I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
E
ng
ineering
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
1249
~
1
2
6
0
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijece.
v
1
6
i
3
.
pp
1
2
4
9
-
1
2
6
0
1249
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Sub
-
X
-
ba
nd re
co
nfigura
ble ante
nn
a
net
wo
rk
with
gr
a
phene
slo
ts
H
a
s
s
na
Ag
o
um
i
1
,
Sedd
ik
B
ri
2
,
Yo
us
s
ef
E
l A
m
ra
o
ui
3
,
Adil
Sa
a
di
1
1
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
,
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
P
r
o
c
e
ssi
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
S
y
s
t
e
ms
(
M
I
P
C
S
)
,
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
G
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
A
r
t
s
a
n
d
C
r
a
f
t
s,
M
o
u
l
a
y
I
smai
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
M
e
k
n
e
s,
M
o
r
o
c
c
o
2
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
S
y
s
t
e
ms,
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
n
d
C
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
s
,
H
i
g
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
M
o
u
l
a
y
I
smai
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
M
e
k
n
e
s
,
M
o
r
o
c
c
o
3
L
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
o
f
C
o
n
d
e
n
s
e
d
M
a
t
t
e
r
a
n
d
I
n
t
e
r
d
i
s
c
i
p
l
i
n
a
r
y
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
(
L
a
M
C
S
c
I
)
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
V
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
R
a
b
a
t
,
M
o
r
o
c
c
o
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Au
g
2
9
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Ma
r
2
7
,
2
0
2
6
Acc
ep
ted
Ap
r
2
6
,
2
0
2
6
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ts
th
e
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
a
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
-
slo
tt
e
d
h
e
x
a
g
o
n
a
l
m
icro
strip
p
a
tch
a
n
ten
n
a
a
n
d
it
s
e
x
ten
sio
n
to
a
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
4
×
4
p
l
a
n
a
r
a
rra
y
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
in
th
e
su
b
-
X
-
b
a
n
d
.
T
h
e
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
o
f
th
is
wo
rk
is
t
o
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
th
a
t
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
-
b
a
se
d
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
re
c
o
n
fig
u
ra
b
il
it
y
c
a
n
b
e
e
x
ten
d
e
d
fro
m
a
sin
g
le
a
n
ten
n
a
e
lem
e
n
t
to
a
n
a
rr
a
y
c
o
n
fi
g
u
ra
ti
o
n
w
h
il
e
imp
r
o
v
i
n
g
ra
d
iatio
n
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
Th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
a
n
ten
n
a
in
te
g
ra
tes
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
slo
ts
e
tch
e
d
i
n
to
th
e
ra
d
iatin
g
p
a
tch
,
wh
e
re
re
c
o
n
fig
u
r
a
b
il
it
y
is ac
h
iev
e
d
b
y
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
ly
tu
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
e
x
ter
n
a
l
g
a
te
v
o
lt
a
g
e
V
g
.
T
h
e
sin
g
le
a
n
ten
n
a
o
p
e
ra
tes
a
ro
u
n
d
9
.
4
G
Hz
with
a
n
imp
e
d
a
n
c
e
b
a
n
d
wi
d
th
o
f
4
0
0
M
Hz
a
n
d
a
p
e
a
k
g
a
i
n
o
f
6
d
B
.
T
h
e
d
e
s
ig
n
is
th
e
n
e
x
te
n
d
e
d
to
a
4
×
4
a
rra
y
wit
h
a
n
in
ter
-
e
lem
e
n
t
sp
a
c
in
g
o
f
a
p
p
ro
x
i
m
a
tely
1
.
2
wa
v
e
len
g
t
h
s.
Th
e
a
rra
y
o
p
e
ra
tes
in
t
h
e
9
–
1
0
G
Hz
ra
n
g
e
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
a
b
a
n
d
wid
t
h
o
f
3
8
0
M
Hz
,
a
n
d
a
c
h
iev
e
s
a
m
a
x
imu
m
g
a
in
o
f
1
3
.
0
8
d
B
.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
c
o
n
f
irm
th
a
t
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
-
e
n
a
b
led
re
c
o
n
fig
u
ra
b
il
it
y
c
a
n
b
e
p
re
se
rv
e
d
a
t
th
e
a
rra
y
le
v
e
l
wit
h
o
u
t
i
n
c
re
a
sin
g
stru
c
tu
ra
l
c
o
m
p
lex
it
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
an
d
wid
th
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
Gain
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
Gr
ap
h
en
e
-
b
ased
an
ten
n
a
Hex
ag
o
n
al
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
Plan
ar
an
ten
n
a
a
r
r
ay
R
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
a
n
ten
n
a
Su
b
-
x
-
b
a
n
d
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Hass
n
a
Ag
o
u
m
i
Mo
d
elin
g
,
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
Pr
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
C
o
n
tr
o
l Sy
s
tem
s
(
MI
PC
S),
Natio
n
al
Gr
ad
u
ate
Sch
o
o
l o
f
Ar
ts
an
d
C
r
af
ts
,
Mo
u
lay
I
s
m
ail
Un
iv
er
s
ity
1
5
2
9
0
E
NSAM,
Me
k
n
es 5
0
5
0
0
,
Mo
r
o
cc
o
E
m
ail: h
.
ag
o
u
m
i@
ed
u
.
u
m
i.a
c.
m
a.
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Mic
r
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
ten
n
as a
r
e
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
em
p
lo
y
e
d
in
m
o
d
e
r
n
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
d
u
e
to
th
eir
co
m
p
ac
t
s
ize,
lo
w
p
r
o
f
ile,
ea
s
e
o
f
f
ab
r
icatio
n
,
a
n
d
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
p
lan
ar
an
d
p
r
in
ted
cir
cu
it
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
1
]
.
T
h
ey
a
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
r
ad
ar
,
s
atellite
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
an
d
wir
eless
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
t
is
in
th
e
f
ield
s
o
f
h
ig
h
-
r
eso
lu
tio
n
r
ad
ar
,
m
ilit
ar
y
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
an
d
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
wir
eless
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
th
e
X
-
b
an
d
f
in
d
s
all
its
in
ter
est
am
o
n
g
th
e
m
icr
o
wav
e
b
an
d
s
,
d
u
e
t
o
its
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
r
eso
lu
tio
n
an
d
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate,
m
u
ltip
le
-
in
p
u
t
-
m
u
ltip
le
-
o
u
tp
u
t
(
MI
MO
)
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
th
eir
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
ag
ain
s
t
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
[
1
]
.
C
o
m
p
ac
t r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
r
ad
a
r
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
latf
o
r
m
s
id
ea
lly
o
p
er
ate
i
n
th
e
9
-
1
0
GHz
b
a
n
d
.
Ho
wev
er
,
to
f
u
l
ly
ex
p
l
o
it
o
p
tim
al
MI
MO
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
th
e
r
ad
ia
tin
g
elem
en
ts
m
u
s
t c
o
m
b
i
n
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
co
p
p
er
p
atch
an
ten
n
as
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
two
m
ain
lim
itatio
n
s
in
ad
v
an
ce
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
:
co
n
f
i
n
ed
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
s
p
ec
tr
al
r
ig
id
ity
[
2
]
.
Gr
ap
h
e
n
e,
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
two
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
m
ater
ial,
ef
f
ec
ti
v
ely
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
ese
lim
itat
i
o
n
s
th
an
k
s
to
its
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
wh
ich
is
ad
ju
s
tab
le
b
y
g
ate
v
o
ltag
e,
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
es si
g
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
ed
elec
tr
ical
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
2
4
9
-
1
2
6
0
1250
Gr
ap
h
en
e
e
n
ab
les
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
b
ilit
y
in
r
a
d
iatin
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
with
o
u
t
r
ely
in
g
o
n
ac
tiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
n
eg
ativ
e
(
PIN
)
d
io
d
e
s
,
m
icr
o
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
(
ME
MS)
,
o
r
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
[
4
]
.
Patch
an
ten
n
a
s
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
lo
ts
en
ab
le
lo
ca
l
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
tu
n
in
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
lled
ac
tiv
atio
n
o
f
r
ad
iatin
g
zo
n
es
[
5
]
.
Pre
v
i
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
-
b
ased
an
ten
n
as
in
ter
m
s
o
f
b
an
d
wid
th
,
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
,
a
n
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
[
6
]
.
B
r
o
ad
b
a
n
d
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
s
,
ad
ap
tiv
e
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
s
,
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
ten
n
as,
an
d
in
tellig
en
t
r
ad
ar
s
ar
e
am
o
n
g
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
b
en
e
f
iciar
ies
o
f
th
is
s
p
ec
tr
al
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
[
7
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
g
r
ap
h
en
e'
s
ato
m
ic
-
s
ca
le
th
ick
n
ess
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
r
ea
lizatio
n
o
f
co
m
p
ac
t
d
e
v
ices
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
8
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
m
o
s
t
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
g
r
ap
h
en
e
-
b
ased
an
ten
n
as
r
em
ain
lim
ited
to
s
in
g
le
-
elem
en
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
o
r
th
eo
r
eti
ca
l
an
aly
s
es,
with
o
n
ly
a
f
ew
wo
r
k
s
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
p
r
ac
tical
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
s
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
(
R
F)
an
d
m
icr
o
wav
e
an
ten
n
as
b
ased
o
n
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
,
ex
p
l
o
itin
g
g
ate
-
v
o
ltag
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
r
q
u
an
t
u
m
ca
p
a
citan
ce
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
Oth
er
wo
r
k
s
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
b
ea
m
o
r
r
ad
iat
io
n
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
u
s
in
g
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
-
b
ased
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
at
s
u
b
-
6
GHz
o
r
h
ig
h
e
r
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
eg
im
es
[
1
1
]
,
w
h
ile
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
o
f
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
-
b
a
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
s
ar
e
m
ain
l
y
r
ep
o
r
ted
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
m
icr
o
wav
e
Su
b
-
X
-
b
an
d
o
r
r
em
ai
n
at
a
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
lev
el
[
1
2
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
co
m
p
ac
t,
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
s
o
p
er
a
tin
g
in
th
e
s
u
b
-
X
-
b
an
d
h
as y
et
to
b
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
lim
ited
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
co
m
p
ac
t
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
-
b
ased
an
ten
n
a
a
r
r
ay
s
in
t
h
e
s
u
b
-
X
-
b
an
d
,
we
p
r
esen
t
t
h
e
d
esig
n
,
s
im
u
latio
n
,
a
n
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
te
n
n
a
an
d
its
ex
ten
s
io
n
to
a
4
×4
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
ar
r
a
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
g
r
ap
h
en
e
-
b
ased
s
lo
ts
,
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
9
–
1
0
GHz
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Un
lik
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
r
ely
i
n
g
o
n
PIN
d
io
d
es
o
r
ME
MS
s
witch
es,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
ac
h
iev
es
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
ag
ilit
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
g
ate
-
v
o
ltag
e
-
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
d
y
n
am
ically
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
m
atch
in
g
a
n
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
in
cl
u
d
e
t
h
e
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
p
ass
iv
e
g
r
ap
h
en
e
-
s
lo
t
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
with
in
a
s
ca
lab
le
m
icr
o
wav
e
ar
r
a
y
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
an
d
t
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
its
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
e
tic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
an
k
s
to
g
r
ap
h
en
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
p
p
e
r
d
esig
n
in
ter
m
s
o
f
b
an
d
wid
th
,
g
ain
,
an
d
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
.
T
h
ese
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
v
alid
ate
n
o
v
elty
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
in
ter
est o
f
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
n
etwo
r
k
s
f
o
r
ad
ap
tiv
e
m
icr
o
wav
e
an
ten
n
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
ex
ten
d
s
th
e
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
ten
n
as
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
m
ater
ial
-
d
r
iv
en
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
b
ased
o
n
th
e
t
u
n
ab
le
s
u
r
f
ac
e
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
th
at
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
m
o
d
if
y
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
elec
tr
ical
len
g
th
o
f
th
e
r
ad
iati
n
g
elem
en
t,
th
e
r
eb
y
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
T
h
i
s
estab
lis
h
es
a
d
ir
ec
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
m
ater
ial
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
eti
c
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
ef
in
es c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
im
p
e
d
an
c
e
m
atch
in
g
a
n
d
r
eso
n
an
ce
m
o
d
els f
o
r
ad
a
p
tiv
e
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
s
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
a
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
a
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
-
b
ased
a
n
ten
n
a.
I
t
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
a
s
in
g
le
r
a
d
iatin
g
elem
en
t
to
a
4
×4
ar
r
a
y
o
p
er
atin
g
in
th
e
s
u
b
-
X
-
b
an
d
(
9
-
1
0
GHz
)
.
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
is
m
o
d
el
ed
u
s
in
g
f
u
ll
-
wa
v
e
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
s
im
u
latio
n
s
with
C
ST
Mic
r
o
wav
e
Stu
d
io
.
R
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
ilit
y
is
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
in
te
g
r
atin
g
g
r
ap
h
en
e
s
lo
ts
,
wh
ich
ar
e
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
a
tu
n
ab
le
s
u
r
f
ac
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
co
n
tr
o
lled
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
g
ate
v
o
ltag
e
V
g
.
T
h
e
ar
r
a
y
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
t
h
en
o
p
tim
ize
d
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
in
ter
-
elem
en
t sp
ac
in
g
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
g
r
ap
h
en
e
tu
n
ab
ilit
y
o
n
a
n
ten
n
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
2
.
1
.
G
ra
ph
ene
co
nd
uct
iv
it
y
m
o
del
T
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e,
d
en
o
te
d
b
y
σ
s
,
ar
i
s
es
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
in
ter
b
a
n
d
an
d
in
tr
ab
a
n
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
in
th
e
g
i
g
ah
er
tz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
an
g
e,
th
e
in
tr
a
b
an
d
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
d
o
m
in
ates,
wh
ile
th
e
in
ter
b
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
n
eg
lecte
d
.
Un
d
er
th
is
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
,
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
i
n
tr
ab
an
d
Ku
b
o
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
,
as sh
o
wn
i
n
(
1
)
[
1
3
]
.
=
−
2
ℏ
2
(
−
−
1
)
[
µ
+
2
(
−
µ
+
1
)
]
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
ω
is
t
h
e
a
n
g
u
lar
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
in
(
r
ad
.
s
-
1
)
,
τ
is
t
h
e
r
elax
atio
n
tim
e
in
(
s
)
,
μ
c
is
th
e
c
h
em
ical
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
in
(
eV)
,
T
is
th
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
(
K)
,
e
is
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ch
ar
g
e
in
(
C
)
,
ℏ
is
th
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
Plan
c
k
co
n
s
tan
t in
(
J
.
s
)
,
an
d
k
B
is
th
e
B
o
ltzm
an
n
co
n
s
tan
t in
(
J
.
K
-
1
).
As
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
(
1
)
,
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
is
m
ain
ly
g
o
v
er
n
ed
b
y
th
r
ee
k
ey
p
ar
am
eter
s
:
th
e
r
elax
atio
n
tim
e
τ
,
t
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
T
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
ch
em
ical
p
o
ten
tial
μ
c
,
wh
ic
h
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
o
p
in
g
lev
el
o
f
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e.
T
h
e
ch
em
ical
p
o
ten
tial
ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
an
e
x
ter
n
al
g
ate
-
v
o
ltag
e
d
en
o
te
d
b
y
V
g
,
allo
win
g
th
e
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
h
ee
t
to
ex
h
ib
it
ei
th
er
h
ig
h
o
r
l
o
w
s
u
r
f
ac
e
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
t
h
is
m
o
d
el
ac
cu
r
ately
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
h
ig
h
(
ON
s
tate)
an
d
lo
w
(
OFF s
tate)
co
n
d
u
ct
iv
ity
o
f
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Sub
-
X
-
b
a
n
d
r
ec
o
n
fig
u
r
a
b
le
a
n
ten
n
a
n
etw
o
r
k
w
ith
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
s
lo
ts
…
(
Ha
s
s
n
a
A
g
o
u
mi
)
1251
2
.
2
.
E
lect
rica
l t
un
a
bil
it
y
wit
h g
a
t
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
an
ap
p
lied
g
ate
v
o
ltag
e
V
g
en
ab
les
d
y
n
a
m
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
c
h
em
ical
p
o
te
n
tial
μ
c
o
f
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
ac
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
its
s
u
r
f
ac
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
tiv
ity
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
g
ate
-
v
o
ltag
e
V
g
an
d
ch
em
ical
p
o
ten
tial
μ
c
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
(
2
)
[
1
4
]
.
=
2
ℎ
ℏ
2
2
ℰ
0
ℰ
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
V
g
is
th
e
ap
p
lied
g
ate
-
v
o
ltag
e
in
(
V)
,
e
is
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ch
ar
g
e
in
(
C
)
,
μ
c
is
th
e
ch
em
ical
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
in
(
eV)
,
h
is
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
th
ick
n
ess
in
(
m
m
)
,
ℏ
is
th
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
Plan
c
k
co
n
s
tan
t in
(
J
.
s
)
,
v
f
is
th
e
Fer
m
i
v
elo
city
in
g
r
ap
h
en
e
in
(
m
.
s
-
1
)
,
Ꜫ
r
is
th
e
r
elativ
e
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate,
an
d
Ꜫ
0
is
th
e
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
o
f
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
in
(
F.m
-
1
).
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
(
2
)
,
a
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
c
h
em
ica
l
p
o
ten
tial
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
a
h
ig
h
er
g
ate
-
v
o
ltag
e
im
p
r
o
v
es th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
n
d
u
cti
v
ity
.
T
h
is
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
en
ab
les
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
eti
c
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
.
2
.
3
.
Str
uct
ura
l g
e
o
m
e
t
ry
o
f
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
a
nte
nn
a
T
h
e
h
ex
ag
o
n
al
-
s
h
ap
e
d
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
o
n
an
ep
o
x
y
FR
4
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
with
a
r
elativ
e
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
o
f
4
.
3
an
d
a
th
i
ck
n
ess
o
f
1
.
6
m
m
.
T
h
e
m
ain
d
esig
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
is
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
te
n
n
a
is
an
ir
r
eg
u
lar
h
ex
ag
o
n
al
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
at
ch
.
I
ts
g
eo
m
etr
y
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
atch
le
n
g
th
Lp
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
v
er
tical
d
im
en
s
io
n
Lp
1
,
an
d
t
h
e
later
al
p
atch
len
g
t
h
Lp
2.
T
h
e
ca
v
ity
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
m
o
d
el
f
r
o
m
[
1
5
]
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
in
itial
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
elec
tr
ical
len
g
th
o
f
t
h
e
r
ad
iatin
g
elem
en
t
Lp
1
,
d
en
o
ted
b
y
L
eff
(
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
atc
h
len
g
t
h
)
,
as e
x
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
3
)
.
=
2
√
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
lig
h
t
in
(
m
.
s
-
1
)
,
f
r
is
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
in
(
GHz
)
,
an
d
Ꜫ
eff
is
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t o
f
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
n
a
m
ely
th
e
m
ain
p
atch
len
g
th
Lp
an
d
th
e
later
al
len
g
th
Lp
2
,
a
r
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
eo
m
etr
ic
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
o
f
th
e
ir
r
eg
u
lar
h
ex
a
g
o
n
al
s
h
ap
e.
Fo
r
ir
r
eg
u
lar
g
eo
m
etr
ies,
clo
s
ed
-
f
o
r
m
an
aly
tical
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
h
av
e
lim
ited
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
ad
ju
s
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
u
ll
-
wav
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
s
im
u
latio
n
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
r
eso
n
a
n
c
e
an
d
im
p
e
d
an
ce
m
atc
h
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
f
a
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
in
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
in
s
er
tio
n
o
f
s
lo
ts
in
th
e
p
atch
,
o
p
tim
izes
th
e
im
p
e
d
an
ce
m
atch
in
g
.
D
y
n
am
ic
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
elec
tr
ical
le
n
g
th
,
w
ith
o
u
t
alter
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
is
e
n
s
u
r
ed
b
y
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
en
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
an
ten
n
a
g
eo
m
etr
y
,
wh
e
r
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
p
atch
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
-
s
lo
tted
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
ized
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e,
s
u
b
s
tr
ate,
p
atch
,
f
ee
d
lin
e,
an
d
s
lo
ts
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
1
.
E
s
s
en
tial p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
f
r
(
G
H
z
)
9
.
4
6
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
p
e
r
m
i
t
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
b
st
r
a
t
e
(
)
4
.
3
S
u
b
s
t
r
a
t
e
t
h
i
c
k
n
e
ss,
h
(
mm
)
1
.
6
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
i
n
p
u
t
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
,
R
in
(Ω
)
50
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Geo
m
etr
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
ex
a
g
o
n
al
p
atch
an
te
n
n
a:
(
a)
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
elem
en
t a
n
d
(
b
)
g
r
ap
h
en
e
-
s
lo
tted
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
2
4
9
-
1
2
6
0
1252
T
ab
le
2
.
Op
tim
ized
g
eo
m
etr
ic
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
g
r
ap
h
en
e
-
s
lo
tted
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
O
p
t
i
mi
z
e
d
v
a
l
u
e
i
n
(
mm
)
M
a
i
n
p
a
t
c
h
l
e
n
g
t
h
Lp
1
0
.
2
0
Ef
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
v
e
r
t
i
c
a
l
p
a
t
c
h
d
i
me
n
si
o
n
Lp
1
8
.
8
0
l
a
t
e
r
a
l
p
a
t
c
h
l
e
n
g
t
h
Lp
2
8
.
5
0
F
e
e
d
l
i
n
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
L
1
6
.
8
0
F
e
e
d
l
i
n
e
w
i
d
t
h
W
1
2
.
0
0
I
mp
e
d
a
n
c
e
M
a
t
c
h
i
n
g
l
e
n
g
t
h
L
2
2
.
9
0
I
mp
e
d
a
n
c
e
M
a
t
c
h
i
n
g
w
i
d
t
h
W
2
3
.
0
0
S
l
o
t
w
i
d
t
h
Wsl
o
t
0
.
7
5
S
l
o
t
l
e
n
g
t
h
L
sl
o
t
8
.
7
5
I
n
t
e
r
sl
o
t
sp
a
c
i
n
g
S
sl
o
t
3
.
7
5
Fo
llo
win
g
f
in
aliza
tio
n
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
,
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
ev
al
u
ated
.
An
ess
en
tial
s
tep
f
o
r
ass
es
s
in
g
h
o
w
th
e
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
lo
ts
in
f
lu
en
c
e
r
ad
iativ
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
ilit
y
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
s
u
r
f
ac
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
g
r
ap
h
en
e
in
m
o
d
if
y
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
p
ath
s
an
d
r
eso
n
an
ce
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
ex
am
in
es
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
in
b
o
th
th
e
ON
an
d
OFF s
tates o
f
th
e
g
r
ap
h
en
e
s
lo
ts
.
2
.
4
.
Su
rf
a
ce
curr
ent
dis
t
ributio
n in O
N
a
nd
O
F
F
s
t
a
t
es
Fre
q
u
en
cy
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
ilit
y
i
s
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
lo
ts
,
wh
i
ch
ar
e
s
tr
ateg
ically
p
lace
d
in
r
eg
io
n
s
with
h
ig
h
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
e
n
s
ity
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
b
ased
o
n
g
r
ap
h
en
e
s
witch
in
g
:
in
th
e
ON
s
tate,
it
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
im
p
ed
an
ce
allo
ws
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
to
p
ass
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
lo
ts
;
in
th
e
OFF
s
tate,
th
e
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
im
p
e
d
an
ce
cu
ts
o
f
f
t
h
is
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
,
wh
ich
s
h
if
ts
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
elec
tr
ical
len
g
th
o
f
th
e
p
atch
an
d
m
o
d
if
ies
its
r
eso
n
an
ce
.
T
h
is
m
ec
h
an
is
m
en
ab
les
p
r
ec
is
e
tu
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
an
te
n
n
a’
s
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
v
alu
e
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
ON
an
d
OFF
s
tate
s
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
4
)
to
(
9
)
[
1
7
]
.
=
0
(
4
)
=
ℏ
√
(
5
)
=
4
ℏ
2
ℎ
2
√
2
(
6
)
=
ℏ
√
(
7
)
1
=
1
+
1
(
8
)
=
1
(
,
,
,
)
=
ℏ
2
(
−
(
+
)
)
2
(
)
[
+
2
(
−
µ
+
1
)
]
(
9
)
W
h
er
e
η
is
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
d
en
s
ity
in
(
m
-
2
)
,
=
7
.
6
×
10
−
7
2
⁄
is
th
e
two
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
m
ass
d
en
s
ity
o
f
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e,
ℎ
=
2
.
1
×
10
4
⁄
is
th
e
s
o
u
n
d
v
elo
ci
ty
o
f
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
ac
o
u
s
tic
p
h
o
n
o
n
s
in
g
r
a
p
h
en
e,
is
th
e
d
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
p
o
ten
tial
in
(
eV
)
,
μ
L
is
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
m
o
b
ilit
y
i
n
(
m
2
.
(
V.
s
)
-
1
)
,
τ
L
is
d
u
e
to
l
o
n
g
-
r
an
g
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
s
u
ch
as
d
e
f
ec
ts
an
d
in
p
u
r
ities
,
an
d
τ
s
is
d
u
e
to
s
h
o
r
t
-
r
an
g
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
m
e
ch
an
is
m
s
s
u
ch
as
p
h
o
n
o
n
an
d
ca
r
r
ie
r
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
e
im
p
e
d
a
n
ce
Z
s
f
o
r
th
e
ON
a
n
d
OFF
s
tates
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
(
9
)
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
ese
two
s
tate
s
ar
e
ac
h
iev
ed
with
o
u
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
is
cr
ete
R
F
s
witch
es.
I
n
C
ST,
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
is
m
o
d
eled
as
a
tu
n
ab
le
o
h
m
ic
s
u
r
f
ac
e
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
th
e
g
ate
v
o
l
tag
e
V
g
.
Hig
h
an
d
lo
w
c
o
n
d
u
c
tiv
ity
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
ON
an
d
OF
F
s
ta
tes,
r
es
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
es
ar
is
e
d
ir
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
th
e
elec
tr
ical
m
o
d
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
im
u
lated
s
u
r
f
ac
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
-
s
lo
tted
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
at
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
im
p
ed
an
ce
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
at
9
.
4
6
GHz
ex
h
i
b
its
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
f
in
em
en
t
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
g
u
id
an
ce
alo
n
g
th
e
h
ex
a
g
o
n
al
p
atch
.
T
h
is
b
eh
av
io
r
clea
r
ly
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
th
e
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
lo
ts
.
As
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Sub
-
X
-
b
a
n
d
r
ec
o
n
fig
u
r
a
b
le
a
n
ten
n
a
n
etw
o
r
k
w
ith
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
s
lo
ts
…
(
Ha
s
s
n
a
A
g
o
u
mi
)
1253
ex
p
licitly
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
,
W
h
en
g
r
ap
h
en
e
is
in
th
e
ON
s
tate,
it
ex
h
ib
its
a
lo
w
s
u
r
f
ac
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
Z
s
=
6
.
09
+
j0
.
5
Ω
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
s
u
r
f
ac
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
e
n
s
ity
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
s
lo
ts
u
n
d
e
r
th
is
co
n
d
itio
n
,
v
alid
ates
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
e
tic
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
e
f
f
icien
cy
im
p
r
o
v
es,
th
e
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
,
an
d
th
e
b
an
d
wid
th
wid
e
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
ltin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
b
o
th
u
n
if
o
r
m
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
o
r
ie
n
ted
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
co
h
er
en
t i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
p
atch
'
s
d
is
tin
ct
r
eg
io
n
s
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
i
n
th
e
OFF
s
ta
te,
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e'
s
h
ig
h
s
u
r
f
ac
e
im
p
ed
an
c
e
Z
s
=
1552
+
j1
.
8
Ω
,
elec
tr
ically
d
ea
ctiv
ates
th
e
s
lo
ts
an
d
r
en
d
er
s
th
eir
r
a
d
iativ
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
eg
lig
i
b
le.
Su
r
f
ac
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
th
e
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
th
e
m
ain
p
atch
,
wea
k
en
in
g
co
u
p
lin
g
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
cin
g
b
an
d
wid
th
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t.
T
h
ese
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
h
y
s
ical
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
,
v
alid
atin
g
th
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
.
(
a
)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Su
r
f
ac
e
cu
r
r
en
t d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
-
s
lo
tted
p
atch
a
n
ten
n
a
at
9
.
4
6
GHz
: (
a)
g
r
ap
h
en
e
ON
s
tate
an
d
(
b
)
g
r
ap
h
en
e
OFF s
tate
T
ab
le
3
.
Selecte
d
p
a
r
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
f
o
r
ON
an
d
OFF s
tates
S
t
a
t
e
O
N
st
a
t
e
O
F
F
st
a
t
e
G
a
t
e
-
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
g
(V)
21
0
.
0
5
Te
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
T
(
k
)
3
0
0
3
0
0
C
a
r
r
i
e
r
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
η
(
m
-
2
)
5
.
8
×
10
17
6
×
10
14
G
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
S
u
r
f
a
c
e
i
mp
e
d
a
n
c
e
Zs(
Ω
/
□
)
6
.
09
+
j0
.
5
1552
+
j1
.
8
2
.
5
.
M
o
delin
g
o
f
t
he
4
×
4
hex
a
g
o
na
l pa
t
ch
a
rr
a
y
T
h
e
4
×4
ar
r
ay
to
p
o
lo
g
y
was
s
elec
ted
a
s
th
e
o
p
tim
al
c
o
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
b
etwe
en
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
p
r
ac
ticality
.
Sm
aller
ar
r
ay
s
lack
s
u
f
f
icien
t
ap
er
tu
r
e
a
n
d
g
a
in
in
th
e
X‑
b
an
d
,
wh
ile
lar
g
er
ar
r
ay
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
ize,
s
tr
o
n
g
er
co
u
p
lin
g
,
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
f
ee
d
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
.
T
h
e
ad
o
p
ted
la
y
o
u
t
th
u
s
co
m
b
in
es
co
m
p
ac
tn
ess
an
d
s
y
m
m
etr
y
w
ith
s
tab
le
r
ad
iatio
n
,
co
n
t
r
o
lled
s
id
e
lo
b
es,
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
b
an
d
wid
th
,
m
ak
in
g
it
id
ea
l f
o
r
in
tellig
en
t a
n
ten
n
a
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
ter
‑
elem
en
t
s
p
ac
i
n
g
is
a
k
e
y
d
esig
n
p
ar
am
eter
in
ar
r
ay
a
n
ten
n
as.
E
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
g
en
er
ates
g
r
atin
g
lo
b
es,
wh
er
ea
s
in
s
u
f
f
i
cien
t
s
p
ac
in
g
wid
en
s
th
e
m
ai
n
b
ea
m
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
es
m
u
tu
al
c
o
u
p
lin
g
.
Ver
y
tig
h
t
s
p
ac
in
g
also
co
m
p
licates
f
ee
d
i
n
g
n
etwo
r
k
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
in
ter
elem
en
t d
is
tan
ce
m
u
s
t
b
e
o
p
tim
ized
to
b
alan
ce
r
ad
iatio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
p
r
ac
tical
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
[
1
8
]
.
An
in
ter
-
elem
en
t
s
p
ac
in
g
o
f
1
.
2
λ
,
s
elec
ted
alo
n
g
th
e
x
an
d
y
ax
es,
s
er
v
es
to
cr
ea
te
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
4
×4
ar
r
ay
b
y
r
ep
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
o
p
tim
ized
s
in
g
le
r
a
d
iatin
g
e
lem
en
t.
I
n
cr
ea
s
ed
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
an
d
g
ain
,
with
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
ize:
th
is
s
p
ac
in
g
e
n
s
u
r
es c
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
r
a
d
a
r
an
d
wir
eless
s
y
s
tem
s
.
A
wav
eg
u
id
e
p
o
r
t,
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
at
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
en
s
u
r
es
p
r
o
p
er
ex
citatio
n
o
f
th
e
ar
r
ay
.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
th
e
g
ain
an
d
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
ar
r
a
y
ar
e
e
v
alu
at
ed
u
s
in
g
f
u
ll
-
wav
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
s
im
u
latio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
in
al
lay
o
u
t o
f
t
h
e
o
p
tim
ized
4
×4
a
n
te
n
n
a
ar
r
a
y
.
All
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
ti
m
e
-
d
o
m
ain
s
o
lv
er
.
T
h
e
a
n
ten
n
a
is
ex
cited
v
ia
a
5
0
Ω
wa
v
eg
u
id
e
p
o
r
t,
a
n
d
o
p
en
(
r
ad
iatio
n
)
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
ap
p
lied
.
to
em
u
l
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
in
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e.
An
ad
ap
tiv
e
m
esh
r
ef
in
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
n
u
m
er
ic
al
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
.
T
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
2
4
9
-
1
2
6
0
1254
an
ten
n
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
ev
alu
ated
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
ef
lectio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
(
S1
1
)
,
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
b
an
d
wid
th
,
r
ea
lized
g
ain
,
an
d
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
r
p
o
r
ate
f
ee
d
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
4
×4
h
ex
a
g
o
n
al
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
f
o
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
Fab
r
icatio
n
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
r
ec
e
n
t
s
tu
d
ies
in
liter
atu
r
e
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
at
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
ca
n
b
e
s
y
n
th
esized
b
y
ch
em
ical
v
ap
o
r
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
(
C
VD)
,
tr
an
s
f
er
r
e
d
o
n
to
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
u
b
s
tr
ates,
an
d
p
atter
n
ed
u
s
in
g
lith
o
g
r
ap
h
y
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
R
F
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
f
ab
r
icatio
n
to
ler
an
ce
s
m
ay
af
f
ec
t
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
m
atch
in
g
,
an
d
g
ai
n
[
1
9
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
g
r
ap
h
en
e
-
b
ased
an
te
n
n
as
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
d
ep
e
n
d
o
n
m
ater
ial
p
r
o
p
er
ties
s
u
c
h
as
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
p
o
s
t
-
tr
a
n
s
f
er
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
ity
,
an
d
m
etal
-
g
r
ap
h
en
e
co
n
tact
r
esis
tan
ce
,
y
et
it
r
em
ain
s
r
o
b
u
s
t
u
n
d
er
r
ea
lis
tic
f
ab
r
icatio
n
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
0
]
.
E
x
p
e
r
im
en
tal
f
ab
r
icatio
n
an
d
c
h
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
co
n
s
titu
te
n
atu
r
al
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
w
o
r
k
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
s
im
u
lated
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
te
n
n
as
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
f
u
l
l
-
wav
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
s
im
u
l
atio
n
s
co
n
d
u
cted
u
n
d
er
v
alid
ated
an
d
r
ea
lis
tic
m
o
d
elin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
y
in
clu
d
e
th
e
r
ef
lectio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t,
g
ain
,
a
n
d
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
s
in
g
le
h
ex
ag
o
n
al
p
atch
elem
e
n
t a
n
d
th
e
4
×4
a
r
r
ay
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
OFF an
d
ON
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
3
.
1
.
Sin
g
le
hex
a
g
o
na
l pa
t
ch
a
nte
nn
a
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
S1
1
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a.
Gr
ap
h
e
n
e
s
lo
t
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
im
p
r
o
v
es
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
m
atch
in
g
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
b
an
d
wid
th
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
co
p
p
er
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
.
E
lectr
ical
b
iasi
n
g
in
d
u
ce
s
a
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
h
if
t
o
f
ab
o
u
t
3
0
M
Hz
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
ON
a
n
d
OFF
s
tates,
co
n
f
ir
m
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
ON
s
tates
4
0
0
MH
z
b
an
d
wid
th
s
er
v
es
as
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
o
f
g
r
a
p
h
en
e'
s
d
u
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
: im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
b
a
n
d
wid
th
an
d
e
n
ab
lin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
ilit
y
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
S₁₁
r
esp
o
n
s
es o
f
th
e
co
p
p
er
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
an
d
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
-
b
ased
an
ten
n
a
i
n
ON
an
d
OFF s
tate
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Sub
-
X
-
b
a
n
d
r
ec
o
n
fig
u
r
a
b
le
a
n
ten
n
a
n
etw
o
r
k
w
ith
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
s
lo
ts
…
(
Ha
s
s
n
a
A
g
o
u
mi
)
1255
Fig
u
r
e
5
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
g
ain
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
t
h
e
co
p
p
er
an
d
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
-
b
ased
an
te
n
n
a
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
th
at
o
f
a
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
co
p
p
e
r
a
n
ten
n
a.
T
h
a
n
k
s
to
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
lo
t
in
te
g
r
atio
n
,
b
o
th
p
ea
k
g
ain
an
d
g
ai
n
s
tab
ilit
y
ar
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
b
an
d
.
T
h
e
OFF
s
tate
p
r
o
v
id
es
h
ig
h
er
g
ain
lev
els
o
v
er
a
wid
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
an
g
e,
wh
ile
th
e
O
N
s
tate
ac
h
iev
es
th
e
h
ig
h
est
g
ain
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
r
ea
ch
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
d
B
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
g
r
ap
h
en
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
im
p
r
o
v
ed
r
ad
iat
io
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
h
ile
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
en
ab
lin
g
elec
tr
ical
g
ain
co
n
tr
o
l.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Gain
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
p
p
er
-
an
ten
n
a
an
d
th
e
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
-
b
as
ed
an
ten
n
a
in
ON
an
d
OFF s
ta
tes
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
H‑
p
lan
e
f
ar
‑
f
ield
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
co
p
p
er
a
n
d
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
‑
b
ase
d
an
ten
n
a
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
ad
iat
io
n
p
atter
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
p
p
er
an
ten
n
a
,
wh
ich
s
er
v
es
as
a
b
aselin
e.
T
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
-
b
ased
a
n
ten
n
a
o
f
f
er
s
h
ig
h
er
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
wh
ile
p
r
eser
v
in
g
a
b
ea
m
wid
th
co
m
p
a
r
ab
le
to
th
at
o
f
th
e
co
p
p
er
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
,
as
clea
r
ly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
th
e
p
atter
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
OFF
an
d
ON
s
tates
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
c)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
s
lig
h
t
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
u
n
d
e
r
ele
ctr
ical
b
iasi
n
g
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
at
es
th
at
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
ilit
y
is
ac
h
iev
ed
with
o
u
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
is
to
r
tin
g
th
e
b
ea
m
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
im
p
r
o
v
es d
i
r
ec
tiv
ity
wh
ile
p
r
eser
v
in
g
p
atter
n
s
tab
ilit
y
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
d
iag
r
a
m
s
(
H
-
p
lan
e)
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
s
im
u
latio
n
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
p
p
er
a
n
ten
n
a
a
n
d
th
e
g
r
ap
h
en
e
an
te
n
n
a
in
its
tw
o
o
p
er
atin
g
s
tates
: (
a)
co
n
v
e
n
t
io
n
al
co
p
p
er
an
ten
n
a
as a
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
,
(
b
)
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
an
ten
n
a
in
t
h
e
OFF s
tate,
an
d
(
c)
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
a
n
ten
n
a
i
n
th
e
O
N
s
tate
3
.
2
.
4
×
4
hex
a
g
o
na
l pa
t
ch
a
r
ra
y
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
S1
1
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
g
r
ap
h
en
e
-
b
ased
4
×4
ar
r
a
y
.
A
wid
e
o
p
er
atin
g
b
an
d
wid
th
is
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
r
eso
n
an
t
m
o
d
es.
A
b
an
d
wid
t
h
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atel
y
3
8
0
MH
z
is
attain
ed
in
th
e
O
N
s
tate,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
2
6
%
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
3
0
0
M
Hz
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
t
h
e
OFF
s
tate.
T
h
e
two
s
tates
ex
h
ib
it
a
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
h
if
t
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
8
0
MH
z,
th
er
e
b
y
c
o
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
ar
r
ay
'
s
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
b
eh
av
i
o
r
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
in
te
g
r
atin
g
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
en
h
a
n
ce
s
b
an
d
wid
th
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
tu
n
ab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
at
t
h
e
ar
r
a
y
l
ev
el.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
2
4
9
-
1
2
6
0
1256
T
h
e
g
ain
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
4
×4
ar
r
a
y
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Ar
o
u
n
d
9
.
2
5
GHz
,
t
h
e
OFF
s
ta
te
d
eliv
er
s
a
p
ea
k
g
ain
o
f
a
b
o
u
t
1
1
.
8
d
B
.
B
y
co
n
tr
ast,
ac
tiv
atin
g
th
e
ON
s
tate
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
g
ain
at
h
ig
h
e
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies,
with
a
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
1
3
.
0
8
d
B
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
9
.
9
GHz
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ar
r
ay
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
ws th
e
f
ar
-
f
ield
r
a
d
iatio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
th
e
4
×4
ar
r
a
y
at
9
.
9
GHz
.
T
h
e
m
ain
b
ea
m
is
d
ir
ec
ted
clo
s
e
to
b
r
o
a
d
s
id
e
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
h
ig
h
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
g
ain
o
f
a
b
o
u
t
1
1
.
5
d
B
.
T
h
e
s
id
elo
b
e
lev
els
r
em
ain
lim
ited
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
–
6
.
7
d
B
,
w
h
ich
is
ac
ce
p
tab
le
f
o
r
a
co
m
p
ac
t
p
lan
ar
ar
r
ay
.
T
h
is
b
e
h
av
io
r
r
e
f
lects
th
e
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
b
etwe
en
g
ain
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
an
d
s
id
e
-
lo
b
e
co
n
tr
o
l
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
ch
o
s
en
in
ter
-
elem
en
t
s
p
ac
in
g
o
f
a
b
o
u
t
1
.
2
wav
elen
g
th
s
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
s
elec
ted
ar
r
ay
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
ac
h
ie
v
es
h
ig
h
g
ai
n
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
co
n
tr
o
lled
r
ad
iatio
n
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
R
ef
lectio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t S1
1
o
f
th
e
4
×4
h
ex
ag
o
n
al
p
a
tch
an
ten
n
a
a
r
r
ay
(
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
O
N/OFF s
tates)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Fre
q
u
en
cy
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t g
ain
o
f
t
h
e
4
×4
h
ex
a
g
o
n
al
p
a
tch
an
ten
n
a
a
r
r
ay
(
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
O
N/OFF s
tate)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Dir
ec
tiv
ity
p
atter
n
o
f
th
e
4
×4
h
ex
a
g
o
n
al
p
atch
an
t
en
n
a
ar
r
a
y
at
9
.
9
GHz
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Sub
-
X
-
b
a
n
d
r
ec
o
n
fig
u
r
a
b
le
a
n
ten
n
a
n
etw
o
r
k
w
ith
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
s
lo
ts
…
(
Ha
s
s
n
a
A
g
o
u
mi
)
1257
T
h
e
g
ai
n
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
b
tain
ed
with
t
h
e
4
×4
n
etwo
r
k
is
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
twice
th
at
o
f
th
e
s
in
g
le
elem
en
t
,
with
o
u
t
alter
in
g
th
e
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
b
an
d
wid
th
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
ar
r
ay
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
m
u
ltip
le
r
eso
n
an
t
m
o
d
es,
wh
ich
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
co
v
e
r
ag
e
in
th
e
s
u
b
-
X
-
b
a
n
d
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
ch
o
s
en
a
r
r
ay
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
b
etwe
en
g
ain
,
b
an
d
wid
th
,
ar
r
ay
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
s
id
elo
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Un
lik
e
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
e
x
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies,
wh
ich
ar
e
p
r
im
a
r
ily
r
estricte
d
to
s
in
g
le
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
an
ten
n
a
elem
en
ts
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
wo
r
k
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
ex
te
n
s
io
n
o
f
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
tu
n
a
b
ilit
y
to
a
co
m
p
ac
t
4
×4
p
lan
ar
ar
r
a
y
,
wh
ile
p
r
eser
v
in
g
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
ilit
y
at
th
e
ar
r
a
y
lev
el
an
d
en
ab
lin
g
g
ain
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
with
o
u
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
is
cr
ete
R
F
s
witch
es
o
r
co
m
p
lex
b
iasi
n
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
ca
lab
le
an
d
p
r
ac
tically
v
iab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
r
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
an
te
n
n
a
ar
r
ay
s
o
p
er
atin
g
in
t
h
e
s
u
b
-
X
-
b
an
d
.
3
.
3
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
co
m
pa
riso
n wit
h pre
v
io
us
s
t
u
dies
3
.
3
.
1
.
Sin
g
le
hex
a
g
o
na
l pa
t
c
h a
nte
nn
a
T
ab
le
4
c
o
m
p
ar
es
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
with
r
ec
e
n
t
s
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
a
r
t
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
d
esi
g
n
s
.
W
h
ile
ac
tiv
e
an
ten
n
as
u
s
in
g
PIN
d
i
o
d
es
ac
h
iev
e
wid
e
b
an
d
wid
th
s
o
r
m
u
lti
-
b
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
3
]
,
th
ey
r
eq
u
ir
e
co
m
p
lex
b
iasi
n
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
e
DC
p
o
we
r
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
e
x
ag
o
n
al
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
with
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
lo
ts
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
ass
iv
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
elec
tiv
ity
ce
n
ter
ed
at
9
.
4
2
GHz
with
in
th
e
s
u
b
-
X
-
b
a
n
d
.
I
t
ac
h
iev
es
a
p
ea
k
g
ain
o
f
6
d
B
,
co
m
p
a
r
ab
le
to
th
e
6
.
7
d
B
o
f
[
2
1
]
b
u
t
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
co
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
ze
r
o
DC
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
i
ts
im
p
ed
an
ce
b
an
d
wid
th
(
4
0
0
MH
z)
is
n
ar
r
o
wer
th
an
s
o
m
e
ac
tiv
e
d
esig
n
s
,
th
is
s
elec
tiv
ity
i
s
ad
v
an
tag
eo
u
s
f
o
r
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
r
ejec
tio
n
in
f
ix
ed
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
X
-
b
an
d
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
,
m
ak
i
n
g
i
t id
ea
l f
o
r
c
o
m
p
ac
t,
lo
w
-
c
o
s
t,
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t w
ir
eless
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
ab
le
4
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
in
g
le
h
e
x
ag
o
n
al
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
with
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
a
n
ten
n
as
Refere
n
c
e
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Res
o
n
a
n
t
Freq
u
e
n
c
y
(G
H
z)
Imp
ed
an
ce
Ban
d
w
i
d
t
h
(
M
H
z)
Pea
k
g
a
i
n
(d
B)
Rec
o
n
fi
g
u
ra
b
i
l
i
t
y
Imp
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
co
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
[2
1
]
Ci
rc
u
l
ar
frac
t
a
l
p
a
t
c
h
w
i
t
h
PIN
d
i
o
d
es
1
0
.
2
2
6
7
0
6
.
7
act
i
v
e
H
i
g
h
(d
i
o
d
e
+
b
i
as
l
i
n
e
s
[2
2
]
Pat
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
w
i
t
h
t
w
o
PI
N
d
i
o
d
e
s
2
.
4
4
2
.
4
7
30
4
.
8
act
i
v
e
Med
i
u
m
(2
PIN
+
mi
cr
o
-
c
o
n
t
ro
l
l
er
)
[2
3
]
U
W
B
frac
t
a
l
an
t
e
n
n
a
w
i
t
h
p
l
u
s
-
s
h
ap
ed
p
ara
s
i
t
i
c
el
e
me
n
t
s
a
n
d
2
PI
N
d
i
o
d
e
s
4
.
7
,
7
.
9
2
,
1
0
6
5
7
0
5
.
8
3
act
i
v
e
Med
i
u
m
PIN
d
i
o
d
es
T
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
H
e
x
a
g
o
n
al
p
at
ch
a
n
t
en
n
a
w
i
t
h
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
s
l
o
t
s
9
.
4
2
9
.
4
3
4
0
0
6
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
L
o
w
(
n
o
ac
t
i
v
e
el
e
me
n
t
s
)
3
.
3
.
2
.
4
×
4
hex
a
g
o
na
l pa
t
ch
a
rr
a
y
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
4
×4
h
e
x
ag
o
n
al
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
-
s
lo
tted
p
atch
a
r
r
ay
an
d
r
ec
en
t
m
u
lti
-
elem
en
t
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
5
.
A
p
ea
k
g
ain
o
f
1
3
.
0
8
d
B
is
ac
h
iev
ed
at
9
.
3
0
GHz
with
in
th
e
s
u
b
‑
X
-
b
an
d
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
,
wh
ich
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
o
f
f
er
s
two
d
is
tin
ct
ad
v
an
tag
es.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
in
teg
r
ates
1
6
r
ad
iatin
g
elem
e
n
ts
in
a
c
o
m
p
ac
t
h
ex
a
g
o
n
al
lay
o
u
t,
f
ar
m
o
r
e
th
an
th
e
4
elem
en
ts
u
s
ed
in
ty
p
ical
h
ig
h
-
g
ai
n
ar
r
ay
s
.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t in
ap
er
tu
r
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
is
d
ir
ec
tly
attr
i
b
u
ted
to
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
elem
en
t
d
en
s
ity
.
W
h
ile
n
ar
r
o
wer
th
an
m
an
y
u
ltra
‑
wid
e
b
an
d
an
ten
n
as,
th
e
3
8
0
MH
z
b
an
d
wid
th
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
a
co
n
s
cio
u
s
tr
ad
e‑
o
f
f
to
m
a
in
tain
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
elec
tiv
ity
.
Gr
ap
h
e
n
e
s
lo
ts
en
ab
le
p
ass
iv
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
ilit
y
,
th
e
r
eb
y
r
e
m
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ac
tiv
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
lo
wer
i
n
g
b
o
t
h
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
DC
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
attr
ib
u
tes
eq
u
al
weig
h
t
to
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
s
im
p
licity
,
g
ain
,
elem
en
t
d
en
s
ity
,
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
elev
an
ce
,
th
u
s
av
o
id
i
n
g
an
y
ex
clu
s
iv
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
cr
iter
io
n
.
T
ab
le
5
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
4
×
4
h
e
x
ag
o
n
al
p
atch
a
r
r
ay
with
r
e
p
o
r
ted
m
u
lti ele
m
e
n
t a
n
ten
n
a
a
r
r
ay
s
Refere
n
c
e
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Res
o
n
a
n
t
Freq
u
e
n
c
y
(G
H
z)
Imp
ed
an
ce
Ban
d
w
i
d
t
h
(
M
H
z)
Pea
k
g
a
i
n
(d
B)
N
u
m
b
er
o
f
el
e
me
n
t
s
[2
4
]
D
u
a
l
-
b
an
d
ca
s
ca
d
e
d
p
a
t
c
h
an
t
e
n
n
a
arra
y
w
i
t
h
CSRR
3
.
1
4
.
4
2
1
0
5
.
6
9
16
[2
5
]
D
u
a
l
-
b
an
d
d
i
p
o
l
e
arr
ay
a
n
t
en
n
a
w
i
t
h
fan
-
b
e
am
ch
arac
t
er
i
s
t
i
c
s
9
.
0
8
9
.
6
6
5
8
0
1
1
.
3
0
4
[2
6
]
Mu
l
t
i
p
o
rt
p
at
ch
a
n
t
en
n
a
f
o
r
2
-
D
b
e
am
s
y
n
t
h
es
i
s
2
7
.
5
2
8
.
5
1
0
0
0
9
8
[2
7
]
D
u
a
l
c
i
rc
u
l
ar
l
y
p
o
l
ar
i
z
ed
p
at
ch
arr
ay
w
i
t
h
o
r
t
h
o
g
o
n
al
fe
ed
10
1
3
2
1
2
.
8
7
4
T
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
G
rap
h
e
n
e
-
s
l
o
t
t
e
d
4
×
4
h
ex
ag
o
n
a
l
p
a
t
c
h
an
t
e
n
n
a
ar
ra
y
9
.
3
0
9
.
5
5
9
.
7
8
3
8
0
1
3
.
0
8
16
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
2
4
9
-
1
2
6
0
1258
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
W
h
ile
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
c
o
p
p
er
d
esig
n
s
ar
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
lim
ited
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
lo
ts
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
ex
ag
o
n
al
p
atc
h
an
ten
n
a
o
f
f
er
s
im
p
r
o
v
ed
im
p
ed
an
ce
m
atch
in
g
,
ex
te
n
d
ed
b
an
d
wid
th
,
an
d
h
ig
h
er
g
ain
.
T
h
e
s
in
g
le
-
elem
en
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
a
tio
n
,
o
p
er
atin
g
in
t
h
e
s
u
b
‑
X
-
b
an
d
(
9
–
1
0
GHz
)
,
ex
h
ib
its
a
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
4
0
0
MH
z
an
d
a
p
ea
k
g
ain
o
f
6
d
B
.
W
h
en
ex
ten
d
ed
to
a
4
×4
p
lan
ar
ar
r
a
y
,
th
e
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
-
b
ased
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
eli
v
er
s
a
b
an
d
wid
t
h
o
f
3
8
0
MH
z
an
d
a
g
ai
n
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
3
d
B
,
all
th
e
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
co
m
p
ac
t
an
d
l
ig
h
tweig
h
t
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t.
T
h
e
m
a
in
lim
itatio
n
s
ar
e
th
e
r
elian
c
e
o
n
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
s
im
p
lifie
d
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
m
o
d
elin
g
,
an
d
t
h
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
v
alid
atio
n
an
d
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l
b
iasi
n
g
.
Fu
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
will
f
o
cu
s
o
n
an
ten
n
a
f
ab
r
icatio
n
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
,
as
wel
l
as
o
n
th
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
elec
tr
ical
tu
n
ab
ilit
y
o
f
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
in
g
d
y
n
am
ic
b
iasi
n
g
s
ch
em
es.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
th
a
n
k
th
eir
in
s
titu
tio
n
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
th
e
f
ac
ilit
ies
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
was r
ec
eiv
e
d
f
o
r
th
is
wo
r
k
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Hass
n
a
Ag
o
u
m
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Sed
d
ik
B
r
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Yo
u
s
s
ef
E
l A
m
r
ao
u
i
✓
✓
✓
Ad
il Saa
d
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
th
e
y
h
av
e
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
ter
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
ailab
le
with
in
th
e
ar
ticle.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
S
.
M
.
N
i
mm
a
g
a
d
d
a
,
S
.
F
.
A
h
a
me
d
,
a
n
d
V
.
K
.
P
a
d
a
r
t
i
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
v
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
n
mass
i
v
e
M
I
M
O
sy
st
e
ms
f
o
r
6
G
a
n
d
b
e
y
o
n
d
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
u
si
n
g
M
L
a
n
d
D
L
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s,
”
Wi
r
e
l
e
ss
P
e
rs
o
n
a
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
4
,
n
o
.
1
–
2
,
p
p
.
2
7
5
–
3
1
2
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
1
2
7
7
-
0
2
5
-
1
1
8
5
0
-
z.
[
2
]
A
.
S
a
k
k
a
s
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
se
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
r
e
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
b
l
e
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
S
a
n
d
C
b
a
n
d
s,
”
S
e
n
s
o
rs
(
B
a
se
l
,
S
w
i
t
z
e
rl
a
n
d
)
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
2
1
,
p
.
8
9
1
2
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
s2
3
2
1
8
9
1
2
.
[
3
]
I
.
Ed
d
i
n
e
La
mr
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
g
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
-
b
a
se
d
r
e
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
b
l
e
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
a
r
r
a
y
f
o
r
T
H
z
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
Fre
q
u
e
n
z
,
v
o
l
.
7
7
,
n
o
.
3
–
4
,
p
p
.
2
1
9
–
2
2
8
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
1
5
/
f
r
e
q
-
2
0
2
2
-
0
0
5
1
.
[
4
]
A
.
G
.
A
l
h
a
r
b
i
a
n
d
V
.
S
o
r
a
t
h
i
y
a
,
“
U
l
t
r
a
-
w
i
d
e
b
a
n
d
g
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
-
b
a
se
d
m
i
c
r
o
si
z
e
d
c
i
r
c
u
l
a
r
p
a
t
c
h
sh
a
p
e
d
y
a
g
i
l
i
k
e
M
I
M
O
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
t
e
r
a
h
e
r
t
z
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
(
S
w
i
t
z
e
rl
a
n
d
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
.
1
3
0
5
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
1
1
0
9
1
3
0
5
.
[
5
]
K
.
A
l
i
q
a
b
,
M
.
A
l
s
h
a
r
a
r
i
,
V
.
S
o
r
a
t
h
i
y
a
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
r
mg
h
a
n
,
“
A
n
u
meri
c
a
l
i
n
v
e
st
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
g
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
-
b
a
se
d
h
i
l
b
e
r
t
sh
a
p
e
d
mu
l
t
i
-
b
a
n
d
M
I
M
O
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
t
h
e
t
e
r
a
h
e
r
t
z
s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
S
e
n
so
rs
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
3
7
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
s
2
3
0
1
0
0
3
7
.
[
6
]
B
.
A
h
a
m
me
d
,
T.
K
a
r
i
m
,
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
A
l
i
m,
“
I
n
v
e
st
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
g
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
z
e
d
m
u
l
t
i
-
b
a
n
d
M
I
M
O
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
w
i
t
h
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
i
so
l
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
g
a
i
n
f
o
r
TH
z
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
D
i
sc
o
v
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
1
1
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s4
4
2
9
1
-
025
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.