I
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lect
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a
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Driv
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J
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2
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J
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n
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20
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p
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1142
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J
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:
h
ttp
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//ij
p
e
d
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Im
pro
v
ed
e
ff
i
cien
cy
of DC
-
DC
con
v
erte
r
throug
h m
o
dified
switched
induc
tor
-
switch
ed capa
cit
o
r con
figura
tion
using
ANN
o
pt
imiza
tio
n
for pho
tov
o
ltaic
so
urces
Ra
m
a
lin
g
a
m
Sey
ez
ha
i
,
A.
S.
At
his
h,
K
.
Ash
wa
t
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Aka
s
h K
a
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e
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n
d
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a
Art
icle
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nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
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A
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ticle
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to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Oct
1
7
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Ma
r
2
0
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2
0
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6
Acc
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ted
Ap
r
2
3
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2
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2
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In
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
th
e
DC
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DC
c
o
n
v
e
rters
a
re
o
f
u
tmo
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imp
o
rtan
c
e
,
a
ll
o
win
g
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th
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re
g
u
latio
n
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
s
to
sa
ti
sfy
sy
ste
m
n
e
e
d
s.
A
p
re
li
m
in
a
ry
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
se
v
e
ra
l
c
o
n
v
e
rter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
re
v
e
a
led
th
a
t
th
e
sw
it
c
h
e
d
i
n
d
u
c
to
r
sw
it
c
h
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
(S
IS
C)
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
ti
o
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
b
e
tt
e
r
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
with
lo
we
r
rip
p
le,
re
d
u
c
e
d
stre
ss
,
a
n
d
b
e
tt
e
r
v
o
l
tag
e
b
o
o
st
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
is
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
with
d
iffere
n
t
S
IS
C
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
ies
,
a
n
d
it
is
o
b
se
rv
e
d
t
h
a
t
th
e
c
h
o
se
n
c
o
n
fi
g
u
ra
ti
o
n
is
su
i
tab
le
f
o
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
so
u
rc
e
s.
T
h
e
e
fficie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
su
g
g
e
ste
d
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
is
fu
rth
e
r
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
b
y
u
sin
g
a
rti
ficia
l
n
e
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ra
l
n
e
two
rk
s
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N)
fo
r
re
g
u
latin
g
th
e
sw
it
c
h
in
g
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q
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
d
u
ty
c
y
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le
o
f
th
e
sw
it
c
h
.
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n
th
is
wo
rk
,
tw
o
AN
Ns
a
re
u
se
d
to
train
b
o
t
h
sw
it
c
h
in
g
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
.
F
o
r
th
e
train
in
g
p
ro
c
e
ss
,
t
h
e
Lev
e
n
b
e
rg
-
M
a
rq
u
a
rd
t
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
is
u
se
d
to
a
c
h
iev
e
fa
st
c
o
n
v
e
rg
e
n
c
e
with
p
re
c
ise
p
re
d
icti
o
n
s.
A
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
m
o
d
e
l
is
c
o
n
str
u
c
ted
a
n
d
tes
ted
to
v
a
l
id
a
te
t
h
e
sim
u
latio
n
r
e
su
lt
s.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
p
r
o
v
e
th
a
t
t
h
e
p
ro
jec
ted
c
o
n
v
e
rter
a
c
h
iev
e
s
c
o
n
si
d
e
ra
b
le
e
fficie
n
c
y
a
n
d
is
su
it
e
d
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
(
PV
)
sy
ste
m
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
ANN
in
teg
r
atio
n
E
f
f
icien
cy
L
e
v
e
n
b
e
r
g
-
M
a
r
q
u
a
r
d
t
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
R
ip
p
le
r
ed
u
ctio
n
SISC
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
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e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
R
am
alin
g
am
Sey
ez
h
ai
Dep
ar
tm
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t o
f
E
lectr
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d
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lectr
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g
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g
,
Sri
S
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am
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a
Nad
ar
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o
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n
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v
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h
en
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ai
6
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1
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I
n
d
ia
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m
ail:
s
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air
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2
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g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
s
,
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
p
la
y
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
as
it
en
a
b
les
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
r
eliab
le
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
[
1
]
-
[
3
]
.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
a
v
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ad
v
an
tag
es
,
s
u
ch
as
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
p
an
els
to
a
s
tab
le,
u
s
ab
le
lev
el
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
b
y
b
atter
ies,
in
v
er
ter
s
,
o
r
th
e
g
r
id
,
th
er
eb
y
o
p
tim
izin
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er
g
y
t
r
an
s
f
er
an
d
s
y
s
tem
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er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Als
o
,
DC
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DC
co
n
v
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ter
s
ac
t
as
an
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
b
etwe
en
PV
m
o
d
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les
an
d
th
e
lo
ad
o
r
th
e
g
r
id
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
m
p
atib
ilit
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an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
ag
ain
s
t
o
v
er
-
v
o
ltag
e,
o
v
er
-
c
u
r
r
en
t,
an
d
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
s
.
Sin
ce
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
r
atio
s
,
a
f
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
d
es
i
g
n
a
n
d
i
n
t
eg
r
a
t
i
o
n
w
it
h
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
PV
a
r
r
a
y
s
a
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
is
p
e
r
m
i
s
s
i
b
l
e
[
4
]
-
[
6
]
.
Hen
ce
,
f
o
r
r
eg
u
latin
g
v
o
lta
g
e,
m
ax
im
izin
g
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
est,
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
s
af
e,
e
f
f
icien
t
o
p
er
atio
n
Acr
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
an
d
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
i
n
d
is
p
en
s
ab
le
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Am
o
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
th
e
s
witch
ed
in
d
u
cto
r
-
s
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
ch
o
s
en
[
7
]
-
[
9
]
.
Switch
ed
in
d
u
cto
r
-
s
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
co
n
v
e
r
ter
(
SLSC
)
is
an
ad
v
an
ce
d
ty
p
e
o
f
DC
-
DC
p
o
wer
co
n
v
e
r
ter
t
h
at
in
teg
r
ates
s
witch
ed
-
in
d
u
cto
r
an
d
s
witch
ed
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
a
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
r
atio
,
r
e
d
u
ce
d
s
witch
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
e
n
h
an
ce
d
ef
f
icie
n
cy
[
1
0
]
.
D
u
e
to
t
h
ese
d
is
tin
ct
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Po
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&
Dr
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s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
mp
r
o
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d
efficien
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o
f D
C
-
DC
co
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r
ter th
r
o
u
g
h
mo
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ified
s
w
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in
d
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cto
r
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…
(
R
a
m
a
lin
g
a
m
S
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ezh
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i
)
1143
ad
v
an
tag
es,
th
e
SLSC
is
we
l
l
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
a
s
it
r
eq
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ir
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ef
f
icien
t
v
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e
s
te
p
-
u
p
f
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o
m
lo
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PV
m
o
d
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e.
g
.
,
2
4
-
48
V)
to
th
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h
ig
h
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o
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es r
e
q
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d
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g
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g
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.
Als
o
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ed
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ce
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ess
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v
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ltag
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ip
p
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en
h
an
ce
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s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
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an
d
ex
te
n
d
t
h
e
l
if
esp
an
o
f
b
o
th
PV p
an
els an
d
co
n
v
er
ter
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
a
n
ew
ty
p
e
o
f
SLSC
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wh
er
e
a
ce
r
tain
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
is
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
i
f
ied
s
in
g
le
-
s
witch
s
witch
ed
in
d
u
cto
r
–
s
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
SISC
)
to
p
o
lo
g
y
h
as
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
in
d
u
cto
r
,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
a
n
d
d
io
d
es
,
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
s
tr
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
e
v
en
at
a
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
r
atio
wit
h
m
in
im
al
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
i
f
ied
c
o
n
v
er
ter
is
ev
alu
ated
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
ex
is
tin
g
SISC
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
in
g
le
-
s
witch
SISC
,
ca
s
ca
d
ed
SIS
C
,
m
u
ltil
ev
e
l
lad
d
er
SISC
,
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
in
ter
leav
ed
SISC
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
ANN)
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
ANN
o
p
tim
iz
es
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
y
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ch
a
n
g
es
in
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
o
r
i
n
PV
lo
ad
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
a
d
u
al
ANN
is
em
p
lo
y
e
d
t
o
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
p
o
wer
MO
SF
E
T
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
a
n
d
d
u
ty
cy
cle.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
s
witch
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
,
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
,
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
izin
g
.
T
h
er
eb
y
,
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
im
p
r
o
v
ed
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
is
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
ap
er
is
as
f
o
llo
ws:
i)
S
ec
tio
n
2
d
ea
ls
with
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
;
ii)
SIS
C
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
;
iii)
Sectio
n
4
illu
s
tr
at
es
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
SIS
C
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
;
iv
)
S
ec
tio
n
5
d
escr
ib
es AN
N
o
p
tim
izatio
n
; a
n
d
v
)
T
h
e
cir
c
u
it
-
lev
el
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
6
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
s
as
it
in
cr
ea
s
es
lo
w
DC
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
es,
ty
p
ically
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
2
0
-
48
V,
to
2
0
0
-
4
0
0
V
,
wh
ich
is
es
s
en
tial
f
o
r
in
v
er
ter
o
p
e
r
atio
n
a
n
d
g
r
id
in
teg
r
atio
n
[
1
4
]
.
B
u
t
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
with
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le,
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
m
in
im
u
m
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es,
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
en
s
u
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
co
n
v
er
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
o
n
h
y
b
r
i
d
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
co
m
b
in
e
s
witch
ed
in
d
u
cto
r
(
SI)
an
d
s
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
SC
)
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
T
h
ese
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
with
o
u
t th
e
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
an
d
th
e
d
esig
n
is
s
im
p
le
[
1
5
]
.
2
.
1
.
Co
nv
ent
i
o
na
l
t
o
po
lo
g
ies
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
c
o
n
v
er
ter
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
s
is
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
wh
ich
h
as
lim
ited
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
at
lo
w
d
u
ty
cy
cles.
Als
o
,
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ex
te
n
d
ed
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
-
p
o
wer
PV
ap
p
licatio
n
s
as
it
f
ac
es
th
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
s
atu
r
atio
n
a
n
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
i
p
p
le.
T
h
e
o
th
er
ex
is
tin
g
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
,
s
u
c
h
as
b
u
ck
-
bo
o
s
t,
C
u
k
,
SEPI
C
,
an
d
ze
ta
,
h
av
e
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
b
u
t
th
ey
s
till
it
f
ac
e
s
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
e
f
f
icien
cy
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
y
in
g
lo
a
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
g
e
n
er
ate
d
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
,
wh
ich
af
f
ec
ts
PV
m
o
d
u
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
o
v
er
all
life
s
p
an
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
.
2
.
2
.
SI
-
SC
hy
brid a
dv
a
nces
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
SISC
co
n
v
e
r
ter
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
h
as
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
with
a
s
m
aller
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
m
ain
tain
s
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
lev
els,
ty
p
ically
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
.
2
-
2
.
8
.
I
n
2
0
2
3
,
a
q
u
asi
-
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
SISC
co
n
v
er
ter
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
s
tep
u
p
4
8
V
to
6
5
0
V
at
a
p
o
wer
lev
el
o
f
5
0
0
W
an
d
a
s
witch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
5
0
k
Hz.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
h
as
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
d
u
e
t
o
a
co
m
m
o
n
-
g
r
o
u
n
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
ized
in
ter
leav
ed
SISC
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
s
tep
u
p
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
es
o
f
2
0
-
40
V
to
o
u
t
p
u
t
l
ev
els
o
f
2
0
0
-
4
0
0
V
ev
en
at
lo
w
d
u
ty
cy
cles.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
is
co
m
p
ac
t
as
it
u
s
es
m
i
n
im
al
in
d
u
ct
o
r
s
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
ef
f
icien
cies
ab
o
v
e
9
0
%
in
PV
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
o
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
i
p
p
le
an
d
e
n
h
an
ce
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
m
an
y
h
y
b
r
id
co
n
v
er
ter
s
th
at
c
o
m
b
in
e
s
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
a
n
d
in
d
u
cto
r
ce
lls
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
[
1
7
]
.
2
.
3
.
ANN
o
pti
m
iza
t
io
n r
o
le
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
SISC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
is
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
ad
o
p
tin
g
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
ANN)
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
ANN
en
ab
les
ad
ap
tiv
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
d
u
ty
cy
cle
an
d
s
witc
h
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
lo
a
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Als
o
,
th
e
r
id
er
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
R
OA)
co
m
b
in
ed
with
ANN
is
in
v
esti
g
ated
in
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
R
OA
–
ANN
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
h
a
v
e
b
etter
v
o
lt
ag
e
s
tab
ilizatio
n
in
st
an
d
alo
n
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
ANN
an
d
PID
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies.
ANN
-
b
ased
r
ip
p
le
m
i
n
im
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
in
ter
leav
ed
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
d
e
s
ig
n
h
av
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
en
h
a
n
ce
o
v
er
all
co
n
v
er
ter
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
c
h
an
g
in
g
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
1
4
2
-
1151
1144
2
.
4
.
Resea
rc
h
g
a
ps
Sti
ll,
th
e
SISC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
av
e
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
:
˗
At
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
le
v
els ab
o
v
e
3
5
0
W
,
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t stre
s
s
b
ec
o
m
es si
g
n
if
ican
t,
an
d
it e
x
h
ib
i
ts
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
5
V
an
d
ef
f
icien
cies b
elo
w
8
5
%.
˗
T
h
e
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
b
o
th
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
a
n
d
d
u
ty
cy
cle
with
ANN
r
e
m
ain
s
lim
ited
in
m
o
d
if
ied
s
in
g
le
-
s
witch
co
n
v
e
r
ter
co
n
f
ig
u
r
a
tio
n
s
.
Als
o
,
a
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
test
in
g
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
y
in
g
PV
co
n
d
itio
n
s
is
lim
ited
.
2
.
5
.
No
v
elt
y
T
o
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
lim
itatio
n
s
,
a
m
o
d
if
ied
s
in
g
le
-
s
witch
SISC
co
n
v
er
ter
with
a
d
u
al
ANN
-
b
ased
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
,
wh
er
e
th
e
n
eu
r
al
n
et
wo
r
k
is
tr
ai
n
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
L
e
v
en
b
er
g
-
Ma
r
q
u
ar
d
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
es
an
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
8
2
-
8
8
%,
m
ain
tain
s
a
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
1
.
5
V,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
o
f
u
p
to
ten
tim
es
at
3
5
0
W
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
d
es
ig
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
an
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
8
-
1
0
%
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
SISC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
3.
SI
SC
T
O
P
O
L
O
G
I
E
S
3
.
1
.
Sin
g
le
-
s
wit
ch
SI
SC
t
o
po
lo
g
y
T
h
e
SISC
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
o
f
s
witch
ed
in
d
u
cto
r
an
d
s
w
itch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
a
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
h
as
b
ee
n
th
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
elec
tio
n
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
,
an
d
t
h
e
cir
cu
it
d
iag
r
am
o
f
t
h
e
s
in
g
le
s
witch
SISC
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
cir
c
u
it
p
o
r
tr
a
y
e
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
u
f
f
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
h
ig
h
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
th
is
d
eg
r
ad
es
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
lim
its
it
to
lo
w
p
o
wer
lev
el
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
is
,
a
n
ew
m
o
d
if
ie
d
SISC
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
is
wo
r
k
.
3
.
2
.
M
o
dified
s
ing
le
-
s
wit
ch
SI
SC
t
o
po
lo
g
y
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
i
f
ied
s
in
g
le
-
s
witch
SIS
C
to
p
o
lo
g
y
h
as
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
in
d
u
cto
r
(
L
3
)
,
ca
p
a
cito
r
(
C
4
)
,
an
d
d
io
d
es
(
D
6
,
D
7
)
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
s
tr
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ev
en
at
a
h
ig
h
-
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
r
atio
with
m
in
im
al
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Du
e
to
th
is
,
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
-
p
u
m
p
m
ec
h
an
is
m
is
en
h
an
ce
d
,
an
d
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
an
d
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
as
it
is
ex
ten
d
ed
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
-
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
cir
c
u
it
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
if
ie
d
s
in
g
le
-
s
witch
SIS
C
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
er
ati
o
n
,
d
esig
n
e
q
u
atio
n
s
,
a
n
d
s
im
u
latio
n
r
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lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
ex
p
lain
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
2
.
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1.
Sin
g
le
s
witch
SISC
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
y
Fig
u
r
e
2.
Mo
d
if
ied
s
in
g
le
s
witch
SISC
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
mp
r
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efficien
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f D
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ter th
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ified
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1145
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2
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1
.
M
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o
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T
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e
m
o
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ied
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h
as two
m
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r
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e
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s
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2
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d
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g
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r
o
m
th
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o
u
tp
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t c
ap
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C
0
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S).
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D3
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D4
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tr
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s
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g
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s
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C
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m
th
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a
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(
C
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.
3
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2
.
2
.
Desig
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in
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SI
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C
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o
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h
e
d
esig
n
e
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u
atio
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s
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
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g
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iv
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i
n
(
1
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(
7
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.
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tp
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t v
o
ltag
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in
(
1
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o
=
4
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1
−
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2
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1
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n
d
u
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r
s
h
o
ws
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(
2
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.
1
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I
L1
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(
2
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(
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3
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L2
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(
4
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C
ap
ac
ito
r
s
h
o
ws in
(
5
)
-
(
7
)
.
C
1
=C
2
≥
(
1
−
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1
∗
∗
(
5
)
C
3
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4
≥
3
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∗
(
6
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≥
∗
∗
(
7)
W
h
er
e,
=
s
witch
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r
eq
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en
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d
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ty
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t
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im
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latio
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ted
in
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ab
le
1
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T
ab
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1
.
Simu
latio
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f
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t
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t
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t
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0
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4
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a
i
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t
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3
.
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ula
t
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h
e
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u
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ar
e
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r
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o
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t
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lin
k
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n
d
th
e
r
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lts
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e
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
3
-
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
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r
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o
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ter
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ich
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o
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t
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9
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u
r
e
4
s
h
o
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th
e
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u
tp
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t
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r
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n
t
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r
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o
f
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ich
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o
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t
1
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5
A.
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u
r
e
s
5
a
n
d
6
,
it
is
o
b
s
er
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ed
th
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
is
3
.
5
V
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
ip
p
le
is
0
.
0
0
5
A.
T
h
e
m
o
d
if
ie
d
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
co
m
p
a
r
ed
with
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
SISC
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
2.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
if
ied
s
in
g
le
-
s
witch
SIS
C
to
p
o
lo
g
y
ac
h
iev
es
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le,
r
e
d
u
ce
d
s
witch
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
h
ig
h
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
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w
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&
Dr
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s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
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6
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1
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4
2
-
1151
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co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
in
g
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-
s
witch
SI
SC
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
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n
ad
d
itio
n
al
in
d
u
ct
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r
(
L
3
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a
c
ap
ac
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r
(
C
4
)
,
a
n
d
a
d
io
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r
(
D
6
an
d
D
7
)
is
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
d
in
to
a
s
in
g
le
-
s
witch
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
c
o
n
s
titu
te
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m
o
d
if
ied
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d
esig
n
.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
a
r
ed
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ctio
n
in
v
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e
s
tr
ess
to
ab
o
u
t
1
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2
ag
ain
s
t
with
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
3
.
5
in
ty
p
ical
s
in
g
le
-
s
witch
SISC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
d
eliv
er
s
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
attain
s
an
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
o
f
ab
o
u
t
1
.
5
V.
T
h
is
is
7
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%
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
ca
s
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d
ed
co
n
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ig
u
r
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tio
n
s
(
ar
o
u
n
d
6
V)
an
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
in
ter
leav
e
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es (
ar
o
u
n
d
3
V)
,
as it r
eq
u
ir
es o
n
ly
1
5
% a
d
d
itio
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al
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ass
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e
co
m
p
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n
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ts
.
Du
al
ANN
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ar
e
in
co
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p
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ated
in
th
e
p
r
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ed
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n
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ter
,
w
h
ich
is
tr
ain
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s
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g
th
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er
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Ma
r
q
u
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t
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
2
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]
with
a
m
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n
s
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u
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r
b
elo
w
1
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5
.
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ith
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is
,
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e
r
eg
u
latio
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b
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th
s
witch
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g
f
r
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e
n
c
y
(
4
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k
Hz)
an
d
th
e
d
u
t
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cle
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
s
im
u
ltan
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s
ly
u
n
d
er
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ar
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g
p
h
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atin
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o
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itio
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s
.
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h
is
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n
o
t f
o
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in
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al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
as it u
s
es
an
ANN
o
n
ly
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle.
T
h
is
d
u
al
ANN
s
tr
ate
g
y
en
h
an
ce
s
co
n
v
er
ter
e
f
f
ic
i
en
cy
b
y
8
.
5
%
an
d
attain
s
a
n
ef
f
icien
cy
r
an
g
e
o
f
8
2
–
8
8
%
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
n
o
n
-
ANN
SISC
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
.
Als
o
,
s
ettlin
g
tim
e
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
h
alf
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
PID
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
is
h
as b
ee
n
v
alid
ated
u
s
in
g
a
h
ar
d
war
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
th
at
g
en
er
ates
an
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
9
4
V
f
r
o
m
a
1
0
V
in
p
u
t.
Fig
u
r
e
3.
Ou
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
s
in
g
le
s
witch
SISC
to
p
o
lo
g
y
Fig
u
r
e
4.
Ou
t
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t o
f
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
s
in
g
le
s
witch
SISC
to
p
o
lo
g
y
Fig
u
r
e
5.
Ou
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
s
in
g
le
s
witch
SISC
to
p
o
lo
g
y
Fig
u
r
e
6.
Ou
t
p
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t r
i
p
p
l
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
s
in
g
le
s
witch
SISC
to
p
o
lo
g
y
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
s
in
g
le
s
witch
an
d
m
o
d
if
ie
d
s
in
g
le
s
witch
SISC
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
M
o
d
i
f
i
e
d
s
i
n
g
l
e
sw
i
t
c
h
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
i
n
g
l
e
sw
i
t
c
h
S
I
S
C
D
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
0
.
4
3
0
.
5
8
G
a
i
n
4
/
(
1
-
D)
2
4
/
(
1
-
D)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
r
i
p
p
l
e
(
V
)
3
.
5
5
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
i
p
p
l
e
(
A
)
0
.
0
0
5
0
.
1
5
3
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
8
2
.
3
%
7
3
.
7
7
%
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
t
r
e
ss
2
.
8
7
5
3
.
5
4.
ANALY
SI
S O
F
S
I
SC
T
O
P
O
L
O
G
I
E
S
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
m
o
d
if
ied
s
in
g
le
s
witch
SISC
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
an
aly
ze
d
wit
h
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
SISC
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
a
n
aly
s
is
ar
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
(
V
G
)
,
s
witch
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
(
V
s
)
,
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
r
ip
p
le
(
V
i
)
,
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
ip
p
le
(
I
i
)
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
(
ƞ
)
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
if
ied
s
in
g
le
-
s
witch
SISC
h
as
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
o
th
er
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
,
s
u
c
h
as
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
,
r
e
d
u
ce
d
s
witch
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
,
lo
w
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
,
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
if
ied
s
in
g
le
-
s
witch
SISC
is
h
ig
h
ly
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
f
o
r
PV
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
mp
r
o
ve
d
efficien
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o
f D
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co
n
ve
r
ter th
r
o
u
g
h
mo
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ified
s
w
itch
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d
u
cto
r
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…
(
R
a
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a
m
S
ey
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i
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1147
T
ab
le
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
SISC
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
To
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
V
G
(
%)
V
s
(
%)
V
i
(
%)
I
i
(
%)
Ƞ
(
%)
C
a
sc
a
d
e
d
S
I
S
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[
2
2
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8
6
5
10
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H
y
b
r
i
d
i
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
e
d
S
I
S
C
[
2
3
]
10
2
3
5
90
M
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
l
a
d
d
e
r
S
I
S
C
[
2
4
]
10
3
2
5
80
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
sw
i
t
c
h
S
I
S
C
[
2
5
]
5
1
.
5
2
.
1
8
73
M
o
d
i
f
i
e
d
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
s
w
i
t
c
h
S
I
S
C
10
1
.
2
1
.
5
1
82
5.
O
P
T
I
M
I
Z
AT
I
O
N
USI
NG
ARTI
F
I
CIA
L
N
E
URA
L
NE
T
WO
RK
S
ANN
is
an
ar
tific
ial
v
is
io
n
m
o
d
el
th
at
r
ep
licates
th
e
b
r
ain
t
o
id
en
tif
y
p
atter
n
s
an
d
r
eso
lv
e
in
tr
icate
is
s
u
es.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
ANN
is
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
two
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
:
i)
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
d
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
lo
s
s
es
,
th
e
r
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
;
an
d
i
i)
T
o
r
e
g
u
late
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
in
g
l
o
ad
p
o
wer
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
5
.
1
.
ANN
f
o
r
s
wit
ching
f
re
qu
ency
a
nd
du
t
y
cy
cle
ANN
is
b
ased
o
n
lay
er
s
o
f
in
t
er
ac
tin
g
n
o
d
es
(
n
eu
r
o
n
s
)
th
at
co
m
p
u
te
th
r
o
u
g
h
weig
h
ted
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
.
I
t
o
f
f
er
s
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
an
d
g
u
ar
a
n
tees
s
y
s
tem
s
ta
b
ilit
y
d
esp
ite
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
lo
ad
.
B
y
a
d
is
cip
lin
ed
MA
T
L
AB
-
d
r
iv
en
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
,
m
o
d
el
tr
ai
n
in
g
,
test
in
g
,
v
alid
atio
n
,
an
d
o
p
tim
izat
io
n
,
ANNs
ca
n
ef
f
icien
tly
s
ea
r
c
h
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
(
f
ₛ
)
with
o
u
t
ted
io
u
s
tim
e
-
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
t
u
n
in
g
.
5
.
1
.
1
.
Da
t
a
s
et
g
ener
a
t
io
n
V
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
(
V
s
=
0
.
0
5
)
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
is
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
s
et
f
o
r
th
b
e
f
o
r
e
h
an
d
,
ea
ch
vo
ltag
e
in
p
u
t'
s
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
f
s
)
an
d
d
u
ty
cy
cle
(
D)
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
.
MA
T
L
AB
co
d
e
g
en
er
ates
a
d
ataset
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
2
8
1
tr
ain
in
g
s
am
p
les
g
en
er
ated
f
o
r
an
i
n
p
u
t v
o
l
tag
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
0
V
to
2
4
V
,
an
d
a
s
am
p
le
d
ataset
is
g
iv
en
in
T
ab
le
4
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Sam
p
le
o
f
th
e
d
ataset
g
en
er
ated
V
s
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
D
0
.
5
8
3
0
0
.
5
4
3
0
0
.
5
0
6
6
0
.
4
7
2
5
0
.
4
4
0
5
0
.
4
1
0
2
0
.
3
8
1
4
0
.
3
5
3
9
F
s
1
7
2
1
6
2
0
7
8
0
2
4
1
5
7
2
8
2
6
9
3
1
0
5
0
3
4
5
6
2
3
7
9
8
5
4
1
3
1
8
5
.
1
.
2
.
T
ra
ini
ng
T
h
e
n
eu
r
al
f
itti
n
g
to
o
l
(
n
f
to
o
l
)
is
u
s
ed
to
tr
ain
th
e
ANN.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
two
ANNs
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
tr
ain
b
o
th
s
witch
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
an
d
d
u
t
y
cy
cle.
D
atasets
ar
e
lo
ad
e
d
in
to
th
e
m
o
d
el;
b
y
d
o
in
g
s
o
,
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
,
an
d
co
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
in
g
d
u
ty
cy
cle
v
alu
es
an
d
s
witch
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
Fo
r
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
L
ev
en
b
er
g
-
Ma
r
q
u
a
r
d
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
u
s
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
f
ast
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
with
p
r
ec
is
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
.
I
n
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
ANN
ca
n
d
ev
elo
p
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cr
itical
p
ar
am
eter
s
w
ith
ef
f
icien
t o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
cir
cu
it p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
t
h
e
r
esu
lt is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Neu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
tr
ain
in
g
r
esu
lts
s
u
m
m
ar
y
Fig
u
r
e
7
p
r
esen
ts
ANN
tr
ain
in
g
r
esu
lts
u
s
in
g
th
e
L
ev
e
n
b
er
g
Ma
r
q
u
ar
d
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
with
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
ed
er
r
o
r
(
MSE
)
as
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ic.
T
h
e
lo
w
MSE
v
alu
es
(
0
.
7
6
3
2
f
o
r
t
r
ain
in
g
,
1
.
1
3
6
3
f
o
r
v
alid
atio
n
,
an
d
1
.
4
7
2
7
f
o
r
test
in
g
)
in
d
icate
m
in
im
al
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
er
r
o
r
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
R
-
v
alu
es
o
f
1
.
0
0
0
0
ac
r
o
s
s
all
p
h
ases
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
m
o
d
el'
s
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
B
o
th
m
an
u
al
an
d
ANN
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
an
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
2
4
V
a
r
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
,
an
d
th
e
v
alu
es
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.