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R
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J
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R
ev
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J
an
2
3
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2
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Acc
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Ma
r
1
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2
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6
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
in
so
lar
tec
h
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g
ies
a
re
d
ri
v
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n
b
y
t
h
e
p
u
rsu
it
o
f
h
ig
h
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r
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c
y
a
n
d
re
d
u
c
e
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
imp
a
c
t.
Th
is
st
u
d
y
p
re
se
n
ts
a
c
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p
re
h
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siv
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a
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p
a
ra
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v
e
a
n
a
ly
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o
f
o
r
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a
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ic
a
n
d
in
v
e
rted
o
rg
a
n
i
c
so
lar
c
e
ll
s
(OSC
a
n
d
IOSC),
u
si
n
g
th
e
Og
h
m
a
Na
n
o
so
ftwa
re
fo
r
si
m
u
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n
s
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
sis.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
is
s
p
e
c
ifi
c
a
ll
y
d
e
si
g
n
e
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to
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o
m
p
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re
c
o
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t
io
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a
n
d
in
v
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rted
stru
c
t
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re
s
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
h
o
w
d
e
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i
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e
e
rin
g
imp
a
c
ts
p
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rfo
rm
a
n
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e
m
e
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c
s.
Wh
e
n
OSC
s
a
re
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
e
d
b
y
a
lo
w
wo
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k
-
fu
n
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ti
o
n
c
a
th
o
d
e
o
n
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p
,
IOSCs
fe
a
tu
re
a
c
lea
r
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
v
e
o
x
i
d
e
c
a
th
o
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e
a
t
th
e
b
o
tt
o
m
.
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e
st
u
d
y
fo
c
u
ss
e
s
o
n
e
x
trac
ti
n
g
k
e
y
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
,
in
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
sh
o
rt
c
irc
u
it
c
u
rre
n
t
d
e
n
sit
y
(J
SC
),
o
p
e
n
-
c
ircu
it
v
o
lt
a
g
e
(V
OC
),
f
il
l
f
a
c
to
r
(F
F
)
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
e
fficie
n
c
y
(P
CE),
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
c
a
lcu
late
d
c
u
rre
n
t
-
v
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g
e
c
h
a
ra
c
teristic
(J
-
V).
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rio
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s
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a
l
c
h
a
ra
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teristics
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su
c
h
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e
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o
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iffere
n
t
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rs
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n
d
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teria
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e
p
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L)
a
n
d
h
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tran
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r
(HTL
),
a
re
sy
ste
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a
ti
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ll
y
in
v
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stig
a
ted
.
Div
e
rse
to
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a
n
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e
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y
s
h
o
ws
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h
a
t
IOSC
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c
h
iev
e
s
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ig
h
e
r
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y
th
a
n
OSC,
re
a
c
h
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g
2
1
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wh
il
e
u
sin
g
a
m
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lt
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th
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e
r
ZT
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n
O)
a
s
th
e
b
o
tt
o
m
c
o
n
tac
t
,
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ti
n
g
imp
ro
v
e
d
c
h
a
rg
e
tran
sp
o
rt
a
n
d
o
v
e
ra
ll
e
ffici
e
n
c
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
I
n
v
er
ted
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
No
n
f
u
ller
e
n
e
ac
ce
p
to
r
Og
h
m
aNa
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o
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g
an
ic
s
o
lar
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ll
PM6
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rticle
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n
d
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r th
e
CC B
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li
c
e
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se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Kar
th
ik
a
Kr
is
h
n
ak
u
m
ar
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
o
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ics an
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C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
E
n
g
in
ee
r
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n
g
,
MRII
R
S
Far
id
ab
ad
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Har
y
an
a,
I
n
d
ia
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m
ail:
k
ar
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m
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r
1
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7
5
2
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
c
o
n
ju
g
ated
p
o
ly
m
er
-
b
ased
o
r
g
an
ic
s
o
lar
ce
lls
(
OSC
s
)
ar
e
b
ein
g
in
v
esti
g
ated
as
a
s
u
b
s
titu
te
f
o
r
in
o
r
g
an
ic
s
o
lar
ce
lls
d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
in
e
x
p
en
s
iv
en
ess
,
p
liab
ilit
y
,
lig
h
tweig
h
t
,
a
n
d
d
ep
o
s
itin
g
ab
ilit
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
o
o
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Desp
ite
t
h
ese
ad
v
an
tag
es,
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
n
OSC
s
f
ac
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
h
u
r
d
le
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
t
h
eir
wid
esp
r
ea
d
co
m
m
e
r
cializa
tio
n
d
u
e
to
p
o
o
r
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
e
f
f
icien
cy
(
PC
E
)
[
3
]
.
T
o
b
r
ea
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
is
ef
f
icien
cy
ce
ilin
g
,
th
e
OSC
co
m
m
u
n
ity
h
as
witn
ess
ed
a
n
u
p
s
u
r
g
e
in
in
ter
est
an
d
r
esear
c
h
in
to
n
o
n
-
f
u
ller
en
e
ac
ce
p
to
r
s
(
NFA)
s
in
ce
2
0
1
5
[
4
]
.
NFAs
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
a
c
o
r
n
er
s
to
n
e
f
o
r
n
ex
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
OSC
s
d
u
e
to
th
eir
en
h
an
ce
d
elec
tr
o
n
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
tu
n
ab
le
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
en
ab
lin
g
b
etter
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
lar
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
an
d
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
d
o
n
o
r
-
ac
ce
p
to
r
m
is
cib
ilit
y
wh
ich
o
p
tim
izes
th
e
b
len
d
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
So
,
o
n
g
o
in
g
ef
f
o
r
ts
ar
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
PC
E
o
f
NFA
b
ased
OSC
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
ater
ials
an
d
d
ev
ice
ar
ch
itect
u
r
es
b
o
th
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tatio
n
.
E
x
p
er
i
m
en
ts
to
ass
es
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
OSC
s
ar
e
d
if
f
icu
lt,
ex
p
en
s
iv
e,
an
d
tim
e
-
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
.
C
o
m
p
u
te
r
s
im
u
latio
n
is
m
o
r
e
p
r
ac
tical
wh
ile
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
r
esear
ch
o
n
OSC
in
its
ea
r
ly
p
h
ases
.
B
y
c
o
m
p
u
ter
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
we
ca
n
cr
ea
te
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
o
u
r
o
wn
OSC
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
test
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
m
a
k
e
a
d
ju
s
tm
en
ts
with
o
u
t
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
a
lo
t
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
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8
7
9
2
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f P
M6
:
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-
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r
g
a
n
ic
a
n
d
in
ve
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ted
o
r
g
a
n
ic
s
o
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r
ce
ll
(
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r
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r
is
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771
o
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in
g
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er
b
u
d
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et
b
ef
o
r
e
tr
y
in
g
it
o
u
t
in
ac
tu
al
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
.
So
f
twar
e
to
o
ls
s
u
ch
as
Og
h
m
aNa
n
o
,
MA
T
L
AB
,
1
D
Am
p
s
,
PC
1
D,
m
atr
ix
tr
an
s
f
er
s
ca
p
s
-
1
D,
ar
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
im
u
latin
g
OSC
s
.
T
h
e
co
r
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
OSC
s
in
v
o
lv
e
a
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t
s
u
b
s
tr
at
e
co
ated
with
a
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
,
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
in
d
iu
m
tin
o
x
id
e
(
I
T
O)
,
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
b
o
th
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
an
d
in
v
e
r
ted
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
[
7
]
.
I
T
O
h
as
s
tr
o
n
g
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
c
y
[
7
]
.
Stan
d
ar
d
OSC
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
an
o
d
e
,
h
o
le
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
lay
er
(
HT
L
)
,
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
,
elec
tr
o
n
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
lay
er
(
E
T
L
)
,
an
d
ca
th
o
d
e
wh
er
ea
s
I
OSC
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
an
o
d
e
,
E
T
L
,
ac
t
iv
e
lay
er
,
HT
L
,
a
n
d
ca
th
o
d
e,
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
[
8
]
.
I
n
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
OSC
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
u
s
u
ally
a
lo
w
wo
r
k
f
u
n
ctio
n
m
etal
i
s
u
s
ed
as
ca
th
o
d
e.
T
h
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
lo
w
air
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
l
o
w
wo
r
k
f
u
n
ctio
n
m
etal
ca
th
o
d
e
a
n
d
h
ig
h
ac
id
ity
o
f
in
ter
f
ac
ial
lay
er
.
Fo
r
er
ad
icatin
g
th
is
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
,
I
OSC
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
with
air
-
s
tab
le
h
ig
h
-
wo
r
k
-
f
u
n
ctio
n
elec
tr
o
d
e
m
ater
ial,
s
u
ch
as
s
ilv
er
o
r
g
o
l
d
,
as c
ath
o
d
e
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
W
h
ile
d
o
in
g
liter
atu
r
e
s
tu
d
y
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
n
o
tic
ed
th
at
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
ac
ad
e
m
ic
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
s
tu
d
ies
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
eith
er
o
n
OSC
b
ased
o
r
I
OSC
b
ased
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
E
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
f
OSC
an
d
I
OSC
wi
th
n
o
n
-
f
u
ller
en
e
m
at
er
ials
in
th
e
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
ar
e
n
o
ticea
b
ly
lack
in
g
.
Hen
ce
to
r
ed
r
ess
s
u
ch
lack
in
g
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
PM6
:L8
-
B
O
b
ased
OSC
an
d
I
OSC
,
b
y
an
al
y
zin
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
th
ick
n
ess
,
E
T
L
t
h
ick
n
ess
,
HT
L
th
ick
n
ess
,
E
T
L
m
ater
ials
an
d
HT
L
m
ater
ials
o
n
elec
tr
ical
o
u
tp
u
ts
an
d
e
n
h
an
cin
g
ch
ar
g
e
c
o
llectio
n
u
s
i
n
g
m
u
lti
th
in
lay
er
elec
tr
o
d
es
in
s
tead
o
f
m
o
n
o
lay
er
s
.
Her
e
we
u
s
e
Og
h
m
aNa
n
o
8
.
0
.
0
4
1
v
e
r
s
io
n
s
o
f
twar
e
to
n
u
m
er
ically
s
im
u
late
OSC
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
I
T
O/Pe
d
o
t:P
s
s
/PM6
:L8
-
B
O
/TiOx
/A
l
an
d
I
OSC
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
I
T
O/T
iOx
/PM6
:L8
-
B
O/Ped
o
t:P
s
s
/Ag
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
i
n
s
im
u
latio
n
:
(
a)
OSC
an
d
(
b
)
I
OSC
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
Sin
ce
o
r
g
an
ic
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
h
av
e
a
n
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
,
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
eir
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
o
p
t
o
elec
tr
o
n
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
is
th
eir
d
en
s
ity
o
f
s
tates
(
Do
S)
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
m
ig
h
t
m
ak
e
it
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
at
o
cc
u
r
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
O
g
h
m
aNa
n
o
8
.
0
.
0
4
1
v
er
s
io
n
s
o
f
twar
e
was
d
ep
lo
y
ed
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
e
lectr
ical
s
im
u
latio
n
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
ite
-
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
d
r
if
t
-
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
m
o
d
el
is
u
s
ed
b
y
th
is
p
r
o
g
r
am
f
o
r
ca
r
r
ier
tr
a
p
p
i
n
g
,
d
etr
a
p
p
in
g
,
an
d
tr
an
s
it [
1
4
]
.
2
.
1
.
T
ra
ns
po
rt
m
o
del
T
h
e
b
an
d
g
a
p
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
b
u
lk
h
eter
o
ju
n
ctio
n
(
B
HJ)
m
ater
ial
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
th
e
n
-
t
y
p
e
lo
west
u
n
o
cc
u
p
ied
m
o
lecu
lar
o
r
b
ital
(
L
UM
O
)
an
d
p
-
t
y
p
e
h
ig
h
est
o
cc
u
p
ie
d
m
o
lec
u
lar
o
r
b
ital
(
HOM
O
)
en
er
g
ies,
wh
ich
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
wh
ile
m
o
d
ellin
g
f
r
ee
ca
r
r
ier
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
L
UM
O
lev
el
in
o
r
g
an
ic
m
ater
ials
is
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
t
o
th
at
o
f
E
c
,
wh
i
le
th
e
HOM
O
lev
el
is
eq
u
iv
alen
t
to
th
e
E
v
e
n
er
g
y
b
an
d
g
a
p
ed
g
e.
T
h
e
ea
s
iest
way
to
s
im
u
late
th
e
B
HJ
is
to
u
s
e
an
a
n
alo
g
o
u
s
lay
er
with
a
n
eq
u
iv
alen
t b
an
d
g
ap
en
e
r
g
y
lo
ca
ted
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
-
ty
p
e
HOM
O
an
d
th
e
n
-
t
y
p
e
L
UM
O
lev
els.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
B
HJ
is
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
n
-
ty
p
e
a
n
d
p
-
ty
p
e
zo
n
es.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
al
p
o
te
n
tial d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
φ
is
th
en
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
s
o
lv
in
g
th
e
Po
is
s
o
n
eq
u
atio
n
[
1
4
]
.
.
0
=
−
+
−
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
q
:
c
h
ar
g
e
o
n
elec
tr
o
n
,
ε
0
:
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
o
f
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e,
ε
r
:
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
o
f
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
,
n
f
:
e
lectr
o
n
d
en
s
ity
,
p
f
:
h
o
le
d
en
s
ity
,
an
d
n
t
,
p
t
:
t
r
ap
p
ed
c
h
ar
g
e
d
e
n
s
ity
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
las
f
o
r
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
co
n
tin
u
an
ce
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
an
d
h
o
le
c
u
r
r
en
ts
in
a
1
D
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
s
ce
n
ar
io
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
Ma
cKe
n
zie
[
1
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
770
-
780
772
=
(
−
)
(
2
)
=
(
ℎ
−
)
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
R
e,
h
:
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
r
at
e
o
f
f
r
ee
ca
r
r
ier
s
an
d
G
: g
en
e
r
atio
n
r
ate
o
f
f
r
ee
ca
r
r
ier
s
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lu
x
d
en
s
ity
(
J
n
)
an
d
th
e
h
o
le
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
l
u
x
d
e
n
s
ity
(
J
p
)
m
a
y
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
b
y
s
o
lv
in
g
th
ese
eq
u
atio
n
s
[
1
4
]
.
Fo
r
f
r
ee
ca
r
r
ier
s
,
Ma
x
well
-
B
o
ltzm
an
n
s
tatis
t
ics ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
.
=
+
(
4
)
=
+
(
5
)
=
−
−
=
−
−
−
,
=
−
W
h
e
r
e
D
n
,
p
:
el
e
c
t
r
o
n
a
n
d
h
o
l
e
d
i
f
f
u
s
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
ie
n
t
s
,
E
g
:
H
OM
O
-
L
U
MO
,
a
n
d
ϕ
:
b
u
il
t
i
n
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
v
ic
e
[
1
4
]
.
2
.
2
.
T
ra
pp
ing
a
nd
re
co
m
bin
a
t
io
n m
ec
ha
nis
m
s
o
f
c
a
rr
iers
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
en
er
g
y
lev
els
in
d
is
o
r
d
er
ed
o
r
g
an
ic
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
ar
e
in
clo
s
e
p
r
o
x
im
ity
to
th
e
HOM
O
an
d
L
UM
O
en
er
g
ies
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
d
is
o
r
d
er
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
lo
ca
lized
g
ap
s
tates
with
v
ar
y
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
th
at
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
t
h
is
d
is
o
r
d
er
[
1
7
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
o
f
t
r
ap
-
lik
e
d
ef
ec
t states
is
tail
-
s
h
ap
ed
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
tr
ap
s
in
a
p
o
ly
m
er
ic
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
is
clo
s
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
to
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
tr
ap
p
in
g
an
d
d
e
-
tr
a
p
p
in
g
.
C
h
ar
g
e
in
je
ctio
n
,
tr
ap
p
i
n
g
,
an
d
d
e
-
tr
a
p
p
i
n
g
ar
e
th
e
th
r
ee
p
r
im
a
r
y
p
h
a
s
es
o
f
th
e
tr
ap
p
in
g
m
o
d
el
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
t
y
p
es
o
f
d
ef
ec
ts
v
iz.
ch
em
ical
a
n
d
p
h
y
s
ical
d
ef
ec
ts
.
Dif
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
cr
y
s
tallin
ity
,
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
a
n
d
m
o
lecu
lar
weig
h
t
lead
to
p
h
y
s
ical
f
law
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
p
h
o
to
-
o
x
id
atio
n
lead
s
to
ch
em
ical
f
l
aws,
wh
ich
ch
an
g
e
th
e
ch
em
i
ca
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
C
h
em
ical
f
au
lts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
b
e
r
elate
d
to
d
ee
p
tr
ap
s
,
wh
ile
p
h
y
s
ical
f
au
lts
ar
e
lin
k
ed
to
s
h
allo
w
tr
ap
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
Do
S
is
o
f
ten
as
s
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
Gau
s
s
ian
f
o
r
m
,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
r
em
e
m
b
er
th
at
an
ex
p
o
n
e
n
tial
Do
S
o
r
a
m
i
x
o
f
Gau
s
s
ian
an
d
e
x
p
o
n
en
tial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
is
also
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
T
wo
Gau
s
s
ian
s
r
ev
o
lv
in
g
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
L
UM
O
an
d
HOM
O
lev
els
co
m
p
r
is
e
an
alter
n
ativ
e
m
o
d
el.
R
ec
en
tly
th
e
Sh
o
ck
ley
–
R
ea
d
–
Hall
(
SR
H)
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
m
o
d
el
h
as
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
i
n
o
r
g
an
ic
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaics
(
OP
Vs).
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
L
an
g
ev
in
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
m
o
d
el
with
ca
r
r
ier
tr
ap
s
in
th
at
wh
ich
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
ca
r
r
ier
s
ch
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
f
r
ee
to
tr
ap
p
ed
s
tates in
a
s
tead
y
s
tate
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
T
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3.
RE
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V
OC
, J
SC
,
an
d
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
[
8
]
,
[
11
]
,
[2
3
].
P
C
E
:
×
×
(
1
1
)
3
.
1
.
L
a
y
er
t
hick
nes
s
im
pa
c
t
:
O
SC a
nd
I
O
SC c
o
m
pa
riso
n
3
.
1
.
1
.
I
m
pa
ct
o
f
a
c
t
iv
e
la
y
er
t
hick
nes
s
E
ac
h
o
f
th
e
lay
er
s
o
f
th
e
B
HJ
d
ev
ice
is
lay
er
ed
o
n
to
p
o
f
o
n
e
an
o
th
er
.
I
t
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
d
ev
ice
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
s
u
c
h
as
r
ef
lectio
n
s
an
d
in
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
th
e
lay
er
s
.
I
t
is
cr
u
cial
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
t
h
ick
n
ess
o
f
t
h
e
PM6
:L8
-
B
O,
wh
ich
is
th
e
m
ai
n
lay
er
[
2
4
]
.
W
e
ex
am
in
e
its
th
ick
n
ess
b
ec
au
s
e
it
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
lig
h
t
th
at
th
e
d
e
v
ice
ca
n
a
b
s
o
r
b
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
e
x
cito
n
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
th
ick
n
ess
d
eter
m
in
es th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
lay
er
,
wh
ich
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
ice
[
2
4
].
An
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
B
HJ
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
an
ex
t
en
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
(
PM6
:L8
-
B
O)
th
ick
n
ess
was
v
ar
ied
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
b
etw
ee
n
1
0
0
an
d
5
0
0
n
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
J
-
V
cu
r
v
es
,
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
elec
tr
ical
o
u
tp
u
ts
f
o
r
v
a
r
io
u
s
PM6
:L8
-
B
O
th
ick
n
ess
es.
I
n
ter
esti
n
g
ly
,
th
e
J
-
V
p
r
o
p
er
ties
a
r
e
q
u
ite
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
to
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
th
e
ac
tiv
e
l
ay
er
th
ic
k
n
ess
.
T
h
e
J
SC
is
d
ir
ec
tly
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
a
ctiv
e
lay
er
,
as
was
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
n
o
te
d
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
a
clea
r
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
J
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
th
ick
n
ess
.
Sig
n
if
ican
t
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
J
SC
,
PC
E
,
an
d
FF
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
OSC
an
d
I
OSC
as
th
e
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
th
e
PM6
:L8
-
B
O
in
cr
ea
s
es,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
.
V
OC
,
s
ee
m
s
less
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
c
h
an
g
es
i
n
th
ick
n
ess
.
Dif
f
u
s
io
n
le
n
g
th
a
n
d
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
h
a
v
e
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
J
SC
,
wh
ich
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ca
r
r
ier
p
h
o
to
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
tr
an
s
p
o
r
ta
tio
n
.
I
n
OSC
an
d
I
OSC
,
th
e
o
p
tim
al
J
SC
th
ick
n
e
s
s
is
ar
o
u
n
d
2
0
0
n
m
an
d
2
5
0
n
m
.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
cu
r
r
en
t
at
a
g
iv
en
th
ick
n
ess
in
d
icate
s
an
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
ex
cito
n
r
o
u
te
at
h
i
g
h
er
th
ic
k
n
ess
es
an
d
in
ad
e
q
u
ate
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
at
lo
wer
th
ick
n
ess
es.
Sm
aller
th
ick
n
ess
es
o
f
1
5
0
n
m
f
o
r
OSC
an
d
1
0
0
n
m
f
o
r
I
OSC
y
ield
a
P
C
E
o
f
1
7
.
4
3
%
an
d
1
9
.
9
5
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Du
e
to
s
er
ies
r
e
s
is
tan
ce
,
F
F
r
ed
u
ce
s
as
th
e
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
th
e
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
in
cr
ea
s
es,
wh
ile
V
OC
m
ar
g
in
ally
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
in
b
o
th
d
ev
ices
f
r
o
m
1
.
0
3
to
0
.
9
9
V.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
p
ea
k
o
cc
u
r
s
at
a
th
ick
n
ess
le
s
s
th
an
th
at
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
u
e
to
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
tr
e
n
d
s
in
FF
an
d
J
SC
.
T
h
er
e
was
s
o
m
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t,
as
th
e
J
SC
in
I
OSC
wa
s
b
etter
th
an
in
OSC
.
T
h
is
d
is
tin
ctio
n
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
v
ar
iatio
n
s
i
n
lig
h
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
I
n
th
e
OSC
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
lig
h
t
tr
av
er
s
es
th
e
lay
er
s
s
eq
u
en
tially
:
I
T
O,
PEDO
T
:PS
S,
an
d
th
en
f
i
n
ally
r
ea
ch
es
P
M6
:
L
8
-
B
O.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
in
I
O
SC
,
th
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
is
r
ev
er
s
ed
,
wh
e
r
e
lig
h
t
f
ir
s
t
p
ass
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
T
iOx
b
ef
o
r
e
r
ea
ch
in
g
PM6
:L8
-
B
O.
T
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
g
ap
s
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
ater
ials
h
av
e
an
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
th
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
i
s
p
ar
ity
.
C
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
PEDO
T
:PS
S,
wh
ich
h
as
an
en
er
g
y
g
ap
o
f
1
.
7
eV,
T
iOx
in
I
OSC
,
wh
ich
h
as
a
g
ap
o
f
3
.
2
eV,
is
m
o
r
e
tr
an
s
p
a
r
e
n
t
to
v
is
ib
le
lig
h
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
wh
ich
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
th
a
n
th
e
p
-
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
[
2
5
].
3
.
1
.
2
.
I
m
pa
ct
o
f
E
T
L
t
hick
n
ess
T
h
e
b
u
f
f
er
la
y
er
s
,
E
T
L
a
n
d
HT
L
,
ar
e
ac
tin
g
as
ex
cito
n
b
lo
ck
in
g
la
y
er
s
(
E
B
L
)
an
d
to
g
et
m
o
r
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
in
to
an
d
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
d
e
v
ice
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jecti
v
e
o
f
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
is
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
E
T
L
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f P
M6
:
L8
-
B
O
o
r
g
a
n
ic
a
n
d
in
ve
r
ted
o
r
g
a
n
ic
s
o
la
r
ce
ll
(
K
a
r
th
ika
K
r
is
h
n
a
ku
ma
r
)
775
th
ick
n
ess
es
o
n
OSC
an
d
I
O
SC
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fo
r
OSC
an
d
I
OSC
,
th
e
PM6
:L8
-
B
O
m
ain
tain
ed
an
id
ea
l
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
1
5
0
n
m
a
n
d
1
0
0
n
m
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
iOx
was
c
h
o
s
en
as
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
E
T
L
m
ater
i
al,
an
d
its
th
ick
n
ess
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
1
0
n
m
to
5
0
n
m
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltan
t
J
-
V
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a
)
,
wh
ich
s
h
e
d
s
lig
h
t
o
n
h
o
w
th
e
d
e
v
ice'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
th
ick
n
e
s
s
o
f
th
e
E
T
L
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
elec
tr
ical
o
u
tp
u
ts
th
at
wer
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
.
I
t
also
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
t
h
e
c
h
an
g
es
in
J
SC
a
n
d
PC
E
ar
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ab
le.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
p
ar
allels b
etwe
en
th
e
PC
E
an
d
J
SC
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
OSC
an
d
I
OSC
.
C
h
an
g
es in
E
T
L
th
ick
n
ess
h
av
e
a
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
im
p
ac
t
o
n
OSC
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
n
OSC
,
J
SC
an
d
PC
E
in
cr
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
2
1
.
2
7
to
2
1
.
7
1
m
Acm
-
2
an
d
f
r
o
m
1
7
.
2
0
to
1
7
.
4
3
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
J
SC
an
d
PC
E
ar
e
h
ig
h
er
in
I
OSC
,
b
u
t
d
o
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
c
h
an
g
e
as th
e
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
th
e
E
T
L
in
cr
ea
s
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
V
OC
an
d
FF
s
h
o
w
v
er
y
m
in
o
r
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
n
b
o
th
d
ev
ices.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
alig
n
wit
h
p
r
ev
io
u
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
win
g
a
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
v
ar
iatio
n
in
E
T
L
th
ick
n
ess
o
n
OSC
[
2
5
]
-
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
m
a
y
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
E
T
L
in
th
e
OSC
,
s
itu
ated
at
th
e
to
p
,
ju
s
t
b
elo
w
th
e
ca
th
o
d
e
.
W
ith
illu
m
in
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
o
tto
m
,
t
h
e
OSC
b
en
ef
its
f
r
o
m
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
h
o
to
c
u
r
r
en
t.
Ach
ie
v
in
g
th
is
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
in
v
o
lv
e
d
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
in
s
er
tio
n
o
f
T
iOx
as
an
o
p
tical
s
p
ac
er
b
etwe
en
th
e
B
HJ
lay
er
an
d
th
e
Al
m
etal
elec
tr
o
d
e.
T
h
e
in
s
er
tio
n
o
f
T
iOx
o
p
tim
izes
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
with
in
th
e
OSC
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
th
er
eb
y
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
h
o
to
c
u
r
r
en
t a
n
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
th
e
OSC
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Activ
e
lay
e
r
th
ick
n
e
s
s
OS
C
(
s
o
lid
)
I
OSC
(
h
o
llo
w)
: (
a)
J
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
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d
(
b
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ex
tr
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ted
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ical
o
u
tp
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ts
(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
5
.
E
T
L
t
h
ick
n
ess
im
p
a
ct
o
n
OSC
(
s
o
lid
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OSC
(
h
o
llo
w)
: (
a)
J
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
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d
(
b
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ex
t
r
ac
ted
elec
tr
ical
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u
tp
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ts
3
.
1
.
3
.
I
m
pa
ct
o
f
H
T
L
t
hick
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s
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h
e
s
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d
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o
w
f
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s
s
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o
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im
p
ac
t
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L
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h
e
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d
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T
L
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h
ick
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ess
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1
5
0
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m
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d
5
0
n
m
f
o
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OSC
,
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d
1
0
0
n
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2
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n
m
f
o
r
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OSC
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PED
OT
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S h
as b
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n
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ted
as th
e
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ater
ial,
an
d
its
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f
r
o
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1
0
to
5
0
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m
.
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h
e
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esu
ltin
g
J
-
V
ch
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ter
is
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e
p
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id
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d
in
F
ig
u
r
e
6
(
a
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,
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d
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e
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tr
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ted
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tr
ical
o
u
tp
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ts
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illu
s
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ated
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F
ig
u
r
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6
(
b
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.
I
n
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ch
ca
s
e,
s
p
ec
if
ic
th
ick
n
ess
v
alu
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wer
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s
elec
ted
ac
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r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
b
est
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
I
n
OSC
,
a
s
lig
h
t
d
r
o
p
is
th
er
e
i
n
PC
E
an
d
J
SC
with
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
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2
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n
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20
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:
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in
cr
ea
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HT
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ick
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ess
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T
h
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in
d
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n
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ten
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with
th
e
r
esear
ch
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ep
o
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te
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in
[
2
7
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-
[
29
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.
I
OSC
ex
h
ib
its
a
litt
le
d
ec
lin
e
f
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m
th
e
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ate
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r
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ch
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g
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SC
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L
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ick
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ess
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as
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e
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y
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er
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a
n
d
b
o
th
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OC
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d
FF
in
I
OSC
ar
e
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a
s
ically
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n
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f
ec
ted
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T
h
e
lo
w
h
o
le
(
m
ajo
r
ity
ca
r
r
ie
r
s
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m
o
b
ilit
y
in
th
is
ar
ea
is
r
es
p
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
t
h
is
d
is
co
v
er
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,
w
h
ich
also
e
x
p
lain
s
wh
y
th
er
e
is
n
o
t
m
u
ch
o
f
a
n
i
m
p
ac
t o
n
t
h
ese
elec
tr
ical
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
3
.
2
.
I
m
pa
c
t
o
f
diff
er
ent
E
T
L
m
a
t
er
ia
ls
o
n pho
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
perf
o
rm
a
nce
T
h
e
s
ev
er
al
m
ater
ials
u
s
ed
in
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s
as
th
e
E
T
L
,
ar
e
ex
am
i
n
ed
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
E
T
L
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an
ess
en
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l
co
m
p
o
n
en
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is
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Al
ca
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e
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p
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ir
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ality
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s
h
o
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ld
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ak
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en
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ly
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d
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p
atial
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tr
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t
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g
a
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ier
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o
ac
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er
th
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g
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b
ac
k
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lectio
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[
3
0
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,
[
3
1
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.
T
h
e
g
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al
o
f
th
is
s
ec
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n
is
to
d
eter
m
in
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h
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ater
ial
b
est
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atis
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ies
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r
eq
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ir
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en
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h
iev
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s
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ce
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lls
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T
h
e
m
ater
ials
p
r
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p
o
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ed
f
o
r
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is
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
e
V
2
O
5
,
Z
n
O
,
an
d
T
iOx
.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
v
er
e
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o
u
tp
u
t
p
ar
am
et
er
s
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
T
ab
le
3
,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
ltan
t
J
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
.
I
t
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
th
at
th
e
b
est
E
T
L
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
OSC
is
Z
n
O.
Z
n
O
ap
p
ea
r
s
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le
as
it
h
as
a
wid
er
en
er
g
y
b
an
d
g
ap
,
wh
ich
im
p
r
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v
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h
t
tr
an
s
m
is
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io
n
.
I
ts
af
f
in
ity
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I
T
O
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n
s
well
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th
e
r
eq
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ir
em
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ts
o
f
th
e
d
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iOx
is
b
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s
u
ited
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o
r
I
OSC
,
wh
er
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th
e
ca
th
o
d
e
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s
im
p
le
m
etal
(
Al)
an
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T
L
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at
th
e
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ac
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s
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f
its
s
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itab
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el
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tr
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n
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n
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llectio
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in
th
ese
p
a
r
ticu
lar
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m
s
tan
ce
s
.
3
.
3
.
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m
pa
c
t
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diff
er
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H
T
L
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a
t
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n pho
t
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v
o
lt
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ic
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o
rm
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nce
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
th
e
s
elec
ted
HT
L
m
ater
ials
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
:
C
U2
O,
P3
HT
,
an
d
PEDO
T
:PS
S.
T
ab
le
4
li
s
ts
th
e
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
elec
tr
ical
o
u
t
p
u
ts
,
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws th
e
J
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
C
u
2
O,
th
e
HT
L
with
th
e
b
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
OSC
,
y
ield
s
a
PC
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o
f
2
0
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1
2
%.
C
u
2
O
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s
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r
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s
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u
e
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ig
h
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d
g
ap
en
er
g
y
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s
tr
ateg
ically
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
o
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th
e
illu
m
in
ated
s
u
b
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tr
ate
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(
I
T
O)
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T
h
e
im
p
r
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ed
p
e
r
f
o
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m
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ce
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d
u
e
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a
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er
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r
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e
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O
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n
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ctio
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b
a
n
d
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Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
t
h
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im
p
r
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v
ed
alig
n
m
en
t
o
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th
e
PM6
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B
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HOM
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e
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im
p
r
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v
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le
co
llectio
n
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
b
lo
c
k
in
g
at
th
e
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ter
f
ac
e.
C
U2
O
p
r
o
d
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ce
s
a
n
o
p
tim
al
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
2
1
.
2
1
%
in
I
OS
C
,
ascr
ib
ed
to
th
e
h
ig
h
wo
r
k
f
u
n
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n
o
f
PEDO
T
:PS
S,
ef
f
icien
t
h
o
le
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t,
h
ig
h
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
i
n
th
e
v
is
u
al
r
a
n
g
e,
an
d
ex
ce
llen
t
m
atch
in
g
with
th
e
HOM
O
lev
el
o
f
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
d
o
n
o
r
p
o
ly
m
er
s
[
3
2
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
HT
L
t
h
ick
n
ess
im
p
a
ct
o
n
OSC
(
s
o
lid
)
I
OSC
(
h
o
llo
w)
: (
a)
J
-
V
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
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d
(
b
)
ex
t
r
ac
ted
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tr
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u
tp
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ts
T
ab
le
3
.
I
m
p
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t o
f
d
if
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e
r
en
t E
T
L
m
ater
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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u
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e
7
.
J
-
V
c
h
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
OSC
(
s
o
lid
)
an
d
I
OSC
(
h
o
llo
w)
:
d
if
f
er
en
t
(
a)
E
T
L
m
ater
ials
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d
(
b
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L
m
ater
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3
.
4
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m
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c
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m
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a
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Al
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ile
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3
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1
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CO
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t
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lect
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ir
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o
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ick
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o
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th
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d
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s
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ix
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m
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O
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ater
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r
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V
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ter
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icted
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Fig
u
r
e
9
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i
g
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r
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iled
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le
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n
O
in
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s
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C
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e
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icien
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1
9
.
0
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6
0
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r
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ely
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n
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llectio
n
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lled
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en
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ile
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ec
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tr
an
s
m
is
s
i
o
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at
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m
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cial.
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n
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n
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ast to
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OSC
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at
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O
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o
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o
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e
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en
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itiv
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o
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o
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e
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ar
a
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eter
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s
e
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tr
o
n
s
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av
e
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ter
m
o
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ilit
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th
an
h
o
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(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8.
Simu
lated
m
u
ltil
ay
er
ed
b
o
tto
m
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
:
(
a)
OSC
an
d
(
b
)
I
OSC
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
c
o
n
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l
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s
i
o
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h
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s
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Og
h
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ar
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g
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h
ick
n
e
s
s
,
E
T
L
an
d
HT
L
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics,
an
d
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
u
lti
-
th
in
lay
er
elec
tr
o
d
es
f
o
r
s
im
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
an
aly
s
es
p
r
o
v
id
ed
cr
u
cial
in
s
ig
h
t
s
in
to
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
OSC
an
d
I
OSC
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
th
e
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
PM6
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BO
-
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ased
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d
I
OS
C
,
w
h
ile
th
e
E
T
L
an
d
HT
L
th
ic
k
n
ess
es
an
d
m
ater
ials
p
lay
v
ital
r
o
les.
T
h
e
c
h
o
ice
o
f
E
T
L
m
ater
ial
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
n
o
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le
im
p
ac
t
o
n
b
o
th
OSC
an
d
I
OSC
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
HT
L
m
ater
ial
h
ad
a
m
in
o
r
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
I
OSC
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
T
C
O/T
iOx
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O
m
u
lti
-
th
in
lay
er
as
a
b
o
tto
m
elec
tr
o
d
e.
E
f
f
icien
c
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
s
h
o
wca
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ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
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co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
an
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
2
0
.
1
2
%
with
th
e
I
T
O/C
U2
O/PM6
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-
B
O/Z
n
O/A
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
An
o
th
er
co
n
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ig
u
r
atio
n
,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
th
e
Z
T
Z
/PM6
:L8
-
B
O/Z
n
O/Al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
Z
T
Z
as
a
tr
i
-
lay
e
r
b
o
tto
m
elec
tr
o
d
e
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
s
lig
h
tly
lo
we
r
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
1
9
%.
I
OSC
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
an
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
2
1
.
4
3
%
with
th
e
Ag
/PEDOT
:PS
S/
PM6
:L8
-
B
O/T
iOx
/I
T
O
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
An
o
t
h
er
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
th
e
Ag
/PEDOT
:PS
S/P
M6
:L8
-
B
O/
Z
T
Z
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
Z
T
Z
as
a
tr
i
-
lay
er
b
o
tto
m
elec
tr
o
d
e,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
s
lig
h
tly
lo
wer
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
2
1
.
6
0
%.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
u
g
g
est
s
th
at
ex
p
lo
r
i
n
g
alter
n
ativ
e
m
ater
ials
,
in
s
tead
o
f
Z
T
Z
,
h
o
ld
s
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
ef
f
icien
cy
.
W
h
ile
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
v
al
u
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
it'
s
ess
en
tial
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
ce
r
tain
lim
itatio
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
s
tu
d
y
is
n
ee
d
e
d
to
r
eso
lv
e
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
an
d
b
r
o
a
d
en
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
As
a
wh
o
le,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
e
x
p
an
d
s
o
u
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
OSC
an
d
I
OSC
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
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d
o
f
f
er
s
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u
es f
o
r
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u
tu
r
e
r
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ch
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
OSC
s
.
F
UNDING
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NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
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Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
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f
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th
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r
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ip
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I
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l Po
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r
elev
an
t
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
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d
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eth
o
d
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l
o
g
ical
d
etails
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
with
in
th
e
ar
ticle.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
m
ad
e
av
ailab
le
b
y
th
e
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r
r
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n
d
in
g
a
u
th
o
r
u
p
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n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
D
.
C
h
e
n
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t
a
l
.
,
“
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[
2
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I
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[
3
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C
.
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[
4
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Y
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[
5
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.
Li
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,
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[
6
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H
.
F
u
,
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W
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u
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,
“
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7
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[
8
]
K
.
K
r
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n
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k
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mar,
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.
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[
9
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D
.
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