
aw
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
p
r
io
r
liter
atu
r
e
a
n
d
p
lay
er
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
p
atter
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
h
ase
laid
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wo
r
k
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
a
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
t
h
at
en
co
m
p
ass
ed
th
e
in
te
r
p
lay
b
etwe
en
T
I
,
lo
y
alty
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
an
d
team
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
(
T
R
)
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
a
la
r
g
e
-
s
ca
le
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
em
p
ir
ically
test
th
e
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
SEM
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
ter
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
TI
,
team
lo
y
al
ty
(
T
L
O)
,
an
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
(TL)
.
T
h
is
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
th
e
o
r
etica
l
r
ig
o
r
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tea
m
p
lay
ab
ilit
y
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
d
el
(
T
PDM)
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
g
am
e
d
esig
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
MM
OG
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
B
y
i
d
en
tify
in
g
an
d
q
u
an
tify
in
g
f
a
cto
r
s
th
at
en
h
a
n
ce
o
r
h
in
d
er
team
wo
r
k
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ac
tio
n
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
MM
OG
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
an
d
d
esig
n
er
s
.
T
h
ese
in
s
ig
h
ts
ar
e
in
te
n
d
ed
to
h
elp
id
en
tif
y
a
n
d
ad
d
r
ess
ch
allen
g
es
in
team
wo
r
k
,
u
ltima
tely
cr
ea
tin
g
a
m
o
r
e
im
m
er
s
iv
e
a
n
d
en
jo
y
a
b
le
MM
OG
ex
p
er
ien
c
e.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
Play
ab
ilit
y
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
m
ea
n
s
o
f
ass
ess
in
g
a
g
am
e
’
s
ap
p
ea
l,
in
ter
ac
tio
n
q
u
ality
,
an
d
p
lay
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
u
s
ab
ilit
y
,
ch
allen
g
e,
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
a
n
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
[
7
]
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
esear
c
h
u
s
es
u
s
er
test
s
,
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es,
a
n
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
a
l
d
ata
t
o
q
u
an
tify
in
ter
f
ac
e
in
tu
itiv
en
ess
,
task
co
m
p
letio
n
,
an
d
g
am
e
p
leasu
r
e
[
8]
.
T
h
ese
r
esear
ch
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
p
lay
er
[
9
]
,
lack
i
n
g
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
lay
er
in
ter
ac
tio
n
d
y
n
a
m
ics,
esp
ec
ially
in
co
m
p
lex
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
lik
e
MM
O
G
s
.
Du
e
to
MM
O
G
s
”
u
n
iq
u
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
team
wo
r
k
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
c
o
o
p
e
r
atio
n
ar
e
ess
en
tial
[
10
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
ef
in
es
team
p
lay
ab
ilit
y
as
co
m
f
o
r
ta
b
le,
p
leasu
r
a
b
le,
an
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
,
m
u
tu
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
a
n
d
g
o
al
-
o
r
ien
ted
tea
m
wo
r
k
th
at
o
cc
u
r
w
h
en
p
la
y
e
r
s
wo
r
k
to
g
et
h
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
g
o
al
o
r
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
g
am
e
wo
r
ld
.
E
ar
ly
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
am
in
e
d
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
d
esig
n
,
s
in
g
le
-
p
lay
er
task
c
o
m
p
letio
n
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
,
an
d
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
m
etr
ics
[
7
]
,
b
u
t
th
is
in
d
iv
id
u
al
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
ak
es
it
h
ar
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
h
o
w
team
wo
r
k
af
f
ec
ts
MM
OGs.
Du
ch
en
ea
u
t
et
a
l
.
[
8
]
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
W
o
r
ld
o
f
W
ar
cr
af
t
th
at
p
lay
e
r
s
d
o
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
co
llab
o
r
ate
d
u
r
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
p
lay
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
a
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
b
etwe
en
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
b
eh
av
io
r
,
b
u
t
d
id
n
o
t
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
team
m
ec
h
an
ics
th
at
ca
u
s
ed
it.
I
n
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
,
Go
n
g
[
1
1
]
s
u
g
g
e
s
te
d
th
at
p
lay
er
s
”
“so
cial
id
en
tity
”
an
d
“o
n
lin
e
s
o
cial
ca
p
ital”
af
f
ec
t
th
eir
p
s
y
ch
o
s
o
cial
r
esu
lts
.
So
cial
n
e
two
r
k
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
am
o
n
g
p
l
ay
er
s
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
g
am
e
s
tick
in
ess
,
b
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
m
o
r
e
o
n
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
s
o
cial
ca
p
i
tal
an
d
d
id
n
o
t
d
is
cu
s
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
team
wo
r
k
,
s
u
ch
as task
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
,
lead
er
s
h
i
p
s
ty
le,
an
d
T
L
O
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
u
s
u
ally
ass
ess
p
lay
er
b
eh
av
io
u
r
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
at
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
lev
el
[
12
],
with
o
u
t
a
d
y
n
am
ic
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
team
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
W
h
ile
th
e
p
lay
er
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
i
n
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
MM
OGs
is
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
d
esig
n
an
d
g
am
e
f
ea
tu
r
es,
it
also
r
elies
h
ea
v
ily
o
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
team
wo
r
k
,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
task
-
r
elate
d
in
ter
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
an
d
TLO
[1
3
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
ten
d
s
to
em
p
h
asize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
tr
aits
in
v
ir
tu
al
team
s
(
VT
)
,
s
u
ch
as
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
[
14
]
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
lack
o
f
s
y
s
tem
atic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
lex
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
team
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
in
o
n
li
n
e
g
am
e
p
lay
ab
ilit
y
ass
ess
m
en
t.
I
n
ad
d
i
tio
n
,
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
te
n
d
ed
t
o
f
o
cu
s
o
n
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
g
am
es
with
o
u
t
e
x
p
an
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
co
p
e
to
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
g
am
e
ty
p
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
in
v
esti
g
ated
o
n
ly
o
n
e
ty
p
e
o
f
g
a
m
e
an
d
f
ailed
t
o
g
en
er
alize
to
o
th
er
t
y
p
es
o
f
g
am
es.
T
h
is
n
ar
r
o
w
n
ess
l
ea
d
s
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
p
lay
er
s
”
g
am
e
b
eh
av
io
u
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
eir
willi
n
g
n
ess
to
co
o
p
er
ate
in
team
s
an
d
th
eir
ch
o
ice
o
f
s
o
cial
m
o
d
es,
esp
ec
ially
in
d
iv
er
s
e
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
o
n
lin
e
g
am
e
co
m
m
u
n
ities
,
wh
er
e
em
p
ir
ical
an
aly
s
es
o
f
p
lay
ab
ilit
y
ar
e
s
ca
r
ce
[
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
6
4
4
-
65
4
646
3.
H
YP
O
T
H
E
S
E
S D
E
VE
L
O
P
M
E
N
T
3
.
1
.
T
a
s
k
i
nte
rdependence
TI
[1
5
]
r
ef
lects th
e
ex
ten
t to
wh
ic
h
team
m
em
b
er
s
r
ely
o
n
ea
ch
o
th
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
[1
6
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
m
p
lex
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
o
f
MM
OGs,
task
s
ar
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
in
ter
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
an
d
d
em
a
n
d
p
la
y
er
s
to
d
e
p
en
d
o
n
ea
ch
o
t
h
er
f
o
r
ce
r
tain
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
co
ll
ab
o
r
ate
to
ac
h
iev
e
co
m
m
o
n
g
o
als
[1
7
]
.
B
y
r
e
m
o
v
in
g
p
h
y
s
ical
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
T
ea
m
m
ates
ar
e
co
m
p
elled
to
r
ely
o
n
o
n
e
a
n
o
th
er
to
co
o
p
er
ate
an
d
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
u
ltifa
ce
t
ed
,
s
h
ar
ed
tar
g
ets.
Su
ch
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
b
u
ild
s
u
p
n
o
r
m
s
o
f
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
i
n
th
e
team
,
p
r
o
m
o
tes
th
e
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
c
o
o
p
er
ati
v
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
a
n
d
also
b
o
o
s
ts
af
f
ec
tiv
e
attac
h
m
en
ts
a
n
d
T
L
O
[1
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
h
y
p
o
th
esize
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
Hy
p
o
th
esis
1
:
TI
will b
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
TLO
.
3
.
2
.
T
ea
m
lo
y
a
lt
y
TLO
r
ef
er
s
to
t
h
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
o
f
team
m
em
b
er
s
[1
9
]
.
I
t
in
clu
d
es
th
e
n
o
tio
n
o
f
co
m
m
itm
e
n
t
to
th
e
team
co
n
tex
t
in
th
e
g
am
e,
an
d
team
d
y
n
am
ics
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
s
o
lid
if
ied
b
y
s
tr
o
n
g
m
em
b
er
l
o
y
alty
[1
2
]
.
C
au
s
al
a
n
tece
d
en
ts
o
f
T
L
O
co
m
p
r
is
e
t
ea
m
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
(
T
PE)
,
co
o
p
er
atio
n
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
C
K)
,
an
d
team
n
o
r
m
(
T
N)
.
Hig
h
lev
els
o
f
tr
u
s
t,
co
h
esio
n
,
an
d
co
llectiv
e
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
in
p
u
r
s
u
it
o
f
s
h
ar
ed
g
o
als
(
SG)
in
d
icate
t
h
a
t
lo
y
alty
is
s
tr
o
n
g
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
t
ea
m
[
5
]
.
E
n
h
a
n
cin
g
th
ese
ele
m
en
ts
will
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
tab
le
team
b
o
n
d
s
b
u
t
will
also
h
elp
s
atis
f
y
th
e
s
o
cial
n
ee
d
s
o
f
p
lay
e
r
s
an
d
s
tim
u
l
ate
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
in
th
e
g
am
e
[1
9
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
h
y
p
o
th
esize
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
Hy
p
o
th
esis
2
:
TLO
will b
e
p
o
s
i
tiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
TR
.
3
.
3
.
T
ea
m
r
ela
t
io
ns
hip
TR
ar
e
a
d
y
n
am
ic
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
th
at
r
ef
lect
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
m
u
tu
al
tr
u
s
t,
r
o
le
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
a
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ex
c
h
an
g
e
am
o
n
g
team
m
em
b
er
s
,
an
d
h
av
e
a
ce
n
tr
al
im
p
ac
t
o
n
team
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
an
d
lear
n
in
g
ca
p
a
city
[
20
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
r
elev
a
n
t
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
r
em
ain
s
lim
ited
,
th
e
f
e
w
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
wee
n
team
tr
u
s
t
(
T
T
)
an
d
tea
m
co
h
esio
n
(
T
C
)
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
team
s
cr
ea
te
s
tr
atif
ied
T
R
with
T
T
,
s
h
ar
in
g
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
T
C
[
6
]
.
W
e
h
av
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
f
o
u
r
c
o
r
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
T
R
,
in
clu
d
in
g
T
T
,
SG
,
co
o
p
er
ati
v
e
attitu
d
e
(
C
A)
,
an
d
T
C
,
to
alig
n
with
th
e
MM
OG
p
lay
er
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
T
T
p
r
o
m
o
tes
co
h
esio
n
an
d
willin
g
n
ess
to
wo
r
k
,
an
d
h
elp
s
m
em
b
er
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ea
ch
o
th
er
an
d
s
h
ar
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
lead
i
n
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
team
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
[
14
]
.
I
n
th
is
m
an
n
e
r
,
T
C
p
r
o
m
o
tes a
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
m
em
b
er
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
as
th
ey
ar
e
in
ce
n
tiv
ized
to
wo
r
k
to
war
d
s
co
m
m
o
n
g
o
als
[
2
1
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
C
A
r
ef
lects
an
attitu
d
e
o
f
h
elp
in
g
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
en
ess
,
wh
ich
also
im
p
r
o
v
es
in
ter
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
in
th
e
team
[
2
2
]
.
SG
its
elf
b
r
in
g
s
team
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
av
in
g
s
im
ilar
in
ter
ests
clo
s
e
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
to
wo
r
k
in
clo
s
e
co
o
p
er
atio
n
,
t
h
u
s
en
h
an
cin
g
b
o
th
te
am
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
(TE)
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
d
esire
d
o
u
tc
o
m
es
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e
,
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
ize
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
Hy
p
o
th
esis
3
:
TR
will b
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
TE
.
3
.
4
.
T
ra
ns
f
o
rma
t
io
na
l
l
ea
de
rsh
ip
TL
b
o
o
s
ts
team
co
h
esio
n
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
v
ia
s
h
ar
ed
v
is
io
n
,
o
p
en
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
g
r
o
wth
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
24]
.
T
L
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
TR
an
d
b
o
o
s
ts
TE
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
a
s
h
ar
e
d
v
is
io
n
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
lead
er
s
h
i
p
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
s
ter
s
tr
u
s
t
an
d
co
h
esio
n
,
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ically
s
af
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
wh
er
e
team
m
e
m
b
er
s
f
ee
l
en
co
u
r
a
g
ed
to
v
o
ice
id
ea
s
,
tak
e
ca
lcu
lated
r
is
k
s
,
an
d
alig
n
with
g
r
o
u
p
o
b
jec
tiv
es
[1
5
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
ize
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
Hy
p
o
th
esis
4
:
TL
will b
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
TR
.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
5
:
TL
will b
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
TE
.
3
.
5
.
T
ea
m
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
eness
TE
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
d
e
g
r
ee
to
wh
ich
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
a
team
m
ee
t
estab
lis
h
ed
cr
iter
ia
o
r
i
m
p
ly
s
o
m
e
s
h
ar
e
o
f
th
e
en
d
s
tate
o
r
o
u
tc
o
m
e
[
2
6
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Pu
r
v
an
o
v
a
an
d
Ken
d
a
[
2
7
]
,
team
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
(
T
P),
team
v
iab
ilit
y
(
T
V)
,
a
n
d
tea
m
m
em
b
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
(
T
MS
)
p
lay
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
VT
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
team
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
w
ell
-
b
ein
g
o
f
team
m
e
m
b
er
s
,
as
well
as
im
p
r
o
v
e
in
-
g
am
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
p
u
r
s
u
it
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
g
o
als
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
TE
is
an
o
b
s
er
v
ab
le
in
d
icato
r
o
f
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
p
lay
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
at
th
e
team
lev
el
o
n
g
a
m
e
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
h
y
p
o
t
h
esize
th
e
f
o
llo
wi
n
g
:
Hy
p
o
th
esis
6
:
TE
will b
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
m
em
b
e
r
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
p
la
ye
r
in
tera
ctio
n
a
n
d
tea
m
co
o
p
era
tio
n
i
n
MM
OG
p
la
ya
b
ilit
y
…
(
Go
n
g
X
ia
o
xu
e)
647
3
.
6
.
T
ea
m
pla
y
a
bil
it
y
dy
na
m
ics m
o
del
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ts
th
e
in
p
u
t
–
p
r
o
ce
s
s
–
o
u
tp
u
t
(
I
PO)
as
t
h
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
e
I
PO
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ex
p
r
ess
es
th
e
es
s
e
n
ce
o
f
h
o
w
TP
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
in
a
clas
s
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
m
o
d
el
m
an
n
er
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
l
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
em
p
lo
y
ed
i
n
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
team
an
d
v
ir
tu
al
TP
,
with
m
an
y
r
elate
d
s
tu
d
ies
ex
p
licitly
o
r
im
p
licitly
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
I
PO
m
o
d
el
[
2
9
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
es
r
elate
d
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
te
am
tr
u
s
t
an
d
s
h
ar
in
g
,
it
f
ails
to
co
n
d
u
ct
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
in
to
team
co
llab
o
r
ati
o
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
teg
r
ates
th
e
I
PO
m
o
d
el
with
s
o
cial
id
en
tity
th
eo
r
y
[
3
0
]
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
n
team
co
llab
o
r
a
tio
n
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
f
u
ll
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
team
p
lay
er
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
g
am
e
p
lay
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
I
PO
m
o
d
el
an
d
s
o
cial
id
en
tity
t
h
eo
r
y
,
a
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
B
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
p
o
th
eses
,
th
e
T
PDM
was
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
ea
m
p
lay
a
b
ilit
y
d
y
n
am
ics m
o
d
el
4.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
e
m
p
lo
y
s
a
m
ix
e
d
-
m
eth
o
d
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
with
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
r
esear
ch
.
I
n
itially
,
ex
p
l
o
r
ato
r
y
r
esear
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cted
t
o
id
en
tify
f
ac
to
r
s
i
n
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
team
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
1
]
.
Giv
en
th
e
lim
ited
s
co
p
e
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
MM
OG
p
lay
ab
ilit
y
,
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
r
e
v
iew
o
f
r
el
ev
an
t
liter
atu
r
e
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
to
id
en
tify
s
p
ec
if
ic
v
ar
iab
l
es
an
d
h
y
p
o
th
esize
p
o
ten
tial
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
is
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
co
n
d
u
ct
d
etailed
m
ath
em
at
ical
an
d
s
tatis
tical
ev
alu
atio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
co
llected
d
ata,
aim
in
g
to
u
n
co
v
er
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
v
a
r
iab
les
[
3
2
]
.
B
y
c
o
llectin
g
o
r
ig
in
al
d
ata,
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
ab
les r
esear
ch
er
s
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
m
o
r
e
in
tu
itiv
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el.
Par
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
es
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
PLS
-
SEM
)
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
d
u
e
to
its
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
m
o
d
ellin
g
co
m
p
lex
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
laten
t
v
a
r
iab
les
an
d
m
u
ltip
l
e
ca
u
s
al
p
ath
way
s
[
3
3
]
.
PLS
-
SEM
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
an
ex
p
lo
r
at
o
r
y
s
ettin
g
,
in
a
d
d
itio
n
to
its
ab
ilit
y
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
a
n
d
ex
p
la
n
ato
r
y
an
aly
s
es
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
r
is
es
MM
OG
p
lay
er
s
in
C
h
in
a.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
lar
g
e
s
ize
o
f
th
is
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic,
th
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
s
am
p
le
s
ize
wa
s
d
eter
m
in
ed
to
b
e
6
6
7
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
(
b
ased
o
n
a
n
ef
f
e
ct
s
ize
o
f
0
.
5
,
α
le
v
el
o
f
0
.
0
5
,
an
d
p
o
wer
o
f
0
.
9
9
)
.
A
t
o
tal
o
f
1
,
0
8
1
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
co
llected
,
an
d
af
ter
ex
clu
d
in
g
in
c
o
m
p
lete
o
r
in
v
alid
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
1
,
0
6
4
v
alid
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
r
etain
ed
,
with
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
F
o
llo
win
g
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
Sar
s
ted
t
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
,
th
e
r
ate
o
f
m
is
s
in
g
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
d
ata
in
s
o
cial
s
c
ien
ce
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
r
em
ain
b
elo
w
5
%
,
w
h
ich
alig
n
s
with
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
f
o
r
SEM
s
tu
d
ies.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
r
eg
io
n
al
an
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
o
n
lin
e
u
s
in
g
Qu
esti
o
n
Star
an
d
was
av
ai
lab
le
in
b
o
th
C
h
in
ese
an
d
E
n
g
lis
h
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
6
4
4
-
65
4
648
T
ab
le
1
.
Po
p
u
latio
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
O
p
t
i
o
n
C
o
u
n
t
s
Gend
e
r
M
a
l
e
5
7
8
F
e
mal
e
4
6
0
A
g
e
1
8
-
2
5
y
e
a
r
s
4
54
26
-
3
5
y
e
a
r
s
4
0
9
36
-
4
5
y
e
a
r
s
1
5
0
46
-
5
5
y
e
a
r
s
15
A
b
o
v
e
5
6
y
e
a
r
s
10
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
H
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
o
r
l
o
w
e
r
2
3
9
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
/
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
4
8
2
G
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
3
1
7
We
e
k
l
y
h
o
u
r
s spent
p
l
a
y
i
n
g
＜
5
h
1
9
2
≥
5
a
n
d
＜
1
0
h
2
3
1
≥
1
0
a
n
d
＜
3
0
h
3
2
3
≥
3
0
a
n
d
＜
5
0
h
2
3
4
≥
5
0
h
58
T
h
e
ma
ss
i
v
e
l
y
mul
t
i
p
l
a
y
e
r
g
a
m
e
y
o
u
p
l
a
y
mo
st
o
f
t
e
n
i
s
A
r
e
n
a
o
f
v
a
l
o
r
2
3
0
P
U
B
G
3
9
7
C
r
o
ss
f
i
r
e
1
0
3
W
o
r
l
d
o
f
w
a
r
c
r
a
f
t
1
1
6
Le
a
g
u
e
o
f
l
e
g
e
n
d
s
1
9
2
5.
DATA AN
AL
Y
SE
S AN
D
R
E
SU
L
T
S
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
elu
cid
ates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
et
wee
n
T
I
,
T
L
O,
T
R
,
a
n
d
T
E
,
an
d
th
eir
co
llectiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
Play
ab
ilit
y
(
PB
)
i
n
MM
OGs.
Stru
ctu
r
al
e
q
u
atio
n
m
o
d
ellin
g
(
SEM
)
was
ap
p
lied
,
y
ield
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
ts
f
o
r
ea
ch
h
y
p
o
t
h
esized
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
in
ter
p
lay
o
f
team
d
y
n
am
ics o
n
p
lay
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
An
aly
s
es
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
a
lid
ity
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
ass
ess
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
co
e
f
f
ici
en
ts
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iab
les,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
ac
c
u
r
a
cy
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
d
ata
co
llected
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
h
air
s
tu
d
y
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
d
ex
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
in
clu
d
ed
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
”
s
alp
h
a,
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
r
h
o
_
c)
ab
o
v
e
th
e
th
r
esh
o
l
d
o
f
0
.
7
f
o
r
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
an
d
av
e
r
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
t
r
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
ab
o
v
e
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
5
f
o
r
ea
ch
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
[
3
2
]
.
A
s
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
T
ab
le
2
,
ea
c
h
v
ar
iab
le
is
a
b
o
v
e
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
d
ata
h
av
e
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
i
ty
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
al
p
h
a
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
9
0
6
f
o
r
T
MS,
0
.
9
4
1
f
o
r
r
h
o
_
c,
an
d
0
.
8
4
2
f
o
r
AVE
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
ca
p
tu
r
es
t
h
e
in
te
n
d
ed
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
,
an
d
th
e
r
eliab
ili
ty
o
f
th
e
d
ata
r
esu
lts
is
v
er
y
h
ig
h
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
f
o
r
th
e
o
th
e
r
v
ar
ia
b
les
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
tr
o
n
g
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
,
co
n
f
ir
m
i
n
g
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
in
ac
cu
r
ately
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
team
-
r
elate
d
f
ac
to
r
s
in
t
h
e
MM
OG
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
a
lid
ity
was
a
s
s
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
Fo
r
n
ell
–
L
ar
ck
e
r
cr
iter
io
n
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
was
d
is
tin
ct
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
th
er
s
.
E
ac
h
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
was
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
h
av
e
a
m
ea
n
-
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
with
th
e
o
th
e
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
with
in
ea
ch
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
is
less
th
an
AVE
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
ea
ch
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
d
if
f
er
en
t
an
d
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
at
ea
ch
laten
t v
ar
iab
le
in
th
e
MM
OG
is
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
v
ar
iab
les h
av
e
h
i
g
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
4
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
r
ev
ea
ls
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
I
,
b
y
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
in
te
r
d
ep
en
d
en
t
ac
tio
n
s
am
o
n
g
p
la
y
er
s
,
f
o
s
ter
s
lo
y
alty
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
p
lay
er
s
’
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
s
h
ar
ed
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
No
tab
ly
,
th
e
SEM
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
Hy
p
o
th
esis
1
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
T
I
h
as
a
s
tr
o
n
g
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
T
L
O
(
Me
an
=0
.
5
4
3
,
T
=1
7
.
8
9
5
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
,
s
u
b
s
tan
tiatin
g
th
e
id
ea
th
at
r
elian
ce
o
n
team
m
ates
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ltiv
ates
lo
n
g
er
-
t
er
m
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
u
ltima
tely
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o
o
s
tin
g
p
la
y
er
lo
y
alty
.
Similar
ly
,
T
L
O
p
r
o
v
e
d
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
r
ein
f
o
r
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g
T
R
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id
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ce
d
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y
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th
esis
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an
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6
9
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0
9
7
,
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0
0
1
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.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
alig
n
s
with
p
r
io
r
liter
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r
e
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
a
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
m
in
d
s
et
with
in
VT
en
h
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ce
s
tr
u
s
t
an
d
u
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ity
,
wh
ich
ar
e
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o
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n
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atio
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al
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R
.
T
h
is
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elatio
n
s
h
ip
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etwe
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T
L
O
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d
T
R
was
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ed
b
y
th
e
ac
tiv
e
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
o
f
p
lay
er
s
in
c
o
m
m
o
n
o
b
jectiv
es,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
Hy
p
o
th
esis
3
(
Me
an
=0
.
2
8
0
,
T
=
1
1
.
2
3
0
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
e
SEM
an
al
y
s
is
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
T
R
,
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
SG
an
d
CA
,
s
er
v
es
as
a
k
ey
d
r
iv
er
f
o
r
o
v
er
all
team
co
h
esio
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an
d
m
u
t
u
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
am
o
n
g
m
em
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er
s
.
T
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
TL
o
n
T
R
an
d
T
E
was
s
u
b
s
tan
t
iated
th
r
o
u
g
h
Hy
p
o
th
eses
4
a
n
d
5
(
Me
an
s
=0
.
1
9
8
an
d
0
.
6
8
5
,
T
=7
.
1
6
2
an
d
2
9
.
2
8
0
,
r
esp
e
ctiv
ely
,
b
o
th
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
lead
er
s
w
h
o
ac
tiv
ely
e
n
g
ag
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
p
la
ye
r
in
tera
ctio
n
a
n
d
tea
m
co
o
p
era
tio
n
i
n
MM
OG
p
la
ya
b
ilit
y
…
(
Go
n
g
X
ia
o
xu
e)
649
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
p
lay
a
c
r
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cial
r
o
le
in
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
in
g
in
tr
a
-
t
ea
m
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
u
ltima
tely
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
team
o
u
tco
m
es.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
e
n
T
L
a
n
d
T
R
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n
d
er
s
co
r
es
TL
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s
v
alu
e
i
n
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
a
co
h
esiv
e,
g
o
al
-
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n
e
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team
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ltu
r
e
th
at
en
h
a
n
ce
s
b
o
th
T
E
an
d
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
L
astl
y
,
Hy
p
o
th
esis
6
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
T
E
o
n
p
lay
ab
ilit
y
(
PB
)
,
with
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
Me
an
=
0
.
5
4
8
,
T
=1
8
.
9
3
2
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
Hig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
team
s
t
h
at
m
ee
t
o
r
ex
ce
e
d
in
-
g
am
e
o
b
jectiv
es
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
to
p
lay
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
T
E
as
a
co
r
e
d
eter
m
in
an
t
o
f
p
la
y
ab
ilit
y
in
MM
OGs.
T
h
is
p
ath
way
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
T
E
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
u
lf
ill
s
im
m
ed
ia
te
g
am
e
g
o
als
b
u
t
a
ls
o
p
r
o
m
o
tes
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
p
lay
er
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
as
p
lay
er
s
with
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
team
s
r
ep
o
r
t
h
ig
h
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
r
ee
n
g
ag
e.
I
n
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
,
th
e
SEM
an
aly
s
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
cr
u
cial
r
o
les
o
f
T
I
,
T
L
O,
T
R
,
a
n
d
T
L
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
team
-
ba
s
ed
p
lay
a
b
ilit
y
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s a
l
p
h
a
C
o
m
p
o
si
t
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
r
h
o
_
c
)
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
e
d
(
A
V
E)
CA
0
.
8
5
6
0
.
8
9
7
0
.
6
3
4
CK
0
.
8
6
1
0
.
9
0
0
0
.
6
4
3
PB
0
.
9
3
2
0
.
9
4
2
0
.
5
9
4
SG
0
.
8
1
7
0
.
8
7
9
0
.
6
4
6
TC
0
.
8
2
3
0
.
8
8
3
0
.
6
5
4
TEP
0
.
9
1
8
0
.
9
3
6
0
.
7
1
0
TI
0
.
8
6
9
0
.
9
1
0
0
.
7
1
7
TL
0
.
9
1
7
0
.
9
3
1
0
.
6
0
1
TLG
0
.
8
2
3
0
.
8
8
3
0
.
6
5
3
TM
S
0
.
9
0
6
0
.
9
4
1
0
.
8
4
2
TP
0
.
7
8
8
0
.
8
7
6
0
.
7
0
2
TT
0
.
8
7
7
0
.
9
0
7
0
.
6
1
9
TV
0
.
8
8
3
0
.
9
1
1
0
.
6
3
2
N
o
t
e
:
c
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
=
C
A
,
c
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
=
C
K
,
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
=
EI
,
t
e
a
m
n
o
r
ms
=
TN
,
sh
a
r
e
d
g
o
a
l
s
=
S
G
,
t
e
a
m
c
o
h
e
s
i
o
n
=
TC
,
t
a
s
k
i
n
t
e
r
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
=
TI
,
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
=
TL
,
t
e
a
m
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
=
TPE
,
t
e
a
m
t
r
u
s
t
=
TT
,
t
e
a
m
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
=
TP
,
t
e
a
m
v
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
=
TV
,
t
e
a
m
mem
b
e
r
s
a
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
=
T
M
S
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Fo
r
n
ell
-
lar
ck
er
c
r
iter
i
o
n
CA
CK
PB
SG
TC
TEP
TI
TL
TLG
TM
S
TP
TT
TV
CA
0
.
7
9
6
CK
0
.
6
6
0
0
.
8
0
2
PB
0
.
4
5
2
0
.
4
2
0
0
.
7
7
1
SG
0
.
7
0
5
0
.
6
7
3
0
.
4
3
7
0
.
8
0
4
TC
0
.
5
4
0
0
.
4
9
6
0
.
4
5
8
0
.
5
0
8
0
.
8
0
9
TEP
0
.
6
3
9
0
.
7
1
9
0
.
4
0
0
0
.
6
1
4
0
.
4
9
7
0
.
8
4
3
TI
0
.
5
6
4
0
.
5
1
0
0
.
4
7
7
0
.
5
7
0
0
.
5
0
3
0
.
4
5
1
0
.
8
4
7
TL
0
.
5
5
5
0
.
4
7
4
0
.
5
2
9
0
.
5
5
7
0
.
5
4
7
0
.
4
6
9
0
.
5
3
5
0
.
7
7
5
TLG
0
.
6
5
6
0
.
7
4
8
0
.
4
3
5
0
.
6
6
7
0
.
4
8
8
0
.
7
1
2
0
.
5
0
9
0
.
5
0
3
0
.
8
0
8
TM
S
0
.
5
9
0
0
.
6
2
0
0
.
3
5
7
0
.
5
8
3
0
.
4
6
9
0
.
5
9
8
0
.
4
5
4
0
.
4
5
7
0
.
5
5
3
0
.
9
1
8
TP
0
.
5
4
7
0
.
4
8
7
0
.
4
2
6
0
.
5
0
0
0
.
8
0
4
0
.
4
7
4
0
.
5
3
1
0
.
5
2
3
0
.
4
4
5
0
.
4
7
4
0
.
8
3
8
TT
0
.
6
8
0
0
.
7
5
7
0
.
4
3
8
0
.
7
0
4
0
.
5
1
1
0
.
7
2
9
0
.
4
9
5
0
.
5
2
2
0
.
7
5
3
0
.
6
1
4
0
.
5
1
1
0
.
7
8
7
TV
0
.
5
2
9
0
.
4
6
6
0
.
5
3
5
0
.
5
0
8
0
.
5
0
4
0
.
4
3
0
0
.
5
1
6
0
.
5
6
7
0
.
4
3
8
0
.
4
4
6
0
.
5
0
4
0
.
4
8
3
0
.
7
9
5
N
o
t
e
:
c
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
=
C
A
,
c
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
=
C
K
,
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
=
EI
,
t
e
a
m
n
o
r
ms=
TN
,
sh
a
r
e
d
g
o
a
l
s
=
S
G
,
t
e
a
m
c
o
h
e
s
i
o
n
=
TC
,
t
a
s
k
i
n
t
e
r
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
=
TI
,
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
=
TL
,
t
e
a
m
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
=
TPE
,
t
e
a
m
t
r
u
s
t
=
TT
,
t
e
a
m
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
=
TP
,
t
e
a
m
v
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
=
TV
,
t
e
a
m
mem
b
e
r
s
a
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
=
T
M
S
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Path
r
esu
lts
HYP
P
a
t
h
M
e
a
n
(
M
)
S
t
.
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
S
TD
EV
)
T
st
a
t
i
st
i
c
s
(
|
O
/
S
TD
EV
|
)
2
.
5
%
9
7
.
5
%
P
v
a
l
u
e
s
R
e
mar
k
H1
TI
-
>
TLO
0
.
5
4
3
0
.
0
3
0
1
7
.
8
9
5
0
.
4
8
2
0
.
6
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
Y
e
s
H2
TLO
-
>
TR
0
.
6
9
0
0
.
0
2
3
3
0
.
0
9
7
0
.
6
4
7
0
.
7
3
6
0
.
0
0
0
Y
e
s
H3
TL
-
>
TR
0
.
2
8
0
0
.
0
2
5
1
1
.
2
3
0
0
.
2
3
0
0
.
3
2
7
0
.
0
0
0
Y
e
s
H4
TL
-
>
TE
0
.
1
9
8
0
.
0
2
8
7
.
1
6
2
0
.
1
4
4
0
.
2
5
2
0
.
0
0
0
Y
e
s
H5
TR
-
>
TE
0
.
6
8
5
0
.
0
2
3
2
9
.
2
8
0
0
.
6
4
0
0
.
7
3
1
0
.
0
0
0
Y
e
s
H6
TE
-
>
P
B
0
.
5
4
8
0
.
0
2
9
1
8
.
9
3
2
0
.
4
8
7
0
.
6
0
2
0
.
0
0
0
Y
e
s
N
o
t
e
:
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
=
EI
;
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
mat
i
o
n
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
=
TL
;
t
a
s
k
i
n
t
e
r
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
=
TI
;
t
e
a
m
l
o
y
a
l
t
y
=
TLO
;
t
e
a
m
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
=
TR
;
t
e
a
m
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
=
T
E
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
6
4
4
-
65
4
650
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Stru
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
r
esu
lts
6.
F
I
NDING
AN
D
DIS
CUSS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
team
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
en
h
an
cin
g
p
lay
e
r
ex
p
er
ien
ce
with
in
MM
OGs.
First,
T
I
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
f
ac
ilit
ate
team
co
o
p
er
atio
n
in
MM
O
Gs.
Un
lik
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
,
wh
ich
m
ain
ly
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
T
I
o
n
team
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
ts
[
5
]
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
e
x
p
lo
r
es
its
p
o
ten
tial
v
alu
e
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
T
L
O
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
q
u
a
lity
.
B
y
f
o
s
ter
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
h
ar
i
n
g
am
o
n
g
team
m
em
b
e
r
s
,
T
I
estab
lis
h
es
a
s
u
s
tain
ed
co
o
p
er
a
tiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
s
tr
en
g
th
en
i
n
g
b
o
th
in
ter
ac
tio
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
an
d
clo
s
en
ess
am
o
n
g
p
lay
er
s
.
T
L
O
was
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
co
h
esi
v
en
ess
o
f
T
R
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
in
T
T
,
SG,
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
q
u
a
lity
.
E
x
is
tin
g
r
esear
c
h
ty
p
ic
ally
ex
am
in
es
lo
y
alty
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
b
r
a
n
d
m
ar
k
etin
g
o
r
u
s
er
r
ete
n
tio
n
a
n
d
r
ar
ely
co
n
s
id
er
s
h
o
w
l
o
y
a
lty
im
p
ac
ts
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
q
u
ali
ty
with
in
VT
[
5
]
.
B
y
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
lo
y
alty
as
a
ce
n
tr
al
v
ar
iab
le
in
VT
d
y
n
a
m
ics,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
v
alid
ates
its
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
team
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
q
u
ality
an
d
m
em
b
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
R
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
t
h
at
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
an
d
s
tab
ilizatio
n
o
f
TR
ar
e
cr
itical
to
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
a
team
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
co
h
esiv
en
ess
o
f
TR
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
o
f
g
o
als
b
u
t
also
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
es
m
em
b
er
s
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
p
ar
ticip
ate,
g
o
in
g
b
e
y
o
n
d
a
s
i
n
g
le
-
lev
el
an
aly
s
is
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
lack
o
f
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
in
v
ir
tu
al
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
ts
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
c
o
m
p
l
ex
ity
o
f
m
em
b
er
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
[
20
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
a
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
an
aly
s
is
o
f
TR
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
r
ac
tical
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
team
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es in
o
n
lin
e
g
am
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
TL
p
lay
s
a
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
VT
s
.
T
an
et
al.
ar
g
u
ed
th
at
TL
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
en
h
an
ce
th
e
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
o
f
VT
,
y
et
s
tu
d
ies
g
en
er
ally
lack
d
etailed
an
al
y
s
es
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
b
eh
av
io
u
r
s
in
co
m
p
lex
v
ir
t
u
al
s
ettin
g
s
[1
2
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
TL
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
s
tr
ateg
ies,
en
h
a
n
ce
s
g
o
al
alig
n
m
en
t
an
d
tr
u
s
t
with
in
team
s
.
T
h
is
r
e
s
u
lt
co
n
f
ir
m
s
its
d
u
al
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
b
o
th
TE
an
d
t
ea
m
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
n
ew
av
en
u
es
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
o
n
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
in
MM
OGs.
T
E
wa
s
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
a
ce
n
tr
al
f
ac
to
r
in
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
o
v
er
all
p
lay
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
MM
OGs.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
p
r
ed
o
m
in
a
n
tly
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
TP
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
lay
e
r
’
s
f
ee
lin
g
o
f
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
en
t
a
n
d
n
e
g
lects
its
r
o
le
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
VT
s
as
a
wh
o
le
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
m
ak
in
g
team
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
ak
e
s
task
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
h
ig
h
er
q
u
ality
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
p
lay
er
s
’
im
m
er
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
g
o
es
b
e
y
o
n
d
s
im
p
le
ag
g
r
e
g
atio
n
o
f
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
d
ee
p
ly
i
n
teg
r
at
in
g
p
lay
er
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
team
wo
r
k
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
tr
o
n
g
em
p
ir
ical
e
v
id
en
ce
f
o
r
th
e
i
d
ea
th
at
team
ef
f
icien
cy
f
o
s
ter
s
m
u
tu
al
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
am
o
n
g
g
r
o
u
p
m
em
b
er
s
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
s
p
la
y
er
s
’
en
th
u
s
iasm
with
in
th
e
s
o
cially
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
l
an
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
e
m
b
o
d
im
en
t.
Gam
e
d
e
v
elo
p
er
s
o
r
d
esig
n
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
,
in
f
u
tu
r
e
d
e
s
ig
n
s
,
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
n
ew
g
am
ep
lay
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
m
o
r
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
am
o
n
g
team
p
lay
er
s
o
r
o
p
tim
iz
e
team
in
ter
ac
tio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
p
lay
e
r
en
g
a
g
em
en
t a
n
d
r
ete
n
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
p
la
ye
r
in
tera
ctio
n
a
n
d
tea
m
co
o
p
era
tio
n
i
n
MM
OG
p
la
ya
b
ilit
y
…
(
Go
n
g
X
ia
o
xu
e)
651
7.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
AND
F
U
T
U
RE
WO
RK
S
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ad
d
r
ess
es th
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
team
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
a
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
p
lay
er
s
in
MM
OGs.
Dem
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
th
e
m
u
lti
-
lev
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
in
d
iv
id
u
al
o
r
p
lay
er
-
o
r
i
en
ted
s
tu
d
ies,
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
in
MM
OGs
,
team
p
lay
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
q
u
ality
o
f
team
in
ter
ac
tio
n
ar
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
TI
,
TLO
,
team
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
TL
.
MM
OG
d
ev
elo
p
e
r
s
m
ig
h
t
u
s
e
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
t
o
p
r
o
m
o
te
team
co
o
p
er
atio
n
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
TI
,
c
r
ea
tin
g
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
lo
y
alty
,
a
n
d
/o
r
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
to
u
ltima
tely
b
etter
f
ac
ilit
ate
team
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
m
o
r
e
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
we
b
ec
o
m
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
way
s
team
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
d
y
n
am
ics
an
d
m
ec
h
an
ics
s
p
ec
if
ically
wo
r
k
,
th
e
b
etter
-
eq
u
i
p
p
ed
g
a
m
e
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
ca
n
b
e
with
k
n
o
win
g
wh
at
to
m
u
lti
-
s
en
s
e
in
to
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
ev
en
tu
ally
b
etter
m
ee
t
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
g
am
er
s
,
lead
in
g
to
h
ig
h
er
q
u
ality
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
lev
els with
th
e
g
am
in
g
e
x
p
er
i
en
ce
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
n
ly
co
v
er
s
C
h
in
ese
p
lay
er
s
,
lim
itin
g
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
o
f
its
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
r
ep
lic
ate
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ts
in
o
t
h
er
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
to
co
m
p
ar
e
c
o
llab
o
r
ati
v
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
p
atter
n
s
am
o
n
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
m
em
b
er
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
co
n
f
in
ed
t
o
MM
OGs.
Fu
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
co
u
ld
ex
ten
d
t
o
VT
b
u
ild
in
g
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
,
an
d
c
o
m
p
le
x
VT
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
v
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I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
P
u
tra
M
a
lay
sia
.
S
h
e
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
m
a
ste
r
’
s
d
e
g
re
e
in
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
En
tre
p
re
n
e
u
rsh
ip
fro
m
UCSI
Un
i
v
e
rsity
i
n
2
0
2
1
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
led
h
e
r
tea
m
to
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
te
a
n
d
p
lac
e
in
t
h
e
1
st
C
h
in
a
-
M
a
lay
sia
Yo
u
t
h
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
Co
m
p
e
ti
ti
o
n
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
a
lso
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
se
v
e
ra
l
a
rti
c
les
th
a
t
we
re
fe
a
tu
re
d
in
jo
u
rn
a
ls
.
He
r
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
in
h
u
m
a
n
-
c
o
m
p
u
ter i
n
tera
c
ti
o
n
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
gs
6
4
1
7
4
@s
tu
d
e
n
t.
u
p
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
As
so
c
ia
te
Pro
f.
Lil
i
Nurliy
a
n
a
Abd
u
ll
a
h
is
c
u
rre
n
t
ly
wo
rk
in
g
a
t
t
h
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Un
i
v
e
rsity
P
u
tra
M
a
lay
sia
.
S
h
e
is
a
n
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
d
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
l
y
sk
il
le
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
icia
n
wh
o
m
e
n
to
rs
stu
d
e
n
t
s
to
a
c
h
iev
e
th
e
ir
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
g
o
a
ls,
o
v
e
rse
e
s
c
o
m
p
u
ter
sc
ien
c
e
in
a
c
o
m
p
lex
re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
m
a
k
e
s
p
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
ty
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ti
o
n
s,
is
re
c
o
g
n
ize
d
a
s
e
x
c
e
ll
e
n
t
fo
r
tea
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
lea
rn
in
g
wit
h
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
m
a
n
a
g
e
s
a
n
d
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
tes
with
m
u
lt
i
p
le
p
a
rtn
e
rsh
i
p
s
b
e
twe
e
n
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
g
e
n
c
ie
s
a
n
d
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
,
a
n
d
a
d
m
i
n
i
ste
r
s
re
so
u
rc
e
s
e
fficie
n
tl
y
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
m
a
n
y
s
u
c
c
e
ss
fu
l
in
d
u
strial
p
ro
jec
ts
a
n
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
g
ra
n
ts
a
n
d
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
wa
rd
e
d
fo
r
tea
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
.
S
h
e
is
n
o
w
a
c
ti
v
e
ly
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
in
ima
g
e
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
,
fo
re
n
sic
s,
c
y
b
e
rse
c
u
rit
y
,
a
n
d
HC
I
re
se
a
rc
h
a
re
a
s.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
li
y
a
n
a
@u
p
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Az
r
u
l
H
a
z
r
i
J
a
n
ta
n
is
a
se
n
i
o
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
t
h
e
F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
P
u
tra
M
a
lay
sia
,
M
a
la
y
sia
.
He
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D
.
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsit
i
S
c
ien
c
e
M
a
lay
si
a
,
P
e
n
a
n
g
in
2
0
0
9
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
a
re
a
is
c
o
v
e
re
d
in
t
h
e
st
u
d
y
o
f
Web
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Hu
m
a
n
-
Co
m
p
u
ter In
tera
c
ti
o
n
(HCI).
He
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
a
n
M
.
Sc
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(2
0
0
4
)
fro
m
Th
e
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Ad
e
laid
e
,
S
o
u
th
Au
stra
li
a
,
a
n
d
a
B
.
Sc
.
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
d
e
g
re
e
in
M
IS
(2
0
0
1
)
fro
m
U
n
iv
e
rsi
ty
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
M
a
lay
sia
,
Jo
h
o
re
.
As
a
n
a
c
a
d
e
m
icia
n
sin
c
e
2
0
0
1
,
h
e
h
a
s
v
a
ri
o
u
s
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
s
in
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
lec
tu
re
s
fo
r
m
a
n
y
stu
d
e
n
t
p
ro
g
ra
m
s.
W
it
h
o
v
e
r
2
0
y
e
a
rs
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
UPM
,
h
e
a
lso
t
o
o
k
h
u
g
e
re
sp
o
n
si
b
il
it
ies
a
s
a
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
fo
r
UPM
b
y
h
o
ld
i
n
g
a
n
e
n
o
rm
o
u
s
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
g
ra
n
ts,
re
se
a
rc
h
p
u
b
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
(m
a
n
u
sc
rip
t
s),
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
in
g
t
h
e
b
e
st
q
u
a
li
t
y
o
f
p
o
stg
ra
d
u
a
te
st
u
d
e
n
ts.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
z
r
u
lh
a
z
ri@u
p
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
No
r
is
Mo
h
d
No
r
o
wi
is
a
se
n
i
o
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Un
iv
e
rs
it
i
P
u
tra
M
a
lay
sia
,
M
a
lay
sia
.
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
C
o
m
p
u
ter
M
u
sic
i
n
2
0
1
3
fr
o
m
th
e
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
P
l
y
m
o
u
th
,
Un
it
e
d
Kin
g
d
o
m
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
th
e
He
a
d
o
f
t
h
e
Hu
m
a
n
-
Co
m
p
u
ter
In
tera
c
ti
o
n
Lab
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
P
u
tra
M
a
lay
sia
,
a
n
d
a
n
a
c
ti
v
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
ACM
S
IG
CHI
Ku
a
la
Lu
m
p
u
r
Ch
a
p
ter
(m
y
HCI
-
UX
),
wh
e
re
s
h
e
h
o
ld
s
th
e
p
o
siti
o
n
of
Trea
su
re
r
fo
r
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
r
r
e
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
m
u
si
c
in
tera
c
ti
o
n
,
imm
e
rsiv
e
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
m
o
b
il
e
i
n
tera
c
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
n
o
ris@u
p
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
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