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t
a
n
d
q
u
an
tity
co
n
tr
o
l
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
s
ep
ar
ate
is
s
u
es.
Au
th
o
r
s
in
r
esid
en
tial
m
eter
i
n
g
,
wate
r
q
u
ality
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
leak
d
etec
tio
n
,
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
ar
e
th
e
f
o
u
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
a
r
ea
s
th
at
C
ah
n
in
[
1
2
]
g
o
in
to
d
etail
in
to
af
ter
p
r
esen
tin
g
a
b
r
o
ad
s
m
ar
t
wate
r
n
etwo
r
k
(
SW
N)
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
es
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
in
teg
r
ate
o
p
tim
izatio
n
a
n
d
in
tellig
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic
wate
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
I
n
[
1
3
]
,
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
I
o
T
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
to
o
ls
s
u
ch
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
(
GI
S)
an
d
W
ater
GE
MS
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
.
W
h
o
s
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
wate
r
lo
s
s
es
b
y
m
an
ag
in
g
th
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
s
till
l
im
ite
d
to
h
y
d
r
a
u
lic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
tak
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
wate
r
q
u
ality
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
an
d
in
te
g
r
ated
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
at
eg
ies.
T
h
e
Ok
o
li
an
d
Ab
aso
i
n
[
1
4
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
wate
r
s
y
s
te
m
s
b
ased
o
n
I
o
T
,
5
G
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
m
o
d
u
le.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
ey
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
th
e
s
c
en
ar
io
o
f
i
n
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
3
D
p
r
in
tin
g
an
d
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
R
ez
a
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
s
u
g
g
ested
a
lo
w
-
co
s
t,
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
,
lo
n
g
-
r
an
g
e,
an
d
s
ca
lab
le
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
wate
r
q
u
ality
u
s
in
g
a
L
o
R
a
m
o
d
u
le
b
ased
o
n
th
e
L
o
R
aWAN
p
r
o
to
co
l,
a
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
wid
e
ar
ea
n
etwo
r
k
(
L
PW
AN)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
a
d
d
r
es
s
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
asp
ec
ts
,
with
o
u
t
in
teg
r
atin
g
c
o
o
r
d
in
ated
co
n
tr
o
l
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
wate
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
Sar
r
a
f
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
p
r
esen
ts
a
m
o
d
el
o
f
s
m
ar
t
wate
r
m
eter
with
wate
r
q
u
ality
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
s
y
s
tem
u
s
e
s
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
a
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi
as
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
an
d
th
e
clo
u
d
to
s
to
r
e
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi
an
d
tr
an
s
m
it
co
m
m
an
d
s
to
it
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
wate
r
q
u
ality
a
n
d
m
an
ag
in
g
wate
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
W
h
er
ea
s
th
is
s
y
s
tem
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
u
s
in
g
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
wate
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
at
a
n
etwo
r
k
s
ca
le.
Ad
eo
ti
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
o
f
f
er
a
s
u
g
g
ested
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
h
o
w
well
s
m
ar
t
wate
r
m
an
ag
em
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
wo
r
k
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
Nig
er
ia'
s
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e'
s
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
.
Data
is
co
llected
o
v
er
a
p
er
io
d
o
f
1
,
0
9
5
d
a
y
s
f
r
o
m
a
s
m
ar
t
wate
r
k
i
o
s
k
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
r
ate
o
f
9
7
.
1
%
an
d
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
1
0
0
%.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
lim
ited
i
n
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
o
r
wate
r
-
s
ca
r
ce
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
b
ec
au
s
e
it f
o
cu
s
es o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics r
ath
er
th
an
in
tellig
en
t
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
o
r
a
d
ap
tiv
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
R
ec
en
t
ad
v
an
ce
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
s
m
ar
t
w
ater
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
ed
ito
r
ial
[
1
8
]
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
in
g
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
AI
,
I
o
T
an
d
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
wate
r
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
[
1
9
]
,
a
s
m
ar
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
a
city
wid
e
wate
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
I
n
d
ia
n
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
b
ased
o
n
I
o
T
.
Sm
ar
t
wate
r
m
eter
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
es
th
at
allo
w
co
n
s
tan
t
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
d
ata
in
ter
ch
an
g
e
o
n
d
e
m
a
n
d
an
d
b
etwe
en
m
eter
in
g
d
ev
ices,
wate
r
f
lo
w
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
u
tili
ties
,
an
d
en
d
u
s
er
s
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
b
y
A
m
ax
ilatis
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
.
Ne
v
er
t
h
eless
,
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
ar
e
t
r
ea
ted
as sep
ar
ate
m
o
d
u
les in
m
o
s
t w
o
r
k
s
.
W
ith
th
e
ad
v
en
t
o
f
I
o
T
,
th
e
q
u
est
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
wate
r
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
is
g
ain
in
g
atten
tio
n
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
to
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
g
a
p
s
id
en
tifi
ed
in
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
a
n
aly
s
is
,
th
is
p
ap
er
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
ew
s
m
ar
t
wate
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
s
o
u
t
h
west
Alg
er
ia
(
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
:
B
e
ch
ar
C
ity
)
b
ased
o
n
I
o
T
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
(
I
C
T
)
a
n
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
m
ar
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
is
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
wat
er
f
lo
w
an
d
d
ata
b
ased
o
n
wate
r
d
em
an
d
a
n
d
av
ailab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
n
ew
wate
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
will
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
wate
r
q
u
ality
s
en
s
o
r
s
(
PH
s
en
s
o
r
)
an
d
wate
r
lev
el
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
(
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi),
a
ctu
ato
r
s
,
p
u
m
p
s
,
s
o
lar
p
an
el
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
o
f
twar
e
(
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
)
,
a
n
d
a
co
m
p
u
ter
n
etwo
r
k
s
im
u
latio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
two
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
m
o
d
els
ar
e
also
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
wate
r
s
u
p
p
ly
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
will
en
ab
le
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
wate
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
wate
r
q
u
ality
a
n
d
o
p
tim
iza
tio
n
o
f
wate
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
y
t
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
h
o
u
s
es
o
f
a
city
.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
h
as
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Ou
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
o
f
f
er
s
a
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
m
an
ag
i
n
g
wate
r
d
e
m
an
d
,
in
co
n
tr
ast
to
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
r
ely
o
n
s
tatic
wat
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
ases
an
d
it
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
wate
r
-
s
ca
r
ce
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
Sah
ar
an
C
ity
o
f
B
ec
h
ar
in
s
o
u
th
er
n
Alg
er
ia,
b
ec
au
s
e
it in
teg
r
ates w
ater
q
u
an
tity
an
d
q
u
ality
in
r
ea
l tim
e.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
'
s
r
em
ain
in
g
s
ec
tio
n
s
ar
e
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws:
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
g
en
er
al
ar
ch
ite
ctu
r
e
o
f
a
s
m
ar
t
wate
r
s
y
s
tem
in
s
o
u
th
er
n
Alg
er
ia,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
h
ier
a
r
ch
ical
n
etwo
r
k
,
an
d
a
n
ew
d
e
s
ig
n
o
f
a
s
m
ar
t
an
d
wate
r
-
s
av
in
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
with
in
th
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
o
f
a
s
m
ar
t c
ity
co
m
p
r
is
e
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
p
ar
t.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
an
d
co
m
m
en
tar
y
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
th
e
f
i
n
al
s
ec
tio
n
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
two
-
lev
el
d
esig
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
A
g
en
er
al
s
m
ar
t
wate
r
s
y
s
te
m
d
esig
n
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
lev
el,
w
h
ich
co
v
er
s
th
e
k
e
y
d
o
m
ain
s
f
r
o
m
wate
r
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
f
in
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
S
ma
r
t wa
ter d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
fo
r
s
ma
r
t c
ities
b
a
s
ed
o
n
in
tern
et
o
f th
in
g
s
(
A
ma
l D
o
u
li
)
1657
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
wate
r
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
d
ata
f
lo
w
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
f
lo
wch
ar
ts
ar
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
m
ar
t
city
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ic
h
is
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
o
cu
s
o
f
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
lev
el.
2
.
1
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
o
f
g
ener
a
l desig
n o
f
s
m
a
rt
wa
t
er
s
y
s
t
e
m
W
e
will
ex
p
lain
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
d
etailin
g
t
h
e
task
s
o
f
th
e
elem
en
ts
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
s
m
a
r
t w
ater
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
s
m
ar
t w
ate
r
g
r
id
i
n
th
e
s
o
u
th
o
f
Alg
e
r
ia
2
.
1
.
1
.
Wa
t
er
pro
du
ct
io
n
T
h
e
f
ield
o
f
wate
r
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
es
s
en
tial p
h
ases
: a
b
s
tr
ac
tio
n
,
tr
ea
tm
en
t a
n
d
s
to
r
ag
e.
I
t
is
lin
k
ed
to
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
with
in
tellig
en
t
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
s
(
s
m
ar
t
p
ip
es)
u
s
in
g
s
m
ar
t
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
to
d
etec
t
f
lo
w
an
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e.
I
t
also
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
s
v
ia
an
i
n
ter
n
et
in
ter
f
ac
e
with
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
s
er
v
ice
ar
ea
an
d
th
e
wate
r
s
er
v
ices o
f
f
ice
to
b
alan
ce
wate
r
s
u
p
p
ly
a
n
d
d
e
m
an
d
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
Wa
t
er
dis
t
ributio
n
T
h
e
g
en
e
r
ated
wate
r
is
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
a
r
e
a
v
ia
s
ev
er
al
s
m
ar
t
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
lin
es.
I
t
tak
es r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
d
r
in
k
i
n
g
wate
r
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
u
s
er
d
em
a
n
d
s
an
d
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
wate
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
is
r
eg
io
n
'
s
s
tab
ili
ty
is
tr
ac
k
ed
a
n
d
m
a
n
ag
ed
t
o
s
u
p
p
ly
clea
n
d
r
in
k
in
g
wate
r
.
T
h
en
,
wate
r
is
s
u
p
p
lied
to
cu
s
to
m
er
s
a
n
d
u
tili
ties
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
,
it
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
m
ar
t
s
e
r
v
ices
s
u
ch
as
wate
r
u
s
e
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
a
n
d
d
o
m
esti
c
wate
r
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
a
tio
n
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ce
n
ter
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
h
o
s
tin
g
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
wate
r
s
y
s
te
m
in
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
ar
ea
s
,
e.
g
.
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
t
em
s
(
DM
S),
wate
r
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
(
W
MS)
in
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
m
icr
o
-
n
etwo
r
k
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
SC
ADA
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
Sm
ar
t h
o
m
e
cu
s
to
m
er
d
o
m
ain
in
clu
d
e
s
h
o
m
es,
co
m
m
er
cial
o
r
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
ial
b
u
ild
in
g
s
.
I
t is
co
n
n
ec
ted
with
th
e
s
m
ar
t
wate
r
n
etwo
r
k
v
ia
th
e
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
an
d
allo
ws
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
an
d
th
e
u
tili
ty
.
T
h
e
h
o
m
e
ar
ea
n
e
two
r
k
(
HAN)
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
ts
all
th
e
s
m
ar
t
d
e
v
ices
in
th
e
h
o
m
e
s
u
ch
as
s
m
ar
t
f
au
ce
ts
,
s
m
ar
t
tan
k
s
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
d
ev
ices
to
lin
k
th
em
to
th
e
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
m
icr
o
-
g
r
id
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
is
a
wate
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
th
at
in
clu
d
es sev
er
al
n
an
o
-
g
r
id
s
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
to
r
ag
e
tan
k
s
an
d
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
.
I
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
s
with
th
e
o
th
e
r
f
ield
s
u
s
in
g
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
th
at
tr
a
n
s
m
its
d
ata
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
v
ia
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
.
T
h
is
s
o
lu
tio
n
aim
s
to
s
atis
f
y
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
in
a
r
eliab
le,
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
m
an
n
er
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
es o
f
wh
i
ch
ar
e
as f
o
llo
ws:
−
T
h
is
two
-
way
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
f
b
o
t
h
wate
r
an
d
d
ata
allo
ws
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
to
h
a
v
e
b
etter
c
o
n
tr
o
l o
f
th
eir
wate
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es m
o
r
e
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
t
h
e
cu
s
to
m
er
.
−
Ma
k
e
th
e
wate
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
r
o
b
u
s
t a
g
ain
s
t f
ailu
r
es.
−
I
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
−
T
h
e
cu
s
to
m
er
ca
n
in
f
ac
t
b
e
a
wate
r
s
u
p
p
lier
in
s
tead
o
f
a
co
n
s
u
m
er
(
in
jectin
g
th
e
e
x
ce
s
s
wate
r
in
to
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
6
5
5
-
1
6
6
8
1658
2
.
2
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
hiera
rc
hica
l n
et
wo
rk
a
rc
hite
ct
ure
W
e
h
av
e
o
r
g
a
n
ized
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
in
to
s
ev
e
r
al
d
is
tin
ct
lay
er
s
to
s
im
p
lify
th
e
c
o
m
p
lex
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
ata
f
lo
w
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
ad
ap
ta
b
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
d
e
v
ices
in
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
in
a
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
n
etwo
r
k
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
(
clu
s
ter
-
b
ased
n
etwo
r
k
)
to
r
em
o
tel
y
m
o
n
ito
r
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
r
in
k
in
g
wate
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
h
ier
ar
ch
ica
l n
etwo
r
k
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
f
er
s
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
s
u
ch
as
m
in
im
i
zin
g
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
o
p
tim
al
n
etwo
r
k
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t.
Sm
ar
t d
ev
ices c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
with
ea
ch
o
th
er
v
ia
th
e
wM
-
B
u
s
p
r
o
to
c
o
l,
wh
ich
is
wid
ely
ad
o
p
ted
b
y
th
ir
d
-
p
ar
t
y
wate
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
th
e
r
esid
en
tial
m
eter
in
g
ar
ea
(
R
MA
)
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
L
o
R
a
s
m
ar
t
g
atew
ay
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
R
MA
,
d
is
tr
ict
m
eter
in
g
ar
ea
(
DM
A)
an
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e
m
eter
in
g
ar
ea
(
PMA)
n
etwo
r
k
s
to
th
e
in
ter
n
et
u
s
in
g
s
ev
er
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
(
2
G,
3
G,
4
G)
.
Sin
ce
,
ea
ch
R
MA
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
r
esid
en
tial a
r
ea
(
lik
e
a
s
m
ar
t h
o
m
e)
,
wh
ile
DM
A
co
m
p
r
is
es
s
e
v
er
al
R
MA
s
in
th
e
s
am
e
city
(
s
m
ar
t c
ity
)
.
W
h
ile
PMA
co
n
tain
s
s
ev
er
al
DM
As
an
d
th
u
s
allo
ws f
o
r
b
r
o
ad
er
m
an
ag
em
en
t o
f
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
wate
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ar
e
also
in
te
g
r
ated
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ad
ap
tab
le
t
o
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
in
ter
f
ac
es
o
n
th
e
g
atew
ay
s
.
W
h
ile
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
in
ter
f
ac
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
lo
n
g
-
r
a
n
g
e
lo
w
-
r
ate
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
a
s
ed
o
n
L
PW
AN
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
in
ter
f
ac
e
co
m
m
u
n
icate
s
with
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
m
ar
t
d
e
v
ices
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
wM
-
B
u
s
p
r
o
to
co
l.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
o
u
r
s
y
s
tem
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
d
ata
r
e
d
u
n
d
an
cy
an
d
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
d
ata
r
eliab
ilit
y
wh
ile
o
p
tim
izin
g
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
2
.
3
.
A
new
pro
po
s
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I
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I
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Flo
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3.
SI
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[
2
2
]
.
T
o
f
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th
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g
ap
,
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p
ir
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T
ab
le
1
.
Simu
latio
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p
ar
am
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P
a
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r
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p
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r
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t
h
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3
.
9
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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ab
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ab
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2
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T
ab
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3
.
Per
ca
p
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p
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(
L
/D)
H
o
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I
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an
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3
.
1
.
Da
ily
wa
t
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c
o
ns
um
ptio
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Ou
r
p
r
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p
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s
ed
s
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is
ts
in
d
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tin
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th
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ex
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d
aily
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co
n
s
u
m
p
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h
h
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s
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ld
,
m
o
n
th
ly
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y
u
s
in
g
th
e
W
SN.
Su
b
s
eq
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e
n
tly
,
we
ca
lcu
lated
ad
o
p
ted
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o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
v
alu
es
m
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n
t
h
ly
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ch
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o
u
s
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.
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lik
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th
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y
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tem
,
wh
er
e
wate
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n
s
u
m
p
ti
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is
d
o
n
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
wh
ic
h
lead
s
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
waste,
th
is
s
o
lu
tio
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ws
to
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te
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r
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to
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h
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wh
ich
p
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v
es
th
e
ef
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ic
ien
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o
f
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r
s
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ter
m
s
o
f
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r
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lt,
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r
s
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ateg
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p
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f
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tly
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f
o
r
m
s
to
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id
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o
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s
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ar
t
cities
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o
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r
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ce
'
s
s
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ab
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d
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m
t
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is
o
f
th
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s
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wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
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o
b
s
er
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e
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r
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r
r
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n
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tr
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with
two
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r
r
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ap
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x
im
ately
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ch
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o
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A
v
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f
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m
6
am
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h
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ax
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u
m
at
1
0
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to
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2
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u
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in
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ter
th
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o
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le
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p
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b
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s
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em
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.
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ate
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h
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ates
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ter
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d
m
o
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t
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ata
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m
ak
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r
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h
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s
is
o
f
th
e
g
r
ap
h
o
f
t
h
e
r
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r
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Fig
u
r
e
7
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n
ce
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n
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th
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n
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e
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in
Sep
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3
s
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aily
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wev
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a
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n
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s
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ated
at
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0
with
1
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s
a
n
d
p
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io
d
s
o
f
lo
w
co
n
s
u
m
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n
esp
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d
u
r
in
g
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e
n
ig
h
t
an
d
ev
e
n
in
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ar
e
also
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o
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d
.
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r
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y
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th
at
u
s
es
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allo
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r
ately
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r
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g
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n
s
u
m
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ar
iatio
n
s
an
d
id
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tify
in
g
p
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a
n
d
t
r
o
u
g
h
s
i
n
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
wh
ich
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
its
r
eliab
ilit
y
to
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
m
an
ag
e
wate
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
6
5
5
-
1
6
6
8
1662
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Daily
wate
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
H0
0
1
f
r
o
m
0
9
/2
0
2
3
t
o
0
4
/2
0
2
4
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Daily
wate
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
H0
0
2
in
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
3
3
.
2
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n bet
wee
n mo
nths
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Fig
u
r
e
8
,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
m
o
n
th
ly
wate
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
H0
0
1
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
s
ev
er
al
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
o
in
ts
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
p
r
ec
is
io
n
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Fro
m
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
,
we
n
o
tic
e
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
et
wee
n
m
o
n
t
h
s
with
a
m
in
im
u
m
o
f
2
1
5
L
/D
in
N
o
v
em
b
er
a
n
d
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
4
7
0
L
/d
i
n
Ap
r
il
2
0
2
4
.
T
h
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
d
etec
t
th
ese
v
ar
iatio
n
s
p
r
o
v
es th
at
o
u
r
s
y
s
tem
is
r
eliab
le
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
es th
e
d
ata
ac
cu
r
ately
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Mo
n
th
ly
wate
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
f
r
o
m
0
9
/2
0
2
3
to
0
4
/2
0
2
4
3
.
3
.
O
pti
m
iza
t
io
n
o
f
o
ur
pro
po
s
ed
s
m
a
rt
wa
t
er
dis
t
ributi
o
n m
a
na
g
e
m
ent
s
y
s
t
em
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
wate
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
r
e
q
u
ir
es
th
e
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
a
n
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
v
alu
e
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
ad
o
p
t
it
as
a
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
alu
e
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
a
n
d
o
p
tim
ize
t
h
e
allo
ca
tio
n
o
f
wate
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
3
.
3
.
1
.
Cho
o
s
ing
a
n a
pp
ro
v
ed
wa
t
er
co
ns
um
ptio
n v
a
lue
T
o
f
in
d
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
v
e
d
v
alu
e
o
f
wate
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
u
s
e
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
u
s
in
g
a
weig
h
ted
a
v
er
ag
e
with
d
y
n
am
ic
a
n
aly
s
es a
n
d
s
af
ety
m
ar
g
in
s
,
b
y
ap
p
l
y
in
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
(
1
)
.
=
ℎ
+
(
1
)
W
e
h
av
e
in
s
p
ir
ed
th
is
s
tr
ateg
y
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
er
f
ield
o
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en
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y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
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[
2
3
]
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
ap
p
l
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it in
o
u
r
p
r
o
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o
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ed
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tem
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r
th
e
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an
a
g
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en
t o
f
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tellig
en
t
wate
r
d
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ib
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tio
n
,
wh
o
s
e
f
u
tu
r
e
n
ee
d
s
ar
e
esti
m
ated
u
s
in
g
av
er
ag
es
o
f
h
is
to
r
ical
d
ata
an
d
ad
d
i
n
g
a
s
af
ety
m
ar
g
in
t
o
r
eg
u
late
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
.
T
o
ca
l
cu
late
th
e
m
o
n
th
l
y
-
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
v
al
u
es,
we
h
av
e
f
o
ll
o
wed
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tep
s
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
S
ma
r
t wa
ter d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
fo
r
s
ma
r
t c
ities
b
a
s
ed
o
n
in
tern
et
o
f th
in
g
s
(
A
ma
l D
o
u
li
)
1663
a.
Ass
ig
n
weig
h
ts
b
ased
o
n
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
(
e.
g
.
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
cc
u
p
an
ts
p
er
h
o
u
s
e)
.
b.
Do
weig
h
ted
av
e
r
ag
e
ca
lcu
lati
o
n
s
f
o
r
ea
c
h
m
o
n
th
.
ℎ
=
∑
(
∗
ℎ
)
=
1
∑
ℎ
=
1
(
2
)
I
n
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
,
we
u
s
ed
a
s
af
ety
m
ar
g
in
o
f
1
0
%
o
f
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
af
ter
s
ev
er
al
s
im
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
is
ch
o
ice
is
o
p
tim
al
f
o
r
th
is
s
y
s
tem
to
ef
f
icien
tly
m
a
n
ag
e
u
n
ex
p
ec
ted
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
in
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
A
s
af
ety
m
ar
g
in
was in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
t
o
p
r
e
v
en
t b
o
th
wate
r
s
h
o
r
tag
e
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n
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allo
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tio
n
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n
ad
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itio
n
,
af
te
r
s
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im
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,
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ch
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o
r
m
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ized
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r
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e
[
0
.
5
,
1
.
5
]
t
o
o
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tim
ize
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e
weig
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ted
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e
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o
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r
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iatio
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e
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h
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ec
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a
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estab
lis
h
ed
r
esear
ch
,
s
u
ch
as
in
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
weig
h
t
v
al
u
es
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
4
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
af
ter
s
ev
er
al
s
im
u
latio
n
s
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
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aly
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es.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
r
eso
u
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ce
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tio
n
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d
th
e
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icien
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o
f
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r
o
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ed
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y
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tem
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T
h
an
k
s
to
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
b
ased
o
n
s
ev
er
al
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
we
wer
e
ab
le
to
id
en
tify
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
b
est
s
u
ited
to
o
u
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
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n
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t,
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u
ar
a
n
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g
in
tellig
en
t
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
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r
d
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m
an
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g
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en
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Usi
n
g
th
ese
n
o
r
m
alize
d
weig
h
ts
an
d
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
f
o
r
m
u
la
(
2
)
,
th
e
weig
h
te
d
av
er
a
g
e
v
al
u
e
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
Sep
tem
b
e
r
is
:
7
3
.
4
1
L
/D.
So
,
th
e
s
af
ety
Ma
r
g
in
(
1
0
%)
=
7
.
3
4
1
L
/D.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
s
am
e
s
tep
s
,
th
e
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
m
o
n
th
ly
wate
r
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n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
v
al
u
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wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
ap
p
l
y
in
g
a
weig
h
ted
av
er
ag
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
weig
h
ts
p
r
esen
te
d
in
T
a
b
le
3
,
to
wh
ich
a
1
0
%
s
af
ety
m
ar
g
in
was
ad
d
e
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
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d
f
lex
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ilit
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to
ch
an
g
es
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o
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r
p
r
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s
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
5
.
T
ab
le
6
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
p
tim
ized
wate
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
tar
g
et
v
alu
es
f
o
r
all
m
o
n
ito
r
e
d
h
o
u
s
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
v
alu
es
p
r
es
en
ted
in
T
ab
le
5
.
T
h
ese
tar
g
et
v
alu
es
wer
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
m
u
ltip
ly
in
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
v
al
u
e
b
y
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
h
a
b
itan
ts
in
ea
ch
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
.
T
ab
le
4
.
No
r
m
alize
d
weig
h
ts
f
o
r
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
b
ased
o
n
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
h
ab
itan
ts
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
o
c
c
u
p
a
n
t
s
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o
r
mal
i
z
e
d
w
e
i
g
h
t
H
0
0
1
5
0
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6
2
5
H
0
0
2
8
1
.
0
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0
0
3
4
0
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5
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0
0
4
7
0
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8
7
5
H
0
0
5
4
0
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5
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0
0
6
5
0
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6
2
5
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0
0
7
4
0
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5
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0
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12
1
.
5
H
0
0
9
6
0
.
7
5
H
0
1
0
4
0
.
5
T
ab
le
5
.
Mo
n
th
ly
a
p
p
r
o
v
ed
v
a
lu
es f
o
r
d
aily
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
in
h
ab
itan
t
M
o
n
t
h
A
p
p
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d
a
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c
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p
t
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o
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v
a
l
u
e
s
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i
n
h
a
b
i
t
a
n
t
S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
2
3
8
0
.
7
5
L/
D
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
2
0
2
3
7
3
.
0
0
L/
D
N
o
v
e
mb
e
r
2
0
2
3
7
2
.
1
0
L/
D
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
2
3
7
0
.
6
5
L/
D
Jan
u
a
r
y
2
0
2
4
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2
.
9
1
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D
F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y
2
0
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4
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6
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0
2
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M
a
r
c
h
2
0
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4
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3
.
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5
L/
D
A
p
r
i
l
2
0
2
4
1
1
3
.
4
9
L
/
D
T
ab
le
6
.
T
ar
g
et
v
alu
es o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
ea
ch
h
o
u
s
e
liter
s
/d
ay
H
o
u
s
e
Ta
r
g
e
t
v
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l
u
e
s
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
d
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
h
o
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s
e
L/
D
0
9
/
2
0
2
2
1
0
/
2
0
2
2
1
1
/
2
0
2
2
1
2
/
2
0
2
2
0
1
/
2
0
2
3
0
2
/
2
0
2
3
0
3
/
2
0
2
3
0
4
/
2
0
2
3
H
0
0
1
4
0
3
,
7
5
3
6
5
3
6
0
,
5
3
5
3
,
2
5
3
6
4
,
5
5
3
8
0
,
1
4
6
9
,
2
5
6
7
,
4
5
H
0
0
2
6
4
6
5
8
4
5
7
6
,
8
5
6
5
,
2
5
8
3
,
2
8
6
0
8
,
1
6
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I
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.