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r
icu
ltu
r
e
an
d
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e.
Po
W
(
~1
,
0
0
0
m
J
/n
o
d
e
)
an
d
Po
S
(
1
,
0
0
0
-
n
o
d
e)
[
7
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
lig
h
te
r
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
APo
S
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
ex
te
n
d
in
g
[
4
]
,
tar
g
ets
a
2
2
%
en
er
g
y
r
ed
u
ctio
n
[
9]
a
n
d
1
0
,
0
0
0
-
n
o
d
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
v
alid
ated
o
n
th
e
Gr
ee
n
O
r
b
s
d
atase
t
[
5
]
,
with
a
9
4
.
2
1
%
ac
c
u
r
ate
I
DS
[
8
]
to
m
itig
ate
ev
o
lv
in
g
I
o
T
t
h
r
ea
ts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
ev
el
o
p
a
li
g
h
tweig
h
t A
Po
S f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
I
o
T
-
W
SN a
s
f
o
llo
ws,
−
Ach
iev
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
elo
w
0
.
0
2
m
J
p
er
n
o
d
e
[
5
]
.
−
Su
p
p
o
r
t scala
b
ilit
y
to
1
0
,
0
0
0
n
o
d
es wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
p
r
iv
ac
y
b
r
ea
c
h
r
ate
o
f
0
.
0
2
%
[
5
]
.
−
I
m
p
lem
en
t A
Po
S
-
DPo
S f
o
r
e
f
f
icien
t tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
v
alid
atio
n
[
10]
.
−
Use tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
t
o
en
h
an
ce
s
ec
u
r
ity
[
2
]
.
−
I
n
teg
r
ate
a
R
F I
DS to
ac
h
iev
e
9
4
% a
cc
u
r
ac
y
a
g
ain
s
t D
Do
S a
n
d
J
am
m
in
g
attac
k
s
[
8
]
.
−
Valid
ate
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
u
s
in
g
th
e
Gr
ee
n
Or
b
s
d
ataset
an
d
co
m
p
ar
e
with
Po
W
/Po
S
to
en
s
u
r
e
9
.
9
2
tx
/r
o
u
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws:
Sectio
n
2
r
ev
iews
r
elate
d
liter
atu
r
e,
Sectio
n
3
d
es
cr
ib
es
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
an
d
m
eth
o
d
s
,
S
ec
tio
n
4
g
i
v
es th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
t
h
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
an
d
Sectio
n
5
c
o
n
clu
d
es.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
W
SN
s
en
ab
le
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
I
o
T
s
en
s
in
g
b
u
t
f
ac
e
en
er
g
y
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
ch
allen
g
e
s
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
’
s
Po
W
en
s
u
r
es
s
ec
u
r
ity
b
u
t
c
o
n
s
u
m
es
~1
,
0
0
0
m
J
/n
o
d
e
[
2
]
,
u
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
W
SN
s
d
u
e
to
en
er
g
y
an
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
is
s
u
es
[
6
]
.
Po
S
r
ed
u
ce
s
en
er
g
y
t
o
~0
.
8
m
J
/n
o
d
e
b
u
t
s
ca
les
p
o
o
r
ly
b
e
y
o
n
d
1
,
0
0
0
n
o
d
es
[
1
0
]
.
L
ig
h
tweig
h
t
alter
n
ativ
es
in
clu
d
e
p
r
ac
tica
l
b
y
za
n
tin
e
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
an
ce
(
PB
FT)
,
wh
ich
u
s
es
~0
.
5
m
J
/n
o
d
e
b
u
t
h
as
h
ig
h
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
v
er
h
ea
d
[
11]
,
a
n
d
R
af
t,
at
~0
.
3
m
J
/n
o
d
e,
with
a
lim
itatio
n
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
2
,
0
0
0
n
o
d
es d
u
e
to
ce
n
tr
alis
ed
lead
er
elec
tio
n
[
12]
.
L
ig
h
tweig
h
t
DPo
S
[
1
3
]
ac
h
iev
es
~0
.
1
m
J
/n
o
d
e
b
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
es
d
ec
en
tr
aliza
tio
n
.
J
av
aid
[
2
]
tr
u
s
t
m
o
d
el
y
ield
s
a
b
r
ea
ch
r
ate
o
f
~1
%
f
o
r
5
0
0
n
o
d
es,
lack
in
g
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
.
Deo
r
a
et
a
l
.
[
7]
R
F
I
DS
ac
h
iev
es
8
0
–
9
0
%
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
ig
n
o
r
in
g
W
SN
en
er
g
y
lim
its
,
wh
ile
San
i
et
a
l
.
[
8]
I
DS
r
ea
ch
es
9
4
.
2
1
%
ac
cu
r
ac
y
with
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
Su
r
v
e
y
s
[
1
4
]
,
[
15]
an
d
Gr
ee
n
Or
b
s
d
ata
[
5
]
em
p
h
asize
lig
h
tweig
h
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
n
ee
d
s
.
L
ao
et
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
r
ev
iewe
d
I
o
T
-
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
ar
ch
itectu
r
es,
an
d
Villeg
as
-
C
h
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
lig
h
tweig
h
t
DPo
S
with
o
u
t
I
D
S
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
APo
S
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
v
alid
ated
with
Gr
ee
n
O
r
b
s
[
5
]
,
ac
h
iev
es
~0
.
0
1
8
m
J
/n
o
d
e
a
n
d
1
0
,
0
0
0
-
n
o
d
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
Po
W
,
Po
S,
PB
FT,
an
d
R
af
t.
T
a
b
le
1
s
h
o
ws th
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
r
v
ey
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
T
ab
le
1
.
L
iter
atu
r
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
A
u
t
h
o
r
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
A
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
Li
mi
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
Jav
a
i
d
[
2]
B
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
t
r
u
st
mo
d
e
l
f
o
r
W
S
N
s
D
e
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
t
r
u
s
t
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
5
0
0
-
n
o
d
e
l
i
mi
t
,
~
1
mJ
/
n
o
d
e
D
e
o
r
a
e
t
a
l
.
[
7]
R
a
n
d
o
m
f
o
r
e
s
t
I
D
S
f
o
r
I
o
T
H
i
g
h
a
t
t
a
c
k
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
c
o
mb
i
n
i
n
g
B
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
a
n
d
M
L
a
d
a
p
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
N
o
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
W
S
N
-
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
e
n
e
r
g
y
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
C
h
i
n
n
a
p
e
r
u
ma
l
e
t
a
l
.
[
13]
En
e
r
g
y
-
a
w
a
r
e
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
(
d
o
m
a
i
n
-
sp
e
c
i
f
i
c
)
D
e
mo
n
st
r
a
t
e
s
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
-
b
a
s
e
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
N
o
t
W
S
N
-
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
;
d
e
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
t
r
a
d
e
-
o
f
f
s
Li
u
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
1
]
P
B
F
T
(
g
r
o
u
p
i
n
g
+
c
r
e
d
i
t
g
r
a
d
i
n
g
)
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
st
i
c
f
i
n
a
l
i
t
y
;
R
e
d
u
c
e
d
c
o
mm
s
v
s
v
a
n
i
l
l
a
P
B
F
T
H
i
g
h
m
e
ssa
g
e
c
o
mp
l
e
x
i
t
y
i
n
l
a
r
g
e
-
sca
l
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
Y
u
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
2
]
A
n
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
R
a
f
t
f
o
r
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
Lo
w
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
v
e
r
h
e
a
d
;
i
mp
r
o
v
e
d
l
e
a
d
e
r
f
a
u
l
t
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
c
e
Le
a
d
e
r
b
o
t
t
l
e
n
e
c
k
;
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
sca
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
3.
SYST
E
M
DE
SI
G
N
AN
D
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
lig
h
tweig
h
t
AP
o
S
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t,
s
ca
lab
le,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
I
o
T
–
W
SN
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
in
teg
r
ates
a
h
y
b
r
id
APo
S
–
DPo
S
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
,
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
,
clu
s
ter
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
an
d
a
R
F
-
b
ased
I
DS.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
is
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t,
p
r
iv
ac
y
-
p
r
eser
v
in
g
,
a
n
d
h
ig
h
-
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
p
er
atio
n
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
h
ig
h
in
tr
u
s
io
n
-
d
etec
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
I
o
T
–
W
SN n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
E
n
erg
y
-
efficien
t lig
h
tw
eig
h
t b
l
o
ck
ch
a
in
fr
a
mewo
r
k
fo
r
s
ca
la
b
le
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
e
…
(
S
u
r
en
d
r
a
n
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w
a
p
n
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ma
r
)
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Ex
p
er
im
en
ts
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
Py
th
o
n
3
.
1
2
o
n
a
W
in
d
o
w
s
1
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wo
r
k
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tatio
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(
I
n
tel
C
o
r
e
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,
1
6
GB
R
AM
)
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
with
th
e
Go
o
g
le
C
o
lab
GPU
r
u
n
tim
e
f
o
r
I
DS
tr
ain
in
g
.
Har
d
war
e
-
lev
el
p
o
wer
esti
m
atio
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was
em
u
lated
o
n
a
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi
Z
er
o
W
r
u
n
n
in
g
R
asp
b
ian
L
ite
O
S
v
1
1
with
an
I
NA2
1
9
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
en
s
o
r
(
1
0
Hz
s
am
p
lin
g
)
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
en
er
g
y
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
was
b
e
n
ch
m
ar
k
ed
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
Gr
ee
n
Or
b
s
d
ataset
an
d
v
alid
ated
u
s
in
g
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icie
n
t
I
o
T
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
liter
atu
r
e
[
2
]
,
[
7
]
,
[
17]
–
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
d
etailed
s
im
u
latio
n
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ci
b
ilit
y
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
7
.
3
.
1
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
mo
del
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
c
o
v
er
s
a
2
,
0
0
0
×
2
,
0
0
0
m
²
r
eg
io
n
,
with
1
0
0
-
1
0
,
0
0
0
o
r
d
in
ar
y
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
(
OSNs
)
an
d
5
s
in
k
n
o
d
es
(
SNs
)
at
s
et
co
o
r
d
i
n
ates
(
5
0
0
,
5
0
0
)
.
OSNs
,
with
a
s
tar
tin
g
en
e
r
g
y
o
f
7
J
,
clu
s
t
er
with
in
1
5
0
m
o
f
SNs
,
h
av
e
a
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
2
0
0
m
,
an
d
s
p
en
d
0
.
0
1
8
m
J
f
o
r
ea
ch
5
1
2
-
b
y
te
t
r
an
s
ac
tio
n
[
5
]
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
f
i
r
m
ed
b
y
SNs
,
wh
ich
h
av
e
lim
itles
s
en
er
g
y
,
u
s
in
g
SHA
-
2
5
6
e
n
cr
y
p
tio
n
[
6
]
.
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e
m
ai
n
tain
s
th
e
attr
ib
u
tes:
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
(
J
)
,
tr
u
s
t
s
co
r
e
(
0
–
1
)
,
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
r
ate
(
t
x
/r
o
u
n
d
)
,
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
to
s
in
k
(
m
)
.
Pack
et
lo
s
s
i
s
s
et
to
5
%,
co
n
s
is
t
en
t
with
Gr
ee
n
Or
b
s
[
5
]
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
1
.
5
%
in
T
est
3
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
[
1
7
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
n
e
two
r
k
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
is
v
alid
ated
u
p
to
1
0
,
0
0
0
n
o
d
es
u
s
in
g
in
ter
p
o
lated
Gr
ee
n
Or
b
s
d
ata
[
5
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
[
24]
.
3
.
2
.
B
lo
c
k
dia
g
ra
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
th
e
APo
S
-
DPo
S
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
e
n
ab
led
I
o
T
-
W
SN
ar
ch
itectu
r
e.
Sen
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
tr
an
s
m
it
d
ata
to
SNs
,
wh
ich
f
o
r
war
d
it
to
th
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
l
ay
er
f
o
r
v
alid
atio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
SHA
-
2
5
6
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Valid
ated
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
t
o
th
e
I
DS
lay
er
an
d
t
r
u
s
t
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
m
o
d
u
le,
wh
er
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
lo
o
p
s
u
p
d
ate
tr
u
s
t
s
co
r
es
to
g
u
i
d
e
d
eleg
ate
s
elec
tio
n
.
I
f
m
etr
ics
d
r
o
p
b
elo
w
lim
its
,
r
ev
alid
atio
n
s
tar
ts
; e
ls
e,
d
ata
ar
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
o
n
th
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
s
ec
u
r
ely
an
d
e
f
f
icien
tly
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
APo
S
-
DPo
S b
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
b
ased
s
ec
u
r
e
I
o
T
-
W
SN a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
3
.
3
.
AP
o
S
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
APo
S
-
DPo
S
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
,
i
n
s
p
ir
e
d
b
y
Villeg
as
-
C
h
et
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
,
s
elec
ts
v
alid
ato
r
s
b
ased
o
n
en
er
g
y
(
)
,
s
tak
e
(
)
,
an
d
p
r
o
x
im
ity
to
s
in
k
(
)
.
=
0
.
4
×
+
0
.
4
×
+
0
.
2
×
(
1
)
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
v
alu
es
ar
e
elec
ted
as
d
eleg
ates
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
y
n
am
ic
tr
u
s
t
-
b
a
s
ed
v
o
tin
g
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
m
o
tes
f
air
n
ess
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
en
e
r
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
alig
n
i
n
g
with
lig
h
tweig
h
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
ad
v
an
ce
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
is
th
e
APo
S
-
DPo
S p
s
eu
d
o
co
d
e
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
APo
S
-
DPo
S
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
s
tep
s
Input: Nodes
N
= {
N
1
,
N
2
,
.
.
.
,
N
n
}, Energy
E
n
, Stake
S
n
, Proximity
P
n
Output: Delegate
nodes D
1. Initialize:
t
r
us
t
s
co
r
e
s
=
[
],
V
s
co
r
e
s
=
[
]
2. For each node
N
n
in
N
:
a. Compute trust_score using (2); adjust T_n = T_n × 0.8 if unauthorized,
=
×
1
.
01
if
successful.
b. Calculate
U
n
=
w
E
E
n
+
w
S
S
n
+
w
P
P
n
where
w
E
,
w
S
,
w
P
are non
-
negatie weight
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
6
5
5
-
6
6
4
658
c. Append
V
i
to
V
s
co
r
e
s
3. Sort
U
n
in descending order
4. Select top three nodes as delegates D
5. Broadcast delegate list to network
6. Validate transactions using D with SHA
-
256
Return: D
3
.
4
.
T
rus
t
-
ba
s
ed
ro
uting
T
h
e
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
s
ch
e
m
e,
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
J
av
aid
[
2
]
,
en
h
an
ce
s
r
o
u
tin
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
b
y
d
y
n
am
ically
u
p
d
atin
g
n
o
d
e
tr
u
s
t sco
r
es.
T
h
e
tr
u
s
t (
)
is
co
m
p
u
ted
as
(
2
)
.
T
i
=
1
−
S
uc
ces
f
ul
T
r
n
as
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
T
o
t
l
a
T
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
×
Tr
us
t
M
odif
ie
r
(
2
)
T
r
u
s
t
is
d
y
n
am
ically
u
p
d
ated
:
u
n
wan
ted
ac
ce
s
s
attem
p
ts
(
with
a
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
0
.
0
2
%)
d
i
m
in
is
h
tr
u
s
t
b
y
0
.
8
,
wh
er
ea
s
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
s
en
h
an
ce
it b
y
1
.
0
1
[
2
]
,
[
27]
.
Un
au
th
o
r
ized
ac
ce
s
s
attem
p
ts
(
0
.
0
2
%
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
)
r
ed
u
ce
ᵢ
b
y
0
.
8
×,
w
h
ile
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
it
b
y
1
.
0
1
×
[
2
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
r
u
s
t
ev
o
lv
es
with
a
n
ex
p
o
n
en
tial
d
ec
ay
f
ac
to
r
o
f
0
.
0
2
5
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
r
esil
ien
t
r
o
u
tin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
m
alicio
u
s
ev
e
n
ts
.
3
.
5
.
I
DS f
ea
t
ure
s
elec
t
io
n a
n
d t
ra
ini
ng
m
et
ho
do
lo
g
y
T
h
e
I
DS
em
p
l
o
y
s
R
F
as
th
e
b
aselin
e
m
o
d
el,
with
s
h
o
r
t
-
te
r
m
m
em
o
r
y
(
L
STM
)
an
d
g
r
a
p
h
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
GNN
)
ev
alu
ated
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
I
DS
d
ataset
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
1
0
n
o
r
m
alize
d
f
ea
tu
r
es
(
tr
af
f
i
c
r
ate,
n
o
d
e
en
er
g
y
,
d
is
tan
ce
to
s
in
k
,
tr
u
s
t
s
co
r
e,
p
ac
k
et
s
ize,
laten
cy
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
g
as,
p
r
iv
ac
y
b
r
ea
ch
,
an
d
er
r
o
r
r
ate)
.
T
r
ain
in
g
/tes
tin
g
f
o
llo
ws
an
8
0
:2
0
s
p
lit
u
s
in
g
5
-
f
o
ld
cr
o
s
s
-
v
alid
atio
n
.
I
DS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
r
ec
all,
an
d
F1
-
s
co
r
e
a
r
e
ev
al
u
ated
.
T
h
e
I
DS
lay
er
i
n
ter
ac
ts
d
y
n
am
ically
with
th
e
tr
u
s
t
m
o
d
el,
p
e
n
alizin
g
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
n
o
d
es a
n
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
d
etec
tio
n
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
.
3
.
6
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
APo
S
–
DPo
S
s
y
s
tem
w
o
r
k
f
lo
w.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
i
n
s
at
th
e
OSN
l
ay
er
(
1
0
0
-
1
0
,
0
0
0
n
o
d
es),
g
e
n
er
atin
g
5
1
2
-
b
y
te
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
wh
ic
h
ar
e
f
o
r
war
d
e
d
to
SNs
.
SNs
v
alid
ate
d
ata
v
ia
th
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
.
T
h
e
I
DS
l
ay
er
m
o
n
ito
r
s
f
o
r
attac
k
s
an
d
u
p
d
ates
tr
u
s
t
s
co
r
es,
wh
ile
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
lay
e
r
de
ter
m
in
es
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
.
An
ad
ap
tiv
e
lo
o
p
r
e
v
alid
ate
s
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
cr
o
s
s
in
g
lim
its
,
p
r
eser
v
in
g
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
in
teg
r
ity
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sy
s
tem
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
APo
S
–
DPo
S
3
.
7
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n e
nv
iro
nm
en
t
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
all
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
is
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
u
m
m
a
r
ized
in
T
ab
le
2
s
er
v
ed
as th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
all
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
E
n
erg
y
-
efficien
t lig
h
tw
eig
h
t b
l
o
ck
ch
a
in
fr
a
mewo
r
k
fo
r
s
ca
la
b
le
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
e
…
(
S
u
r
en
d
r
a
n
S
w
a
p
n
a
K
u
ma
r
)
659
T
ab
le
2
.
Simu
latio
n
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t su
m
m
ar
y
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
/
V
a
l
u
e
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
P
y
t
h
o
n
3
.
1
2
/
G
o
o
g
l
e
C
o
l
a
b
G
P
U
H
a
r
d
w
a
r
e
e
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
R
a
s
p
b
e
r
r
y
P
i
Z
e
r
o
W
S
e
n
s
o
r
m
o
d
e
l
I
N
A
2
1
9
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
e
n
so
r
(
1
0
H
z
s
a
m
p
l
i
n
g
)
D
a
t
a
s
e
t
G
r
e
e
n
O
r
b
s
(
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7
1
→
1
,
0
0
0
n
o
d
e
s
v
i
a
l
i
n
e
a
r
i
n
t
e
r
p
o
l
a
t
i
o
n
)
N
o
d
e
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1
0
0
–
10
,
0
0
0
n
o
d
e
s
M
e
t
r
i
c
s
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
En
e
r
g
y
(
mJ/
n
o
d
e
)
,
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
(
t
x
/
r
o
u
n
d
)
,
G
a
s (G
w
e
i
)
,
P
r
i
v
a
c
y
b
r
e
a
c
h
(
%),
I
D
S
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
(
%)
4.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
i
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
ar
e
o
r
g
a
n
ized
i
n
to
s
ix
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
s
tep
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
c
lar
ity
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e:
(
1
)
s
im
u
latio
n
s
e
tu
p
an
d
p
a
r
am
e
ter
v
alid
atio
n
,
(
2
)
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
ev
alu
atio
n
u
n
d
e
r
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
(
3
)
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
tr
af
f
ic
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
al
y
s
is
,
(
4
)
g
as
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
c
y
ass
es
s
m
en
t,
(
5
)
i
n
tr
u
s
io
n
-
d
ete
ctio
n
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
,
an
d
(
6
)
s
ec
u
r
ity
ev
a
lu
atio
n
co
v
e
r
in
g
b
r
ea
c
h
r
ates a
n
d
lim
itatio
n
s
.
−
Step
1
–
Simu
latio
n
s
etu
p
an
d
p
ar
am
eter
v
alid
atio
n
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
d
a
tasets
(
Gr
ee
n
Or
b
s
,
attac
k
tr
ac
es),
an
d
n
o
d
e
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
an
aly
s
is
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
T
h
e
v
alid
ated
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
er
v
e
s
as th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
all
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t e
x
p
er
im
en
ts
.
−
Step
2
–
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
e
r
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
e
r
atio
n
T
h
e
APo
S
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ac
h
iev
e
s
an
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
0
.
0
1
8
±
0
.
0
0
0
m
J
/n
o
d
e,
a
p
r
i
v
a
cy
b
r
ea
ch
r
ate
o
f
0
.
0
2
%,
a
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
f
9
.
9
2
±
0
.
0
5
tx
/
r
o
u
n
d
,
a
n
d
an
I
DS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
9
4
.
2
1
±
0
.
2
8
%
f
o
r
1
,
0
0
0
n
o
d
es,
v
alid
ated
with
Gr
ee
n
Or
b
s
d
ata
[
5
]
.
−
Step
3
–
Scalab
ilit
y
an
d
tr
af
f
ic
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
4
.
1
.
Sca
la
bil
it
y
(
No
des
1
0
0
–
1
0
,
0
0
0
)
T
h
e
APo
S
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
’
s
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
tr
en
d
s
o
v
e
r
1
0
0
–
1
0
,
0
0
0
n
o
d
es
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
p
r
esen
ts
a
3
D
co
n
to
u
r
p
lo
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
(
0
.
0
8
3
m
J
/n
o
d
e
)
v
e
r
s
u
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
(
9
.
9
2
t
x
/r
o
u
n
d
)
v
er
s
u
s
n
o
d
e
co
u
n
t,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
to
1
0
,
0
0
0
n
o
d
es
with
m
in
im
al
b
r
e
ac
h
r
ates
[
8
]
.
T
o
m
itig
ate
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
o
0
.
0
8
3
m
J
/n
o
d
e,
d
y
n
am
ic
c
lu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
is
p
o
ten
tially
r
ed
u
cin
g
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
y
≈
5
% b
ased
o
n
in
itial si
m
u
latio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Scalab
ilit
y
m
etr
ics f
o
r
1
0
0
–
1
0
,
0
0
0
n
o
d
es
N
o
d
e
s
En
e
r
g
y
(
mJ/
n
o
d
e
)
P
r
i
v
a
c
y
b
r
e
a
c
h
(
%)
Th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
(
t
x
/
r
o
u
n
d
)
G
a
s (G
w
e
i
)
R
u
n
t
i
me
(
s)
1
0
0
0
.
7
4
1
0
.
0
2
9
.
9
2
4
9
6
,
0
0
0
3
8
0
5
0
0
0
.
0
2
6
0
.
0
2
9
.
9
2
4
9
6
,
0
0
0
3
8
0
1
,
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
7
0
.
0
2
9
.
9
6
4
9
6
,
0
0
0
3
8
0
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
n
er
g
y
v
s
.
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t v
s
.
n
o
d
e
co
u
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
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n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
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ec
h
n
o
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,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
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2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
6
5
5
-
6
6
4
660
−
Step
4
–
Gas c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
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y
ev
alu
atio
n
4.
2
.
T
ra
f
f
ic
s
ens
it
iv
it
y
a
nd
g
a
s
a
na
ly
s
is
A
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
i
s
wa
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
tr
a
f
f
ic
o
n
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
way
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
g
as
c
o
s
ts
v
ar
y
wh
en
tr
af
f
ic
r
ates
o
f
1
0
,
5
0
,
an
d
1
0
0
p
ac
k
ets
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
.
E
n
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
is
es
s
lig
h
tly
wh
ile
g
as
u
s
ag
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
as
tr
af
f
ic
g
r
o
ws f
r
o
m
1
0
t
o
1
0
0
p
k
ts
/s
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
m
an
ag
ea
b
le
o
v
e
r
h
ea
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
r
af
f
ic
s
en
s
itiv
ity
: e
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
g
as v
s
tr
af
f
ic
−
Step
5
–
I
n
tr
u
s
io
n
-
d
etec
tio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
4.
3
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
co
m
pa
riso
n
T
ab
le
4
co
m
p
ar
es
APo
S
with
Po
W
,
Po
S,
J
av
aid
[
2]
an
d
L
i
et
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
ac
r
o
s
s
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
a
n
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
b
r
ea
ch
r
ate.
APo
S
(
0
.
0
1
8
m
J
/n
o
d
e,
9
.
9
8
t
x
/r
o
u
n
d
,
0
.
2
5
%
b
r
ea
c
h
)
with
Po
W
,
Po
S,
J
av
aid
[
2]
an
d
L
i
et
a
l
.
[
15]
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
im
p
r
o
v
ed
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
to
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
-
lev
el
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
an
I
DS
b
en
ch
m
a
r
k
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ass
ess
th
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
e
ls
em
b
ed
d
e
d
in
th
e
APo
S
–
DPo
S
ar
ch
itectu
r
e.
T
ab
le
5
p
r
esen
t
th
e
class
if
icatio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
R
F,
L
STM
,
an
d
GNN
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
’
s
co
m
b
in
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
p
r
iv
ac
y
b
r
ea
c
h
,
I
DS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
a
n
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
b
alan
ce
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Fra
m
ewo
r
k
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
F
r
a
mew
o
r
k
En
e
r
g
y
(
mJ/n
o
d
e
)
P
r
i
v
a
c
y
b
r
e
a
c
h
(
%)
Th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
(
t
x
/
r
o
u
n
d
)
I
D
S
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
(
%)
C
o
mm
.
o
v
e
r
h
e
a
d
(
b
y
t
e
s
/
i
t
e
r
)
G
a
s
(
G
w
e
i
)
S
c
a
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
N
o
d
e
s)
A
P
o
S
(
P
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
)
0
.
0
1
8
0
.
0
2
9
.
9
2
9
4
.
2
1
3
8
0
4
9
6
,
0
0
0
1
0
,
0
0
0
Jav
a
i
d
[
2]
~1
1
~3
~
8
0
4
0
0
3
0
0
,
0
0
0
5
0
0
T
ab
le
5
.
I
DS m
o
d
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
APo
S
–
DPo
S f
r
am
ewo
r
k
M
o
d
e
l
A
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
(
%)
P
r
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
R
e
c
a
l
l
F1
-
s
c
o
r
e
RF
96
1
0
.
7
4
3
0
.
8
5
2
LSTM
9
1
.
5
6
0
.
6
9
5
0
.
8
1
4
0
.
7
5
GNN
9
6
.
8
9
0
.
9
5
2
0
.
8
4
3
0
.
8
9
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
E
n
erg
y
-
efficien
t lig
h
tw
eig
h
t b
l
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in
fr
a
mewo
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k
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r
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ca
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le
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n
d
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ec
u
r
e
…
(
S
u
r
en
d
r
a
n
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w
a
p
n
a
K
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ma
r
)
661
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Ov
e
r
all
APo
S
–
DPo
S f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
u
m
m
ar
y
4
.
4
.
At
t
a
c
k
f
ra
m
ewo
r
k
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
ca
tter
p
lo
t
o
f
p
r
iv
ac
y
b
r
ea
ch
r
ate
v
e
r
s
u
s
I
DS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
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h
ese
f
alls
ar
o
u
n
d
b
aselin
e
(
0
.
0
2
%,
9
4
.
2
1
%),
l
o
w
-
in
ten
s
ity
(
0
.
0
1
%,
9
4
.
2
1
%),
an
d
h
ig
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