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ea
r
s
h
if
tin
g
,
as
E
Vs
an
d
HE
Vs
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
an
I
C
E
v
eh
icles
[
3
]
-
[
5
]
.
State
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
%)
p
lay
s
a
v
ital
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
wh
eth
er
to
u
s
e
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
o
r
th
e
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
e.
SOC
%
r
ef
lects
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
r
em
ain
in
g
in
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
p
o
wer
tr
ain
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
g
ea
r
s
h
if
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
wh
ich
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ly
o
n
en
g
in
e
R
PM
an
d
v
eh
icle
s
p
ee
d
,
ar
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
E
Vs
an
d
HE
Vs.
Ad
ap
tiv
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
SOC
%,
v
eh
icle
s
p
ee
d
,
lo
ad
,
an
d
th
r
o
ttle p
o
s
itio
n
,
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
a
h
ig
h
SOC
%
allo
ws
f
o
r
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
elec
tr
i
c
m
o
to
r
u
s
e
to
m
a
x
im
ize
ef
f
i
cien
cy
,
wh
ile
a
lo
w
SOC
%
t
r
ig
g
er
s
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
e
to
co
n
s
er
v
e
b
att
er
y
p
o
wer
an
d
e
x
ten
d
d
r
iv
in
g
r
an
g
e
.
T
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
te
llig
en
t,
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
e
n
g
ea
r
s
h
if
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
i
s
cr
itica
l
in
HE
Vs
an
d
E
Vs.
B
y
u
tili
zi
n
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
ar
ea
n
etwo
r
k
(
C
AN)
,
wh
ich
f
ac
ilit
ates c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
its
lik
e
th
e
p
o
wer
t
r
ain
c
o
n
tr
o
l u
n
it
(
PC
U)
,
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
(
B
MS)
,
an
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it
(
T
C
U)
,
th
e
v
eh
icle
ca
n
m
ak
e
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
g
ea
r
s
h
if
tin
g
.
C
AN
en
a
b
les
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
e
x
ch
an
g
e,
en
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
tr
ai
n
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
g
e
ar
s
h
if
tin
g
alg
o
r
it
h
m
u
s
es SO
C
%,
alo
n
g
with
v
e
h
icle
s
p
ee
d
,
en
g
in
e
R
PM,
an
d
th
r
o
ttle p
o
s
itio
n
,
to
d
eter
m
in
e
o
p
tim
al
g
ea
r
s
h
if
ts
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
ju
s
ts
to
v
ar
y
i
n
g
SOC
%
lev
els,
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
v
eh
icle’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
at
all
tim
es.
2.
H
YB
RID A
ND
E
L
E
CT
R
I
C
VE
H
I
C
L
E
P
O
W
E
R
T
RAI
N
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
g
ea
r
s
h
if
ti
n
g
in
elec
tr
ic
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
v
eh
ic
les
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
tr
ain
o
f
HE
Vs
an
d
b
atter
y
E
Vs
is
f
u
n
d
am
en
tally
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
I
C
E
v
eh
icles
[
6
]
.
W
h
ile
I
C
E
v
eh
icle
s
r
ely
s
o
lely
o
n
a
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
e
n
g
in
e
to
p
o
wer
t
h
e
v
eh
icle,
h
y
b
r
id
an
d
elec
tr
i
c
v
eh
icles
u
tili
ze
a
co
m
b
in
ati
o
n
o
f
b
o
th
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
s
an
d
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
es.
T
h
is
d
u
al
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
ax
im
ize
f
u
el
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
ed
u
ce
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
v
e
r
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
in
HE
Vs
an
d
E
Vs
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
h
ig
h
to
r
q
u
e
at
lo
w
s
p
ee
d
s
.
I
t
is
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
u
r
in
g
l
o
w
-
lo
ad
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
s
u
ch
as c
ity
d
r
iv
in
g
,
wh
e
r
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
t sto
p
s
an
d
lo
w
-
s
p
ee
d
d
r
i
v
in
g
o
cc
u
r
.
I
n
t
h
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
allo
ws
f
o
r
s
m
o
o
th
er
ac
ce
ler
ati
o
n
an
d
d
ec
eler
atio
n
with
o
u
t
c
o
n
s
u
m
in
g
f
u
el.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
d
u
r
in
g
r
eg
en
e
r
ativ
e
b
r
ak
in
g
,
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
co
n
v
er
ts
k
in
etic
en
er
g
y
b
ac
k
in
t
o
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
,
wh
ich
is
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
b
atter
y
,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
v
e
h
icle’
s
o
v
er
al
l e
f
f
icien
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Gea
r
s
h
if
tin
g
in
elec
t
r
ic
an
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
v
eh
icles
2
.
1
.
I
m
po
r
t
a
nce
o
f
SO
C%
in
g
ea
r
s
hift
ing
T
h
e
SOC
%
i
s
a
k
ey
p
ar
am
eter
in
elec
tr
ic
an
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
v
eh
icle
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
b
atter
y
’
s
ch
ar
g
e
lev
el.
T
h
e
SOC
%
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
ac
ts
h
o
w
t
h
e
v
eh
icle’
s
p
o
wer
tr
ain
o
p
er
at
es,
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
tellig
en
t g
ea
r
s
h
ifti
n
g
in
elec
tr
ic
a
n
d
h
yb
r
id
ve
h
icles:
a
C
A
N
co
n
tr
o
ller
…
(
K
a
la
g
o
tla
C
h
en
ch
ir
ed
d
y
)
583
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
an
d
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
e
.
T
h
e
SOC
%
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
i
d
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
r
an
g
es,
ea
ch
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
th
e
p
o
wer
tr
ain
s
tr
ateg
y
:
i)
Hig
h
SOC
%
(
8
0
%
-
1
0
0
%):
W
h
en
th
e
SOC
%
is
h
ig
h
,
th
e
b
atter
y
is
well
-
ch
ar
g
ed
,
an
d
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
io
r
itized
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
[
7
]
.
Usi
n
g
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
in
th
is
r
an
g
e
co
n
s
er
v
es
f
u
el
an
d
m
ax
im
izes
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
as
th
e
v
eh
ic
le
ca
n
r
ely
o
n
th
e
clea
n
,
l
o
w
-
e
m
is
s
io
n
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
w
h
en
th
e
SOC
%
is
h
ig
h
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
s
h
if
t
to
h
i
g
h
er
g
ea
r
s
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
s
m
o
o
th
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
t
o
p
er
atio
n
in
u
r
b
an
o
r
lo
w
-
s
p
ee
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
ii)
Mo
d
er
ate
SOC
%
(
5
0
%
-
8
0
%):
I
n
th
is
r
an
g
e,
th
e
v
eh
icle
ca
n
a
d
o
p
t
a
m
o
r
e
b
alan
ce
d
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
u
tili
zin
g
b
o
t
h
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
an
d
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
e
n
g
in
e.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
s
witch
b
etwe
en
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
b
ased
o
n
d
r
iv
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
o
p
tim
iz
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
u
s
ag
e.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le
,
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
t
o
r
c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
in
city
d
r
iv
in
g
o
r
d
u
r
in
g
l
o
w
-
lo
ad
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
I
C
E
m
ay
b
e
en
g
ag
e
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
h
ig
h
er
lo
ad
s
o
r
f
o
r
lo
n
g
er
tr
ip
s
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
m
ay
ad
ju
s
t
to
m
o
r
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
g
ea
r
s
in
th
is
r
an
g
e
to
m
ain
tain
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
.
iii)
L
o
w
SOC
%
(
<5
0
%):
W
h
en
th
e
SOC
%
d
r
o
p
s
b
elo
w
5
0
%,
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
lo
w,
an
d
t
h
e
v
eh
icle
s
h
o
u
ld
r
ely
m
o
r
e
h
ea
v
ily
o
n
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
ti
o
n
en
g
i
n
e
to
av
o
id
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
d
ep
letio
n
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
.
At
th
is
p
o
in
t,
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
t
o
r
b
ec
o
m
es
le
s
s
ef
f
icien
t,
as
th
e
v
e
h
icle'
s
r
an
g
e
wo
u
ld
b
e
s
ev
er
ely
lim
ited
with
o
u
t
r
ec
h
a
r
g
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
m
ay
also
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
to
lo
wer
g
ea
r
s
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t o
p
er
atio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
d
u
r
i
n
g
h
ig
h
way
d
r
i
v
in
g
o
r
wh
en
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
B
y
u
tili
zin
g
SOC
%
in
th
e
g
ea
r
s
h
if
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
,
an
in
tellig
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
v
eh
icle
o
p
er
ates
at
its
o
p
tim
al
ef
f
icien
cy
in
all
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
m
ax
im
izes
f
u
el
ef
f
icien
c
y
b
u
t
also
h
elp
s
ex
ten
d
t
h
e
life
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
b
y
p
r
ev
en
t
i
n
g
d
ee
p
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
an
d
m
ain
t
ain
in
g
an
o
p
tim
al
ch
ar
g
e
lev
el
.
I
n
tellig
en
t
g
ea
r
s
h
if
tin
g
b
ased
o
n
SOC
% a
llo
ws th
e
v
eh
icle
to
m
ak
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
th
at
o
p
tim
ize
b
o
th
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
an
d
d
r
iv
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
B
y
s
witch
in
g
b
etwe
en
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
a
n
d
I
C
E
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
v
eh
icle
r
em
ain
s
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
wh
ile
s
till
o
f
f
er
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
o
r
v
ar
i
o
u
s
d
r
iv
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
8
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
2
.
2
.
Ro
le
o
f
CAN
bu
s
in hy
b
rid a
nd
elec
t
ric
v
ehicles
I
n
m
o
d
er
n
h
y
b
r
i
d
a
n
d
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
its
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
tr
ain
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
is
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
th
e
C
AN
b
u
s
,
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
wid
ely
u
s
ed
v
eh
icl
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
th
a
t
allo
ws
th
e
ex
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
d
ata
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
its
(
E
C
Us).
T
h
ese
E
C
Us
in
clu
d
e
t
h
e
PC
U,
B
MS,
T
C
U,
an
d
o
th
e
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
cr
itical
f
o
r
th
e
v
eh
icle’
s
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
C
AN
b
u
s
ac
ts
as
th
e
b
ac
k
b
o
n
e
o
f
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
with
in
th
e
v
eh
icle
,
en
ab
lin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
an
d
s
h
ar
e
c
r
itical
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
m
ak
i
n
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
p
o
wer
tr
ain
o
p
e
r
atio
n
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
B
y
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
k
e
y
s
y
s
tem
s
in
th
e
v
eh
icle,
t
h
e
C
AN
b
u
s
en
s
u
r
es th
a
t
th
e
g
ea
r
s
h
if
tin
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
r
esp
o
n
d
to
d
ata
in
p
u
ts
s
u
ch
as:
i)
SOC
%:
T
h
e
v
e
h
icle’
s
b
atter
y
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
v
ital
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
w
h
eth
er
to
r
el
y
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
o
r
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
e.
ii)
Veh
icle
s
p
ee
d
:
E
s
s
en
tial
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
wh
en
to
s
h
if
t
g
ea
r
s
an
d
h
o
w
to
b
alan
ce
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
elec
t
r
ic
m
o
to
r
a
n
d
I
C
E
.
iii)
E
n
g
in
e
R
PM:
Pro
v
id
es
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
e
n
g
in
e
lo
a
d
,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
d
eter
m
i
n
e
wh
eth
er
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
o
r
I
C
E
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
E
Vs
v
s
HE
Vs
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
g
ea
r
s
h
if
tin
g
.
T
h
is
tab
le
ex
p
lain
ed
f
ea
tu
r
es o
f
E
V
an
d
HE
VS.
T
ab
le
1
.
E
Vs v
s
HE
Vs r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
g
ea
r
s
h
if
tin
g
F
e
a
t
u
r
e
/
a
s
p
e
c
t
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
(
EV
s)
H
y
b
r
i
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
(
H
EV
s)
P
r
i
mary
p
o
w
e
r
s
o
u
r
c
e
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
m
o
t
o
r
o
n
l
y
A
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
n
I
C
E
a
n
d
a
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
m
o
t
o
r
Tr
a
n
sm
i
ssi
o
n
t
y
p
e
M
o
s
t
l
y
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
s
p
e
e
d
Ty
p
i
c
a
l
l
y
,
a
m
u
l
t
i
-
s
p
e
e
d
a
u
t
o
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t
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c
o
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C
V
T
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e
e
d
f
o
r
g
e
a
r
s
h
i
f
t
i
n
g
N
o
t
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
l
e
(
i
n
m
o
st
mo
d
e
l
s)
R
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
t
o
ma
n
a
g
e
I
C
E
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
To
r
q
u
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
H
i
g
h
t
o
r
q
u
e
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
a
t
l
o
w
R
P
M
–
n
o
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
sh
i
f
t
i
n
g
I
C
E
n
e
e
d
s
g
e
a
r
s
h
i
f
t
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n
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f
o
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f
f
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c
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n
t
t
o
r
q
u
e
a
n
d
sp
e
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
o
f
d
r
i
v
e
t
r
a
i
n
S
i
mp
l
e
r
(
d
u
e
t
o
n
o
g
e
a
r
b
o
x
)
M
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
(
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
I
C
E
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
d
r
i
v
e
)
Ex
a
m
p
l
e
s
Te
sl
a
M
o
d
e
l
3
,
N
i
ssa
n
Le
a
f
(
si
n
g
l
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-
s
p
e
e
d
)
To
y
o
t
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P
r
i
u
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o
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d
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t
(
g
e
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r
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P
e
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o
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s
S
o
me
h
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s m
a
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2
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,
P
o
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h
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Ta
y
c
a
n
)
G
e
a
r
s
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f
t
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l
p
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m
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E
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f
f
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c
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e
n
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n
d
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mi
ss
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o
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s
M
a
i
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t
e
n
a
n
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e
r
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q
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r
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m
e
n
t
s
Lo
w
e
r
(
n
o
c
l
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t
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g
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r
sh
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f
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s r
e
q
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mai
n
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a
n
c
e
)
3.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
3
.
1
.
Alg
o
rit
hm
des
ig
n f
o
r
S
O
C%
-
ba
s
ed
g
ea
r
s
hift
ing
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
an
ef
f
icien
t
SOC
%
-
b
ased
g
ea
r
s
h
if
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
ess
en
tial
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
a
n
d
d
r
iv
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
in
h
y
b
r
id
an
d
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
s
es
k
ey
v
eh
icle
p
ar
am
eter
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
58
1
-
589
584
s
u
ch
as
SOC
%
,
v
eh
icle
s
p
ee
d
,
en
g
in
e
R
PM
,
an
d
th
r
o
ttle
p
o
s
it
io
n
to
m
a
k
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
g
ea
r
s
h
if
ts
.
E
ac
h
o
f
th
ese
in
p
u
ts
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
h
o
w
th
e
p
o
wer
tr
ain
s
h
o
u
ld
o
p
er
ate,
b
alan
cin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
an
d
I
C
E
[
1
6
]
-
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
r
e
o
b
jec
tiv
e
o
f
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
to
m
ai
n
tain
m
ax
im
u
m
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
v
eh
icle’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
is
n
ev
e
r
c
o
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
n
s
id
er
s
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
in
p
u
t
v
ar
iab
les
:
SOC
%
:
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
e
r
e
m
ain
in
g
,
wh
ich
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
av
aila
b
le
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
th
u
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
p
o
we
r
tr
ain
d
ec
i
s
io
n
.
Veh
icle
Sp
ee
d
:
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
v
eh
icle,
w
h
ich
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
wh
eth
er
h
ig
h
e
r
o
r
lo
wer
g
ea
r
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
e
n
g
ag
ed
.
E
n
g
i
n
e
R
PM
:
T
h
e
r
o
tatio
n
s
p
ee
d
o
f
t
h
e
en
g
in
e,
wh
ich
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
b
o
th
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
an
d
th
e
I
C
E
o
p
e
r
ate
with
in
th
eir
o
p
tim
al
R
PM
r
an
g
e
t
o
a
v
o
id
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
wea
r
o
r
in
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
r
o
ttle Po
s
itio
n
: I
n
d
icate
s
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
th
e
d
r
iv
er
is
p
r
ess
in
g
th
e
ac
ce
ler
ato
r
p
ed
al.
A
h
ig
h
er
t
h
r
o
ttle
p
o
s
itio
n
im
p
lies
a
d
e
m
an
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
p
o
wer
,
wh
ic
h
m
ay
r
e
q
u
ir
e
th
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t o
f
th
e
in
ter
n
al
c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
e.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
p
er
ates
i
n
th
r
e
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
tates
b
ased
o
n
th
e
SOC
%
,
ea
ch
d
ictatin
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
b
eh
a
v
io
r
f
o
r
th
e
g
ea
r
s
h
if
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
is
as f
o
llo
ws:
i)
Hig
h
SOC
% (
>8
0
%):
W
h
en
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
e
is
h
ig
h
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
r
io
r
itizes
el
ec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
u
s
ag
e
to
m
ax
im
ize
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
m
in
im
ize
f
u
el
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ad
ap
ts
b
y
:
Prio
r
itizin
g
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
u
s
e
:
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
is
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
,
s
h
if
tin
g
g
ea
r
s
ea
r
ly
t
o
m
ain
tain
a
lo
wer
en
g
in
e
R
PM
,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
co
n
s
er
v
e
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
.
Up
s
h
if
tin
g
ea
r
lier
:
Sin
ce
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
at
lo
wer
en
g
in
e
s
p
ee
d
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
will
s
h
if
t
u
p
at
lo
wer
R
PMs,
o
p
tim
izin
g
b
o
th
b
atte
r
y
u
s
e
an
d
v
eh
icle
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
ii)
Me
d
iu
m
SOC
% (
5
0
%
-
8
0
%):
I
n
th
is
r
an
g
e,
a
h
y
b
r
id
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ad
o
p
ted
,
u
tili
zin
g
b
o
th
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
an
d
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
i
n
e
.
T
h
is
b
alan
ce
d
s
tr
ateg
y
allo
ws
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
ad
ju
s
t
to
v
ar
y
in
g
d
r
iv
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
:
Hy
b
r
id
o
p
er
atio
n
:
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
will
en
g
ag
e
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
d
u
r
in
g
lo
w
-
s
p
ee
d
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
(
e
.
g
.
,
city
d
r
iv
i
n
g
)
o
r
wh
en
th
r
o
ttle
d
em
a
n
d
is
lo
w
,
wh
ile
s
witch
in
g
to
t
h
e
I
C
E
d
u
r
i
n
g
h
ig
h
e
r
-
s
p
ee
d
o
r
h
ig
h
er
-
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Dy
n
am
ic
g
ea
r
s
h
if
tin
g
:
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
o
n
v
e
h
icle
s
p
ee
d
an
d
t
h
r
o
ttle
p
o
s
itio
n
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
wh
e
n
to
en
g
ag
e
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
an
d
wh
en
to
ac
tiv
ate
th
e
I
C
E
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
f
o
r
s
m
o
o
th
er
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
b
etwe
en
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
o
p
tim
izin
g
b
o
th
b
atter
y
life
an
d
f
u
el
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
iii)
L
o
w
SOC
% (
<5
0
%):
W
h
en
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
e
is
lo
w,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
r
io
r
itizes
th
e
I
C
E
to
p
r
ev
en
t
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
b
atter
y
d
ep
letio
n
.
T
h
e
g
ea
r
s
h
if
tin
g
b
eh
av
i
o
u
r
u
n
d
er
lo
w
SOC
%
is
ad
ju
s
ted
as
f
o
llo
ws:
I
C
E
p
r
io
r
ity
:
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
r
elies
m
o
r
e
h
ea
v
ily
o
n
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
e
to
co
n
s
er
v
e
b
atte
r
y
p
o
wer
.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e,
th
e
el
ec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
is
u
s
ed
m
in
im
ally
,
an
d
th
e
I
C
E
tak
es
o
v
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
th
e
v
eh
icle
co
n
tin
u
es
to
o
p
er
ate
e
f
f
icien
t
ly
.
Op
tim
al
en
g
in
e
R
PM
:
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
I
C
E
o
p
er
ates
with
in
i
ts
o
p
tim
al
R
PM
r
an
g
e
to
av
o
i
d
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
wea
r
.
L
o
wer
g
ea
r
s
ar
e
o
f
ten
en
g
a
g
ed
in
th
is
co
n
d
itio
n
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
o
r
e
p
o
w
er
at
lo
wer
s
p
ee
d
s
,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
ad
d
itio
n
al
to
r
q
u
e
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tep
s
o
u
tlin
e
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
lo
g
ic
o
f
th
e
g
ea
r
s
h
if
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
:
Hig
h
SOC
%
(
>8
0
%)
:
Prio
r
itize
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
u
s
ag
e
.
E
n
s
u
r
e
g
ea
r
s
h
if
ts
o
cc
u
r
at
l
o
wer
R
PMs.
E
ar
ly
u
p
s
h
if
tin
g
to
m
ax
im
ize
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Me
d
iu
m
SO
C
%
(
5
0
%
-
8
0
%)
:
Use
b
o
th
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
an
d
I
C
E
.
Ad
ju
s
t
g
ea
r
s
h
if
ts
b
ased
o
n
v
eh
icle
s
p
ee
d
an
d
th
r
o
ttle
p
o
s
itio
n
.
E
n
g
ag
e
I
C
E
at
h
ig
h
er
s
p
ee
d
s
o
r
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
r
o
ttle
d
em
an
d
.
L
o
w
SOC
%
(
<5
0
%)
:
Prio
r
itize
I
C
E
o
p
er
atio
n
to
c
o
n
s
er
v
e
b
att
er
y
.
E
n
s
u
r
e
g
ea
r
s
h
if
ts
m
ain
tain
o
p
tim
a
l
en
g
in
e
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Use lo
wer
g
ea
r
s
wh
en
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
m
o
o
t
h
an
d
e
f
f
icien
t p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
.
3
.
2
.
G
ea
r
s
hift
decisi
o
n lo
g
ic
T
h
e
g
ea
r
s
h
if
t
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
b
ased
o
n
s
ev
er
al
d
ef
in
ed
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
at
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
en
to
u
p
s
h
if
t
o
r
d
o
wn
s
h
if
t
g
ea
r
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
v
eh
icle
o
p
er
ate
s
in
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
t
way
.
T
h
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
r
ely
on
v
eh
icle
s
p
ee
d
,
en
g
in
e
R
PM
,
an
d
SOC
%
,
as e
x
p
lain
ed
:
-
Sh
if
t
u
p
co
n
d
itio
n
:
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
will
s
h
if
t
to
a
h
ig
h
er
g
ea
r
if
:
Veh
icle
s
p
ee
d
ex
ce
ed
s
a
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
ld
:
At
h
ig
h
er
s
p
ee
d
s
,
th
e
en
g
in
e
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
tly
at
lo
wer
R
PMs,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
a
h
ig
h
e
r
g
ea
r
to
b
e
en
g
ag
ed
.
-
E
n
g
in
e
R
PM
is
b
elo
w
a
d
ef
in
ed
m
ax
im
u
m
R
PM
:
T
o
m
ain
tain
ef
f
icien
cy
,
th
e
en
g
in
e
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
ex
ce
ed
a
ce
r
tain
R
PM.
I
f
th
e
R
PM
is
to
o
lo
w,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
s
h
if
t
u
p
to
r
ed
u
ce
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
’
s
%
is
ab
o
v
e
a
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
W
h
en
th
e
SOC
%
is
h
ig
h
,
th
er
e
is
s
u
f
f
icien
t
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
to
p
r
i
o
r
itize
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
u
s
ag
e,
allo
win
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
s
h
if
t to
h
ig
h
er
g
ea
r
s
an
d
co
n
s
er
v
e
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
lo
g
ic
is
ex
ec
u
ted
d
y
n
am
ically
in
r
ea
l
tim
e
,
ad
j
u
s
tin
g
b
ased
o
n
ch
a
n
g
in
g
d
r
i
v
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
,
d
ec
eler
atio
n
,
a
n
d
c
h
an
g
es
i
n
r
o
ad
g
r
a
d
ien
t.
T
h
e
SOC
%
-
b
ased
g
ea
r
s
h
if
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
tellig
en
t g
ea
r
s
h
ifti
n
g
in
elec
tr
ic
a
n
d
h
yb
r
id
ve
h
icles:
a
C
A
N
co
n
tr
o
ller
…
(
K
a
la
g
o
tla
C
h
en
ch
ir
ed
d
y
)
585
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ps
eu
d
o
-
co
d
e
f
o
r
SOC
%
-
b
ased
g
ea
r
s
h
if
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
4.
CALCU
L
A
T
I
O
NS
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
we
ex
p
l
o
r
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
SOC
%
-
b
ased
g
e
ar
s
h
if
tin
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
o
n
th
e
v
e
h
icle’
s
f
u
el
ef
f
icien
cy
,
b
atter
y
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
en
g
in
e
R
PM
d
u
r
in
g
g
ea
r
t
r
an
s
itio
n
s
[
2
1
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
is
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
th
e
SOC
%
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
t
o
ca
lcu
late
h
o
w
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
’
s
d
ec
is
io
n
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icl
es.
4
.
1
.
F
uel
ef
f
iciency
(
L
/1
0
0
km
)
Fu
el
ef
f
icien
cy
is
a
cr
itical
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
a
v
eh
icle’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
HE
Vs
th
at
s
witch
b
etwe
en
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
a
n
d
I
C
E
p
o
wer
d
e
p
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
SOC
%
an
d
o
t
h
er
p
a
r
am
eter
s
.
I
t is ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
.
(
100
)
=
(
(
)
(
)
)
×
100
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
Fu
el
co
n
s
u
m
ed
(
L
)
is
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
f
u
el
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
e
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
jo
u
r
n
ey
,
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
tr
av
elled
(
k
m
)
is
th
e
to
tal
d
is
tan
ce
th
e
v
eh
icle
h
as
co
v
er
ed
.
I
m
p
ac
t
o
f
SOC
%
-
b
ased
g
ea
r
s
h
if
tin
g
o
n
f
u
el
e
f
f
icien
cy
:
i)
Hig
h
SOC
% (
>8
0
%):
At
h
ig
h
SOC
%,
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
u
s
ed
,
lead
in
g
to
m
in
im
al
o
r
n
o
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
I
C
E
.
Sin
ce
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
in
th
is
r
an
g
e
is
alm
o
s
t
n
eg
lig
ib
le,
th
e
f
u
el
ef
f
icien
cy
is
at
its
h
ig
h
est.
T
h
e
v
eh
icle
r
elies
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
,
wh
ich
is
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
es,
esp
ec
ially
in
lo
w
-
lo
ad
u
r
b
an
d
r
iv
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fu
el
ef
f
icien
cy
in
th
is
m
o
d
e
is
n
ea
r
its
o
p
t
im
al,
ty
p
ically
clo
s
e
to
0
L
/1
0
0
k
m
f
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
-
d
is
tan
ce
city
d
r
iv
in
g
wh
er
e
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
is
p
r
im
ar
i
ly
in
u
s
e.
ii)
Me
d
iu
m
SOC
% (
5
0
%
-
8
0
%):
I
n
th
is
r
a
n
g
e,
b
o
th
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
I
C
E
ar
e
u
s
ed
,
a
n
d
th
e
f
u
el
ef
f
icien
cy
is
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
o
n
th
e
ex
ac
t
r
atio
o
f
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
a
n
d
I
C
E
u
s
ag
e.
As
th
e
SO
C
%
d
e
cr
ea
s
es
with
in
th
is
r
an
g
e,
m
o
r
e
r
elian
ce
is
p
lace
d
o
n
th
e
I
C
E
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
-
s
p
ee
d
o
r
h
ig
h
-
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
ju
s
ts
th
e
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
aim
in
g
to
b
alan
ce
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
b
atter
y
u
s
ag
e.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
in
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
wh
er
e
th
e
v
eh
icle
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
o
r
e
p
o
wer
(
e.
g
.
,
ac
ce
ler
atin
g
to
h
ig
h
way
s
p
ee
d
s
)
,
th
e
I
C
E
m
ay
b
e
u
s
ed
m
o
r
e,
wh
ich
r
esu
lts
in
lo
wer
f
u
el
ef
f
icien
cy
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
wh
en
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
is
m
o
r
e
en
g
a
g
ed
.
iii)
L
o
w
SOC
% (
<5
0
%):
W
h
en
th
e
SOC
%
d
r
o
p
s
b
elo
w
5
0
%,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
r
io
r
itizes
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
t
io
n
en
g
in
e
to
av
o
id
b
atter
y
d
ep
letio
n
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
v
eh
icle’
s
f
u
el
ef
f
icien
cy
is
lo
wer
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
I
C
E
is
g
en
er
ally
less
ef
f
icien
t
th
an
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
s
h
if
ts
g
ea
r
s
b
a
s
ed
o
n
v
eh
icle
s
p
ee
d
,
th
r
o
ttle
p
o
s
itio
n
,
an
d
en
g
in
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
58
1
-
589
586
R
PM
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
I
C
E
o
p
er
ates
with
in
an
o
p
tim
al
r
a
n
g
e
to
m
ain
tain
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
o
u
t
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
f
u
el.
E
x
am
p
le
ca
lcu
latio
n
f
o
r
f
u
el
ef
f
icien
cy
:
L
et’
s
c
o
n
s
id
er
a
s
ce
n
ar
io
wh
e
r
e
a
v
eh
icle
tr
a
v
e
ls
1
0
0
k
m
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
SOC
% c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
-
Hig
h
SOC
% (
>8
0
%)
T
h
e
v
e
h
icle
o
p
er
ates
m
o
s
tly
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
.
Fu
el
co
n
s
u
m
ed
(
L
)
=
0
L
(
s
in
ce
n
o
c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
e
is
u
s
ed
)
.
(
100
)
=
(
0
100
)
×
100
=
0
100
(
2
)
-
Me
d
iu
m
SOC
% (
5
0
%
-
8
0
%)
T
h
e
v
eh
icle
u
s
es
b
o
th
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
an
d
th
e
I
C
E
.
L
et’
s
ass
u
m
e
1
0
L
o
f
f
u
el
is
co
n
s
u
m
ed
o
v
er
1
0
0
k
m
o
f
t
r
av
el.
T
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
f
u
el
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
.
(
100
)
=
(
10
100
)
×
100
=
10
100
(
3
)
-
L
o
w
SOC
% (
<5
0
%)
T
h
e
v
eh
icle
r
elies
m
o
s
tly
o
n
t
h
e
I
C
E
,
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
2
0
L
o
f
f
u
el
o
v
er
1
0
0
k
m
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
ca
lcu
lated
as d
ef
in
ed
in
(
4
)
.
(
100
)
=
(
20
100
)
×
100
=
20
100
.
(
4
)
-
B
atter
y
ef
f
icien
cy
B
atter
y
ef
f
icien
cy
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
b
atter
y
en
e
r
g
y
u
s
ed
p
er
d
is
tan
ce
tr
av
eled
,
wh
ich
is
a
cr
itical
m
ea
s
u
r
e
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
el
ec
tr
ic
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
v
eh
icles.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
5
)
.
(
%
)
=
(
ℎ
(
ℎ
)
(
)
)
×
100
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
b
atter
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
(
W
h
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
atter
y
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
tr
ip
,
a
n
d
d
is
tan
ce
tr
av
elled
(
k
m
)
is
th
e
t
o
tal
d
is
tan
ce
co
v
er
e
d
b
y
th
e
v
eh
icle.
I
m
p
ac
t o
f
SOC
%
-
b
ased
g
ea
r
s
h
if
tin
g
o
n
b
atter
y
ef
f
icien
cy
:
i)
Hig
h
SOC
%
(
>8
0
%):
At
h
ig
h
SOC
%,
th
e
b
atter
y
is
f
u
lly
c
h
ar
g
ed
,
an
d
th
e
v
e
h
icle
r
elies
p
r
im
ar
ily
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
is
m
ax
im
iz
es
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
b
atte
r
y
,
as
th
e
s
y
s
tem
av
o
id
s
d
r
ai
n
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
I
C
E
.
B
atter
y
E
f
f
icien
cy
is
h
ig
h
s
in
ce
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
is
h
i
g
h
ly
ef
f
icien
t
in
u
r
b
an
o
r
lo
w
-
l
o
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
ii)
Me
d
iu
m
SOC
%
(
5
0
%
-
8
0
%):
As th
e
S
OC
% d
r
o
p
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
b
alan
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
an
d
th
e
I
C
E
,
lead
in
g
to
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
b
atter
y
ef
f
icien
cy
.
I
n
th
is
r
an
g
e
,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
m
ay
s
witch
b
etwe
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
an
d
th
e
I
C
E
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
d
r
iv
in
g
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
at
e
m
ay
b
e
h
i
g
h
er
d
u
r
in
g
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
o
r
at
h
i
g
h
e
r
s
p
ee
d
s
,
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
.
iii)
L
o
w
SOC
%
(
<5
0
%):
W
h
en
t
h
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
e
is
lo
w,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
elies
m
o
r
e
o
n
th
e
I
C
E
,
an
d
b
atter
y
ef
f
icien
cy
d
r
o
p
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
is
u
s
ed
o
n
ly
f
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
b
u
r
s
ts
o
f
p
o
we
r
o
r
d
u
r
in
g
lo
w
-
s
p
ee
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
I
C
E
p
r
o
v
id
es m
o
s
t o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
lo
wer
b
atter
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
.
E
x
am
p
le
ca
lcu
latio
n
f
o
r
b
atter
y
ef
f
icien
cy
:
-
Hig
h
SOC
% (
>8
0
%):
a
s
s
u
m
e
th
e
b
atter
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
es 1
5
k
W
h
o
v
er
1
0
0
k
m
.
(
%
)
=
(
15000
100
)
=
150
ℎ
=
15%
(
6
)
-
Me
d
iu
m
SOC
% (
5
0
%
-
8
0
%):
a
s
s
u
m
e
th
e
b
atter
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
es 1
8
k
W
h
o
v
er
1
0
0
k
m
.
(
%
)
=
(
18000
100
)
=
180
ℎ
=
18%
(
7
)
-
L
o
w
SOC
% (
<5
0
%)
:
a
s
s
u
m
e
t
h
e
b
atter
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
es 2
5
k
W
h
o
v
er
1
0
0
k
m
.
(
%
)
=
(
25000
100
)
=
250
ℎ
=
25%
(
8
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
tellig
en
t g
ea
r
s
h
ifti
n
g
in
elec
tr
ic
a
n
d
h
yb
r
id
ve
h
icles:
a
C
A
N
co
n
tr
o
ller
…
(
K
a
la
g
o
tla
C
h
en
ch
ir
ed
d
y
)
587
E
n
g
in
e
R
PM
an
d
g
ea
r
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
:
T
h
e
e
n
g
in
e
R
PM
at
wh
ic
h
g
ea
r
s
h
if
ts
o
cc
u
r
p
lay
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
b
o
th
v
e
h
icle
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
f
u
el
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fo
r
b
o
t
h
th
e
el
ec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
an
d
th
e
I
C
E
,
R
PM
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t
an
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
a
l
ef
f
icien
cy
.
E
lectr
ic
m
o
t
o
r
p
o
wer
cu
r
v
e:
E
lectr
ic
m
o
to
r
s
ty
p
ically
d
eliv
er
m
ax
im
u
m
to
r
q
u
e
at
lo
w
R
PMs,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
h
ig
h
ly
s
u
itab
l
e
f
o
r
lo
w
-
s
p
ee
d
d
r
i
v
in
g
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
city
tr
af
f
ic
an
d
in
itial
a
cc
eler
atio
n
.
I
C
E
p
o
wer
cu
r
v
e:
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
th
e
I
C
E
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
p
tim
ally
with
in
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
R
PM
r
an
g
e,
wh
e
r
e
it c
an
g
en
er
ate
s
u
f
f
icien
t p
o
wer
wh
ile
m
ain
tai
n
in
g
f
u
el
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
Gen
er
ally
,
th
e
id
ea
l o
p
er
atin
g
r
an
g
e
lies
b
etwe
en
2
0
0
0
R
PM
an
d
3
5
0
0
R
PM,
b
alan
cin
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
p
ap
e
r
,
we
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
SOC
%
-
b
ased
g
ea
r
s
h
i
f
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
aim
e
d
at
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
ici
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ased
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RE
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1
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P
.
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589
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Dr
.
K
a
la
g
o
tla
C
h
e
n
c
h
ire
d
d
y
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s
b
o
rn
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n
An
d
h
ra
P
ra
d
e
sh
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tat
e
,
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d
ia,
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n
1
9
9
0
.
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re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
Tec
h
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a
n
d
M
.
Tec
h
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fro
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JN
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ra
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d
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n
d
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n
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n
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,
re
sp
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d
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g
re
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tri
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rtme
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r,
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tl
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s
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c
a
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b
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c
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tac
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h
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c
h
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k
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re
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h
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fr
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,
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ti
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ly
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re
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tl
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rk
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a
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sista
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v
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ra
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rc
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p
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rs
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c
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p
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ls
.
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re
a
o
f
i
n
tere
st i
n
c
l
u
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s
p
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p
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d
m
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lt
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l
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rters
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c
a
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b
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c
o
n
tac
ted
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t
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m
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c
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m
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Dr
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th
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g
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tate
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d
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in
1
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.
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h
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r
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lec
tro
n
ics
fro
m
In
d
ian
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Ro
o
rk
e
e
,
Uttara
k
h
a
n
d
,
In
d
ia,
i
n
2
0
1
1
.
F
r
o
m
A
u
g
u
st,
2
0
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1
to
Ju
ly
,
2
0
1
3
,
h
e
wo
r
k
e
d
a
s
a
n
a
ss
ist
a
n
t
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
at
S
h
a
rd
a
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
G
re
a
ter
No
id
a
,
Uttar
P
ra
d
e
sh
.
Th
e
n
,
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
a
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
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in
th
e
El
e
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tri
c
a
l
En
g
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n
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e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
fro
m
In
d
ian
In
sti
tu
te
o
f
Tec
h
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o
l
o
g
y
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o
rk
e
e
,
Uttara
k
h
a
n
d
,
I
n
d
ia
,
in
2
0
1
8
.
P
re
se
n
tl
y
wo
r
k
in
g
a
s
a
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
in
th
e
E
EE
D
ep
a
rtme
n
t
,
VBIT
,
sin
c
e
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
2
3
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
jag
a
n
.
ii
tr@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Dr
.
R.
Na
v
e
e
n
a
Bh
a
r
g
a
v
i
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
e
r
B.
Tec
h
.
(EE
E)
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
2
0
0
1
fro
m
KLCE,
Vijay
a
wa
d
a
,
a
ffil
iate
d
to
Ac
h
a
ry
a
Na
g
a
rju
n
a
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
M
.
Tec
h
(
EP
E)
fro
m
JN
TU,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
in
2
0
0
9
,
a
n
d
o
b
tain
e
d
h
e
r
P
h
.
D.
fro
m
Os
m
a
n
ia
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
H
y
d
e
r
a
b
a
d
,
i
n
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
2
4
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
a
t
o
tal
o
f
2
3
y
e
a
rs
o
f
tea
c
h
in
g
e
x
p
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rien
c
e
a
n
d
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
wo
rk
i
n
g
a
s
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
i
n
CVR
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
H
y
d
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ra
b
a
d
.
S
h
e
is
t
h
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C
h
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ir
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m
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n
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ti
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ll
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f
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g
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rin
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d
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se
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o
r
f
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r
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tu
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t
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h
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h
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is
t
h
e
NBA
c
o
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rd
i
n
a
to
r
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a
m
e
m
b
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r
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f
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S
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a
n
d
th
e
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C
c
o
o
r
d
in
a
t
o
r
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
p
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rtme
n
t.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
rn
.
b
h
a
rg
a
v
i@c
v
r
.
a
c
.
in
.
Dr
.
S
h
a
b
b
ier
Ah
m
e
d
S
y
d
u
is
a
d
isti
n
g
u
is
h
e
d
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
a
n
d
s
c
h
o
lar
wit
h
a
stro
n
g
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
b
a
c
k
g
ro
u
n
d
i
n
th
e
field
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
.
He
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is P
h
.
D.
fro
m
S
ri
S
a
t
y
a
S
a
i
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
M
e
d
ica
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
In
d
ia,
w
h
e
re
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
d
o
n
a
d
v
a
n
c
in
g
t
h
e
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
s
o
lar
a
n
d
wi
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
i
n
to
e
x
isti
n
g
p
o
we
r
s
y
ste
m
s.
Be
fo
re
h
is
d
o
c
t
o
ra
l
stu
d
ies
,
h
e
e
a
rn
e
d
a
M
a
ste
r
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
JN
TU
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k
in
a
d
a
,
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d
ia,
wh
e
re
h
e
fu
rt
h
e
re
d
h
is
e
x
p
e
rti
se
in
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
d
ri
v
e
s.
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c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
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c
h
e
l
o
r
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f
Tec
h
n
o
l
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g
y
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
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h
a
ry
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rju
n
a
Un
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y
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wh
e
re
h
e
laid
th
e
fo
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n
d
a
ti
o
n
fo
r
h
is
c
a
re
e
r
in
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
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m
a
il
:
s
h
a
b
b
ier.
s
y
d
u
@u
tas
.
e
d
u
.
o
m
.
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a
v
a
th
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v
e
e
n
re
c
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iv
e
d
h
is
B.
Tec
h
.
fro
m
JN
TU
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia
,
i
n
2
0
2
4
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
.
He
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
wo
r
k
in
g
a
s
a
g
ra
d
u
a
te
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
train
e
e
(p
ro
jec
ts)
a
t
Ca
p
e
El
e
c
tri
c
P
v
t
.
Lt
d
.
,
Tela
n
g
a
n
a
,
I
n
d
ia
.
He
h
a
s
p
re
se
n
ted
tec
h
n
ica
l
p
a
p
e
rs
in
v
a
rio
u
s
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
p
ra
v
e
e
n
n
u
n
a
v
a
t
h
3
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
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