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[
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ased
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im
en
s
io
n
s
ar
e
r
ar
el
y
in
teg
r
at
ed
in
to
tech
n
ical
ass
ess
m
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
g
ap
s
m
o
tiv
ate
th
e
p
r
ese
n
t stu
d
y
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
r
o
blem
o
utline
C
u
r
r
en
t
e
-
b
ik
es
r
em
ain
d
e
p
e
n
d
en
t
o
n
g
r
id
elec
tr
icity
.
T
h
i
s
elec
tr
icity
o
f
ten
o
r
ig
in
ates
f
r
o
m
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els,
lim
itin
g
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
en
e
f
its
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
is
o
lated
tech
n
ical
o
r
s
o
cial
asp
ec
ts
b
u
t la
ck
in
teg
r
ated
tech
n
o
-
eth
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
.
2
.
2
.
L
it
er
a
t
ure
re
v
iew
a
nd
re
s
ea
rc
h g
a
ps
R
ec
en
t
ad
v
an
ce
s
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
aic
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
av
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
e
f
f
icien
cies
o
f
u
p
to
2
5
.
7
%
f
o
r
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
w
h
ile
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
h
av
e
r
ea
ch
ed
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ities
o
f
2
5
0
–
3
0
0
W
h
/k
g
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esear
ch
g
ap
s
r
e
m
ain
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
am
in
ed
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
f
u
el
-
ce
ll
b
icy
cles,
ca
m
p
u
s
-
s
ca
le
PV
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
,
y
et
t
h
ese
wo
r
k
s
p
r
im
ar
il
y
f
o
cu
s
o
n
tech
n
ical
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
,
s
tatio
n
ar
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
o
r
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
asp
ec
ts
with
o
u
t
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
m
o
b
ile
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
ch
allen
g
es.
E
x
is
tin
g
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
t
h
at
f
i
x
e
d
PV
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
5
0
0
–
2
0
0
0
W
ca
p
ac
ity
,
th
at
wea
th
er
v
ar
iab
i
lity
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
m
o
b
ile
PV
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
t
h
at
i
n
s
tallatio
n
co
s
ts
f
o
r
s
tatio
n
ar
y
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
$
2
,
5
0
0
to
$
1
2
,
0
0
0
.
H
o
wev
er
,
cu
r
r
e
n
t
liter
atu
r
e
s
till
lack
s
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
PV
–
b
atter
y
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
in
m
o
b
ile
e
-
b
i
k
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
d
etailed
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
b
ic
y
cle
-
m
o
u
n
ted
PV
m
o
d
u
les,
in
teg
r
ated
eth
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
eq
u
itab
le
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
s
s
,
an
d
s
y
s
t
em
atic
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
am
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
2
.
3
.
No
v
el
t
ec
hn
ica
l c
o
ntr
ibu
t
io
ns
o
f
t
his
pa
per
T
o
th
e
b
est
o
f
o
u
r
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e,
th
is
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tu
d
y
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
d
ed
icate
d
m
ath
em
atica
l
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
–
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
s
p
ec
if
ically
tailo
r
ed
to
m
o
b
ile
elec
tr
ic
b
icy
cle
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
s
th
at
m
ain
l
y
in
v
esti
g
ate
s
tatio
n
ar
y
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
o
r
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
a
l
elec
tr
ic
b
icy
cles,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
an
o
r
i
g
in
al
an
a
ly
tical
m
o
d
el
th
at
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
d
is
tin
ct
m
o
b
ilit
y
-
r
elate
d
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
d
y
n
am
ic
s
h
ad
in
g
,
weig
h
t
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
an
d
lim
ited
m
o
u
n
tin
g
s
p
ac
e
o
n
a
b
icy
cle
p
latf
o
r
m
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
n
o
v
el
in
its
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
tech
n
ical
an
aly
s
is
with
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
ical
an
d
s
o
cial
ju
s
tice
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
h
at
h
as n
o
t b
ee
n
r
e
p
o
r
ted
i
n
p
r
io
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ad
d
r
ess
es id
en
tifie
d
g
ap
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
u
r
k
ey
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
:
i)
Ma
th
em
atica
l
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
:
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
aly
tical
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
PV
p
an
el
s
izin
g
an
d
b
atter
y
s
elec
tio
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
e
-
b
ik
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
weig
h
t
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
an
d
en
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
ii)
Par
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
an
aly
s
is
:
C
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
s
h
ad
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
b
icy
cle
-
in
teg
r
ated
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
with
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
itig
at
io
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
.
iii)
I
n
teg
r
ated
tech
n
ical
-
eth
ical
ass
es
s
m
en
t
:
No
v
el
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
co
m
b
in
in
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics
with
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
ical
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
s
o
cial
ju
s
tice
im
p
licatio
n
s
.
iv
)
R
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
o
d
elin
g
:
Sy
s
tem
atic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
wea
th
er
-
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
v
ar
iatio
n
s
with
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
g
u
id
elin
es
.
2
.
4
.
P
a
per
s
t
ruct
ure
a
nd
re
lev
a
nce
dem
o
ns
t
ra
t
io
n
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
s
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
t
h
e
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Sectio
n
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
in
teg
r
atin
g
q
u
an
titativ
e
a
n
al
y
s
is
with
q
u
alitativ
e
eth
ical
as
s
ess
m
en
t,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
ical
ev
alu
atio
n
.
Secti
o
n
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
co
v
er
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
en
ef
its
,
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
ch
allen
g
es,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
aly
s
is
,
as
wel
l
as
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
ical
an
d
s
o
cial
ju
s
tice
im
p
licatio
n
s
.
Sectio
n
4
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
,
s
u
m
m
ar
izin
g
k
e
y
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
elec
tr
ic
b
icy
cles
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
ated
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
a
d
d
r
ess
es
th
e
cr
itical
n
ee
d
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
ta
tio
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t o
n
ly
tech
n
ically
v
iab
le
b
u
t a
ls
o
eth
ically
s
o
u
n
d
an
d
s
o
cially
eq
u
itab
le.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Tech
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
a
n
d
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
i
ca
l p
ers
p
ec
tives o
n
p
h
o
t
o
vo
lta
ic
elec
tr
ic
b
icyc
les fo
r
…
(
E
n
d
a
n
g
S
u
s
a
n
ti
)
907
2
.
5
.
Resea
rc
h
des
ig
n a
nd
a
pp
ro
a
ch
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew,
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
elin
g
,
an
d
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
ical
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esi
g
n
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
n
atu
r
e
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ass
ess
m
e
n
t,
in
teg
r
atin
g
q
u
an
titativ
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
aly
s
is
with
q
u
alitativ
e
eth
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
.
Data
b
ase
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
ateg
y
:
-
Prim
ar
y
d
atab
ases
: Scie
n
ce
Dir
ec
t,
I
E
E
E
Xp
lo
r
e
,
Sp
r
in
g
er
L
in
k
,
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
,
Sco
p
u
s
-
Sear
ch
ter
m
s
:
(
"p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
"
OR
"
s
o
lar
")
AND
(
"e
lectr
ic
b
icy
cle"
OR
"e
-
b
ik
e"
)
A
ND
(
"su
s
tain
ab
le
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
")
-
T
im
e
f
r
am
e:
2
0
2
0
-
2
0
2
5
(
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
r
ec
e
n
t a
d
v
a
n
ce
s
)
-
L
an
g
u
ag
e:
E
n
g
lis
h
-
Do
cu
m
en
t ty
p
es: Peer
-
r
ev
iew
ed
jo
u
r
n
al
ar
ticles,
co
n
f
er
en
ce
p
r
o
ce
ed
i
n
g
s
I
n
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
:
-
Stu
d
ies f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
elec
tr
ic
b
i
cy
cles o
r
r
elate
d
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
s
-
R
esear
ch
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
b
atter
y
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies f
o
r
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
-
p
o
wer
ed
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
-
Stu
d
ies ex
am
in
in
g
p
a
r
tial sh
ad
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
in
m
o
b
ile
PV a
p
p
l
icatio
n
s
-
L
iter
atu
r
e
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
eth
ical
o
r
s
o
cial
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
E
x
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
:
-
Stu
d
ies f
o
cu
s
in
g
s
o
lely
o
n
s
tatio
n
ar
y
PV c
h
ar
g
in
g
i
n
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
-
R
esear
ch
lim
ited
to
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles (
ca
r
s
,
m
o
t
o
r
cy
cles)
-
Pu
r
ely
th
eo
r
etica
l stu
d
ies with
o
u
t e
x
p
e
r
im
en
tal
v
alid
atio
n
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
-
Stu
d
ies p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
2
0
2
0
(
ex
ce
p
t sem
in
al
wo
r
k
s
f
o
r
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l f
r
am
ewo
r
k
)
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
PV p
an
el
p
o
wer
r
atin
g
(
P_
p
v
)
f
o
r
e
-
b
i
k
e
ap
p
lica
tio
n
s
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
(
1
)
.
P
pv
=
(
E
d
ai
l
y
×
l
o
s
s
)
/
(
PSH
×
η
pv
×
char
g
e
)
(
1
)
W
h
er
e:
-
E
_
d
aily
=
d
aily
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
W
h
)
-
η
_
lo
s
s
=
s
y
s
tem
lo
s
s
es f
ac
to
r
(
0
.
1
5
-
0
.
2
5
)
-
PS
H
=
p
ea
k
s
u
n
h
o
u
r
s
at
lo
ca
t
io
n
-
η
_
p
v
=
PV p
an
el
ef
f
icien
cy
(
0
.
1
5
-
0
.
2
5
7
)
-
η
_
ch
ar
g
e
=
ch
a
r
g
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
(
0
.
8
5
-
0
.
9
5
)
B
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
(
C
_
b
atter
y
)
is
ca
lcu
lated
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
au
t
o
n
o
m
y
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
an
d
d
e
p
th
o
f
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
,
as
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
2
)
.
C
b
at
t
er
y
=
(
E
d
ai
l
y
×
N
auto
n
o
m
y
)
/
(
DOD
×
η
b
at
t
er
y
)
(
2
)
W
h
er
e:
-
N_
au
to
n
o
m
y
=
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
d
ay
s
o
f
au
to
n
o
m
y
-
DOD
=
d
ep
th
o
f
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
(
0
.
8
f
o
r
lith
i
u
m
-
io
n
,
0
.
9
f
o
r
L
iFePO₄)
-
η
_
b
atter
y
=
b
atter
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
(
0
.
9
-
0
.
9
5
)
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
p
ar
tial sh
ad
in
g
o
n
PV a
r
r
ay
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
m
o
d
eled
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
.
P
s
had
ed
=
P
un
s
h
ad
ed
×
[
1
−
×
(
1
−
b
y
p
as
s
)
]
(
3
)
W
h
er
e:
-
S =
s
h
ad
in
g
f
ac
to
r
(
0
-
1)
-
η
_
b
y
p
ass
=
b
y
p
ass
d
io
d
e
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
(
0
.
7
-
0
.
9
)
-
P_
u
n
s
h
ad
ed
=
u
n
s
h
ad
e
d
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
2
.
6
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
pro
ce
du
re
s
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
co
v
er
s
th
r
ee
m
ain
d
o
m
ai
n
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
PV
e
-
b
ik
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
ec
h
n
ical
d
ata
in
clu
d
e
PV
p
an
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
y
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
b
atter
y
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
u
ch
as
cy
cle
life
,
en
er
g
y
d
e
n
s
ity
,
ch
ar
g
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
m
o
b
ile
o
p
er
atio
n
.
E
co
n
o
m
ic
d
ata
en
co
m
p
ass
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
c
o
s
ts
,
in
s
tallat
io
n
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
ex
p
en
s
es,
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
en
er
g
y
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
b
ased
o
n
r
eg
io
n
al
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ices
an
d
u
s
ag
e
p
atter
n
s
.
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t
d
ata
ar
e
o
b
tain
e
d
u
s
in
g
life
c
y
cle
ass
ess
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
to
esti
m
ate
em
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
to
d
is
p
o
s
al,
ev
alu
ate
m
ater
ial
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
,
an
d
co
m
p
ar
e
em
is
s
io
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
905
-
914
908
2
.
7
.
P
hil
o
s
o
ph
ica
l
a
na
ly
s
is
f
ra
m
ewo
r
k
T
h
e
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
ical
an
al
y
s
is
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
in
te
g
r
ates
eth
ical
ev
a
lu
atio
n
with
tech
n
ical
ass
ess
m
en
t
u
s
in
g
estab
lis
h
ed
p
r
in
cip
les
f
r
o
m
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
eth
ics,
s
o
cial
ju
s
tice
th
eo
r
y
,
an
d
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tialis
t a
n
d
d
eo
n
to
lo
g
ical
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es a
r
e
ap
p
lied
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
PV
e
-
b
ik
e
a
d
o
p
tio
n
,
w
h
ile
R
awls’
d
if
f
er
en
ce
p
r
in
cip
le
is
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
is
s
u
es
o
f
eq
u
itab
le
a
cc
ess
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
in
e
q
u
alities
.
Heid
eg
g
er
ian
a
n
aly
s
is
f
u
r
th
er
ex
p
lo
r
es
h
o
w
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
e
-
b
ik
es
m
ay
r
esh
ap
e
h
u
m
an
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
with
en
er
g
y
,
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
,
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
also
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
u
s
er
ad
o
p
tio
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
an
d
p
o
licy
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
an
d
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
an
d
s
u
p
p
l
y
-
ch
ain
ch
allen
g
es,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
an
in
teg
r
ated
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
b
o
t
h
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
s
o
cieta
l im
p
licatio
n
s
.
2
.
8
.
Da
t
a
qu
a
lity
a
nd
v
a
lid
a
t
io
n
Data
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
e
m
p
lo
y
s
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
an
d
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
o
f
r
esear
ch
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
L
iter
atu
r
e
q
u
ality
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
r
io
r
itizes
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
ie
wed
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
r
o
m
h
ig
h
-
im
p
ac
t
j
o
u
r
n
als
wh
ile
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
citatio
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
a
n
d
r
elev
a
n
ce
to
m
o
b
ile
PV
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
J
o
u
r
n
al
im
p
ac
t
f
ac
to
r
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
itial
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
cr
iter
ia,
s
u
p
p
lem
e
n
ted
b
y
d
etailed
citatio
n
a
n
a
ly
s
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
ac
tu
al
in
f
lu
en
ce
a
n
d
r
elev
a
n
c
e
with
in
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
r
esear
c
h
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
Peer
r
ev
iew
s
tatu
s
v
er
if
icatio
n
en
s
u
r
es a
ll tec
h
n
ic
al
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
m
ee
t e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
Ma
th
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el
v
alid
atio
n
in
v
o
lv
es
m
u
ltip
le
v
er
if
icatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
estab
lis
h
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
an
aly
tical
r
esu
lts
.
E
x
is
tin
g
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
ata
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
v
alid
ates
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
ag
ain
s
t
av
ailab
le
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
f
r
o
m
s
im
ilar
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Sen
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
ex
am
in
es
m
o
d
el
r
esp
o
n
s
e
t
o
p
ar
am
eter
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
id
en
tify
in
g
cr
itical
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
an
d
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
r
a
n
g
es.
B
o
u
n
d
a
r
y
co
n
d
itio
n
test
in
g
en
s
u
r
es m
o
d
el
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
lim
its
ar
e
clea
r
ly
estab
lis
h
ed
an
d
r
esp
ec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t t
h
e
an
a
ly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
2
.
9
.
M
et
ho
do
lo
g
ic
a
l
f
lo
wcha
rt
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
en
s
u
r
es
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
aly
s
is
o
f
PV
e
-
b
ik
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
t
ev
alu
ates
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
I
t
also
ad
d
r
ess
es b
o
th
tech
n
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
b
r
o
ad
er
s
o
cieta
l i
m
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
f
lo
wch
a
r
t
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
T
ec
hn
o
lo
g
ica
l
a
dv
a
ncem
ent
s
in ph
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
e
-
bi
k
e
s
3
.
1
.
1.
So
la
r
pa
nel e
f
f
iciency
a
nd
inte
g
ra
t
io
n
R
ec
en
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
d
s
o
lar
-
p
o
we
r
ed
elec
tr
ic
b
icy
cles'
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
.
Per
o
v
s
k
it
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
o
f
f
er
p
ar
ticu
lar
p
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tatio
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Mu
jah
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et
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l
.
[
1
7
]
r
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p
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r
ted
lab
o
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r
y
ef
f
icien
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f
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ically
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T
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1
[
1
8
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-
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2
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.
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8
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909
T
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Ma
th
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p
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PV in
teg
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O
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c
y
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r
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D
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D
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p
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d
f
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m [
1
8
]
-
[2
1
]
N
o
t
e
:
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
r
a
n
g
e
s ref
l
e
c
t
r
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-
w
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p
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Fra
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in
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els
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licatio
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Ma
th
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p
tim
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s
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(
1
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f
r
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m
s
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b
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tio
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2
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5
s
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ws
th
at
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y
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h
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4
5
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W
in
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ig
h
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PS
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=
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W
in
m
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s
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PS
H
=
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h
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s
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.
3
.
1
.
2
.
B
a
t
t
er
y
t
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hn
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lo
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nd
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Ad
v
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atter
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tech
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tr
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cy
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ig
h
er
in
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o
s
ts
.
3
.
1
.
3
.
P
a
rt
i
a
l sh
a
din
g
ef
f
ec
t
s
a
nd
m
it
ig
a
t
io
n str
a
t
eg
ies
C
r
itical
f
in
d
in
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:
Par
tial
s
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ad
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r
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ts
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m
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s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
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m
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b
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p
licatio
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is
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4
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V
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tem
with
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ized
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lex
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an
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m
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–
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5
%
u
n
d
er
p
ar
tial
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h
ad
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with
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n
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d
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al
co
s
t
o
f
o
n
ly
$10
–
2
0
p
e
r
s
y
s
tem
.
3
.
2
.
E
nv
iro
nm
ent
a
l benef
it
s
3
.
2
.
1
.
Ca
rbo
n e
m
is
s
io
ns
re
d
uct
io
n
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
e
-
b
ik
es
d
em
o
n
s
t
r
ate
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
-
r
elat
ed
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
life
cy
cle
ass
ess
m
en
t
b
y
[
2
2
]
,
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
e
-
b
ik
es
p
r
o
d
u
ce
ap
p
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th
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f
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llo
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g
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m
is
s
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s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
e
r
tr
an
s
p
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es.
L
if
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cle
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
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s
co
m
p
ar
is
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n
ac
r
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s
s
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tati
o
n
m
o
d
es is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
2
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
L
if
ec
y
cle
ca
r
b
o
n
em
i
s
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s
co
m
p
ar
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(
g
C
O₂e
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a
s
s
en
g
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-
km)
Tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
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g
O
p
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r
a
t
i
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n
En
d
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of
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l
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f
e
To
t
a
l
C
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t
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n
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l
c
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r
45
2
1
5
11
2
7
1
P
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b
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c
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a
v
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c
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25
68
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1
0
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S
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P
V
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d
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1
1
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S
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r
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e
:
D
a
t
a
c
o
m
p
i
l
e
d
f
r
o
m [
2
2
]
a
n
d
[
2
3
]
*
B
a
se
d
o
n
5
,
0
0
0
k
m
a
n
n
u
a
l
u
sa
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B
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1
0
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y
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v
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h
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c
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f
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s
p
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Key
en
v
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n
m
en
tal
b
e
n
ef
its
:
-
9
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% r
ed
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p
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T
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ata
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at
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ty
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ical
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r
id
elec
tr
icity
.
I
n
u
r
b
a
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
with
f
av
o
r
ab
l
e
s
o
lar
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
b
e
n
ef
its
ar
e
ev
en
m
o
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e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
Ad
d
itio
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ir
o
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m
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tal
b
en
e
f
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in
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d
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ed
u
ce
d
air
p
o
llu
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n
in
u
r
b
a
n
ce
n
ter
s
[
2
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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910
3
.
3
.
I
m
ple
m
ent
a
t
io
n c
ha
lleng
es
3
.
3
.
1
.
T
ec
hn
ica
l lim
it
a
t
io
ns
Desp
ite
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
,
s
ev
er
al
tech
n
ical
ch
allen
g
es
lim
it
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
W
ea
th
er
d
ep
en
d
e
n
cy
r
e
m
ain
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
s
o
f
6
5
-
8
2
%
d
u
r
in
g
o
v
er
ca
s
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
p
tim
al
s
u
n
lig
h
t
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
n
ec
ess
itates
g
r
id
ch
ar
g
in
g
b
ac
k
u
p
,
p
o
te
n
tially
co
m
p
licatin
g
th
e
u
s
er
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
.
Du
r
ab
ilit
y
also
p
r
esen
t
s
co
n
ce
r
n
s
.
Un
lik
e
s
tatio
n
ar
y
s
o
lar
in
s
tallatio
n
s
,
p
h
o
to
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o
ltaic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
n
e
-
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ik
es
f
ac
e
v
ib
r
atio
n
,
im
p
ac
ts
,
an
d
v
ar
ied
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
6
]
.
Alim
i
et
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
co
n
d
u
cted
ac
ce
ler
ated
lif
etim
e
test
in
g
o
f
f
r
am
e
-
in
teg
r
a
ted
s
o
lar
p
an
els,
f
in
d
in
g
2
7
%
h
ig
h
er
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
r
ates
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
s
tatio
n
ar
y
i
n
s
tallatio
n
s
o
v
er
s
im
u
lated
th
r
ee
-
y
ea
r
u
s
ag
e
p
er
io
d
s
,
af
f
ec
t
in
g
b
o
t
h
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
alu
e
an
d
life
cy
cle
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
b
en
ef
its
.
3
.
3
.
2
.
E
co
no
m
ic
ba
rr
iers
I
n
itial
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
s
ts
r
em
ain
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
ar
r
ier
to
w
id
esp
r
ea
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es
o
f
f
u
lly
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teg
r
ate
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
e
-
b
ik
es
s
h
o
w
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
ad
d
itio
n
al
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
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in
g
c
o
s
ts
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
c
o
n
v
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n
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al
e
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b
ik
es,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
aly
s
es
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
v
alu
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p
r
o
p
o
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ies
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ig
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ican
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ased
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s
ag
e
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atter
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s
an
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g
eo
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r
ap
h
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ca
l
lo
ca
tio
n
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
3
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
E
co
n
o
m
ic
a
n
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
ls
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at
PV
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-
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ik
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C
o
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m
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E
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D
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p
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d
f
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m [
2
9
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a
n
d
[
3
0
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B
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s
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p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
3
.
3
.
3
.
T
ec
hn
ica
l
cha
lleng
e
a
n
a
ly
s
is
a
nd
s
o
lutio
n
s
W
ea
th
er
d
ep
en
d
en
cy
m
itig
atio
n
:
C
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
wea
th
er
i
m
p
ac
t
an
aly
s
is
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
clim
ate
zo
n
es
s
h
o
ws
th
at
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
r
ea
ch
es
1
0
0
%
o
f
its
r
ated
ca
p
ac
ity
u
n
d
er
s
u
n
n
y
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
4
5
-
7
0
%
in
p
a
r
tly
clo
u
d
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
d
r
o
p
s
to
1
5
–
2
5
%
d
u
r
in
g
o
v
e
r
ca
s
t
wea
th
er
,
an
d
f
alls
f
u
r
th
er
to
5
–
1
5
% d
u
r
in
g
r
ain
o
r
s
to
r
m
ev
en
ts
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
: Pr
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
h
y
b
r
id
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
co
m
b
in
in
g
PV
with
g
r
id
b
ac
k
u
p
,
o
v
er
s
ized
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
to
ex
ten
d
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
an
d
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
wea
th
er
p
r
ed
ictio
n
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
ized
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t.
Du
r
ab
ilit
y
an
d
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
:
Acc
eler
ated
life
tim
e
test
in
g
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
m
o
b
ile
PV
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
1
2
–
1
8
%
h
ig
h
er
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
d
u
e
to
v
ib
r
atio
n
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
s
tatio
n
ar
y
in
s
tallatio
n
s
,
th
at
I
E
C
6
1
2
1
5
im
p
ac
t
r
esis
tan
ce
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
ar
e
in
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
u
s
e,
an
d
t
h
at
I
E
C
6
2
9
7
9
is
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
f
o
r
PV
m
o
d
u
les
in
s
p
ec
ial
(
m
o
b
ile)
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Ma
in
ten
an
ce
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
:
R
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
m
ain
ten
an
ce
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
in
clu
d
e
m
o
n
th
ly
v
is
u
al
in
s
p
ec
tio
n
o
f
PV
p
a
n
els
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
q
u
ar
ter
ly
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
test
in
g
,
an
n
u
al
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
y
s
tem
ass
es
s
m
en
t,
an
d
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
test
in
g
ev
er
y
s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
.
3
.
4
.
T
ec
hn
ica
l
perf
o
rm
a
nce
dis
cu
s
s
io
n
T
h
e
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
o
p
tim
izatio
n
r
esu
lts
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
t
h
at
PV
e
-
b
ik
e
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
m
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
o
v
er
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
e
-
b
ik
es,
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
ly
in
h
ig
h
-
s
o
lar
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
ls
cr
itical
lim
itat
io
n
s
th
at
m
u
s
t b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
f
o
r
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
3
.
4
.
1
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n wit
h
prev
io
us
s
t
ud
ie
s
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
m
o
b
ilit
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
ev
er
al
o
r
ig
in
al
q
u
an
titativ
e
a
n
d
a
p
p
licatio
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
.
W
h
ile
ea
r
lier
wo
r
k
s
p
r
im
ar
ily
e
x
am
in
ed
s
tatio
n
ar
y
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
s
o
r
g
en
er
alize
d
elec
tr
ic
b
icy
cle
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
to
id
en
tify
an
d
q
u
an
tif
y
s
ev
er
e
s
h
ad
in
g
-
in
d
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
o
f
u
p
to
6
5
–
8
2
%
u
n
d
er
r
ea
l
u
r
b
an
c
y
clin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
is
p
a
p
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
o
v
el
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el
s
izin
g
r
an
g
e
o
f
4
5
-
2
2
5
W
s
p
ec
if
ically
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
in
teg
r
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
n
elec
tr
ic
b
icy
cles,
a
p
ar
am
eter
th
at
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
e
x
p
licitly
m
o
d
eled
in
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
i
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
MPPT
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Tech
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
a
n
d
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
i
ca
l p
ers
p
ec
tives o
n
p
h
o
t
o
vo
lta
ic
elec
tr
ic
b
icyc
les fo
r
…
(
E
n
d
a
n
g
S
u
s
a
n
ti
)
911
o
p
tim
ized
b
y
p
ass
d
i
o
d
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
u
n
d
er
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
n
ew
tech
n
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
b
e
y
o
n
d
ex
is
tin
g
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ex
ten
d
cu
r
r
en
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
p
r
ac
tical
an
d
d
e
p
lo
y
ab
le
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
elec
tr
ic
b
icy
cle
ap
p
licatio
n
s
k
ey
tech
n
ical
in
s
ig
h
ts
:
i)
Op
tim
al
s
izin
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
:
T
h
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
els
s
h
o
w
th
at
PV
p
an
el
ca
p
ac
ity
m
u
s
t
b
e
tailo
r
ed
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
u
s
ag
e
p
atter
n
s
an
d
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ov
er
-
s
izin
g
lead
s
to
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
weig
h
t
p
en
alties,
wh
ile
u
n
d
er
-
s
izin
g
lim
its
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
en
e
f
its
.
ii)
Par
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
as
p
r
im
ar
y
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t:
Ou
r
a
n
aly
s
is
co
n
f
i
r
m
s
th
at
p
ar
tial
s
h
a
d
in
g
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
tech
n
ical
b
ar
r
ier
t
o
PV
e
-
b
ik
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
u
r
b
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies o
f
f
er
s
u
b
s
tan
tial im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
b
u
t a
d
d
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
iii)
B
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
elec
tio
n
:
L
iFePO₄
b
atter
ies
em
er
g
e
as
th
e
o
p
tim
al
c
h
o
ice
f
o
r
PV
e
-
b
ik
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
d
esp
ite
h
ig
h
er
i
n
itial c
o
s
ts
,
d
u
e
to
s
u
p
er
io
r
cy
cle
life
an
d
th
e
r
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
.
3
.
5
.
E
nv
iro
nm
ent
a
l
i
m
pli
ca
t
io
ns
T
h
e
life
cy
cle
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
PV
e
-
b
ik
es
o
f
f
er
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
en
e
f
its
,
b
u
t
th
ese
b
en
ef
its
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
u
s
ag
e
p
atter
n
s
an
d
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
9
5
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
a
u
to
m
o
b
iles
r
ep
r
ese
n
ts
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
ten
tial
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
u
r
b
an
em
is
s
io
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
g
o
als.
C
r
itical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
s
id
er
a
tio
n
s
:
Ma
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
PV
p
an
els
an
d
b
atter
ies
r
em
ain
s
u
b
s
tan
tial,
en
d
-
of
-
life
r
ec
y
clin
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
s
till
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
en
e
f
its
ar
e
m
a
x
im
ized
o
n
l
y
with
co
n
s
is
ten
t u
s
ag
e
in
s
u
itab
le
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
3
.
6
.
E
co
no
m
ic
v
ia
bil
it
y
a
na
l
y
s
is
E
co
n
o
m
ic
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
ls
a
co
m
p
le
x
p
ictu
r
e
wh
er
e
PV
e
-
b
ik
es
ac
h
iev
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
etu
r
n
s
o
n
in
v
estme
n
t
p
r
im
ar
ily
i
n
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
u
s
e
ca
s
es.
C
o
m
m
e
r
cial
d
e
liv
er
y
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ju
s
tific
atio
n
,
wh
ile
r
ec
r
ea
tio
n
a
l u
s
er
s
f
ac
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t e
co
n
o
m
ic
b
ar
r
ier
s
.
i)
E
co
n
o
m
ic
i
m
p
licatio
n
s
ii)
Ma
r
k
et
s
eg
m
en
tatio
n
n
ec
ess
ity
:
Dif
f
er
en
t
p
r
icin
g
an
d
d
esig
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
n
ee
d
e
d
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
u
s
er
s
eg
m
en
ts
.
iii)
Po
licy
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
o
ten
tial:
Su
b
s
id
ies o
r
in
ce
n
tiv
es m
ay
b
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
b
r
o
ad
er
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
iv
)
C
o
s
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tr
ajec
to
r
y
:
C
o
n
tin
u
ed
PV
an
d
b
atter
y
co
s
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
will
im
p
r
o
v
e
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
v
iab
ilit
y
o
v
er
tim
e
.
3
.
7
.
P
hil
o
s
o
ph
ica
l
im
pli
ca
t
io
ns
o
f
ph
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
E
-
bik
es
3
.
7
.
1
.
E
pis
t
em
o
lo
g
ica
l
c
o
ns
idera
t
io
ns
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
e
-
b
ik
es
r
aise
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
q
u
esti
o
n
s
a
b
o
u
t
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
claim
v
ali
d
atio
n
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
3
1
]
.
T
r
a
d
itio
n
al
s
cien
tific
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
q
u
an
t
if
iab
le
m
etr
ics
lik
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
m
ay
f
ail
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
ec
ts
.
Ku
m
ar
et
a
l
.
[
3
2
]
a
r
g
u
e
f
o
r
ex
p
a
n
d
ed
ep
is
tem
o
lo
g
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
q
u
alitativ
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
h
o
w
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
r
esh
ap
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
an
d
s
o
cial
p
r
ac
tices.
Har
d
in
g
'
s
s
o
cial
ep
is
tem
o
lo
g
y
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
elev
an
t,
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
at
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e
em
er
g
es
f
r
o
m
s
o
cia
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
v
al
u
es,
in
ter
ests
,
an
d
p
o
wer
r
elatio
n
s
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
test
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
e
-
b
ik
es
in
v
o
lv
es
n
eg
o
tiatio
n
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
—
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ad
v
o
ca
t
es,
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
p
lan
n
er
s
,
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
—
ea
ch
b
r
in
g
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t v
alu
es a
n
d
p
r
io
r
ities
to
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
3
.
7
.
2
.
T
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
o
nto
lo
g
y
a
nd
hu
m
a
n
-
na
t
ure
re
la
t
io
ns
h
ips
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Heid
eg
g
er
ia
n
a
n
aly
s
is
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tally
s
h
ap
es
h
u
m
an
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
n
atu
r
e,
an
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
e
-
b
i
k
es
m
ay
f
o
s
ter
g
r
ea
ter
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
en
ess
b
y
m
ak
in
g
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
v
is
ib
le
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
tial,
en
c
o
u
r
ag
in
g
an
em
b
o
d
ied
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
lim
itatio
n
s
[
3
4
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
m
ay
also
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
m
,
wh
er
e
co
m
p
l
ex
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ar
e
v
iewe
d
as
s
o
lv
a
b
le
s
o
lely
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
T
h
eir
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
im
p
ac
t
th
er
ef
o
r
e
d
ep
en
d
s
n
o
t
o
n
ly
o
n
tech
n
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
u
t
also
o
n
th
eir
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
u
r
b
an
p
la
n
n
in
g
p
r
io
r
ities
,
an
d
b
r
o
a
d
er
h
u
m
an
–
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
C
r
itical
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
eo
r
y
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
PV
e
-
b
ik
es
m
ay
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ce
ex
is
tin
g
s
o
cial
v
alu
es
an
d
p
o
wer
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
[
3
5
]
.
L
in
an
d
Sh
en
[
3
6
]
n
o
te
th
at
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
m
ar
k
etin
g
o
f
th
ese
v
eh
icles
o
f
ten
r
ef
lect
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
o
p
tim
is
m
an
d
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
p
o
ten
tially
d
iv
er
tin
g
atten
tio
n
f
r
o
m
s
y
s
tem
ic
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
c
h
an
g
es
n
ee
d
ed
in
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
3
.
8
.
So
cia
l
j
us
t
ice
a
nd
a
cc
ess
ibi
lity
T
h
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
e
-
b
ik
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
r
aises
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tiv
e
ju
s
tice
in
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
e
p
lo
y
m
en
t.
T
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
p
r
i
n
cip
le
r
aises
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
r
es
ea
r
ch
p
r
io
r
ities
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
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p
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tatio
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[
3
7
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.
T
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tio
n
o
f
h
o
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s
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o
ld
ex
p
e
n
d
itu
r
es [
3
8
]
.
3
.
9
.
P
o
licy
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pli
ca
t
io
ns
a
nd
f
uture
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s
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t
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its
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
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p
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licy
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o
m
m
en
d
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s
r
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lect
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ical
well
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[
4
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.
4.
CO
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SI
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ased
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I
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N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Tech
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913
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
P
.
C
h
e
n
g
,
W
.
Li
u
,
J.
M
a
,
L
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
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.
J
i
a
,
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o
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p
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se
,
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En
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r
g
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v
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.
2
4
5
,
p
.
1
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2
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1
2
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2
1
.
[
2
]
A
n
n
a
F
l
e
c
k
,
“
C
a
r
s
c
a
u
s
e
b
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mi
ssi
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t
a
t
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t
a
,
2
0
2
3
.
[
O
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e
]
.
A
v
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:
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.
(
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c
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A
p
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.
2
0
,
2
0
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)
.
[
3
]
B
.
K
e
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d
s
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p
a
n
d
N
.
H
.
F
u
e
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[
4
]
N
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w
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E
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[
5
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W
.
G
.
S
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c
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I
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[
7
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[
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.
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7
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1
9
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