I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Appl
ied P
o
wer
E
ng
i
neer
ing
(
I
J
AP
E
)
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
590
~
5
9
9
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijap
e
.
v
1
5
.
i
2
.
pp
590
-
599
590
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l ho
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p
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Ada
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rithm f
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r
fas
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nd acura
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ma
x
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mum
power
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ng
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nfo
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T
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A
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ticle
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to
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y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Dec
1
1
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Dec
2
5
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Ma
r
1
2
,
2
0
2
6
In
t
h
is
stu
d
y
,
we
p
ro
p
o
se
d
a
n
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
p
e
rt
u
rb
a
n
d
o
b
se
rv
e
(P
&
O)
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
d
e
sig
n
e
d
fo
r
e
fficie
n
t
m
a
x
imu
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
i
n
t
trac
k
in
g
(M
P
P
T)
i
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
i
c
(P
V)
sy
ste
m
s.
Th
is
m
e
th
o
d
a
d
d
re
ss
e
s
k
e
y
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
in
s
o
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
sy
ste
m
s,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
v
a
riab
il
it
y
i
n
so
lar
irrad
iatio
n
a
n
d
p
a
rti
a
l
sh
a
d
in
g
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s.
T
h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
m
e
th
o
d
in
tr
o
d
u
c
e
d
a
d
y
n
a
m
ic
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
t
iv
e
in
a
d
j
u
stin
g
th
e
ste
p
siz
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
&
O
a
s
it
n
e
a
rs
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
in
t
(M
P
P
),
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
trac
k
i
n
g
p
re
c
isio
n
a
n
d
re
d
u
c
in
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
lo
s
se
s.
To
sh
o
w
th
e
a
b
il
i
ty
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
,
we
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
it
with
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
io
n
a
l
P
&
O
a
n
d
G
WO
&
P
&
O.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
P
&
O
M
P
P
T
a
l
g
o
ri
th
m
c
o
n
siste
n
tl
y
m
a
in
tain
s
n
e
a
r
-
id
e
a
l
trac
k
in
g
e
fficie
n
c
y
o
f
≈9
9
.
7
%
a
c
ro
ss
v
a
rio
u
s
irrad
ian
c
e
sc
e
n
a
rio
s,
si
g
n
ifi
c
a
n
tl
y
o
u
t
p
e
rfo
rm
in
g
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
P
&
O,
wh
ich
d
r
o
p
s
to
7
4
.
4
5
%
u
n
d
e
r
p
a
rti
a
l
sh
a
d
in
g
.
Ov
e
ra
ll
,
i
t
a
c
h
iev
e
s
a
n
a
v
e
ra
g
e
e
fficie
n
c
y
o
f
9
9
.
7
1
%
,
su
rp
a
ss
in
g
h
y
b
rid
P
&
O
-
G
WO
(9
9
.
5
2
%
)
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
P
&
O
(
9
1
.
3
0
%
),
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ti
n
g
su
p
e
rio
r
re
li
a
b
i
li
ty
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
stin
g
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
in
d
ica
ted
th
a
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
c
o
u
l
d
re
d
u
c
e
p
o
we
r
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
a
n
d
o
b
tain
g
re
a
ter
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
in
d
e
tec
ti
n
g
M
P
P
.
T
h
e
stu
d
y
c
o
n
firms
th
e
m
e
th
o
d
'
s
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
izin
g
e
n
e
rg
y
e
x
trac
ti
o
n
a
n
d
su
g
g
e
sts
f
u
rth
e
r
re
fin
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
b
r
o
a
d
e
r
a
p
p
li
c
a
b
il
it
y
.
Th
is
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
re
p
re
se
n
ts
a
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
ste
p
i
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
th
e
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
e
fficie
n
c
y
o
f
P
V
sy
ste
m
s in
b
o
t
h
g
rid
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
a
n
d
o
ff
-
g
r
id
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ad
ap
tiv
e
P&
O
Ma
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t tr
ac
k
in
g
Par
tial sh
ad
in
g
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
PV sy
s
tem
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Kh
air
u
n
Sad
d
a
m
i
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
C
o
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
iv
e
r
s
itas
Sy
iah
Ku
ala
Stre
et
Sy
ek
h
Ab
d
u
r
r
au
f
No
.
7
,
B
an
d
a
Ace
h
2
3
1
1
1
,
Aceh
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: k
h
air
u
n
.
s
ad
d
am
i
@u
sk
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Ma
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
is
a
c
r
u
cial
asp
ec
t
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
s
,
as
it
en
ab
les
th
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
ar
r
a
y
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
lay
s
a
v
ital
r
o
le
i
n
o
p
tim
izin
g
e
n
er
g
y
y
iel
d
,
r
e
d
u
cin
g
en
er
g
y
l
o
s
s
es,
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
5
%
to
2
0
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
en
er
g
y
y
ield
[
1
]
-
[
3
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
in
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
a
n
d
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
h
as c
r
ea
t
ed
a
g
r
o
win
g
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
t a
n
d
r
eliab
le
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
v
a
r
io
u
s
ad
v
an
ce
d
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
ict
iv
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
ar
tific
ial
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
an
d
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
[
4
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
f
ten
r
eq
u
ir
e
co
m
p
lex
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
,
h
ig
h
-
r
eso
l
u
tio
n
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
an
d
p
r
ec
is
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
co
s
t a
n
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
d
a
p
tive
P
&
O
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
fo
r
fa
s
t a
n
d
a
c
c
u
r
a
te
ma
ximu
m
p
o
w
er p
o
in
t tra
ck
in
g
…
(
F
a
th
u
r
r
a
h
ma
n
)
591
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
in
b
o
th
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
an
d
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
h
as
in
ten
s
if
ied
th
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t,
ac
c
u
r
ate,
an
d
r
eliab
le
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
es.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
ad
v
an
ce
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
s
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
.
F
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
(
MPC
)
h
as
b
ee
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
f
o
r
its
ab
ilit
y
t
o
an
ticip
ate
s
y
s
tem
d
y
n
am
ics
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
tio
n
s
[
5
]
,
wh
ile
ar
tific
ial
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
ANNs)
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
in
lear
n
in
g
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
PV
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
[
6
]
.
Similar
ly
,
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
h
as
b
ee
n
em
p
lo
y
e
d
f
o
r
its
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
in
h
an
d
lin
g
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
an
d
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
4
]
.
Desp
ite
t
h
ei
r
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
es
,
t
h
ese
a
d
v
a
n
ce
d
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
t
e
n
c
o
m
e
w
it
h
i
n
c
r
e
ase
d
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
h
i
g
h
co
m
p
u
tati
o
n
a
l
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
le
x
i
ty
,
r
elia
n
ce
o
n
h
ig
h
-
r
eso
lu
ti
o
n
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
e
ed
f
o
r
p
r
e
cise
m
o
d
elli
n
g
o
f
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
w
h
i
ch
c
an
d
r
i
v
e
u
p
co
s
ts
an
d
c
o
m
p
lica
t
e
im
p
l
em
e
n
ta
ti
o
n
.
Hy
b
r
i
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
,
s
u
ch
as
co
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
(
P&
O
)
wit
h
m
a
ch
in
e
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
[
7
]
,
h
a
v
e
att
e
m
p
te
d
t
o
b
al
an
ce
s
im
p
li
cit
y
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
ac
h
i
e
v
i
n
g
a
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
wit
h
h
i
g
h
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
a
n
d
ad
a
p
ta
b
i
lit
y
r
e
m
a
in
s
a
ch
a
ll
en
g
e
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
r
e
al
-
wo
r
l
d
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
ast
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
t
o
i
r
r
a
d
ia
n
c
e
ch
a
n
g
es,
r
esi
lie
n
c
e
u
n
d
er
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
,
a
n
d
l
o
w
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
cy
o
n
p
r
ec
is
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
d
a
ta
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
t
g
a
p
s
i
n
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
t
at
e
o
f
M
PP
T
r
es
ea
r
c
h
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
lig
h
tweig
h
t
y
et
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
two
c
o
r
e
c
h
allen
g
es
in
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
P&
O:
i
)
f
ix
ed
s
tep
s
izes
th
at
r
esu
lt
in
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
tin
g
o
r
s
lo
w
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
n
ea
r
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t (
MPP
)
an
d
ii
)
p
o
o
r
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
r
ap
i
d
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
ch
an
g
es o
r
p
ar
tial sh
ad
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
en
h
an
ce
s
tr
ad
itio
n
al
P&
O
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
a
g
r
a
d
ien
t
-
b
ased
,
n
o
r
m
alize
d
,
a
n
d
b
o
u
n
d
ed
s
tep
s
ize
—
co
m
p
u
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
-
v
o
ltag
e
s
lo
p
e.
T
h
is
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
ac
ce
ler
ate
s
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
wh
en
f
ar
f
r
o
m
th
e
MPP
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
p
r
ec
is
io
n
n
ea
r
th
e
p
ea
k
with
o
u
t
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
W
h
ile
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
an
ce
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
—
s
u
ch
as
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
an
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
AI
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
—
th
ey
o
f
ten
r
eq
u
ir
e
c
o
m
p
lex
tu
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
h
i
g
h
-
r
eso
lu
ti
o
n
s
en
s
o
r
in
p
u
ts
,
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
o
v
e
r
h
ea
d
[
1
0
]
-
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
lim
it
th
eir
p
r
ac
ticality
in
lo
w
-
co
s
t
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
em
b
ed
d
e
d
PV c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
al
g
o
r
ith
m
m
ain
tain
s
th
e
s
im
p
l
icity
an
d
lo
w
-
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
P&
O,
m
ak
i
n
g
it
h
ig
h
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
lo
w
-
p
o
w
er
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
ed
in
r
u
r
al,
r
em
o
te,
o
r
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
PV
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
s
.
I
ts
n
o
v
elty
lies
n
o
t
in
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
b
u
t
in
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
b
alan
ce
it
s
tr
ik
es
b
etwe
en
tr
ac
k
in
g
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
,
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
im
p
licity
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
ely
o
n
h
eu
r
is
tics
,
p
r
e
-
tr
ain
ed
m
o
d
els,
o
r
r
u
le
-
b
ased
lo
g
ic,
m
ak
in
g
it
m
o
r
e
p
r
ed
ictab
le
an
d
ea
s
ier
t
o
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
n
ew
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
aim
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
ac
cu
r
a
cy
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
co
m
b
in
es
th
e
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
with
an
a
d
v
an
ce
d
f
ast
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
an
d
r
eliab
le
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
en
e
r
g
y
y
ield
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
m
ain
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
ar
e:
i)
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
n
ad
a
p
tiv
e
P&
O
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
th
at
a
d
ap
tiv
ely
ch
a
n
g
es
th
e
s
tep
-
s
ize
to
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
e
MPP,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
cin
g
p
o
wer
d
ev
iatio
n
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
tr
ac
k
in
g
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
.
ii)
Dem
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
v
er
b
o
th
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
P&
O
an
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
P&
O
-
GW
O
m
eth
o
d
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
u
n
d
e
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
an
d
p
a
r
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
v
alid
atin
g
f
aster
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
r
est o
f
th
is
ar
ticle
will p
r
o
v
id
e
a
d
etailed
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
an
d
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ettin
g
in
Sectio
n
2
.
Sectio
n
3
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
an
d
h
o
w
th
at
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
.
Sectio
n
4
c
o
n
clu
d
ed
th
e
k
ey
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
s
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
MPPT
ef
f
icien
cy
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
PV sy
s
tem
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Cha
ra
c
t
er
is
t
ics
s
y
s
t
em
A
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
lar
p
an
els,
ar
r
an
g
e
d
in
s
er
ies
an
d
p
ar
allel
o
r
co
m
b
in
e
d
,
with
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices
ac
tin
g
as
an
in
ter
f
ac
e
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
A
ce
ll
in
a
PV
s
y
s
tem
is
ty
p
ically
m
o
d
elled
as
a
s
in
g
le
-
d
io
d
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
c
u
it
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
-
v
o
ltag
e
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tic
o
f
th
e
ce
l
l
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it
is
d
escr
ib
ed
a
s
(
1
)
[
14]
-
[
1
6
]
.
=
ℎ
−
0
[
e
xp
(
+
)
−
1
]
−
+
ℎ
(
1
)
T
h
e
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice
i
s
em
p
lo
y
in
g
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ex
tr
ac
t
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
in
ev
er
y
wo
r
k
in
g
co
n
d
i
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ch
an
g
e
in
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
is
th
e
m
o
s
t c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
in
PV p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
w
o
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
is
wh
en
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
r
ec
eiv
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
,
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
(
UI
C
)
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
is
wh
en
ce
r
tain
m
o
d
u
les
o
f
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
ar
e
s
h
ad
ed
b
y
p
ass
in
g
clo
u
d
s
,
o
r
o
th
er
o
b
ject
s
,
th
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
(
PS
C
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
590
-
599
592
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
illu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
PV
u
n
d
er
UI
C
co
n
d
itio
n
s
with
v
ar
ied
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
to
7
0
0
W
/m
2
[
1
7
]
-
[
20]
.
2.
2
.
T
he
pro
po
s
ed
m
et
ho
d
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
an
im
p
r
o
v
ed
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
P&
O
tech
n
iq
u
e
a
s
o
u
tlin
ed
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
2
1
]
-
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
lies
in
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
t
ep
s
ize
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
x
im
ity
to
th
e
MPP
[
2
4
]
.
W
h
ile
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
P&
O
m
eth
o
d
m
ain
tain
s
a
co
n
s
tan
t
s
tep
s
ize
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
ew
ad
a
p
tiv
e
s
ize
o
f
s
tep
s
b
y
s
lo
win
g
d
o
w
n
th
e
s
tep
s
as
it
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
e
MPP
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
tep
s
ize
a
d
d
r
ess
es
a
cr
itical
lim
itatio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
P&
O
m
et
h
o
d
.
W
h
en
th
e
s
tep
s
ize
is
to
o
lar
g
e,
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
m
ay
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
th
e
MPP,
r
ed
u
cin
g
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
a
s
m
aller
s
tep
s
ize
im
p
r
o
v
es
p
r
ec
is
io
n
b
u
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
s
lo
ws
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
y
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
s
tep
s
ize,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
e
t
h
o
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
a
n
d
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
t
o
t
h
e
M
P
P.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
d
e
p
i
c
t
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
'
s
w
o
r
k
f
l
o
w
an
d
its
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
tep
-
s
ize
s
tr
ateg
y
,
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
ed
tr
a
ck
in
g
p
r
ec
is
io
n
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
n
ea
r
th
e
MPP.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
d
ap
ti
v
e
P&
O
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
P&
O
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
u
t
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
b
eh
a
v
i
o
u
r
as
it
n
ea
r
s
th
e
MPP.
W
h
en
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
is
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
,
an
d
th
e
t
r
ac
k
in
g
p
o
in
t
is
f
ar
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ea
k
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
o
p
e
r
ates
s
im
ilar
ly
to
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
P&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
u
s
in
g
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
s
tep
s
ize
to
ex
p
ed
ite
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
Ho
wev
er
,
as
th
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
p
o
in
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
e
MPP,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
s
lo
ws
d
o
wn
its
m
o
v
em
en
t.
T
h
is
d
elib
er
ate
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
s
tep
s
ize
en
s
u
r
es
p
r
ec
is
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
to
th
e
MPP,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
tin
g
o
r
d
e
v
iatio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
o
in
t.
T
h
is
ad
ap
tiv
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
en
h
an
ce
s
b
o
th
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
o
p
tim
izes
en
er
g
y
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
w
h
ile
m
in
i
m
izin
g
th
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
P&
O
m
eth
o
d
s
.
I
n
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
P&
O
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
s
tep
s
ize
Δ
D
f
o
r
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
is
co
n
s
tan
t.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
,
t
h
e
s
tep
s
ize
b
ec
o
m
es
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
d
if
f
er
en
ce
,
en
ab
lin
g
f
in
e
r
tu
n
i
n
g
as
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
n
ea
r
s
th
e
MPP.
T
h
e
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
te
p
s
ize
is
d
y
n
am
ically
s
ca
led
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ate
o
f
c
h
an
g
e
i
n
p
o
wer
as
(
2
).
∆
(
)
=
.
|
∆
∆
|
(
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
d
a
p
tive
P
&
O
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
fo
r
fa
s
t a
n
d
a
c
c
u
r
a
te
ma
ximu
m
p
o
w
er p
o
in
t tra
ck
in
g
…
(
F
a
th
u
r
r
a
h
ma
n
)
593
W
h
er
e
∆
is
a
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
in
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
,
(
)
is
d
u
ty
cy
cle
at
iter
atio
n
at
k
,
is
a
g
ain
f
ac
to
r
,
∆
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
ch
an
g
e
in
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t
b
etwe
en
two
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
o
in
ts
o
r
iter
atio
n
s
,
an
d
∆
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
ch
an
g
e
in
v
o
ltag
e
o
v
er
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
in
ter
v
al.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
it
is
ca
p
p
ed
u
s
in
g
(
3
).
∆
(
)
=
min
(
∆
(
)
,
∆
)
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
∆
is
m
ax
im
u
m
allo
wab
le
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
.
T
h
is
r
u
le
m
ak
es
th
e
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
b
ec
o
m
e
la
r
g
e
wh
en
f
ar
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
MPP
(
h
i
g
h
v
alu
e
o
f
|
∆
∆
|
)
a
n
d
s
m
all
wh
ile
n
ea
r
th
e
MPP
(
lo
w
v
alu
e
o
f
|
∆
∆
|
)
wh
ich
p
r
ev
en
t
f
r
o
m
o
s
cilatio
n
.
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
u
p
d
ate
f
o
l
lo
ws th
e
P&
O
p
r
in
cip
le
,
wh
ic
h
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
4
).
∆
>
0
⟹
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
+
∆
(
)
∆
<
0
⟹
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
−
∆
(
)
(
4
)
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
co
n
tin
u
es
m
o
v
in
g
in
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
o
wer
b
u
t
s
lo
ws
d
o
wn
a
d
ap
tiv
el
y
as it c
o
n
v
er
g
es to
th
e
MPP.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
co
n
v
er
g
es to
th
e
MPP m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ately
th
an
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
P&
O
d
u
e
to
:
i
)
R
ed
u
ctio
n
in
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t:
s
m
aller
Δ
D
as
M
PP
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ed
,
an
d
ii
)
Fas
ter
s
tab
ilizati
o
n
:
lar
g
er
∆
wh
en
f
ar
f
r
o
m
MPP
.
T
h
is
s
tr
ateg
y
le
ad
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
t
r
ac
k
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
o
s
cillatio
n
,
an
d
s
h
o
r
ter
s
ettlin
g
tim
e.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
im
p
lem
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
Ad
ap
tiv
e
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
MPPT
I
n
p
u
t:
I
n
itial d
u
ty
cy
cle
(
0
)
Ma
x
im
u
m
s
tep
s
ize
(
∆
)
Ad
ap
tiv
e
g
ain
f
ac
to
r
(
)
Ou
tp
u
t: u
p
d
ated
d
u
ty
cy
cle
D
f
o
r
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
Step
s
:
1.
I
n
itializatio
n
:
Set in
itial v
o
ltag
e
,
cu
r
r
e
n
t
,
an
d
p
o
we
r
=
×
Set in
itial d
u
ty
cy
cle
←
0
2.
R
ep
ea
t f
o
r
ea
ch
s
am
p
lin
g
in
ter
v
al
Me
asu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
v
o
ltag
e
V
,
cu
r
r
en
t
I
;
c
o
m
p
u
te
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
o
wer
:
=
×
C
alcu
late
ch
an
g
e
in
p
o
wer
:
∆
=
−
;
c
alcu
late
ch
an
g
e
in
v
o
ltag
e:
∆
=
−
3.
C
o
m
p
u
te
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
tep
s
ize
if
∆
≠
0
,
co
m
p
u
te:
∆
(
)
=
.
|
∆
∆
|
else,
Set
∆
to
a
s
m
all
co
n
s
tan
t
lim
it
∆
to
(
∆
4.
Up
d
ate
d
u
ty
cy
cle
D
b
ased
o
n
p
o
wer
ch
a
n
g
e
If
∆
>
0
an
d
∆
>
0
:
←
+
∆
If
∆
>
0
an
d
∆
<
0
:
←
−
∆
If
∆
<
0
an
d
∆
>
0
:
←
−
∆
If
∆
<
0
an
d
∆
<
0
:
←
+
∆
5.
Up
d
ate
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
v
alu
es
←
←
6.
Ap
p
ly
n
ew
D
to
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
r
ep
ea
t
f
r
o
m
s
tep
2
2.
3
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n
s
et
t
ing
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
s
im
u
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
d
ap
tiv
e
P&
O.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
was
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
o
n
two
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
U
I
C
an
d
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
was
test
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
s
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
Simu
lin
k
u
n
d
er
b
o
th
u
n
if
o
r
m
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
a
n
d
p
ar
tial sh
ad
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
590
-
599
594
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
MPPT
S
im
u
lin
k
:
(
a
)
PV sy
s
tem
an
d
(
b
)
o
v
er
all
MPPT
s
im
u
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ain
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
l
e
an
d
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it
u
s
ed
in
th
e
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
test
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
o
l
ar
p
an
el
u
s
ed
is
a
T
ata
Po
wer
So
lar
Sy
s
tem
T
P2
5
0
MBZ
with
a
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
m
ax
o
f
2
4
9
W
,
an
o
p
en
ci
r
c
u
it
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vo
c)
o
f
3
6
.
8
V,
a
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
s
c)
o
f
8
.
8
3
A,
a
v
o
ltag
e
at
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
f
3
0
V,
a
n
d
a
cu
r
r
e
n
t a
t m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
f
8
.
3
A.
T
h
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le'
s
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
,
wh
ich
f
o
r
m
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
o
wer
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
T
ab
l
e
2
also
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
u
s
ed
to
r
eg
u
l
ate
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
.
T
h
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
a
1
.
2
m
H
in
d
u
cto
r
,
a
4
6
8
µF
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
an
d
a
5
3
Ω
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
v
alu
es
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
ee
d
to
m
ain
tain
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
m
ax
im
ize
p
o
wer
t
r
an
s
f
er
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
MPPT
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
test
s
ce
n
ar
io
in
v
o
l
v
ed
v
ar
y
in
g
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
in
ten
s
ity
at
a
co
n
s
tan
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
Fo
u
r
PV
m
o
d
u
les
wer
e
ar
r
an
g
ed
,
ea
c
h
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
v
ar
y
in
g
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
to
s
im
u
late
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
an
d
u
n
if
o
r
m
in
s
o
latio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
PS
C
p
atter
n
1
r
ep
r
esen
ts
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
,
with
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
/m
²
o
n
m
o
d
u
les
1
a
n
d
3
,
an
d
6
0
0
W
/m
²
o
n
m
o
d
u
les
2
an
d
4
.
PS
C
p
atter
n
2
d
e
p
icts
a
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
u
n
if
o
r
m
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
with
all
m
o
d
u
les
r
ec
eiv
in
g
1
0
0
0
W
/m
².
Un
if
o
r
m
in
s
o
latio
n
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
b
u
t w
ith
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
v
ar
iatio
n
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
to
7
0
0
–
1
0
0
0
W
/m
².
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
N
o
.
I
t
e
m
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
1
.
M
o
d
u
l
e
s
Ta
t
a
P
o
w
e
r
S
o
l
a
r
S
y
s
t
e
m
TP2
5
0
M
B
Z
2
.
M
a
x
p
o
w
e
r
2
4
9
W
3
.
O
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
3
6
.
8
V
4
.
S
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
8
.
8
3
A
5
.
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
t
ma
x
p
o
w
e
r
3
0
V
6
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
t
ma
x
p
o
w
e
r
8
.
3
A
T
ab
le
2
.
B
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
p
ec
i
f
icatio
n
s
N
o
.
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
N
o
mi
n
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
s
1.
I
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
L
=
1
.
2
mH
2.
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
C
=
4
6
8
µ
F
3.
R
e
si
st
i
v
e
l
o
a
d
R
L
oa
d
=
5
3
O
h
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
d
a
p
tive
P
&
O
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
fo
r
fa
s
t a
n
d
a
c
c
u
r
a
te
ma
ximu
m
p
o
w
er p
o
in
t tra
ck
in
g
…
(
F
a
th
u
r
r
a
h
ma
n
)
595
T
ab
le
3
.
I
r
r
a
d
iatio
n
ch
an
g
es
th
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
with
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
n
s
tan
t
N
o
.
M
o
d
u
l
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
P
S
C
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
1
(
W
/
m
2
)
P
S
C
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
2
(
k
W
/
m
2
)
U
n
i
f
o
r
m
i
n
s
o
l
a
t
i
o
n
(
k
W
/
m
2
)
1.
M
o
d
u
l
e
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
7
0
0
2.
M
o
d
u
l
e
2
6
0
0
1
0
0
0
9
0
0
3.
M
o
d
u
l
e
3
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
4.
M
o
d
u
l
e
4
6
0
0
1
0
0
0
9
0
0
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
an
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
is
ev
alu
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
ac
tu
al
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
ca
lcu
latio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
(
5
)
.
=
−
×
100%
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el'
s
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
o
wer
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
cu
r
v
e
u
n
d
er
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
ile
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
ein
g
test
ed
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
in
d
icate
s
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
o
wer
,
s
o
a
s
m
aller
v
alu
e
in
d
icate
s
b
etter
MPPT
tr
ac
k
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Nex
t,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
MPPT
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
v
er
th
e
test
p
er
io
d
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
av
er
ag
in
g
th
e
v
alu
es f
o
r
ea
c
h
d
ata
s
am
p
le
tak
en
,
u
s
in
g
(
6
).
=
1
∑
=
1
(
6
)
W
h
er
e
N
is
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
am
p
les
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
test
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
is
eq
u
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
n
av
e
r
ag
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
v
alu
e
th
at
r
e
p
r
e
s
en
ts
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
o
u
tp
u
t c
lo
s
e
to
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
io
u
s
ir
r
ad
i
atio
n
an
d
l
o
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
an
d
an
aly
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
d
ap
tiv
e
P&
O.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
e
v
alu
ated
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
io
u
s
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
u
n
if
o
r
m
an
d
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
ass
ess
th
e
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
,
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
e
s
s
,
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
m
eth
o
d
in
tr
a
ck
in
g
th
e
MPP,
an
d
to
co
m
p
ar
e
its
b
eh
av
i
o
r
ag
ain
s
t
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
P&
O
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
P&
O
-
GW
O
m
eth
o
d
s
.
E
v
al
u
atio
n
m
etr
ics
s
u
ch
as
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
s
p
ee
d
,
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
p
o
wer
d
e
v
iatio
n
ar
e
u
s
ed
t
o
v
ali
d
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
iv
en
ess
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ad
a
p
tiv
e
P&
O
m
eth
o
d
in
ac
cu
r
ate
ly
tr
ac
k
in
g
th
e
MPP
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
ir
r
ad
i
an
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
ed
cu
r
v
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
tr
ac
k
e
d
MPP
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ile
th
e
b
lu
e
cu
r
v
e
in
d
icate
s
th
e
ac
tu
al
MPP
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
s
y
s
tem
p
a
r
am
eter
s
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
t
h
r
ee
r
e
g
io
n
s
to
e
v
alu
ate
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
n
r
eg
io
n
1
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
)
,
t
h
e
p
o
wer
d
ev
iatio
n
is
m
in
im
al
at
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
5
W
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
lig
h
tly
to
9
W
in
r
e
g
io
n
2
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c
)
)
a
n
d
1
5
W
in
r
eg
io
n
3
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
d
)
)
,
wh
er
e
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
d
y
n
a
m
ics.
T
h
ese
d
ev
iatio
n
s
r
em
ain
wel
l
with
in
ac
ce
p
tab
le
lim
its
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
r
o
b
u
s
t
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
ca
p
ab
ili
ty
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ad
ap
ts
to
ch
an
g
in
g
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
tab
le
c
o
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
a
n
d
m
in
im
izin
g
e
n
er
g
y
lo
s
s
.
E
v
en
u
n
d
er
n
o
n
‑
u
n
if
o
r
m
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
d
ev
iatio
n
s
r
em
ain
b
elo
w
2
0
W
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
its
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ad
ap
ta
b
ilit
y
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
m
ain
tain
s
clo
s
e
alig
n
m
en
t
with
th
e
ac
tu
al
MPP,
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
P&
O
b
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
f
aster
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
en
er
g
y
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
in
d
y
n
am
ic
PV e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a
)
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
P&
O
m
eth
o
d
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MPPT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
d
ash
ed
b
lu
e
lin
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ile
th
e
b
r
o
wn
l
in
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
P&
O.
I
n
r
eg
io
n
1
,
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
P&
O
m
eth
o
d
ex
h
ib
its
a
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
n
e
ar
ly
2
0
0
W
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
ac
k
ed
MPP
an
d
t
h
e
ac
tu
al
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
,
wh
er
ea
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
ac
h
iev
es
a
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
o
n
ly
~5
W
—
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
a
4
0
‑
f
o
l
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
i
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
T
h
is
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
ar
is
es
b
ec
au
s
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
P&
O
with
a
lar
g
e
s
tep
s
ize
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
tin
g
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
h
o
o
tin
g
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
p
o
o
r
p
r
ec
is
io
n
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
lo
s
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
m
itig
ates
th
is
b
y
ad
ap
tiv
ely
r
e
d
u
cin
g
it
s
s
tep
s
ize
n
ea
r
th
e
MPP,
en
s
u
r
in
g
p
r
ec
is
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
.
I
n
r
eg
i
o
n
s
2
an
d
3
,
b
o
th
m
eth
o
d
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
co
m
p
a
r
ab
l
y
,
b
u
t
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
r
eg
io
n
1
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
f
u
r
th
er
co
m
p
ar
es
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
with
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
P&
O
GW
O
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
m
eth
o
d
ex
h
ib
its
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
d
ev
iatio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
in
itial
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
tag
e,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
in
r
e
g
io
n
s
1
an
d
3
,
b
ef
o
r
e
s
tab
ilizin
g
af
ter
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atel
y
o
n
e
s
ec
o
n
d
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
d
eliv
e
r
s
ac
cu
r
ate
MPP
d
etec
tio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
o
u
ts
et,
em
p
h
asizin
g
its
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
d
y
n
am
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ov
er
all,
th
ese
r
esu
lt
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
alter
n
ativ
es
in
m
ax
i
m
i
zin
g
PV
en
er
g
y
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
590
-
599
596
Fig
u
r
e
5
c
o
m
p
a
r
es
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
with
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
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OGWO
an
d
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
P&
O
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates a
cc
u
r
ate
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
(
M
P)
d
etec
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
a
l
l
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g
i
o
n
s
,
m
ai
n
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
s
t
a
b
l
e
an
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
.
I
n
c
o
n
t
r
as
t
,
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h
e
P
&
OG
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et
h
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s
t
r
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l
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d
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r
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n
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t
h
e
i
n
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t
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al
p
h
a
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e
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n
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g
i
o
n
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1
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n
d
3
,
e
x
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it
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at
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m
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s
e
c
o
n
d
.
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h
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
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l
P
&
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m
e
t
h
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d
s
h
o
w
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a
d
i
f
f
e
r
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n
t
p
a
t
t
e
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n
,
f
a
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l
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n
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in
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g
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o
n
1
d
u
e
t
o
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t
s
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e
n
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ti
v
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t
y
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o
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t
e
p
s
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z
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u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
ad
eq
u
ately
in
r
eg
io
n
s
2
a
n
d
3
wh
er
e
th
e
p
o
wer
cu
r
v
e
is
less
co
m
p
lex
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
ity
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
,
wh
ic
h
co
m
b
in
es
f
ast
co
n
v
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g
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n
ce
with
co
n
s
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ten
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ac
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r
ac
y
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
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v
er
c
o
m
in
g
th
e
li
m
itatio
n
s
o
f
b
o
th
P&
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d
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
P&
O
f
o
r
r
o
b
u
s
t
en
er
g
y
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
.
T
ab
le
4
c
o
m
p
ar
es
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
r
ee
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
s
—
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
P&
O,
h
y
b
r
i
d
GW
O
&
P&
O
,
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
—
ac
r
o
s
s
PS
C
p
atter
n
1
,
PS
C
UI
C
,
an
d
PS
C
p
atter
n
2
.
E
f
f
ici
en
cy
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
atio
o
f
tr
ac
k
ed
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
w
er
to
P
ref
.
u
n
d
er
PS
C
p
atter
n
1
,
P&
O
ac
h
iev
ed
o
n
ly
7
4
.
4
5
%,
wh
ile
GW
O
&
P&
O
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
r
ea
c
h
ed
9
9
.
3
8
%
an
d
9
9
.
7
0
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
u
n
if
o
r
m
an
d
Patte
r
n
2
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
all
m
eth
o
d
s
ex
ce
ed
ed
9
9
.
7
%.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
ef
f
icien
cies
wer
e
9
1
.
3
0
%
f
o
r
P&
O
,
9
9
.
5
2
%
f
o
r
GW
O
&
P
&
O,
an
d
9
9
.
7
1
%
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
e
th
o
d
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
’
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
an
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
n
d
e
r
ch
allen
g
in
g
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ad
ap
tiv
e
P&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
o
th
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
P&
O
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
P
&
O
-
GW
O
m
eth
o
d
s
i
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
s
p
ee
d
.
I
ts
d
y
n
am
ic
s
tep
-
s
ize
m
ec
h
an
is
m
m
in
im
izes
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
n
ea
r
th
e
MPP,
r
ed
u
cin
g
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
s
m
o
o
th
p
o
wer
r
eg
u
latio
n
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
.
W
h
ile
P&
O
-
GW
O
ev
en
tu
ally
ac
h
iev
es
g
o
o
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
its
d
elay
e
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
li
m
i
ts
ea
r
ly
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
,
an
d
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
P&
O
s
h
o
ws
lar
g
e
d
ev
iatio
n
s
u
n
d
er
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
b
ala
n
ce
s
s
im
p
licity
an
d
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
m
a
k
in
g
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e,
lo
w
-
c
o
s
t
em
b
ed
d
e
d
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
f
u
tu
r
e
w
o
r
k
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
is
a
d
ap
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
wit
h
g
lo
b
al
o
p
tim
izatio
n
lo
g
ic
m
ay
h
elp
it
d
etec
t
g
lo
b
al
MPPs
in
co
m
p
lex
s
h
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
v
ali
d
atio
n
o
n
h
ar
d
war
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
co
u
ld
f
u
r
th
e
r
estab
lis
h
its
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
r
ac
k
in
g
th
e
r
esu
lt o
f
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
in
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
: (
a
)
o
v
e
r
all
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
(
b
)
r
e
g
io
n
1
,
(
c)
r
eg
io
n
2
,
an
d
(
d
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r
e
g
io
n
3
(a
)
(b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
r
esu
lts
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
im
p
r
o
v
ed
P
&
O
with
(
a)
P&
O
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
an
d
(
b
)
GW
O
an
d
P
&
O
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
d
a
p
tive
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&
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o
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ith
m
fo
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n
d
a
c
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u
r
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te
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er p
o
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ck
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…
(
F
a
th
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r
r
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h
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597
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
,
P&
O
,
an
d
co
m
b
in
atio
n
GW
O
an
d
P
&
O
T
ab
le
4
.
Simu
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n
r
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lts
Te
st
c
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e
f
M
e
t
h
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4
7
8
7
4
.
4
5
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W
O
a
n
d
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&O
6
3
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(
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s
d
e
l
a
y
)
9
9
.
3
8
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r
o
p
o
se
d
6
4
0
9
9
.
7
0
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sc
U
I
C
9
8
9
P
&O
9
8
6
9
9
.
7
0
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W
O
a
n
d
P
&O
9
8
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s
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e
l
a
y
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9
9
.
7
0
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r
o
p
o
se
d
9
8
6
9
9
.
7
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sc
p
a
t
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e
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n
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7
6
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&O
7
6
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o
p
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se
d
7
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9
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7
4
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
an
ad
a
p
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
to
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
P
&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
MPPT.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
ew
m
ec
h
an
is
m
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
tep
s
ize
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
ad
a
p
tiv
e
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic.
Un
lik
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
P&
O,
wh
er
e
th
e
s
tep
s
ize
r
em
ain
s
co
n
s
tan
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t,
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
m
eth
o
d
d
y
n
am
ically
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
s
tep
s
ize
as
it
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
e
MPP.
T
h
is
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
tep
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
allo
ws
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
n
ea
r
t
h
e
MPP,
m
in
im
izin
g
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
tin
g
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
d
etec
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
T
h
e
k
ey
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
its
ab
ilit
y
to
d
etec
t th
e
MPP with
h
ig
h
e
r
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
esp
ec
ially
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
wh
er
e
s
u
b
tle
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t
ca
n
lead
to
in
ac
cu
r
ac
ies
in
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
P&
O.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
h
as
a
lim
itatio
n
:
it
s
tr
u
g
g
les
to
id
en
tify
th
e
g
lo
b
al
m
ax
im
u
m
wh
e
n
th
e
in
itial
p
ea
k
is
lo
wer
th
a
n
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
p
ea
k
s
,
s
u
ch
as
in
ca
s
e
s
o
f
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
r
tco
m
i
n
g
co
u
ld
lead
to
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
co
n
v
er
g
in
g
o
n
a
lo
ca
l
m
ax
im
u
m
r
ath
er
t
h
an
th
e
tr
u
e
g
lo
b
al
MPP.
Desp
ite
th
is
lim
itatio
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
f
f
er
s
b
etter
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
in
MPPT
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
b
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
i
n
ef
f
ici
en
cies
o
f
c
o
n
s
tan
t
-
s
tep
P&
O.
Fu
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
c
o
u
ld
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
tiate
b
etwe
en
lo
ca
l
an
d
g
lo
b
al
p
ea
k
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
n
c
o
m
p
lex
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
lik
e
p
ar
tial sh
ad
in
g
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
t
h
an
k
s
to
L
PP
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Un
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Sy
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Ku
ala
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esear
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AUTHO
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ip
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co
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r
eq
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
I
.
N
.
S
y
a
msi
a
n
a
,
R
.
N
.
A
.
W
i
j
a
y
a
,
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.
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.
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.
S
u
mari
,
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.
N
.
A
m
a
l
i
a
,
a
n
d
H
.
S
u
n
g
k
o
w
o
,
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M
a
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a
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y
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c
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n
v
e
r
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r
w
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t
h
P
&O
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P
P
T,
”
Re
s
u
l
t
s
i
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
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g
,
v
o
l
.
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6
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p
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6
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n
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2
0
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5
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:
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0
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0
1
6
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j
.
r
i
n
e
n
g
.
2
0
2
5
.
1
0
5
4
6
9
.
[
2
]
N
.
A
.
W
i
n
d
a
r
k
o
,
M
.
N
.
H
a
b
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.
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T
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s
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.
1
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:
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0
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3
3
9
0
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n
1
4
0
2
0
4
8
3
.
[
3
]
N
.
W
i
n
a
n
t
i
,
A
.
P
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d
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.
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a
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d
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a
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n
d
,
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n
2
0
1
8
C
o
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re
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o
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t
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p
.
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–
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,
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1
0
9
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C
P
ER
E.
2
0
1
8
.
8
7
3
9
6
7
2
.
[
4
]
S
.
R
.
K
i
r
a
n
a
n
d
F
.
A
l
sa
i
f
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
f
u
z
z
y
M
P
P
T
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
f
o
r
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
sy
st
e
ms,”
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
R
e
p
o
rt
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
2
1
1
0
4
,
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e
p
.
2
0
2
4
,
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o
i
:
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0
.
1
0
3
8
/
s
4
1
5
9
8
-
0
2
4
-
7
2
0
6
0
-
4.
[
5
]
N
.
K
a
c
i
m
i
,
A
.
I
d
i
r
,
S
.
G
r
o
u
n
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
B
o
u
c
h
e
r
i
t
,
“
I
mp
r
o
v
e
d
M
P
P
T
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
st
r
a
t
e
g
y
f
o
r
P
V
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
g
r
i
d
u
s
i
n
g
i
n
c
c
o
n
d
-
PSO
-
M
P
C
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
”
C
S
EE
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
7
7
7
5
/
C
S
EEJPES
.
2
0
2
1
.
0
8
8
1
0
.
[
6
]
R
.
B
.
R
o
y
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
c
o
mp
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
A
N
N
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
f
o
r
M
P
P
T
e
n
e
r
g
y
h
a
r
v
e
st
i
n
g
i
n
s
o
l
a
r
P
V
sy
st
e
m,”
I
E
E
E
Ac
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
1
3
7
–
1
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t
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t,
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i
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rsiti
Ke
b
a
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sa
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n
M
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a
lay
sia
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
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m
a
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:
p
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fr
o
m
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iah
Ku
a
la
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rsity
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iah
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in
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ip
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t
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k
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rjan
a
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n
g
g
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l
(P
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DSU).
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h
a
s
b
e
e
n
with
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
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e
c
tri
c
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l
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m
p
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ter E
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g
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g
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u
a
la Un
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rsity
si
n
c
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0
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.
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a
lso
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c
ts
a
s
e
d
it
o
r
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d
re
v
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we
r
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re
p
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ta
b
le
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o
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n
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s
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h
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s
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ti
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ic
Re
p
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rts,
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a
tt
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rn
Re
c
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g
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it
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n
,
IEE
E
Ac
c
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ss
,
a
n
d
ACM
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
u
r
v
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y
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is
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
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a
n
d
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tern
a
ti
o
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a
l
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n
f
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r
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a
t
t
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rn
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c
o
g
n
it
i
o
n
(IAPR).
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re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
in
a
rti
ficia
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
ima
g
e
a
n
a
ly
sis,
d
e
e
p
lea
rn
in
g
,
b
io
m
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tri
c
a
n
d
b
i
o
m
e
d
ica
l
ima
g
e
p
ro
c
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ss
in
g
,
a
n
d
p
a
tt
e
r
n
re
c
o
g
n
it
i
o
n
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
k
h
a
iru
n
.
sa
d
d
a
m
i@u
sk
.
a
c
.
id
.
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