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y
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g
e
m
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t
in
h
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s.
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w
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s
:
E
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g
y
m
an
ag
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Hy
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rticle
u
n
d
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e
CC B
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SA
li
c
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n
se
.
C
o
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r
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s
p
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ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Do
h
a
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l H
af
ian
e
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S L
ab
,
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NSET
,
Hass
an
I
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Un
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s
ity
o
f
C
asab
lan
ca
C
asab
lan
ca
,
Mo
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cc
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E
m
ail: e
lh
af
ian
e.
d
o
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a@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
g
r
o
win
g
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
R
E
S)
lik
e
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
an
d
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
in
to
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
(
L
VM
Gs)
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
o
b
u
s
t,
ec
o
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
p
o
we
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Yet,
th
eir
v
ar
iab
le
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
s
es
m
ajo
r
h
u
r
d
les
in
en
er
g
y
o
v
er
s
ig
h
t,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
m
atch
i
n
g
s
u
p
p
ly
,
s
to
r
ag
e,
a
n
d
d
e
m
an
d
.
Hy
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
(
MG
s
)
th
at
b
len
d
d
iv
e
r
s
e
R
E
S
with
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
E
SS
)
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
b
u
t d
em
an
d
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
m
an
ag
em
en
t ta
ctics f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
3
]
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
ce
n
tr
alize
d
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
o
f
ten
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
co
m
p
lex
it
y
an
d
d
ec
e
n
tr
aliza
tio
n
o
f
m
o
d
e
r
n
h
y
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
[
4
]
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
m
u
lti
-
ag
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
(
MA
S)
h
av
e
em
er
g
ed
as
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
MA
S
allo
ws
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
ag
e
n
ts
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
s
u
ch
as
r
en
ewa
b
le
g
en
er
ato
r
s
,
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
lo
ad
s
,
t
h
at
ca
n
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
b
ased
o
n
lo
ca
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wh
ile
co
llab
o
r
atin
g
to
a
ch
iev
e
s
y
s
tem
-
wid
e
o
b
jectiv
es
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
d
ec
en
tr
aliz
ed
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
e
n
ab
led
b
y
MA
S
m
ak
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
ju
s
t e
n
er
g
y
f
lo
ws,
th
er
eb
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
en
e
r
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
r
esil
ien
ce
[
6
]
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
MA
S
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
th
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
in
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
d
ea
lin
g
with
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
R
E
S
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
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2
I
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Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
505
-
513
506
o
u
tp
u
ts
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
o
f
MA
S
m
ak
es
it
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
wh
er
e
r
ap
id
ch
an
g
es
in
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
em
a
n
d
ar
e
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
,
as
is
th
e
ca
s
e
with
h
y
b
r
id
L
VM
Gs
[
1
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
MA
S
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
th
at
ca
n
m
in
im
ize
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
s
ts
an
d
en
h
an
ce
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
o
u
tlin
es
a
MA
S
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
m
a
n
ag
in
g
en
er
g
y
i
n
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
with
in
h
y
b
r
id
L
V
MG
s
.
B
u
ilt
on
th
e
J
av
a
Ag
en
t
Dev
el
o
p
m
en
t
Fra
m
ewo
r
k
(
J
ADE
)
p
latf
o
r
m
,
it
f
ac
ilit
ates
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
am
o
n
g
a
g
en
ts
th
at
em
b
o
d
y
v
ar
io
u
s
m
icr
o
g
r
id
e
lem
en
ts
,
r
ef
in
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
allo
ca
tio
n
b
y
f
ac
to
r
in
g
in
p
r
ici
n
g
d
y
n
am
ics,
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
ly
co
n
s
tr
a
in
ts
[
9
]
.
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
s
im
u
latio
n
s
v
er
if
y
th
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
’
s
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
to
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
ws
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
h
y
b
r
id
s
etu
p
s
.
T
h
e
d
o
cu
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
ed
s
with
s
ec
tio
n
2
s
u
r
v
ey
in
g
p
r
io
r
MA
S
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
m
icr
o
g
r
id
o
v
er
s
ig
h
t;
s
ec
tio
n
3
d
etailin
g
th
e
MA
S
d
esig
n
a
n
d
o
p
tim
i
za
tio
n
s
tep
s
;
s
ec
tio
n
4
an
aly
zin
g
s
im
u
latio
n
o
u
tco
m
es
o
n
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
ex
p
en
s
es,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
;
a
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
5
s
u
m
m
ar
izin
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
alo
n
g
s
id
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
r
esear
ch
p
ath
s
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
R
esear
ch
o
n
MA
S
f
o
r
m
ic
r
o
g
r
id
co
n
tr
o
l
h
as
g
ain
ed
p
r
o
m
in
en
ce
o
win
g
to
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
an
d
in
tr
icate
d
y
n
a
m
ics
o
f
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
p
o
wer
n
etw
o
r
k
s
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ce
n
tr
alize
d
m
eth
o
d
s
f
r
eq
u
en
tl
y
f
alter
wh
en
c
o
p
in
g
with
th
e
er
r
atic
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
r
en
ewa
b
les
lik
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
an
d
win
d
g
en
er
ato
r
s
,
n
o
tab
l
y
with
in
h
y
b
r
i
d
L
VM
Gs
[1
0
]
.
L
o
g
en
th
ir
a
n
et
a
l
.
[1
1
]
d
e
v
el
o
p
ed
a
MA
S
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
r
e
al
-
tim
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
co
n
t
r
o
l.
T
h
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ag
en
t
s
m
o
d
elin
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
en
er
at
o
r
s
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
esp
o
n
d
to
s
h
if
ts
in
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
a
n
d
u
s
ag
e.
B
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
co
n
tr
o
l
task
s
am
o
n
g
m
u
ltip
le
a
g
en
ts
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
ed
g
r
ea
ter
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
a
n
d
r
esil
ien
ce
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
ce
n
t
r
alize
d
co
n
tr
o
l sch
em
es.
Similar
ly
,
Su
n
et
a
l.
[
6
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
MA
S
with
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
eir
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
m
a
n
ag
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
u
n
d
er
ca
r
b
o
n
tr
ad
in
g
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
MA
S
co
u
ld
r
e
d
u
ce
en
e
r
g
y
co
s
ts
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
c
o
m
p
lian
ce
with
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
a
s
ized
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
MA
S
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
en
er
g
y
tr
ad
in
g
b
etw
ee
n
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icie
n
cy
.
E
l
Me
zd
i
et
a
l.
[1
2
]
ap
p
lied
MA
S
in
a
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
h
y
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
i
n
d
icate
d
th
at
MA
S
co
u
ld
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
r
ed
u
c
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
s
ts
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
d
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
n
atu
r
e
o
f
MA
S
allo
wed
f
o
r
lo
ca
l
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
g
lo
b
al
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
am
o
n
g
all
m
icr
o
g
r
id
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
,
ch
allen
g
es
r
em
ain
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
l
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
.
As
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
g
r
o
w
in
co
m
p
le
x
ity
,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
MA
S
to
s
ca
le
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
b
etwe
en
ag
en
ts
b
e
-
co
m
es
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
in
teg
r
atin
g
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
to
MA
S
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
[1
3
]
,
[
1
4
].
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
e
n
d
o
r
s
es
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
MA
S
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
id
o
v
er
s
ig
h
t.
Yet,
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
m
u
s
t
tack
le
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
h
u
r
d
les
an
d
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
an
aly
tics
f
u
s
io
n
with
in
MA
S
d
esig
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
e
x
ten
d
s
th
o
s
e
f
o
u
n
d
ati
o
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
MA
S
-
ce
n
tr
ic
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
tr
o
l
in
h
y
b
r
id
L
VM
Gs,
s
tr
es
s
in
g
en
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
a
n
d
co
s
t
cu
ts
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
r
elies
o
n
a
MA
S
to
r
eg
u
late
an
d
r
ef
in
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
ws
with
in
a
h
y
b
r
id
L
VM
G.
T
h
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
a
n
d
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
MA
S
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
wh
ich
in
teg
r
ates
d
iv
e
r
s
e
r
en
e
wab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
E
SS
)
,
an
d
d
e
m
an
d
elem
en
ts
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
3
.
1
.
M
ulti
-
a
g
ent
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
rc
hite
ct
ure
T
h
e
MA
S
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
ag
en
ts
,
ea
c
h
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
s
u
ch
as
PV
p
an
el
s
,
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es,
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
lo
ad
s
.
E
ac
h
ag
e
n
t
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
g
en
e
r
atio
n
o
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
its
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t.
T
h
ese
ag
e
n
ts
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
b
ased
o
n
lo
ca
l
d
ata
(
e.
g
.
,
cu
r
r
en
t
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
)
,
b
u
t
th
ey
also
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
o
th
er
ag
en
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
g
lo
b
al
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
a
r
e
m
et
[
8
]
.
Ag
e
n
ts
’
r
o
les in
th
e
M
G
ar
e
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
i)
Gen
er
atio
n
ag
e
n
ts
(
PV
an
d
W
in
d
)
:
T
h
ese
ag
en
ts
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
m
o
n
ito
r
t
h
eir
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
b
ased
o
n
lo
ca
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
e.
g
.
,
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
win
d
s
p
ee
d
)
.
T
h
e
y
ad
ju
s
t
th
eir
o
u
tp
u
t
ac
co
r
d
in
g
ly
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
th
e
b
at
ter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ag
e
n
t w
h
en
t
h
er
e
is
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
s
to
r
ag
e
[
1
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Op
timiz
in
g
r
ea
l
-
time
en
erg
y
co
n
tr
o
l in
h
yb
r
id
l
o
w
-
vo
lta
g
e
m
icro
g
r
id
s
u
s
in
g
…
(
Do
h
a
E
l
Ha
fia
n
e
)
507
ii)
B
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ag
e
n
t
:
T
h
is
a
g
en
t
m
a
n
ag
es
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
d
is
p
atch
.
I
t
s
to
r
es
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
d
u
r
in
g
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
h
ig
h
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
r
elea
s
es
en
er
g
y
wh
e
n
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
lo
w
o
r
d
em
an
d
is
h
ig
h
[1
6
]
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
a
g
en
t a
ls
o
co
m
m
u
n
icate
s
with
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
ag
en
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
o
p
tim
al
u
s
e
o
f
s
to
r
ed
en
e
r
g
y
.
iii)
L
o
ad
Ag
en
ts
:
T
h
ese
ag
en
ts
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
o
i
n
ts
with
in
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
y
co
m
m
u
n
icate
th
eir
d
em
a
n
d
t
o
th
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
an
d
b
atter
y
ag
en
ts
,
allo
win
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
b
alan
ce
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
em
a
n
d
i
n
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
[
1
7
]
.
iv
)
Gr
id
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
ag
e
n
t
:
T
h
is
ag
en
t
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
im
p
o
r
ts
o
r
ex
p
o
r
ts
o
f
elec
tr
icity
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
an
d
th
e
ex
te
r
n
al
g
r
id
.
W
h
en
lo
c
al
g
en
er
atio
n
is
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
m
ee
t
d
em
an
d
,
it
im
p
o
r
ts
en
er
g
y
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
if
th
er
e
is
an
en
er
g
y
s
u
r
p
lu
s
,
it e
x
p
o
r
ts
ex
ce
s
s
elec
tr
icity
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
Ag
en
ts
f
u
n
ctio
n
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
ly
y
et
co
llab
o
r
ate
v
ia
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
m
ax
im
ize
s
y
s
tem
-
wid
e
en
er
g
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
w
h
en
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
o
u
tp
u
t
p
ea
k
s
,
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
a
g
en
ts
liais
e
with
s
to
r
ag
e
ag
e
n
ts
to
s
to
ck
p
ile
s
u
r
p
lu
s
p
o
wer
[
1
8
]
.
Du
r
in
g
p
e
r
io
d
s
o
f
lo
w
r
en
ew
ab
le
en
er
g
y
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
t
h
e
a
g
en
ts
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
er
to
d
ec
id
e
wh
eth
er
to
d
r
aw
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
o
r
im
p
o
r
t
elec
tr
icity
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
,
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[1
7
]
.
3
.
2
.
Alg
o
rit
hm
f
o
r
ener
g
y
ma
na
g
em
ent
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
s
tep
s
tak
en
b
y
th
e
MA
S
to
m
a
n
ag
e
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
s
tab
ilit
y
in
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
MA
S
to
m
a
n
ag
e
en
e
r
g
y
f
lo
ws
with
in
th
e
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
.
I
t
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
e
n
er
g
y
d
e
m
an
d
is
m
et
eith
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
lo
ca
l g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
b
atte
r
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
o
r
g
r
id
im
p
o
r
ts
,
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
MA
S
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
I
n
p
u
t:
P
P
V
(
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
PV)
,
P
Wind
(
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
win
d
)
,
P
Loa
ds
(
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
)
,
S
o
C
(
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
b
atter
y
),
P
Grid
(
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
g
r
id
)
,
P
Gen
(
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
g
e
n
er
ato
r
)
,
P
Batt
(
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
b
atter
y
)
,
Set
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
f
o
r
S
o
C
(
3
0
% m
in
,
1
0
0
% m
ax
)
an
d
d
esire
d
s
y
s
tem
p
ar
am
eter
s
Me
asu
r
e
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
all
s
o
u
r
c
es (
P
PV
, P
Wind
)
an
d
lo
a
d
s
(
P
Loads
)
.
C
o
m
p
u
te
to
tal
g
e
n
er
atio
n
:
P
P
rod
=
P
PV
+
P
Wind
wh
ile
Tr
u
e
do
if P
P
r
o
d
≥
P
Lo
a
d
s
th
en
C
ase
1
: Pr
o
d
u
ctio
n
m
ee
ts
o
r
e
x
ce
ed
s
d
em
an
d
; Su
p
p
ly
lo
ad
s
d
ir
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
P
Prod
if
S
o
C
<
1
0
0
% th
e
n
Sto
r
e
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
i
n
b
atter
y
:
P
Batt
←
P
Prod
− P
Loads
else
E
x
p
o
r
t e
x
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
t
o
g
r
i
d
:
P
Grid
←
P
Prod
− P
Loads
en
d
else
C
ase
2
: Pr
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
less
th
an
d
em
an
d
if
S
o
C
>
3
0
% th
en
Su
p
p
ly
lo
ad
s
f
r
o
m
P
Prod
a
n
d
u
s
e
b
atter
y
to
co
v
er
th
e
d
ef
icit:
P
Batt
←
P
Loads
− P
Prod
else
I
m
p
o
r
t e
n
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
o
r
s
tar
t g
en
er
ato
r
if
P
Grid
>
0
th
en
I
m
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
g
r
id
:
P
Loads
←
P
Pr
od
+
P
Grid
else
Activ
ate
g
en
er
ato
r
:
P
Gen
←
P
L
oads
− P
Prod
en
d
en
d
en
d
Up
d
ate
S
o
C
an
d
ag
en
t states
en
d
3
.
3
.
O
pti
m
iza
t
io
n
p
ro
ce
s
s
T
h
e
co
r
e
o
f
th
e
MA
S
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
d
ete
r
m
in
in
g
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
etp
o
in
ts
f
o
r
ea
ch
m
icr
o
g
r
id
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
to
m
in
i
m
ize
en
er
g
y
c
o
s
ts
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
u
s
in
g
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tate
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
a
n
d
f
o
r
ec
as
ted
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
an
d
s
u
p
p
ly
[
19
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
i
za
tio
n
f
o
llo
ws
a
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
:
E
ac
h
ag
e
n
t
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
m
a
k
es
d
ec
is
io
n
s
b
ased
o
n
its
lo
ca
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wh
ile
co
o
r
d
in
ati
n
g
with
o
th
e
r
a
g
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
to
co
l
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
MA
S
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
em
p
lo
y
s
th
e
J
av
a
Ag
en
t
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
Fra
m
ewo
r
k
(
J
ADE
)
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
c
h
o
i
ce
s
an
d
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
ag
e
n
t sy
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
[1
1
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
505
-
513
508
3
.
4
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n
e
nv
iro
nm
en
t
T
o
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MA
S
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
a
s
im
u
latio
n
s
etu
p
is
c
r
ea
ted
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
.
T
h
is
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
r
ep
licates
en
er
g
y
d
y
n
am
ics
in
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
f
ac
to
r
in
g
in
r
ea
l
f
lu
c
tu
atio
n
s
in
en
er
g
y
p
r
icin
g
,
d
em
an
d
v
a
r
iab
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
in
ter
m
itten
cy
[
12
]
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
L
VM
G
in
c
lu
d
es
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els,
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es,
d
iesel
g
en
er
ato
r
s
,
an
d
b
atter
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
in
g
r
i
d
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
o
r
is
lan
d
ed
m
o
d
es
(
s
ee
Fig
u
r
e
1)
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e,
th
e
MA
S
p
r
io
r
itizes
r
en
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
wh
ile
r
ed
u
cin
g
g
r
id
im
p
o
r
ts
;
d
u
r
in
g
is
lan
d
e
d
m
o
d
e,
it
m
an
a
g
es
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
in
v
o
k
es
lo
a
d
s
h
ed
d
in
g
t
o
s
tab
ilize
th
e
s
y
s
tem
am
id
en
er
g
y
s
h
o
r
t
f
alls
[
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1.
Hy
b
r
id
l
o
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
3
.
5
.
K
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
ind
ica
t
o
rs (
K
P
I
s
)
E
n
er
g
y
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
,
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
ar
e
k
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
d
ica
-
to
r
s
(
KPI
s
)
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
MA
S f
r
am
ewo
r
k
’
s
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
[
17
]
.
Simu
latio
n
o
u
t
co
m
es a
r
e
ass
ess
ed
ag
ain
s
t
th
ese
KPI
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
th
e
MA
S
in
o
p
tim
izin
g
en
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
with
in
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
L
VM
G
k
ey
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
i
ca
to
r
s
(
KPI
s
)
,
en
er
g
y
c
o
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
,
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
[1
3
]
,
[
2
3
].
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MA
S
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
was
ev
al
u
ated
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
,
with
th
e
k
ey
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
o
p
tim
izin
g
en
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
a
h
y
b
r
id
L
VM
G
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
k
ey
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
th
e
MA
S o
n
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
,
c
o
s
t r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
.
4
.
1
.
Scena
rio
c
o
ncept
io
n
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
a
PV
in
s
tallatio
n
with
a
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
9
.
9
k
W
,
u
tili
zin
g
3
0
s
o
lar
p
an
els
r
ated
at
3
3
0
W
e
ac
h
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
1
0
k
W
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
co
m
p
lem
en
ts
th
e
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
e
q
u
ip
p
e
d
with
b
atter
ies
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
1
2
.
5
k
W
h
o
f
s
to
r
a
g
e
ca
p
ac
ity
,
allo
win
g
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
to
b
e
s
to
r
ed
f
o
r
later
u
s
e.
A
1
0
k
W
h
y
b
r
id
in
v
e
r
ter
m
an
ag
es
t
h
e
en
e
r
g
y
f
lo
ws,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
o
p
er
atio
n
b
o
t
h
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
b
atter
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
s
u
b
ject
to
s
ea
s
o
n
al
an
d
clim
atic
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
with
s
o
lar
p
an
els
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
s
u
n
lig
h
t
a
n
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
wh
ile
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
d
ep
e
n
d
o
n
win
d
p
atter
n
s
.
T
o
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
,
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
y
ea
r
.
E
ac
h
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
r
ep
r
esen
ts
an
av
er
ag
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Op
timiz
in
g
r
ea
l
-
time
en
erg
y
co
n
tr
o
l in
h
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2
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.
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ates
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[
1
]
I
.
El
M
y
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A
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5
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[
6
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Q
.
S
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d
i
Ay
y
a
d
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
,
M
a
rra
k
e
sh
,
M
o
r
o
c
c
o
,
in
2
0
2
0
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
i
n
c
lu
d
e
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
c
o
n
tro
l
,
n
o
n
li
n
e
a
r
c
o
n
tro
l,
a
n
d
o
b
se
rv
e
r
d
e
sig
n
,
with
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
i
n
p
o
we
r
sy
st
e
m
s
a
n
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
sy
ste
m
s.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
se
v
e
ra
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
p
a
p
e
rs
o
n
th
e
se
t
o
p
ics
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
il
y
a
se
lmy
a
ss
e
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Adi
l
Ma
n
s
o
u
r
i
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Ha
ss
a
n
II
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ca
sa
b
lan
c
a
,
M
o
r
o
c
c
o
,
i
n
2
0
2
3
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
a
t
th
e
EE
IS
Lab
o
ra
to
r
y
,
Éco
le
No
rm
a
le
S
u
p
é
rieu
re
d
e
l'
En
se
ig
n
e
m
e
n
t
Tec
h
n
iq
u
e
(ENS
ET
),
Ha
ss
a
n
II
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
ia,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
,
o
b
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
n
o
n
li
n
e
a
r
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
AC
m
a
c
h
in
e
s
a
n
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
sy
ste
m
s.
He
h
a
s
c
o
-
a
u
th
o
re
d
se
v
e
ra
l
p
a
p
e
rs o
n
th
e
se
to
p
ics
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
a
n
so
u
ri
_
a
d
il
@y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
m
.
Ra
c
h
id
La
j
o
u
a
d
h
o
l
d
s
a
P
h
.
D.
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
V
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ra
b
a
t,
M
o
r
o
c
c
o
,
in
2
0
1
6
.
He
a
lso
e
a
rn
e
d
a
Dip
l
ô
m
e
d
'
Ét
u
d
e
s
S
u
p
é
rieu
re
s
Ap
p
ro
f
o
n
d
ies
(DES
A)
fro
m
Ec
o
le
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
ia
d
'
In
g
é
n
ieu
rs
i
n
2
0
0
8
a
n
d
a
n
a
g
ré
g
a
ti
o
n
d
ip
l
o
m
a
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
in
2
0
0
0
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
a
f
u
ll
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
t
h
e
EE
IS
Lab
o
ra
to
r
y
o
f
th
e
Éco
le
No
rm
a
le
S
u
p
é
rieu
re
d
e
l'
E
n
se
ig
n
e
m
e
n
t
Tec
h
n
iq
u
e
(ENS
ET
)
i
n
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
ia,
a
ffil
iate
d
wit
h
Ha
ss
a
n
II
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Ca
sa
b
lan
c
a
,
M
o
r
o
c
c
o
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts in
c
lu
d
e
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
o
b
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
o
f
n
o
n
li
n
e
a
r
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
sy
ste
m
s,
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
sy
ste
m
s,
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
sy
ste
m
s,
sm
a
rt
g
rid
s,
a
n
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
.
He
is
a
lso
fo
c
u
se
d
o
n
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
,
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
a
n
d
fa
u
lt
-
to
lera
n
t
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
sy
ste
m
s.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
n
u
m
e
ro
u
s
a
rti
c
les
in
re
n
o
wn
e
d
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s,
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
ly
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ti
n
g
to
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t.
He
is
a
c
ti
v
e
l
y
in
v
o
lv
e
d
i
n
m
e
n
t
o
rin
g
st
u
d
e
n
ts
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
e
rs
in
t
h
e
se
field
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
d
sa
.
lajo
u
a
d
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
o
r
lajo
u
a
d
@e
n
se
t
-
m
e
d
ia.ac
.
m
a
.
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