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es
ef
f
o
r
tles
s
ly
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
tast
es
f
u
tu
r
is
tic,
its
r
o
o
t
s
g
o
b
ac
k
to
Nik
o
la
T
esla's
ea
r
ly
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
m
o
r
e
th
an
a
ce
n
t
u
r
y
a
g
o
.
T
esla d
r
e
am
ed
o
f
a
f
u
tu
r
e
in
wh
ich
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
wo
u
l
d
b
e
wir
eless
ly
tr
an
s
m
itted
,
an
d
h
is
r
esear
ch
f
o
r
m
e
d
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
wir
eless
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
Mo
d
er
n
izatio
n
s
o
f
T
esla's
id
ea
s
h
av
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
r
eso
n
a
n
t
in
d
u
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs).
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
eth
o
d
aim
s
at
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es
wh
ile
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
it
with
m
ax
im
u
m
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
R
eso
n
an
t
co
ils
ar
e
p
iv
o
tal
in
m
ax
i
m
izin
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
ev
en
u
s
in
g
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
s
o
lar
p
an
els
with
o
u
t
an
y
wastag
e,
b
ein
g
in
lin
e
wi
th
g
r
ee
n
p
r
ac
tices.
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
in
d
u
ctiv
e
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
(
PIWC
)
h
as
c
h
an
g
ed
th
e
g
am
e
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
with
q
u
ick
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
,
an
d
h
ass
le
-
f
r
ee
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
No
t
o
n
ly
d
o
es
th
is
ad
v
an
c
ed
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
m
o
te
g
r
ee
n
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
b
u
t
it
also
p
lac
es
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
o
n
a
f
u
tu
r
e
-
o
r
ien
ted
p
at
h
to
war
d
s
lo
wer
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
an
d
in
tellig
en
t e
n
er
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ad
v
en
t
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
les
n
o
t
o
n
ly
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
th
e
n
o
tio
n
o
f
m
o
b
ilit
y
b
u
t
also
m
ad
e
it
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
a
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
ch
a
r
g
in
g
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
f
u
el
s
tatio
n
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
an
d
d
ee
p
ly
r
o
o
ted
in
o
u
r
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
E
Vs
ar
e
in
th
e
m
id
s
t
o
f
s
ca
lin
g
u
p
an
d
f
in
e
-
tu
n
in
g
.
Fo
r
elec
tr
ic
ca
r
s
to
b
ec
o
m
e
a
co
m
m
o
n
m
ea
n
s
o
f
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t,
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
to
eq
u
al
t
h
e
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
a
n
d
s
ize
o
f
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
r
ef
u
elin
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
g
en
er
all
y
class
if
ied
in
to
th
r
ee
ca
teg
o
r
i
es:
L
ev
el
1
,
L
ev
el
2
,
an
d
DC
f
ast
ch
ar
g
e.
L
ev
el
1
ch
ar
g
er
s
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t e
lem
en
t
ar
y
an
d
a
r
e
ty
p
ically
lo
ca
te
d
i
n
d
o
m
esti
c
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
,
an
d
th
ey
ar
e
co
m
p
atib
le
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
o
we
r
o
u
tlets
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
y
ch
ar
g
e
s
lo
wly
,
th
ey
ar
e
ea
s
y
t
o
u
s
e
in
o
v
er
n
ig
h
t
d
o
m
esti
c
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
L
e
v
el
2
ch
ar
g
er
s
ch
a
r
g
e
m
o
r
e
q
u
ick
ly
an
d
ten
d
to
b
e
m
o
u
n
ted
in
p
u
b
lic
s
p
ac
es
lik
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
s
,
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
ce
n
ter
s
,
an
d
ca
r
p
ar
k
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
also
DC
f
ast
ch
ar
g
er
s
,
wh
ic
h
c
h
ar
g
e
q
u
ick
ly
at
h
i
g
h
s
p
ee
d
s
in
m
u
ch
less
tim
e
an
d
ar
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
u
s
e
o
n
lo
n
g
tr
ip
s
an
d
f
o
r
r
ap
id
r
ef
u
elin
g
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
th
eir
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
in
s
tallatio
n
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
co
s
ts
r
en
d
er
th
em
less
co
m
m
o
n
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
s
p
ite
o
f
th
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
s
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
b
ig
g
est
ch
allen
g
es
is
s
t
ill
th
e
u
n
ev
en
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
o
in
ts
.
Ur
b
an
ar
ea
s
ten
d
to
en
jo
y
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
c
h
ar
g
er
s
,
wh
ile
r
u
r
al
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
ar
ea
s
h
av
e
litt
le
o
r
n
o
ac
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
d
is
p
ar
ity
ad
d
s
to
wh
at
is
g
en
er
ally
k
n
o
wn
as
"r
an
g
e
an
x
iety
"
a
d
r
iv
e
r
'
s
f
ea
r
o
f
ex
h
au
s
tin
g
h
is
b
atter
y
b
ef
o
r
e
ar
r
iv
in
g
at
th
e
n
ex
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
i
s
ap
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
d
is
s
u
ad
es
p
o
t
en
tial
u
s
er
s
,
esp
ec
ially
th
o
s
e
wh
o
liv
e
i
n
o
r
ar
e
tr
av
elin
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
h
as
s
tar
ted
to
ex
er
t
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
n
cu
r
r
en
t
p
o
wer
g
r
i
d
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
at
p
ea
k
u
s
ag
e
tim
es.
Me
etin
g
t
h
is
ex
p
a
n
d
in
g
d
em
a
n
d
r
eq
u
i
r
es
cr
ea
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
b
ey
o
n
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
o
d
els
o
f
in
f
r
astru
c
tu
r
e
.
A
s
m
ar
t
way
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
is
b
y
u
s
in
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
to
p
o
wer
th
em
.
No
t
o
n
ly
d
o
es
th
is
allev
iate
th
e
lo
ad
o
n
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
p
o
wer
g
r
id
,
b
u
t
it
also
f
o
s
ter
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
Sm
ar
t
g
r
id
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
also
o
f
f
er
s
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
a
v
en
u
e
b
y
en
ab
li
n
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
id
an
d
E
Vs
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
allo
ws
f
o
r
b
etter
lo
ad
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t,
o
p
tim
ized
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
ch
ed
u
les
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
p
o
wer
is
d
eliv
er
e
d
wh
er
e
a
n
d
wh
en
it
is
n
ee
d
ed
m
o
s
t.
I
t
ca
n
also
h
elp
s
h
if
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
to
o
f
f
-
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
g
r
i
d
a
n
d
lo
wer
in
g
co
s
ts
f
o
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
t
h
er
e
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
p
o
licy
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
an
d
f
is
ca
l
in
ce
n
tiv
es
f
o
r
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
ts
is
p
i
v
o
tal
in
f
ac
il
itatin
g
th
e
e
x
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
E
V
n
e
two
r
k
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
o
f
s
u
b
s
id
ies
f
o
r
th
e
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
s
tatio
n
s
,
in
v
est
m
en
t
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
b
y
p
r
iv
ate
f
ir
m
s
,
an
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
th
at
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
eq
u
al
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
Pu
b
lic
-
p
r
iv
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
h
a
v
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
ac
ce
ler
ate
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
m
ar
r
y
in
g
s
tate
f
u
n
d
s
with
b
u
s
in
ess
cr
ea
tiv
ity
an
d
ca
p
ital.
I
n
s
h
o
r
t,
h
av
in
g
a
r
eliab
le
E
V
c
h
ar
g
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
is
ess
en
tial if
we
wan
t to
m
o
v
e
to
war
d
a
g
r
ee
n
er
f
u
t
u
r
e
in
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
ex
is
tin
g
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
lik
e
h
ig
h
co
s
ts
,
tech
n
ical
is
s
u
es,
an
d
u
n
ev
en
av
ailab
ilit
y
co
n
tin
u
e
to
ex
is
t,
co
n
tin
u
ed
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
p
o
licy
,
an
d
p
lan
n
i
n
g
ef
f
o
r
ts
ar
e
s
lo
wly
o
v
er
co
m
i
n
g
th
ese
o
b
s
tacle
s
.
As
in
f
r
astru
c
tu
r
e
ex
p
an
d
s
a
n
d
e
v
o
lv
es,
f
ea
r
o
f
r
an
g
e
a
n
x
iety
will
f
ad
e
an
d
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
will
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
a
s
u
b
s
titu
te
o
p
tio
n
to
a
m
ain
s
tr
ea
m
an
s
wer
in
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
clea
n
er
en
er
g
y
g
l
o
b
ally
[
2
0
]
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
CIR
CUI
T
DIA
G
RAM
2
.
1
.
So
la
r
p
a
nel
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
cir
cu
it
d
i
ag
r
am
o
f
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
in
d
u
ctiv
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
f
o
r
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
.
A
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
is
a
m
ac
h
in
e
t
h
at
co
n
v
er
ts
s
u
n
lig
h
t
d
ir
ec
tly
i
n
to
elec
tr
icity
th
r
o
u
g
h
PV
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
-
in
d
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w
ir
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ch
a
r
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fo
r
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(
A
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r
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Za
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ater
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ased
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s
iv
e
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d
eg
r
ad
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f
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[
2
1
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
PV
p
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e
ca
p
ab
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n
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m
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itio
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ap
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g
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wid
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Fig
u
r
e
1
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ir
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it d
iag
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ctiv
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Fig
u
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t
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o
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ig
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als
[
A]
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[
B
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r
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1
3
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ates a
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ield
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h
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r
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atter
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ield
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=
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s
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b
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ate
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2.
3
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Rec
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T
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u
r
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atter
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o
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er
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ag
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etu
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o
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i
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r
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ter
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er
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ter
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e
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tifie
d
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1
3
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1
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C
2
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is
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lace
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at
t
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t to
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t v
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ip
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r
o
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le
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r
th
e
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atter
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F
i
g
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r
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4
s
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
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s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
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2
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J
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3.
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XP
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Fig
u
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5
s
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tp
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o
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cu
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r
en
t
in
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h
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ield
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at
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h
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ig
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r
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6
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6
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ated
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ir
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s
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t;
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e
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s
e.
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h
e
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s
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r
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r
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ir
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s
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m
en
t,
m
i
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im
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ap
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.
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ir
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ed
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ce
s
th
e
m
ec
h
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r
o
f
co
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n
ec
to
r
s
b
u
t
b
r
in
g
s
o
th
e
r
is
s
u
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
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8
8
-
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6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
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&
Dr
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,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
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2
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J
u
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20
2
6
:
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4
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854
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Ou
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
d
u
e
to
a
s
in
g
le
co
il
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Ou
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
d
u
e
to
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
ctio
n
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
So
lar
-
p
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ed
in
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u
ctiv
e
ch
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r
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ak
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[
1
]
V
.
R
a
m
a
k
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sh
n
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l
.
,
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[
2
]
A
.
F
a
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,
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.
Y
.
D
e
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3
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El
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r
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[
5
]
S
.
Jeo
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g
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.
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.
Ja
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g
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d
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.
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[
6
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S
.
Je
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J.
J
a
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K
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1
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2
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4
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3
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h
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p
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–
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5
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[
2
5
]
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.
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.
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h
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f
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l
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n
2
0
2
0
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EE
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r
e
l
e
ss
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PTC)
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0
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0
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p
p
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4
6
7
–
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7
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6
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1
.
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RS
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r
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is cu
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tl
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s a
se
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t
p
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rtme
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tri
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t
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n
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re
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in
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tri
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l
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n
d
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tro
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n
g
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g
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m
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T
(
2
0
0
1
)
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n
d
a
n
M
.
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h
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s
(EP
S
)
fro
m
J.B.
I.
E.
T
(2
0
1
2
).
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h
e
h
a
s
p
u
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sh
e
d
a
n
d
p
re
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ted
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v
e
ra
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se
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rc
h
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a
p
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rs
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c
o
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u
s
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in
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tern
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rn
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ls
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n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
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r
n
o
ta
b
le
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r
k
s
in
c
lu
d
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
in
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m
o
t
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te
c
h
n
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l
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g
y
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r
su
sta
in
a
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m
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u
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y
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o
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tro
ll
e
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b
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se
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i
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ra
ted
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sy
ste
m
s,
a
n
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so
lar
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p
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d
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u
c
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re
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tere
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tec
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ies
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d
p
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a
p
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s.
S
h
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c
a
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tac
ted
a
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p
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h
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fo
r
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&
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m
s
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r
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h
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n
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/ICT
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h
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s 3
9
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c
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p
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lu
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2
4
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e
rien
c
e
.
He
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
wo
r
k
in
g
a
s
a
n
a
ss
i
sta
n
t
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
in
th
e
EE
E
De
p
a
rtme
n
t,
VN
R
VJ
IET
,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
I
n
d
ia.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
n
a
g
a
b
u
s
h
a
n
a
m
p
h
d
1
4
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
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w
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ch
a
r
g
in
g
fo
r
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icles
(
A
z
r
a
Za
in
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)
857
Dr
.
K
a
la
g
o
tla
Chenchi
r
e
d
d
y
re
c
e
iv
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d
h
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h
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a
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.
Tec
h
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d
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fro
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Ja
wa
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a
rlal
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ru
Tec
h
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lo
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ica
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Un
iv
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rsity
,
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y
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ra
b
a
d
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I
n
d
ia,
i
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a
n
d
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1
3
,
re
sp
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ti
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l
y
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e
a
rn
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d
h
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h
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in
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4
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y
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ti
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m
s
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CIE),
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a
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c
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tac
ted
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k
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rtme
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tri
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tro
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g
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n
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p
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ll
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ro
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h
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c
a
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tac
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k
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in
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sh
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T
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c
h
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fr
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m
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TU
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d
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d
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i
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2
0
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n
d
2
0
1
6
,
re
sp
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c
ti
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ly
.
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is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
w
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rk
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g
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s
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t.
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ter’s
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ra
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d
ia.
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h
a
s
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re
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p
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b
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rc
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u
r
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re
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o
f
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tro
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e
r
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u
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n
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m
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lt
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
jellan
a
re
sh
n
e
th
a
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Dr
.
S
h
a
b
b
ier
Ahm
e
d
S
y
d
u
d
isti
n
g
u
is
h
e
d
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
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n
d
sc
h
o
lar
with
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str
o
n
g
a
c
a
d
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m
ic
b
a
c
k
g
ro
u
n
d
in
t
h
e
field
o
f
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e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
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e
c
tro
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ics
E
n
g
i
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e
e
rin
g
.
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o
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tain
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
fro
m
S
ri
S
a
ty
a
S
a
i
U
n
iv
e
r
sity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
M
e
d
ica
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
I
n
d
ia,
wh
e
re
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
d
o
n
a
d
v
a
n
c
i
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g
t
h
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teg
ra
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s
o
lar
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d
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n
d
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n
e
rg
y
i
n
to
e
x
isti
n
g
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s.
P
rio
r
t
o
h
is
d
o
c
to
ra
l
stu
d
ies
,
h
e
e
a
rn
e
d
a
m
a
ste
r
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
JN
TU
Ka
k
in
a
d
a
,
In
d
ia,
wh
e
re
h
e
fu
rt
h
e
re
d
h
is
e
x
p
e
rti
se
in
p
o
we
r
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lec
tro
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ics
a
n
d
d
r
iv
e
s.
He
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
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f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
d
e
g
re
e
fr
o
m
Ac
h
a
ry
a
Na
g
a
rju
n
a
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
,
w
h
e
re
h
e
laid
th
e
fo
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
fo
r
h
is
c
a
re
e
r
in
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
sh
a
b
b
ier.s
y
d
u
@
u
tas
.
e
d
u
.
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.