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1119
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ep
o
r
t
o
n
th
e
r
is
e
in
E
V
m
ar
k
et
s
ize
in
ter
m
s
o
f
b
illi
o
n
US
d
o
llar
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
an
d
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ma
r
k
et
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
f
o
r
E
Vs f
o
r
th
e
n
ex
t o
n
e
d
ec
a
d
e
Desp
ite
th
e
p
ac
k
et
f
u
ll
o
f
b
e
n
e
f
its
p
o
s
s
ess
b
y
th
e
E
V,
t
h
er
e
e
x
is
ts
a
lo
ad
s
o
f
c
h
allen
g
es
[
6
]
in
th
e
E
V
in
clu
d
in
g
lim
ited
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
s
[
7
]
,
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
lo
n
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
es
[
8
]
,
g
r
id
d
ep
en
d
en
c
y
[
9
]
,
an
d
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
is
s
u
es.
A
n
o
ta
b
le
b
ar
r
ier
in
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
E
V
is
th
e
s
ca
r
city
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
r
em
o
te
o
r
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
s
etb
ac
k
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
is
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
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er
g
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
E
Vs
a
r
e
d
e
r
iv
ed
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tl
y
f
r
o
m
f
o
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il
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els,
u
n
d
er
m
in
in
g
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
en
e
f
its
[
1
0
]
o
f
th
e
E
Vs,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
em
is
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io
n
o
f
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r
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h
o
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e
g
ases
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ir
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tly
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r
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o
r
e,
th
e
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
in
d
u
ctiv
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
[
1
1
]
is
p
lag
u
ed
b
y
in
e
f
f
icien
t
en
e
r
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
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,
r
esu
ltin
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s
u
b
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tial
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es
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e
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u
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tim
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a
g
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eti
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ec
h
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is
m
s
.
T
h
is
in
ef
f
icien
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p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
a
tely
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
o
p
er
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al
c
o
s
ts
an
d
h
in
d
e
r
s
th
e
ex
p
a
n
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
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s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
[
1
0
]
wer
e
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ed
b
y
th
e
im
m
o
b
ile
v
eh
icles,
cr
ea
tin
g
th
e
v
eh
icle
s
to
b
e
in
s
tatu
ar
y
p
o
s
itio
n
[
1
2
]
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
lo
n
g
e
d
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
im
m
o
b
ile
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
v
e
h
icle
u
n
til
th
e
v
eh
icle
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ets
f
u
lly
ch
ar
g
ed
.
T
h
is
i
n
h
er
en
t
lim
itatio
n
[
1
3
]
lead
s
to
th
e
d
o
wn
t
im
e
o
f
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
a
n
d
m
itig
ates
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
E
Vs
an
d
c
o
n
v
en
ie
n
ce
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
s
,
m
ak
i
n
g
th
em
to
h
a
v
e
a
s
ec
o
n
d
th
o
u
g
h
t
f
o
r
m
ig
r
atin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
v
eh
icl
e
to
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
v
eh
icle
[
1
4
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
wea
r
an
d
tear
[
1
5
]
o
f
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
in
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
f
u
r
th
er
e
x
ac
er
b
ate
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
th
e
E
V
s
,
th
u
s
d
em
an
d
s
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
an
d
r
e
p
lace
m
en
ts
o
f
th
e
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
[
1
6
]
,
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
in
f
late
co
s
t
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
An
ad
d
itio
n
al
n
o
tab
le
is
s
u
e
in
th
e
E
Vs
is
th
e
s
tr
ain
p
lace
d
[
1
7
]
o
n
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
E
Vs,
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
th
e
p
ea
k
d
em
an
d
p
er
io
d
s
.
T
h
is
co
n
ce
r
n
r
is
es,
d
u
e
to
th
e
lack
o
f
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
am
p
lif
y
in
g
t
h
e
ch
allen
g
e
a
n
d
cr
ea
tin
g
th
e
c
o
n
ce
r
n
o
f
s
tab
ilit
y
,
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
in
f
ea
s
ib
le
d
u
e
to
lack
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
in
th
e
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
,
th
u
s
lim
itin
g
th
e
g
lo
b
al
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
E
Vs.
T
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
p
lu
g
in
p
lay
ch
ar
g
e
r
s
an
d
th
e
f
ast
ch
ar
g
er
s
(
DC
ch
ar
g
er
s
)
[
1
8
]
in
cu
r
s
h
ig
h
co
s
t
in
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
in
s
tallatio
n
a
n
d
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
it
ac
ce
ler
ates
th
e
b
atter
y
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
h
ea
t g
en
er
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
f
ast ch
ar
g
in
g
.
R
eso
n
an
t
in
d
u
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
f
o
r
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
in
v
esti
g
ated
in
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
ies.
E
ar
ly
an
d
in
f
l
u
en
tial
wo
r
k
b
y
C
o
v
ic
a
n
d
B
o
y
s
estab
lis
h
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th
e
th
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r
etica
l
f
r
am
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r
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r
h
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h
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d
r
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an
t
c
o
m
p
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s
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n
t
o
p
o
lo
g
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f
o
r
E
V
ap
p
licatio
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s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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1120
Su
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ch
g
ap
lies
in
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
an
in
teg
r
ated
,
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
-
e
n
er
g
y
-
d
r
iv
e
n
,
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icien
c
y
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
g
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
co
n
tactless
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
an
d
g
r
id
s
tr
ess
.
T
o
b
r
id
g
e
th
is
g
ap
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
s
o
lar
-
in
teg
r
ated
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
in
d
u
ctiv
e
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
r
eso
n
an
t
m
ag
n
etic
c
o
u
p
lin
g
an
d
an
in
tellig
en
t
p
o
wer
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ac
h
iev
es
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
e
r
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
ctan
c
e
(
8
2
.
5
)
,
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
(
5
0
0
V)
,
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
(
4
,
8
0
0
W
)
,
wh
ile
r
e
d
u
ci
n
g
o
v
er
all
lo
s
s
es
to
2
1
.
1
8
%
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
to
9
4
.
5
%.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
v
eh
icle
s
p
ee
d
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
ec
eiv
er
c
o
ils
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
ch
ar
g
in
g
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
an
d
s
tate
-
of
-
ch
ar
g
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t.
T
h
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
with
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
in
d
u
ctiv
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
ca
n
en
ab
le
s
u
s
tain
ab
le,
s
ca
lab
le,
an
d
g
r
id
-
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
th
er
e
b
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
r
a
n
g
e
an
x
iety
,
en
h
an
cin
g
u
s
er
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
e
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles.
T
h
e
p
r
i
n
cip
al
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
is
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
-
lev
el
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
n
am
ely
th
e
SISO
A
,
wh
ich
co
o
r
d
in
ates
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
,
r
eso
n
a
n
t
in
d
u
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
,
an
d
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t.
W
h
ile
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
co
il
g
e
o
m
etr
ies
an
d
r
eso
n
an
t
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
l
em
en
tatio
n
,
t
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
lies
in
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
c
o
n
tr
o
l
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
y
,
wh
ich
en
ab
les
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ef
f
icie
n
cy
a
n
d
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
am
ic
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
d
escr
ib
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
in
s
ec
tio
n
1
.
T
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
,
alo
n
g
with
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
is
co
n
clu
d
ed
with
th
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
is
d
esig
n
ed
with
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
o
v
e
r
co
m
in
g
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
ch
allen
g
es
in
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
i
c
v
eh
icle.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
is
an
in
teg
r
ated
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
e
n
er
g
y
with
th
e
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
c
r
ea
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
d
u
ctiv
e
co
il
p
lace
d
i
n
th
e
r
o
ad
,
ea
s
in
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
in
a
co
n
tactless
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
is
d
esig
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
ar
a
d
ay
’
s
law
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
d
u
ctio
n
,
with
an
o
b
jectiv
e
to
ac
h
iev
e
ef
f
icien
t
wir
eless
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
,
th
u
s
elim
in
atin
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
n
ec
t
o
r
s
.
Far
ad
ay
’
s
law
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
is
d
ef
in
e
d
in
(
1
)
.
ε
=
−
d
φ
B
dt
(
1
)
w
h
er
e,
is
th
e
in
d
u
ce
d
elec
tr
o
-
m
ag
n
etic
f
o
r
ce
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
v
o
lts
(
V)
,
is
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
lu
x
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
web
er
s
(
W
b
)
,
wh
ile
B
is
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
s
tr
en
g
th
(
T
)
,
A
is
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
lo
o
p
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
s
q
u
ar
e
m
eter
(m
2
)
an
d
ɵ
is
th
e
an
g
le
b
etwe
en
th
e
B
an
d
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
to
th
e
lo
o
p
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
e
l,
a
h
ig
h
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
alter
n
atin
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
in
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
c
o
il
g
e
n
er
ates
a
tim
e
v
a
r
y
in
g
m
ag
n
etic
f
iel
d
(
B
)
.
T
h
e
v
ar
y
i
n
g
m
ag
n
etic
f
lu
x
in
d
u
ce
s
a
n
e
mf
in
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
er
c
o
il
(
p
lace
d
in
th
e
E
V)
.
T
h
e
o
u
tlin
ed
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
teg
r
ated
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
with
th
e
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
in
d
u
ctiv
e
co
il m
eth
o
d
o
f
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J E
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&
C
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m
p
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n
g
I
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N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Tr
a
n
s
fo
r
min
g
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icle
ch
a
r
g
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
la
r
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
a
n
d
…
(
S
elva
n
C
h
in
n
a
iy
a
n
)
1121
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
u
le
(
W
C
M)
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
t
h
r
ee
p
h
ases
n
am
ely
;
th
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
t
h
e
h
ig
h
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
g
en
e
r
atio
n
b
y
th
e
in
d
u
ctiv
e
co
i
l
with
th
e
f
in
al
p
h
ase
is
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
p
o
wer
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
u
s
in
g
SISOA
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ov
e
r
all
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
-
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
with
h
i
g
h
in
d
u
ctiv
e
co
il
WCM
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
th
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
u
le,
s
h
o
win
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
,
MPPT
-
b
ased
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
an
d
r
eg
u
lated
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
to
th
e
in
d
u
cti
v
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
alig
n
m
en
t
o
v
er
c
h
ar
g
in
g
co
ils
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
co
m
p
u
ter
v
is
io
n
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
f
u
s
io
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
C
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
c
lu
d
e:
−
C
am
er
as
an
d
L
iDAR
s
en
s
o
r
s
:
Dete
ct
lan
e
m
ar
k
er
s
an
d
em
b
e
d
d
ed
c
o
il in
d
icato
r
s
.
−
On
b
o
ar
d
AI
: Co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es v
is
u
al
in
p
u
t to
ad
ju
s
t th
e
v
eh
icle’
s
p
ath
in
r
ea
l tim
e.
−
C
lo
u
d
-
B
ased
R
o
u
te
Op
tim
iza
tio
n
:
I
n
teg
r
ates
tr
af
f
ic,
ch
a
r
g
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
d
e
m
an
d
in
to
r
o
u
te
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
g
u
ar
an
tees o
p
tim
al
alig
n
m
en
t
with
r
o
a
d
-
em
b
ed
d
ed
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t d
y
n
am
ic
c
h
ar
g
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
So
lar
p
an
el
p
o
wer
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
f
o
r
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tat
io
n
2
.1
.
So
la
r
po
wer
g
ener
a
t
io
n
s
ub
s
y
s
t
em
wit
h M
P
P
T
T
h
e
s
o
lar
p
o
we
r
g
en
e
r
atio
n
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
with
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
M
PP
T
)
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
h
ase
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
an
e
f
f
icien
t
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
in
th
e
E
V
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
p
a
n
els,
wh
ich
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
a
b
s
o
r
b
in
g
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
co
n
v
er
ts
s
u
n
lig
h
t
to
elec
tr
ical
DC
en
e
r
g
y
.
T
h
e
h
ar
v
ested
DC
en
er
g
y
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
th
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
MP
PT
co
n
tr
o
ller
en
s
u
r
es
t
h
at
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
q
u
a
n
tity
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
i
s
ex
tr
ac
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t
o
f
th
e
PV
p
a
n
els,
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
1
1
8
-
1
1
3
1
1122
T
h
is
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
o
p
tim
ized
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t e
n
e
r
g
y
th
u
s
m
itig
ates th
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
an
d
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
b
ased
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
-
b
ased
p
o
wer
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
E
V
ch
a
r
g
in
g
m
o
d
u
le
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
u
le
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t
to
th
e
elec
tr
ical
e
n
e
r
g
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
Ph
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
c
ells
an
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
ce
lls
is
d
ef
in
ed
in
(
2
)
.
=
ἠ
(
2
)
w
h
er
e,
is
th
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
watts,
is
t
h
e
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el
in
s
q
u
ar
e
m
eter
(
m
2
)
,
is
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
in
W
atts
p
er
s
q
u
ar
e
m
eter
(
W
/m
2
)
an
d
ἠ
is
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
PV
p
a
n
el,
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
m
ater
ial
o
f
t
h
e
PV
p
an
el
an
d
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
V
-
I
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
ar
e
d
er
iv
ed
in
(
3
)
.
I
P
=
I
pc
−
I
0
(
e
q
(
V
+
I
R
S
)
nK
T
−
1
)
−
V
P
+
I
P
R
S
R
P
(
3
)
w
h
er
e,
is
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
c
u
r
r
en
t,
is
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
v
o
ltag
e,
0
is
th
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t,
q
is
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
elec
tr
o
n
,
K
is
th
e
b
o
tzm
an
n
co
n
s
tan
t,
n
is
t
h
e
id
ea
l f
ac
to
r
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
(
0
-
1
)
,
an
d
ar
e
th
e
s
er
ies
an
d
p
ar
allel
r
esi
s
t
an
ce
o
f
th
e
PV
p
an
el.
T
h
e
I
PC
i
s
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
h
e
n
ce
(
3
)
s
h
all
b
e
m
o
d
if
ie
d
o
r
r
ed
ef
i
n
es a
s
in
(
4
)
.
I
P
=
α
G
−
I
0
(
e
q
(
V
+
I
R
S
)
nK
T
−
1
)
−
V
P
+
I
P
R
S
R
P
(
4
)
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
is
tr
ea
te
d
with
DC
-
DC
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ich
p
lay
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
th
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
.
PV
p
an
els
o
p
er
ate
at
th
eir
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
u
n
d
er
th
e
v
ar
y
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
p
o
s
s
ess
a
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
c
u
r
v
e
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
m
u
ltip
le
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t,
lo
ad
an
d
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
y
n
a
m
ically
ad
ju
s
ts
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
to
m
atch
th
eir
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
in
t.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
ce
ll,
s
i
m
ilar
ly
,
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
b
y
m
in
im
izin
g
p
o
wer
l
o
s
s
es.
T
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
MPPT,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
em
p
lo
y
s
th
e
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O)
m
eth
o
d
as illu
s
tr
ated
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
–
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
1
.
M
P
P
T
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
–
o
p
t
i
mi
z
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
p
o
w
e
r
Input: VP(t)
–
Voltage generated by solar panel at time “t”;
IP(t)
–
Current generated by solar panel at time “t”.
Output: VMPP
–
Maximum Power Point Voltage.
Processes:
1:
Initialize the process by measuring the V
P
(t) & I
P
(t).
2:
Determine the initial power:
(
)
=
(
)
×
(
)
(
5)
3:
Define the initial perturbation step size:
∆
=
|
|
(6)
//
is the tuning parameter and
is the slope of the power
-
voltage curve at the
present operating point (t).
4:
Perturb the panel voltage:
−
=
−
+
∆
(7)
5:
Determine the New power:
−
=
(
+
∆
)
=
(
+
∆
)
|
−
×
(
+
∆
)
|
−
(8)
6:
Evaluate the difference in power:
∆
=
(
+
∆
)
−
(
)
(9)
7:
If (
∆
>
0
)
and if (
(
+
∆
)
<
(
)
)
;
8:
Then,
(
+
∆
)
|
−
=
(
)
+
∆
(10)
9:
Else, if ((
∆
<
0
)
and if (
(
+
∆
)
>
(
)
)
;
10:
Then,
(
+
∆
)
|
−
=
(
)
−
∆
(11)
11:
Update,
(
)
=
(
+
∆
)
&
(
)
=
(
+
∆
)
(12)
12:
Repeat steps 5
-
10 until,
|
∆
|
<
// Threshold power.
13:
Output Voltage:
=
(
)
(13)
14:
End if
1
5
:
End processes.
−
=
−
1
−
(
1
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Tr
a
n
s
fo
r
min
g
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icle
ch
a
r
g
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
la
r
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
a
n
d
…
(
S
elva
n
C
h
in
n
a
iy
a
n
)
1123
w
h
er
e,
−
a
n
d
−
ar
e
th
e
in
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
PV
ce
ll,
wh
ile
DS
is
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
o
f
th
e
s
witch
ad
ju
s
tin
g
s
u
ch
th
at
t
o
tr
ac
k
th
e
MPP.
T
h
e
g
en
e
r
ated
p
o
wer
is
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
b
ein
g
a
b
u
f
f
er
in
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
o
lar
g
r
id
an
d
th
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
u
n
its
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
its
,
s
to
r
e
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
en
er
g
y
,
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
l
o
w
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
b
y
th
e
E
Vs.
I
n
tu
r
n
,
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
u
n
its
,
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
en
er
g
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
ea
k
d
em
a
n
d
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
f
o
r
s
to
r
in
g
en
er
g
y
i
n
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
is
d
ef
in
ed
in
(
15
)
.
=
×
=
(
−
)
;
(
>
)
(
1
5
)
w
h
er
e,
is
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
e
d
,
i
s
th
e
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
p
o
wer
,
is
th
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
PV
ce
ll
an
d
is
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
o
wer
in
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
lo
ad
en
d
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
DC
v
o
ltag
e
is
r
eg
u
l
ated
u
s
in
g
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
v
a
r
iab
le
DC
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
s
tab
l
e
lev
el
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
AC
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
n
o
r
m
al
DC
to
r
e
g
u
lated
DC
v
o
ltag
e
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
(
16
)
.
−
=
.
1
−
(
1
6
)
w
h
er
e,
−
is
th
e
r
eg
u
lated
DC
v
o
ltag
e,
is
th
e
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
DC
h
ar
v
ested
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el,
wh
ile
DS
is
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
o
f
th
e
s
witc
h
.
T
h
e
r
eg
u
lated
DC
is
co
n
v
e
r
ted
in
to
alter
n
atin
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
AC
)
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M)
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t A
C
v
o
ltag
e
is
d
ef
in
ed
in
(
17
)
.
(
)
=
×
(
)
=
×
(
2
)
(
1
7
)
w
h
er
e
=
√
2
.
(
1
8
)
T
h
e
AC
(
(
)
)
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
p
ea
k
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
with
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
5
0
-
60
Hz
an
d
th
e
o
b
tain
e
d
AC
v
o
ltag
e
is
f
ilt
er
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
lo
w
p
ass
f
ilter
t
o
o
b
tain
a
clea
r
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
m
ag
n
etizin
g
th
e
in
d
u
ctiv
e
co
il
p
lace
d
o
n
th
e
r
o
ad
s
.
T
h
e
f
ilter
ed
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
t
h
e
AC
v
o
ltag
e
is
d
ef
in
ed
i
n
(
19
)
.
V
AC
−
f
(
t
)
=
V
RMS
×
√
2
×
s
in
(
2π
ft
)
(
1
9
)
T
h
e
f
ilter
ed
AC
p
o
wer
is
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
in
d
u
ctiv
e
c
o
il
p
la
ce
d
in
th
e
r
o
ad
s
at
co
n
s
tan
t
s
p
ac
in
g
in
ter
v
al
f
o
r
m
ag
n
etizin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
p
o
wer
to
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
u
n
it.
T
h
e
in
d
u
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
s
y
s
tem
em
p
lo
y
s
p
lan
ar
cir
cu
la
r
c
o
ils
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
(
r
o
a
d
-
em
b
ed
d
ed
)
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
(
v
eh
icle
-
m
o
u
n
ted
)
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
to
le
r
an
ce
to
later
a
l
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il
h
as
a
r
a
d
iu
s
o
f
0
.
2
5
m
with
2
0
tu
r
n
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
h
as
a
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
0
.
1
8
m
with
1
5
tu
r
n
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
co
m
p
ac
t
in
teg
r
atio
n
b
e
n
ea
th
th
e
v
eh
icle
ch
a
s
s
is
.
A
s
er
ie
s
–
s
er
ies
(
SS
)
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
ad
o
p
ted
to
ac
h
iev
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
s
tab
le
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
.
T
h
e
co
ils
ar
e
s
ep
ar
ated
b
y
an
air
g
a
p
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
5
0
-
2
0
0
m
m
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
r
ea
lis
tic
E
V
g
r
o
u
n
d
clea
r
an
ce
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
.
Fer
r
ite
co
r
e
m
ater
ial
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
b
en
ea
th
t
h
e
co
ils
to
en
h
a
n
ce
m
ag
n
etic
f
lu
x
g
u
i
d
an
ce
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
leak
a
g
e
lo
s
s
es.
2
.2
.
H
i
g
h f
re
qu
ency
m
a
g
net
ic
f
ield g
ener
a
t
io
n
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
s
e
co
n
d
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
u
le
(
W
C
M)
f
o
r
th
e
E
Vs.
T
h
is
m
o
d
u
le
is
co
m
p
o
s
e
d
o
f
two
s
ec
tio
n
s
n
am
ely
th
e
t
r
an
s
m
itter
in
d
u
ctiv
e
co
il
p
lace
d
o
n
th
e
r
o
ad
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
i
n
d
u
ctiv
e
co
il
p
la
ce
d
o
n
th
e
E
Vs.
I
n
th
is
p
h
ase,
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
is
f
ix
ed
wh
er
e
as
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
will
b
e
in
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
v
ac
u
u
m
o
f
air
s
ep
ar
ates
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
er
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
u
s
g
en
er
ates
a
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
m
ag
n
etic
f
lu
x
.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
lu
x
i
n
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
i
s
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
elec
tr
ical
en
e
r
g
y
an
d
is
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
th
e
v
eh
icle.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
th
e
r
ec
eiv
e
co
il
s
h
all
b
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
in
an
y
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
n
a
m
ely
th
e
s
er
ies
-
s
er
ies
(
SS
)
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
p
ar
a
llel
-
p
ar
allel
(
PP
)
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
p
ar
allel
-
s
er
ies
(
PS
)
to
p
o
lo
g
y
an
d
s
er
ies
-
p
ar
allel
(
SP
)
to
p
o
lo
g
y
as
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
em
p
lo
y
s
th
e
SS
to
p
o
lo
g
y
with
i
n
d
u
cto
r
(
L
)
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
C
)
is
p
lace
d
in
s
er
ies
m
an
n
er
in
b
o
t
h
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
er
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
W
h
ile
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
av
ailab
le
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
SS
to
p
o
lo
g
y
p
o
s
s
ess
less
im
p
ed
an
ce
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
s
id
e
with
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
tab
ilit
y
,
th
u
s
s
u
its
g
o
o
d
f
o
r
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
in
d
u
ctiv
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
AC
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
g
r
id
is
p
ass
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
il
to
g
en
er
ate
a
tim
e
v
ar
y
i
n
g
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
g
en
er
ate
d
in
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
il
is
a
m
ajo
r
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
in
d
u
cin
g
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
co
i
l
(
i.e
.
r
ec
eiv
er
)
p
lace
d
in
th
e
E
V
r
ec
eiv
er
.
T
h
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
in
d
u
cto
r
p
lace
d
o
n
th
e
r
o
ad
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
1
1
8
-
1
1
3
1
1124
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Var
io
u
s
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies f
o
r
wir
eless
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
(
a)
SS
,
(
b
)
SP
,
(
c)
PS
,
an
d
(
d
)
PP
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Sp
atial
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
b
e
twee
n
an
y
two
p
r
im
ar
y
i
n
d
u
cto
r
s
o
n
th
e
r
o
ad
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
(
B
Pr
)
g
en
er
atin
g
at
th
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
lo
o
p
with
a
co
m
m
o
n
r
ad
iu
s
(
r
)
ca
r
r
y
in
g
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
I
P)
is
d
ef
in
ed
i
n
(
20
)
.
B
Pr
=
μ
0
N
Pr
(
I
P
)
2r
(
2
0
)
w
h
er
e,
0
is
th
e
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e,
an
d
N
P
r
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tu
r
n
s
i
n
a
s
in
g
le
p
r
i
m
ar
y
co
il p
lace
d
o
n
th
e
r
o
ad
.
T
h
e
tim
e
v
ar
y
i
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t
in
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
co
il
g
e
n
er
ates
a
tim
e
v
ar
y
in
g
m
ag
n
et
ic
f
ield
as
d
ef
in
ed
in
(
21
)
.
=
0
2
(
)
=
0
2
(
2
)
(
2
1
)
w
h
er
e
IM
is
th
e
p
ea
k
c
u
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
PV
ce
ll.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
l
u
x
(
φ
S
)
r
ep
r
esen
ted
i
n
(
21
)
is
in
d
u
ce
d
to
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
co
il u
s
in
g
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
ctio
n
p
r
i
n
cip
le.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
lu
x
g
e
n
er
ated
at
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
in
d
u
cto
r
(
in
E
V
-
R
ec
eiv
er
)
is
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
t
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
an
d
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
t
h
e
co
il
as
d
ef
in
ed
in
(
22
)
.
=
.
.
=
(
√
1
2
)
0
2
(
2
)
.
(
2
2
)
w
h
er
e
is
th
e
co
u
p
lin
g
co
ef
f
icien
t r
an
g
es f
r
o
m
0
to
1
,
1
an
d
2
ar
e
th
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
g
e
n
er
ated
at
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
co
ils
p
lace
d
i
n
r
o
ad
an
d
th
e
v
eh
icle
an
d
L
is
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
a
n
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
co
ils
.
B
ased
o
n
Fa
r
ad
ay
’
s
law
o
f
in
d
u
ctio
n
,
th
e
n
et
v
o
ltag
e
in
d
u
ce
d
in
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
(
VS)
is
d
ef
in
ed
in
(
23
)
.
=
−
(
(
√
1
2
)
0
2
(
2
)
.
)
(
2
3
)
=
−
(
√
1
2
)
0
2
(
2
)
.
(
2
4
)
T
h
e
in
d
u
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
u
ch
th
at
to
b
e
o
f
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
an
d
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
a
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
,
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
c
o
ils
in
th
e
tr
an
s
m
it
ter
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
er
co
ils
m
u
s
t b
e
t
u
n
ed
to
th
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
d
ef
in
e
d
in
(
25
)
.
=
1
2
√
(
2
5
)
T
h
e
co
ils
h
av
e
to
b
e
tu
n
ed
to
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
u
ch
t
h
at
th
e
en
er
g
y
o
s
cillated
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
b
etwe
en
th
e
elec
tr
ic
an
d
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
s
,
th
u
s
m
itig
atin
g
th
e
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
an
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
th
e
co
ils
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
i
m
ag
in
ar
y
i
n
d
u
ctiv
e
p
ar
t a
n
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
eq
u
atio
n
is
d
e
f
in
ed
in
(
26
)
.
=
=
1
2
(
+
)
(
2
6
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Tr
a
n
s
fo
r
min
g
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icle
ch
a
r
g
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
la
r
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
a
n
d
…
(
S
elva
n
C
h
in
n
a
iy
a
n
)
1125
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
co
il
th
o
u
g
h
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
ctan
c
e
is
d
ef
in
ed
in
(
27
)
,
wh
ich
r
elies o
n
p
r
im
ar
y
c
u
r
r
e
n
t (
I
Pr)
,
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t (
I
S
)
an
d
th
e
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
(
R
L
)
.
ἠ
=
|
|
2
|
|
2
+
|
|
2
+
|
|
2
(
2
7
)
T
h
e
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
p
o
wer
n
ec
ess
itate
s
th
e
co
il
d
im
en
s
io
n
to
b
e
lo
wer
a
n
d
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
e
r
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
lo
s
s
es
in
cu
r
r
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
cti
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
will
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
lo
w
,
wh
ile
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
p
o
we
r
f
r
o
m
tr
an
s
m
itter
to
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il in
t
h
e
E
V.
2
.3
.
SI
SO
A
ba
s
ed
po
wer
m
a
na
g
em
ent
Po
wer
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
a
n
d
t
h
e
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
g
en
er
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
S
I
SOA
is
a
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
en
t
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
em
p
l
o
y
ed
in
th
e
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SISO
A
alg
o
r
ith
m
ass
is
t
s
in
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
t
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
in
r
ea
l
tim
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SISOA
am
alg
am
ates
th
e
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
o
f
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
f
r
o
m
PV
ce
lls
,
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
d
u
cto
r
s
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
th
e
So
lar
I
n
d
u
ctiv
e
Sy
n
er
g
y
Op
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
en
t is illu
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
SISOA
b
ased
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
en
t
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
2
.
S
o
l
a
r
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
sy
n
e
r
g
y
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Input:
Voltage and Current from PV cells (I
P
and V
P
)
Output:
System Efficiency:
ἠ
Processes:
1:
Initialize the system constants and variables:
Solar PV cells: I
P
and V
P;
Battery Parameters: Charge Status (C
S
-
Max
; C
S
-
Min
);
Resonant frequency: f
r
Solar Irradiance: G
P
Temperature: T
2:
Determine the solar power:
=
×
(28)
3:
Determine the operating voltage:
=
0
4:
Determine available solar power:
=
−
(29)
//
P
A
is
th
e
av
ai
la
bl
e
s
ol
ar
po
we
r
in
ba
tt
er
y
so
ur
ce
,P
Aux
is
th
e
au
xi
ll
ar
y
po
we
r
consumption of system.
5:
If (
≤
0
); then
6:
Perform, “Switch to battery Power)
7:
Else,
8:
Perform, “Use solar power”
9:
Determine Power Allocation:
=
&
ℎ
=
(
1
−
)
(30)
10:
Update battery charging current:
=
(31)
// I
B
is the battery current, V
B
is the battery voltage and P
S
is Stored power.
11:
Determine Resonant frequency:
=
1
2
√
(32)
12:
If (
<
)
, then
13:
Adjust Coil alignment:
=
2
+
(33)
14:
Else, “Maintain the same resonant frequency”
15:
Determine the Charge status of batter:
=
(
)
×
100
(34)
// where,
(
)
is the present charge, and
is the maximum charge.
16:
If (
≥
−
)
, then
17:
Perform, “Stop Charging and direct power to other load or to storage”
18:
Else if (
≤
−
)
, then
19:
Perform, “Prioritize Battery Charging”
20:
Determine the system efficiency:
ἠ
=
ἠ
+
ἠ
(35)
//
wh
er
e,
ἠ
is
th
e
to
ta
l
ef
fi
ci
en
cy
,
ἠ
and
ἠ
ar
e
th
e
ef
fi
ci
en
cy
of
so
la
r
panel and storage respectively.
21:
Predict the availability of future energy and adjust using step 13.
22:
End if
23:
End if
24:
End if
2
5
:
End processes
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SISOA
alg
o
r
i
th
m
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
s
tr
o
n
g
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
in
tellig
en
t
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
an
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
b
ased
h
ig
h
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
in
d
u
c
tio
n
ch
ar
g
in
g
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles.
T
h
e
m
u
tu
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
1
1
8
-
1
1
3
1
1126
in
d
u
ctan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
t
r
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
er
c
o
ils
v
ar
ie
s
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
alig
n
m
e
n
t
an
d
air
-
g
ap
d
is
tan
ce
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
is
ass
u
m
ed
to
v
ar
y
b
etwe
en
6
0
μ
H
an
d
9
5
μ
H
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
co
u
p
lin
g
co
ef
f
icien
ts
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
0
.
2
5
to
0
.
4
5
.
T
h
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
et
r
ics
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
at
a
n
o
m
in
al
m
u
t
u
al
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
o
f
8
2
.
5
μ
H
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
b
ala
n
ce
d
o
p
e
r
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
b
et
wee
n
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
co
u
p
lin
g
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
with
h
ig
h
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
m
ag
n
etic
in
d
u
ctio
n
b
ased
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
u
le
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/
Simu
lin
k
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
is
an
aly
ze
d
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
t
h
e
ef
f
i
cien
cy
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
i
s
test
ed
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
L
et’
s
co
n
s
id
er
a
v
eh
icle
m
o
v
in
g
at
a
s
p
ee
d
les
s
th
an
1
0
0
k
m
/h
r
a
n
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
tim
e
d
u
r
atio
n
is
d
e
p
icted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Veh
icle
s
p
ee
d
(
<1
0
0
km
/h
r
)
an
d
its
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
in
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
I
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
v
e
h
i
cle
s
p
ee
d
s
a
r
e
c
ate
g
o
r
iz
ed
i
n
t
o
lo
w
-
s
p
e
e
d
(
<1
0
0
k
m
/h
)
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
-
s
p
e
ed
(
>
1
0
0
k
m
/
h
)
r
e
g
i
m
es
f
o
r
a
n
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
is
c
la
s
s
if
i
ca
t
io
n
r
e
f
le
cts
t
y
p
ica
l
u
r
b
an
a
n
d
h
ig
h
w
ay
d
r
i
v
i
n
g
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
,
r
es
p
ec
t
iv
el
y
.
L
o
wer
v
eh
icle
s
p
ee
d
s
allo
w
lo
n
g
er
r
esid
en
ce
tim
e
o
v
er
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
co
ils
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
m
ag
n
etic
co
u
p
lin
g
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
en
e
r
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
,
wh
er
ea
s
h
ig
h
er
s
p
ee
d
s
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
in
ter
v
al
an
d
co
u
p
lin
g
d
u
r
atio
n
.
W
h
en
a
v
e
h
icle
is
m
o
v
in
g
at
a
s
p
ee
d
m
o
r
e
th
an
1
0
0
km
/h
r
,
th
e
r
ate
o
f
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
will
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
tim
e
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
th
e
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
ctan
ce
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
alig
n
m
en
t,
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
ai
r
g
ap
an
d
s
h
o
r
ter
d
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
Hen
ce
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
th
e
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
ctan
ce
p
r
o
lo
n
g
s
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
tim
e
d
u
r
atio
n
th
an
th
e
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
ctan
ce
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
I
n
ca
s
e,
if
a
v
eh
icle
is
p
lace
d
with
m
o
r
e
th
an
o
n
e
r
ec
eiv
er
(
i.e
.
with
3
r
ec
eiv
e
r
s
)
,
th
e
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
ctan
ce
e
x
tr
ac
t
ed
b
y
t
h
e
v
eh
icle
cir
c
u
it is
p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Veh
icle
s
p
ee
d
(
>1
0
0
km
/h
r
)
an
d
its
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
in
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Tr
a
n
s
fo
r
min
g
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icle
ch
a
r
g
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
la
r
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
a
n
d
…
(
S
elva
n
C
h
in
n
a
iy
a
n
)
1127
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Mu
t
u
al
in
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
E
V
with
m
u
ltip
le
r
ec
eiv
e
r
s
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
c
tan
ce
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
7
is
m
u
ltip
lied
b
y
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
ec
eiv
er
s
in
co
n
tact
with
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
co
il,
th
u
s
ass
is
t
s
in
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
ex
tr
ac
tin
g
th
e
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
co
il
o
f
in
d
u
ctan
c
e
p
lace
d
i
n
th
e
r
o
a
d
.
W
h
en
a
v
eh
icle
is
p
ass
in
g
o
v
er
th
e
c
o
il
o
f
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
at
a
s
p
ee
d
less
th
an
1
0
0
km
/
h
,
th
e
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
ctan
ce
will
b
e
l
o
w
wh
en
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
ctan
ce
g
ain
ed
wh
e
n
th
e
v
e
h
icle
is
at
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
an
1
0
0
km
/
h
r
.
T
h
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
C
S)
in
t
h
e
s
to
r
ag
e
b
atter
y
o
v
er
th
e
ce
r
tain
tim
e
p
er
io
d
f
o
r
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
with
o
n
e
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
r
ec
eiv
e
r
s
is
an
aly
ze
d
.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
o
n
e
r
ec
eiv
er
,
t
h
e
s
lo
wer
s
p
ee
d
o
f
t
h
e
v
e
h
icles
en
ab
les
lo
n
g
er
alig
n
m
en
t
p
e
r
io
d
,
ea
s
in
g
th
e
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
i
n
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
to
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
in
d
u
ctiv
e
co
il.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
f
o
r
v
a
r
io
u
s
ty
p
es o
f
r
ec
ei
v
er
s
in
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Statu
s
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
(
C
S)
v
er
s
u
s
tim
e
f
o
r
o
n
e
an
d
m
u
lt
ip
le
r
ec
eiv
er
s
Alter
n
ativ
ely
,
if
th
e
v
eh
icle
is
m
o
v
in
g
f
aster
(
i.e
>
1
0
0
km
/
h
r
)
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
e
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
lead
s
to
a
s
lo
w
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
e.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
r
ec
eiv
e
r
s
(
2
o
r
3
)
p
l
ac
ed
in
an
E
V,
th
e
en
er
g
y
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
lace
m
e
n
t
o
f
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
ec
eiv
er
s
in
th
e
v
eh
icle.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
o
f
th
e
v
e
h
icle
s
p
ee
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ec
eiv
er
p
lace
m
en
t
in
th
e
v
eh
icle
to
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