I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Appl
ied P
o
wer
E
ng
i
neer
ing
(
I
J
AP
E
)
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
948
~
9
5
4
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijap
e
.
v
1
5
.
i
2
.
pp
948
-
954
948
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//
ija
p
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m/
Surface pa
ss
iv
a
ti
o
n
-
induced
enhan
cement
of light
abs
o
rption in
pho
toa
no
des for
qua
ntum dot
-
ba
sed so
la
r ce
lls
H
o
M
inh
T
r
un
g
,
L
e
Xua
n
T
hu
y
V
i
n
h
L
o
n
g
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
V
i
n
h
Lo
n
g
,
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ap
r
1
1
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Feb
7
,
2
0
2
6
Acc
ep
ted
Ma
r
1
2
,
2
0
2
6
Qu
a
n
tu
m
d
o
t
-
se
n
siti
z
e
d
s
o
lar
c
e
ll
s
h
o
ld
p
ro
m
ise
fo
r
lo
w
-
c
o
st,
h
i
g
h
-
e
fficie
n
c
y
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s;
h
o
we
v
e
r,
in
sta
b
i
li
ty
d
u
e
t
o
q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
o
t
d
e
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
o
o
r
i
n
terfa
c
ial
c
h
a
rg
e
tran
sp
o
rt
re
m
a
in
k
e
y
c
h
a
l
len
g
e
s.
In
th
is
st
u
d
y
,
a
c
o
p
p
e
r
-
d
o
p
e
d
Z
n
(S
,
S
e
)
p
a
ss
iv
a
ti
o
n
lay
e
r
wa
s
c
h
e
m
ica
ll
y
sy
n
th
e
siz
e
d
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
e
d
o
n
t
o
Ti
O₂
/Cd
S
/C
d
S
e
@Cu
p
h
o
to
a
n
o
d
e
s.
Th
e
g
o
a
l
wa
s
to
sh
ield
q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
o
ts
fr
o
m
c
o
rro
si
v
e
p
o
ly
su
lfi
d
e
e
lec
tr
o
ly
tes
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
p
h
o
t
o
n
a
b
so
r
p
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
rp
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
stru
c
tu
re
,
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
th
e
Z
n
(S
,
S
e
):Cu
lay
e
rs
we
re
sy
ste
m
a
ti
c
a
ll
y
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
u
si
n
g
field
-
e
m
issio
n
sc
a
n
n
i
n
g
e
lec
tro
n
m
icro
sc
o
p
y
(F
E
S
EM
)
,
e
n
e
rg
y
-
d
isp
e
rsiv
e
X
-
ra
y
sp
e
c
tro
sc
o
p
y
(EDX),
X
-
ra
y
d
i
ffra
c
ti
o
n
(XRD
),
a
n
d
UV
–
Vis
sp
e
c
tro
sc
o
p
y
.
J
–
V
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ted
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
Z
n
S
e
:
Cu
-
c
o
a
ted
p
h
o
to
e
lec
tro
d
e
a
c
h
iev
e
d
a
h
i
g
h
e
r
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
v
e
rsi
o
n
e
fficie
n
c
y
(5
.
3
1
%
)
th
a
n
th
e
Zn
S
:Cu
c
o
u
n
terp
a
rt
(
4
.
5
%
).
M
o
re
o
v
e
r,
e
lec
tro
c
h
e
m
ica
l
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
sp
e
c
tro
sc
o
p
y
re
v
e
a
led
a
lo
we
r
c
h
a
rg
e
tran
sfe
r
re
sista
n
c
e
(R
c
t2
=
3
3
1
Ω
)
,
in
d
ica
ti
n
g
im
p
ro
v
e
d
e
lec
tro
n
tran
sp
o
r
t
a
n
d
re
d
u
c
e
d
re
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
.
Th
e
se
fin
d
i
n
g
s
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
th
e
p
o
ten
t
ial
o
f
Zn
(
S
,
S
e
):C
u
lay
e
rs
in
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
th
e
sta
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
e
fficie
n
c
y
o
f
q
u
a
n
t
u
m
d
o
t
-
se
n
siti
z
e
d
so
lar
c
e
ll
s,
p
a
v
i
n
g
th
e
wa
y
fo
r
m
o
re
d
u
ra
b
le an
d
e
fficie
n
t
so
l
a
r
e
n
e
rg
y
d
e
v
ice
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
h
ar
g
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
esis
tan
ce
E
n
h
an
cin
g
lig
h
t
Pas
s
iv
ated
lay
er
s
R
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
So
lar
ce
lls
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
L
e
Xu
an
T
h
u
y
Vin
h
L
o
n
g
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Vin
h
L
o
n
g
,
Vietn
am
E
m
ail:
th
u
y
lx
@
v
lu
te.
ed
u
.
v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
C
o
n
ce
r
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
an
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
ar
e
o
n
th
e
r
is
e.
Mo
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
e
p
eo
p
le
ar
e
in
ter
ested
in
s
tu
d
y
in
g
p
o
ten
ti
al
clea
n
en
er
g
y
alter
n
ativ
es
to
d
am
ag
in
g
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els
r
ig
h
t
n
o
w.
T
r
a
d
itio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
h
av
e
m
ad
e
ex
ten
s
iv
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
f
o
r
a
g
es,
s
in
ce
it
is
a
r
en
ewa
b
le
r
eso
u
r
c
e
th
at
is
g
en
er
ated
d
ir
ec
tly
b
y
th
e
s
u
n
.
Ma
n
y
n
a
tio
n
s
ar
e
in
v
esti
n
g
h
ea
v
ily
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
r
esear
ch
i
n
an
ef
f
o
r
t
to
cu
r
b
ca
r
b
o
n
d
io
x
id
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
an
d
co
m
b
at
th
e
u
r
g
e
n
t
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e.
T
h
er
e
is
an
im
m
ed
iate
n
ee
d
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
g
lo
b
al
n
ee
d
f
o
r
clea
n
,
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
b
y
cr
ea
tin
g
ef
f
icien
t
a
n
d
af
f
o
r
d
ab
le
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
ca
n
p
a
r
tially
r
e
p
lace
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els
[
1
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
d
ye
-
s
en
s
itized
s
o
lar
ce
lls
(
DSS
C
s
)
an
d
q
u
an
tu
m
d
o
t
-
s
en
s
itized
s
o
lar
ce
lls
(
QD
SS
C
s
)
h
av
e
lay
er
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
QDSS
C
s
o
u
tweig
h
th
o
s
e
o
f
DSSC
s
.
T
h
ese
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
in
clu
d
e,
b
u
t
ar
e
n
o
t
lim
ited
to
,
h
ig
h
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
,
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
ag
ain
s
t
m
o
is
tu
r
e
a
n
d
o
x
y
g
en
,
u
n
iq
u
e
q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
o
ts
with
a
tu
n
ab
le
b
a
n
d
g
a
p
e
n
er
g
y
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
ily
ad
ju
s
ted
b
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
p
a
r
ticle
s
ize
[
2
]
,
an
d
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
g
e
n
er
at
e
m
u
ltip
le
ex
cito
n
s
u
p
o
n
p
h
o
to
n
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
[
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
QDSSC
s
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
p
o
ten
tial
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cies
(
PC
E
s
)
o
f
u
p
to
4
4
%
th
an
k
s
to
th
ese
q
u
an
tu
m
ef
f
ec
ts
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
PC
E
o
f
QDSSC
s
is
f
ar
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
th
e
PC
E
th
at
is
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
attain
e
d
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
QDSS
C
s
'
ac
tu
al
PC
E
r
em
ain
s
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
lo
wer
th
an
th
eir
th
eo
r
etica
l
PC
E
.
T
h
e
p
o
o
r
PC
E
s
o
f
QDSS
C
s
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
te
d
t
o
v
ar
i
o
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
[
5
]
.
Su
r
f
a
ce
p
ass
iv
atio
n
is
an
o
th
er
p
r
ac
tical
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
S
u
r
fa
ce
p
a
s
s
iva
tio
n
-
in
d
u
ce
d
e
n
h
a
n
ce
men
t
o
f lig
h
t
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
in
p
h
o
to
a
n
o
d
es fo
r
… (
Ho
Min
h
Tr
u
n
g
)
949
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
QDSSC
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Pas
s
iv
atio
n
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
es
:
B
y
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
s
ep
ar
ati
o
n
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
s
an
d
h
o
les,
well
-
d
esig
n
ed
p
ass
iv
ati
o
n
ca
n
r
estrict
d
ar
k
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
elec
tr
o
n
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
.
th
e
g
lo
o
m
y
s
tr
ea
m
[
6
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
m
ater
ials
,
in
clu
d
in
g
SiO
2
[
6
]
,
Z
n
S
[
7
]
,
a
n
d
Z
n
Se
[
8
]
,
ar
e
b
ein
g
u
tili
ze
d
as
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
ass
iv
atio
n
lay
er
s
.
On
e
o
f
th
ese
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
,
zin
c
s
elen
id
e
(
Z
n
Se)
,
is
s
u
p
er
io
r
to
th
e
o
th
e
r
s
wh
en
it
co
m
es
to
c
r
ea
tin
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
r
o
tectiv
e
lay
er
s
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
Z
n
S
a
n
d
Z
n
Se
in
to
a
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
ass
iv
atio
n
lay
er
,
th
e
L
iu
lab
was
ab
le
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
2
2
%
g
ain
in
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
v
er
Z
n
S
alo
n
e
[
9
]
.
Alter
n
a
tiv
ely
,
R
ao
'
s
g
r
o
u
p
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
C
d
S/C
d
Se
q
u
an
tu
m
d
o
ts
h
ad
an
id
ea
l
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
4
.
1
8
%
wh
e
n
Mn
was
d
o
p
e
d
in
to
Z
n
S
m
ater
ial
to
f
o
r
m
a
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
ass
iv
atio
n
lay
er
[
1
0
]
.
Z
n
Se
h
as
b
ee
n
e
x
ten
s
iv
ely
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
th
e
p
a
s
s
iv
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
QDSS
C
s
an
d
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
i
n
o
r
g
a
n
ic
p
ass
iv
atio
n
m
ater
ial
s
th
at
ar
e
s
u
ited
f
o
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
ty
p
e
I
I
c
o
r
e
-
s
h
ell
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
C
d
Se/C
d
S
q
u
an
t
u
m
d
o
ts
o
win
g
to
its
ac
ce
p
tab
le
b
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
I
t
is
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
ab
s
o
r
b
lig
h
t
in
th
e
lo
n
g
-
wav
elen
g
th
r
eg
io
n
s
u
s
in
g
Z
n
Se
d
u
e
to
its
b
a
n
d
g
ap
an
d
d
esire
d
elec
tr
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
Do
p
in
g
a
m
ater
ial
with
a
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
m
etal
io
n
,
lik
e
Mn
2+
.
.
.
,
is
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
way
to
ch
an
g
e
its
en
e
r
g
y
b
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
f
ab
r
icate
d
a
p
h
o
to
n
ic
cr
y
s
tal
f
ilm
b
ased
o
n
co
p
p
er
-
d
o
p
ed
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
ass
iv
a
tio
n
lay
er
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
ch
ar
g
e
tr
a
n
s
f
er
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
f
ilm
was
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
E
DX
m
ap
p
in
g
a
n
d
XR
D;
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
wer
e
ev
alu
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
UV
-
VI
S
s
p
ec
tr
a;
th
e
ef
f
i
cien
cy
o
f
QDSSC
s
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
J
-
V
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
;
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
an
d
elem
en
tal
c
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
wer
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
u
s
in
g
FESE
M.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
o
p
t
o
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
ar
e
also
s
tu
d
ied
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
d
etail.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
F
a
brica
t
io
n pro
ce
s
s
o
f
F
T
O
/T
iO
2
T
h
e
FTO
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
g
lass
wa
s
cu
t
in
to
1
.
2
cm
×
2
.
0
cm
p
iece
s
an
d
clea
n
ed
b
y
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
tr
ea
tm
en
t
in
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
,
0
.
1
M
HC
l
,
an
d
eth
an
o
l.
T
h
e
T
iO₂
lay
er
was
cr
ea
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
-
p
r
in
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
:
T
iO₂
p
aste
(
Dy
eso
l
,
2
0
n
m
,
A
n
atase)
was
s
p
r
ea
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
m
esh
o
n
to
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
g
la
s
s
.
E
ac
h
lay
er
was
d
r
ied
at
1
2
0
℃
f
o
r
1
0
m
in
u
tes,
r
ep
ea
ted
twice.
T
h
e
f
ilm
was
th
en
g
r
ad
u
ally
h
ea
ted
to
5
0
0
℃,
m
ain
tain
ed
f
o
r
3
0
m
in
u
tes,
an
d
n
at
u
r
ally
co
o
l
ed
to
o
b
tain
a
p
o
r
o
u
s
T
iO₂
f
il
m
.
Fab
r
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
FTO/
T
iO
2
/QDs:
T
h
e
FTO/T
iO₂
p
h
o
to
an
o
d
e
u
n
d
er
g
o
es
3
SIL
AR
cy
cles
b
y
alter
n
atin
g
d
ip
s
in
0
.
1
M
C
d
²⁺
an
d
0
.
1
M
S²⁻
f
o
r
5
m
in
u
tes
ea
ch
,
r
in
s
ed
with
eth
an
o
l
an
d
m
eth
an
o
l
af
ter
ea
ch
d
ip
,
th
en
d
r
ied
at
1
2
0
°C
f
o
r
1
5
m
in
u
tes.
T
h
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
a
n
o
d
e
a
n
d
co
u
n
ter
ele
ctr
o
d
e
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
es
1
a
n
d
2
.
FTO
g
lass
is
clea
n
ed
,
th
en
co
v
er
e
d
with
h
ea
t
-
r
esis
tan
t
tap
e
to
ex
p
o
s
e
a
cir
cu
lar
ar
ea
.
I
t
is
im
m
er
s
ed
in
a
d
eo
x
y
g
e
n
ated
C
u
²⁺/S²⁻
s
o
lu
tio
n
at
9
0
°C
f
o
r
3
0
m
in
u
tes,
r
in
s
ed
,
th
en
an
n
ea
led
at
2
0
0
°C
f
o
r
3
0
m
in
u
tes
an
d
co
o
led
to
r
o
o
m
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
p
o
ly
s
u
lf
i
d
e
el
ec
tr
o
ly
te
(
S₂/S
ₙ²⁻)
is
p
r
ep
a
r
ed
b
y
d
is
s
o
lv
in
g
Na₂
S,
S,
an
d
KC
l (
0
.
5
M,
0
.
2
M,
0
.
2
M)
in
1
0
m
l d
is
till
ed
wate
r
:m
eth
an
o
l (
7
:
3
)
,
y
ield
in
g
a
y
ello
w
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fab
r
icatio
n
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
a
n
o
d
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fab
r
icatio
n
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
ter
elec
tr
o
d
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
948
-
954
950
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
FESE
M
im
ag
es
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
)
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
C
u
²⁺
-
d
o
p
e
d
X
(
S,Se)
lay
er
d
ep
o
s
ited
o
n
th
e
T
iO
₂/QD
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ex
h
ib
its
a
u
n
if
o
r
m
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
a
r
ticles
an
d
a
p
o
r
o
u
s
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
C
u
²⁺
io
n
s
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
s
p
ac
in
g
b
etwe
en
p
ar
ticles
an
d
p
ar
tially
f
ills
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
o
r
es,
r
esu
ltin
g
i
n
a
d
en
s
er
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
.
No
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
s
am
p
les,
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
th
ese
ch
an
g
es
in
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
C
u
²⁺.
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
UV
-
Vis
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
th
e
FT
O/QDs
p
h
o
to
an
o
d
e
with
Z
n
S
an
d
Z
n
Se
p
ass
iv
atio
n
lay
er
s
d
o
p
ed
-
C
u
²⁺
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
3
0
0
–
7
0
0
n
m
.
L
ig
h
t is illu
m
in
ated
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
FTO
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
s
id
e,
s
h
o
win
g
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
th
e
C
u
²⁺
d
o
p
in
g
r
atio
.
B
elo
w
5
5
0
n
m
,
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
in
ten
s
ity
s
lig
h
tly
in
cr
ea
s
es
with
C
u
²⁺
co
n
ten
t,
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
C
u
²⁺
en
e
r
g
y
lev
els
with
in
t
h
e
b
an
d
g
ap
o
f
Z
n
S
an
d
Z
n
Se.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
Sr
d
o
p
in
g
in
Z
n
Se
f
o
r
Q
DSSC
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
FTO/T
iO₂/QD
s
/Zn
Se
@
C
u
²⁺
s
y
s
tem
ex
h
ib
its
en
h
an
ce
d
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
a
r
e
d
s
h
if
t
in
th
e
5
0
0
–
6
0
0
n
m
r
an
g
e.
T
h
e
FTO/T
iO₂/QDs/Zn
Se
@
C
u
²⁺
p
h
o
to
a
n
o
d
e
s
h
o
ws
a
h
ig
h
er
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
in
ten
s
ity
th
a
n
t
h
e
FTO/T
iO₂/QD
s
/Zn
S
@
C
u
²⁺
p
h
o
to
an
o
d
e.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
d
o
p
e
d
an
o
d
e
f
ilm
s
ab
s
o
r
b
lo
n
g
er
wav
elen
g
th
s
,
e
x
ten
d
in
to
th
e
v
is
ib
le
lig
h
t r
e
g
io
n
,
an
d
r
esu
lt in
a
d
a
r
k
er
m
ater
ial.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
SEM
im
ag
es o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
a
n
o
d
e
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
s
u
r
f
a
ce
an
d
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
UV
-
Vis
o
f
X(
S,Se)
p
ass
iv
atio
n
lay
er
s
d
o
p
e
d
-
c
o
p
p
er
X
-
r
ay
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
(
XR
D)
a
n
aly
s
is
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
C
d
S,
C
d
Se,
Z
n
S@
C
u
²⁺,
an
d
Z
n
Se
@
C
u
²⁺
q
u
an
tu
m
d
o
ts
d
ep
o
s
ited
o
n
th
e
T
iO₂
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
)
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
c
r
y
s
tallin
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
all
s
am
p
les.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
f
iv
e
p
r
o
m
in
en
t d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
p
ea
k
s
o
f
T
iO₂
o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
2
5
.
3
5
4
°,
3
7
.
7
8
5
°,
4
8
.
0
7
7
°,
5
3
.
9
2
2
°,
an
d
6
2
.
7
2
8
°
ar
e
in
d
ex
ed
to
t
h
e
(
1
0
1
)
,
(
0
0
4
)
,
(
2
0
0
)
,
(
1
0
5
)
,
an
d
(
2
0
4
)
p
lan
es,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
a
n
atase
p
h
ase
(
J
C
PDS
No
.
0
0
-
004
-
0
4
7
7
)
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
cu
b
ic
p
h
ase
o
f
C
d
S
is
id
en
tifie
d
b
y
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
(
1
1
1
)
an
d
(
2
2
2
)
r
ef
lectio
n
s
at
2
6
.
5
°
a
n
d
5
4
.
5
°,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
S
u
r
fa
ce
p
a
s
s
iva
tio
n
-
in
d
u
ce
d
e
n
h
a
n
ce
men
t
o
f lig
h
t
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
in
p
h
o
to
a
n
o
d
es fo
r
… (
Ho
Min
h
Tr
u
n
g
)
951
(
J
C
PD
S
No
.
0
0
-
0
8
9
-
0
4
4
0
)
[
1
5
]
,
1
6
]
.
Fo
r
C
d
Se,
two
p
ea
k
s
l
o
ca
ted
at
2
7
.
2
°
an
d
4
2
°
ar
e
att
r
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
(
1
0
1
)
an
d
(
1
1
0
)
p
la
n
es
o
f
th
e
h
e
x
ag
o
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
(
J
C
PDS
No
.
0
0
-
008
-
0
4
5
9
)
[
1
5
]
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
h
ex
ag
o
n
al
p
h
ases
o
f
Z
n
S
an
d
Z
n
Se
ar
e
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
p
ea
k
s
at
2
5
.
7
°
an
d
4
8
.
8
°,
wh
ich
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
(
1
0
0
)
an
d
(
1
0
3
)
p
lan
es
(
J
C
PD
S
No
.
0
0
-
0
8
9
-
2
9
4
0
)
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
co
llectiv
e
ly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
an
d
cr
y
s
tallizatio
n
o
f
C
d
S,
C
d
Se,
Z
n
S@
C
u
²⁺,
an
d
Z
n
Se@
C
u
²⁺
q
u
an
tu
m
d
o
ts
o
n
th
e
T
iO₂
s
u
b
s
tr
ate.
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
(
J
–
V
cu
r
v
es)
o
f
QDSSC
s
em
p
lo
y
in
g
T
iO₂/QDs/Zn
S@
C
u
²⁺
an
d
T
iO₂/QDs/Zn
Se
@
C
u
²⁺
p
h
o
to
an
o
d
es
was
ev
alu
ated
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
lar
illu
m
in
atio
n
(
1
0
0
m
W
·
cm
⁻²)
,
as
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
1
an
d
F
ig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
t
h
at
th
e
o
p
e
n
-
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vo
c)
an
d
f
ill
f
ac
to
r
(
FF
)
ex
h
ib
it
m
in
im
al
v
ar
iatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
s
y
s
tem
s
;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
s
h
o
ws
a
m
ar
k
ed
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
en
s
ity
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
T
i
O₂/QDs/Zn
S
@
C
u
²⁺
p
h
o
to
an
o
d
e
y
ield
s
a
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
d
en
s
ity
o
f
2
2
m
A·
cm
⁻²
an
d
a
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
4
.
5
%,
wh
ich
is
lo
wer
th
an
t
h
at
o
f
th
e
T
iO₂/QDs/Zn
Se
@
C
u
²⁺
co
u
n
te
r
p
ar
t.
Up
o
n
C
u
²⁺
d
o
p
in
g
in
t
o
th
e
Z
n
Se
p
ass
iv
atio
n
lay
er
,
b
o
th
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ity
an
d
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
d
,
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
v
alu
es
o
f
2
3
m
A·
cm
⁻²
an
d
5
.
3
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
is
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
o
f
Z
n
²⁺
b
y
C
u
²⁺
in
th
e
cr
y
s
tal
lattice,
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
f
ilm
'
s
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
i
m
p
u
r
ity
en
er
g
y
lev
els
with
in
t
h
e
b
a
n
d
g
a
p
o
f
Z
n
S
an
d
Z
n
Se,
t
h
er
eb
y
en
h
an
cin
g
p
h
o
to
n
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
in
g
o
o
d
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
wi
th
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ich
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
C
u
²⁺
an
d
M
n
²⁺
d
o
p
in
g
in
Z
n
S su
b
s
tan
tially
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
cu
r
r
e
n
t d
en
s
ity
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
XR
D
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
X(
S,
Se)
:C
u
p
ass
iv
atio
n
lay
er
s
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
X
(
S,Se)
:C
u
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
d
ev
ices
S
a
mp
l
e
V
oc
(V)
J
s
c
(
mA
.
c
m
-
2
)
FF
P
C
E
(
%)
R
c
t
1
(
Ω
)
R
c
t
2
(
Ω
)
P
h
o
t
o
a
n
o
d
e
b
a
se
d
Z
n
S
:
C
u
0
.
5
1
5
22
0
.
4
1
4
.
5
12
1
1
6
P
h
o
t
o
a
n
o
d
e
b
a
se
d
Z
n
S
e
:
C
u
0
.
5
2
2
3
.
1
0
.
4
3
9
5
.
3
1
17
3
3
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
948
-
954
952
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
a
m
in
es
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
tr
a
n
s
f
er
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
with
in
th
in
-
f
ilm
lay
er
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
at
th
e
p
h
o
to
a
n
o
d
e
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
(
R
ct2
)
,
elec
tr
o
n
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
in
th
e
elec
tr
o
ly
te,
a
n
d
c
h
ar
g
e
tr
an
s
f
e
r
at
t
h
e
ca
th
o
d
e
(
R
ct1
)
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
im
p
ed
an
ce
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
(
E
I
S)
u
n
d
e
r
illu
m
in
atio
n
at
1
0
0
m
W
·
cm
⁻²
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
(
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
)
,
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
E
C
-
L
AB
s
o
f
twar
e,
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
ele
ctr
o
d
es
co
ated
with
C
u
²⁺
-
d
o
p
ed
Z
n
S
ex
h
ib
it
lo
wer
ch
ar
g
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
esis
tan
ce
s
(
R
ct1
an
d
R
ct2
)
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
o
s
e
co
ated
with
C
u
²⁺
-
d
o
p
ed
Z
n
Se,
with
m
i
n
im
u
m
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
v
al
u
es
o
f
R
ct1
=
1
7
Ω
an
d
R
ct2
=
3
3
Ω
(
T
ab
le
1
)
.
C
o
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ity
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
d
ev
ice
ef
f
icien
cy
im
p
r
o
v
ed
n
o
tab
ly
,
f
r
o
m
2
2
m
A·
cm
⁻²
t
o
2
3
m
A·
cm
⁻².
T
h
is
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
attr
i
b
u
ted
to
th
e
Z
n
S@
C
u
²⁺
lay
er
s
,
wh
ich
n
o
t
o
n
ly
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
h
o
to
n
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
b
u
t
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
lig
h
t
r
ef
l
ec
tio
n
,
th
er
eb
y
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lig
h
t
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
b
y
th
e
T
iO₂/QDs
p
h
o
to
a
n
o
d
e
[
1
7
]
-
[
2
2
].
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
b
an
d
e
d
g
e
o
f
Z
n
S@
C
u
²⁺
is
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
h
ig
h
e
r
th
an
th
at
o
f
T
iO₂/QDs,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
s
u
p
p
r
ess
elec
tr
o
n
b
ac
k
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
lo
s
s
es
[
13
]
.
T
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
C
u
²⁺
also
in
d
u
ce
s
a
r
ed
s
h
if
t
i
n
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
e
x
ten
d
in
g
in
to
th
e
v
is
ib
le
lig
h
t
r
eg
io
n
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
im
p
u
r
ity
lev
els
with
in
th
e
b
a
n
d
g
a
p
o
f
Z
n
S
an
d
Z
n
Se
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
e
p
o
r
ted
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
a
n
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
ef
f
icie
n
cy
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
E
I
S o
f
X(
S,Se
)
p
ass
iv
atio
n
lay
er
s
d
o
p
ed
-
c
o
p
p
er
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
Z
in
c(
S,Se)
:C
u
p
ass
iv
atio
n
lay
er
was
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
f
ab
r
icate
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
SIL
AR
m
eth
o
d
an
d
ap
p
lied
to
p
ass
iv
ate
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
C
d
S
an
d
C
d
Se
q
u
an
tu
m
d
o
ts
in
th
e
p
h
o
to
an
o
d
e
elec
tr
o
d
e.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
t
o
its
p
r
o
tectiv
e
r
o
le,
th
e
Z
in
c
(
S,Se)
:C
u
lay
er
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
en
h
an
cin
g
p
h
o
to
n
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
in
q
u
an
tu
m
d
o
t
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
w
ith
Z
in
c(
S,Se)
:C
u
ex
h
ib
its
a
clea
r
r
ed
s
h
if
t
o
f
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
p
ea
k
in
to
th
e
lo
n
g
er
wav
elen
g
th
r
eg
io
n
o
f
th
e
v
i
s
ib
le
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
u
n
d
o
p
ed
s
am
p
le,
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
t
h
e
J
-
V
r
esu
lts
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ity
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
to
2
3
m
A/cm
²
an
d
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
r
o
s
e
to
5
.
3
%
with
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
Z
in
c(
S,
Se)
:C
u
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
Z
in
c(
S,Se)
:C
u
lay
er
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
elec
tr
o
c
h
em
ical
im
p
e
d
an
ce
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
r
ev
ea
led
th
e
lo
west
d
y
n
am
i
c
r
esis
tan
ce
in
th
e
X(
S,Se)
:C
u
s
am
p
le,
in
d
icatin
g
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
t
elec
tr
o
n
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
f
ilm
th
ick
n
ess
wer
e
co
n
f
i
r
m
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
XR
D
an
d
FESE
M
an
aly
s
es.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
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1
8
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d
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i
:
1
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.
2
5
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7
3
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2
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8
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v
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a
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.
4
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7
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B
I
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RAP
H
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S O
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AUTH
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RS
H
o
Mi
n
h
Tr
u
n
g
re
c
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iv
e
d
th
e
P
h
.
D
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
p
h
y
sic
s fro
m
U
n
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Vie
tn
a
m
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ho
Ch
i
M
in
h
Cit
y
,
Vie
tn
a
m
.
He
is
wo
rk
i
n
g
a
s
a
lec
t
u
re
r
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Ba
sic
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
Vi
n
h
Lo
n
g
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Vie
tn
a
m
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
fo
c
u
s
o
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
a
tt
e
rn
e
d
su
b
stra
te
wit
h
m
icro
-
a
n
d
n
a
n
o
-
sc
a
le
to
a
p
p
ly
f
o
r
p
h
y
sic
a
l
a
n
d
c
h
e
m
ica
l
d
e
v
ice
s
su
c
h
a
s
so
lar
c
e
ll
s,
OLED,
p
h
o
to
a
n
o
d
e
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
tr
u
n
g
h
m
@v
l
u
te.ed
u
.
v
n
.
Le
Xua
n
Th
u
y
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
m
a
ste
r
d
e
g
re
e
in
p
h
y
sic
s
fro
m
Ca
n
Th
o
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Vie
tn
a
m
.
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
P
h
.
D
.
fr
o
m
th
e
Vie
tn
a
m
Ac
a
d
e
m
y
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
S
h
e
is
wo
rk
i
n
g
a
s
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Ba
sic
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
Vin
h
L
o
n
g
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Vie
t
n
a
m
.
He
r
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
sts:
so
lar
c
e
ll
s,
OLED,
p
h
o
to
a
n
o
d
e
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
r
y
p
h
y
sic
s
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
th
u
y
lx
@
v
lu
te.ed
u
.
v
n
.
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