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is
o
la
ti
o
n
.
A
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
t
er
o
f
f
er
s
a
n
a
lte
r
n
a
ti
v
e
b
y
r
e
p
l
ac
in
g
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
-
b
ase
d
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
e
cte
d
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
,
m
ai
n
ta
in
in
g
a
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
s
o
u
r
ce
cu
r
r
e
n
t
wi
th
s
in
g
l
e
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
ce
d
o
u
t
p
u
t r
i
p
p
le
.
V
ar
io
u
s
al
g
o
r
i
th
m
s
ar
e
u
s
e
d
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
ta
b
l
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
p
e
r
a
ti
o
n
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
3
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
li
m
it
e
d
v
o
lt
ag
e
g
ai
n
an
d
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
h
i
g
h
r
i
p
p
le
c
o
n
te
n
t
.
T
h
e
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
b
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
b
o
th
b
u
c
k
an
d
b
o
o
s
t
o
p
er
ati
o
n
s
with
s
in
g
le
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
th
o
u
g
h
it
m
ay
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
p
er
io
d
ic
cu
r
r
en
t
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
in
cr
ea
s
es
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
an
d
d
eg
r
a
d
es
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
A
p
ar
allel
in
p
u
t
p
ar
allel
o
u
tp
u
t
(
PIPO)
co
n
v
er
ter
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
4
]
,
f
ea
t
u
r
in
g
two
ca
s
ca
d
ed
s
tag
es
o
f
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t a
n
d
b
o
o
s
t o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
er
p
o
ten
tial e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t a
n
d
g
alv
an
ic
is
o
latio
n
at
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
u
ty
r
atio
s
with
lo
wer
en
er
g
y
leak
ag
e.
Mu
ltip
le
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
ato
r
s
ca
n
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
DC
n
etwo
r
k
u
s
in
g
th
e
PIPO
m
eth
o
d
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
n
o
n
-
r
esis
tiv
e
h
o
t
m
o
d
el
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
C
u
k
an
d
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
th
e
d
r
a
wb
ac
k
s
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
s
tep
-
d
o
wn
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
t
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
m
in
im
al
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ex
p
an
s
io
n
.
A
n
o
v
el
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
two
k
e
y
p
ar
am
eter
s
a
f
f
ec
tin
g
t
h
e
p
er
tu
r
b
&
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O)
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
o
p
tim
i
za
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
ad
j
u
s
ts
P&
O
p
ar
am
eter
s
to
alig
n
with
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
P&
O
m
eth
o
d
,
o
p
tim
izi
n
g
it
to
s
u
it
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
d
y
n
am
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
a
b
les
th
e
ex
tr
ac
ti
o
n
o
f
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
s
y
s
tem
s
.
W
h
ile
th
e
P&
O
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
in
cr
em
en
tal
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
an
d
h
ill
-
clim
b
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
also
u
s
ed
to
a
d
d
r
ess
P&
O's
lim
itatio
n
s
,
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
y
m
ay
r
esu
lt
in
lo
wer
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
te
g
r
al
(
PI)
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
co
m
b
in
ed
with
a
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
to
m
a
x
im
ize
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
f
r
o
m
a
PV
p
an
el,
en
s
u
r
in
g
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
A
n
ew
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
in
g
an
in
d
u
cto
r
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
I
C
)
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
d
u
t
y
r
atio
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
with
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
tr
o
l
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
to
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
in
c
r
em
en
tal
c
o
n
d
u
ctan
ce
m
eth
o
d
.
F
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
(
FL
)
is
u
tili
ze
d
t
o
esti
m
ate
th
e
d
u
ty
r
atio
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
t
r
ac
k
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
p
an
el.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
im
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
an
d
s
p
ee
d
o
f
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
u
n
d
er
b
o
th
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
co
n
d
itio
n
s
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
f
i
x
ed
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
th
is
m
eth
o
d
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
es
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
d
r
aw
b
ac
k
s
u
s
in
g
a
s
in
g
le
-
s
witch
h
ig
h
-
e
f
f
icien
cy
R
e
B
o
o
s
t
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
o
en
h
a
n
ce
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
m
in
im
ize
r
ip
p
les,
a
fu
zzy
-
b
ased
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
m
b
in
ed
with
ef
f
icie
n
t
wh
ale
o
p
tim
izatio
n
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
So
lar
PV
p
o
wer
is
in
teg
r
ated
i
n
to
th
e
g
r
i
d
u
s
in
g
a
co
m
b
in
ati
o
n
o
f
a
DC
-
DC
R
e
B
o
o
s
t
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
i
n
v
er
ter
(
VSI
)
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
a
r
r
ay
,
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
m
u
s
t
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ize
its
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
with
th
e
g
r
id
at
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t.
A
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
with
th
e
R
e
B
o
o
s
t
L
u
o
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
o
ller
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
l
y
ass
es
s
es
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
av
ailab
le
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
b
y
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
b
o
t
h
th
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
it
g
en
er
ates.
I
t
ad
ju
s
ts
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
d
u
ty
cy
cl
e
to
m
atch
th
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ich
is
b
ased
o
n
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
,
is
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
an
d
d
y
n
am
ically
a
d
ju
s
ts
its
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
v
er
tim
e
to
o
p
tim
ize
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
d
ia
g
r
am
illu
s
tr
a
tes
a
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
atin
g
PV
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
b
eg
in
s
with
a
PV
ar
r
a
y
g
e
n
er
atin
g
an
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
1
.
5
k
ilo
v
o
lts
(
k
V)
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
p
o
wer
.
T
h
is
o
u
tp
u
t
f
ee
d
s
in
to
a
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
wh
ich
s
tep
s
u
p
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
.
T
h
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
e
s
s
en
tial
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
p
an
els
an
d
s
tab
ilizin
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
t
p
u
t,
wh
ich
is
c
r
itical
f
o
r
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
co
n
n
ec
ts
to
a
DC
lin
k
th
at
s
er
v
es
as
an
in
ter
m
ed
iate
s
tag
e,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
an
d
d
ec
o
u
p
lin
g
th
e
PV o
u
t
p
u
t f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
th
u
s
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
s
m
o
o
th
an
d
s
tab
le
en
e
r
g
y
f
lo
w.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
DC
lin
k
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
em
p
lo
y
s
a
DC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
th
at
tr
an
s
f
er
s
th
e
p
o
wer
to
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
is
in
v
er
ter
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
co
n
v
er
tin
g
th
e
DC
p
o
wer
in
to
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
p
o
wer
c
o
m
p
atib
le
with
th
e
A
C
g
r
id
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
in
to
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
p
o
wer
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
i
n
v
er
ter
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
ized
with
th
e
g
r
id
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
s
u
ch
as
v
o
ltag
e
,
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
,
an
d
p
h
ase,
wh
ich
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
eq
u
ip
p
ed
to
s
u
p
p
ly
DC
p
o
wer
to
a
DC
g
r
id
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
its
v
e
r
s
atility
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
b
o
th
AC
an
d
DC
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ad
v
an
tag
eo
u
s
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
er
e
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
d
va
n
ce
d
s
o
ft
-
s
w
itch
in
g
h
ig
h
-
g
a
in
R
e
B
o
o
s
t Lu
o
co
n
ve
r
ter fo
r
en
h
a
n
ce
d
efficien
cy
in
…
(
V
en
d
o
ti
S
u
r
esh
)
1179
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
p
r
ev
alen
t,
a
n
d
it
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
in
m
ee
t
in
g
d
iv
e
r
s
e
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
s
wh
ile
m
ax
im
izin
g
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
wh
er
e
th
e
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
t
er
ac
ts
as
th
e
k
ey
in
te
r
f
ac
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
PV
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
tag
e.
Sin
ce
th
e
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
r
elativ
ely
lo
w,
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
b
o
o
s
ts
it
to
a
h
ig
h
er
lev
el
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
DC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
g
r
id
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tag
e
is
es
s
en
tial
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
s
tab
le
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e,
r
ed
u
cin
g
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
en
ab
lin
g
p
r
o
p
er
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
te
r
(
f
o
r
AC
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
)
a
n
d
th
e
DC
g
r
id
,
th
er
eb
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
3.
WO
RK
I
NG
O
P
E
RA
T
I
O
N
O
F
A
RE
B
O
O
S
T
L
UO
CO
NVER
T
E
R
T
h
e
R
eb
o
o
s
t
L
u
o
c
o
n
v
er
ter
r
ep
r
esen
ts
an
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
im
p
le
Su
p
er
L
if
t
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
te
r
an
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
th
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
f
l
y
b
ac
k
c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
u
tili
ze
s
a
s
tep
-
u
p
is
o
latio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
f
o
u
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
d
io
d
es
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
its
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
.
A
u
n
iq
u
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
is
co
n
v
er
ter
is
its
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
co
il
as
an
i
n
d
u
cto
r
,
w
h
ich
is
p
i
v
o
tal
in
its
o
p
e
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
R
e
B
o
o
s
t
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
,
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
s
h
o
wca
s
es
it
s
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
d
esig
n
wh
er
e
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
win
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
s
tab
le
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
n
o
v
el
R
e
B
o
o
s
t
L
u
o
c
o
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
in
teg
r
ates
elem
en
ts
f
r
o
m
b
o
t
h
th
e
Su
p
er
L
if
t
L
u
o
an
d
f
ly
b
ac
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
A
k
ey
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
th
is
d
esig
n
is
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
'
s
s
o
u
r
ce
s
id
e
win
d
in
g
.
T
h
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
m
ain
tai
n
in
g
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
at
es
in
two
d
is
tin
ct
m
o
d
es,
ea
c
h
ch
ar
ac
te
r
ized
b
y
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
witch
'
s
ON
an
d
OFF d
u
r
atio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
DC
-
DC
R
e
B
o
o
s
t
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
1
7
7
-
1187
1180
W
h
en
th
e
s
witch
is
in
th
e
O
N
p
o
s
itio
n
,
th
e
m
ag
n
etizin
g
in
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
th
e
is
o
latio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
ch
ar
g
es,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
with
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
D
u
r
in
g
th
is
p
er
io
d
,
d
i
o
d
es
D1
an
d
D2
ar
e
tu
r
n
ed
OFF,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
em
a
n
d
th
er
e
b
y
is
o
latin
g
ce
r
tain
p
ar
ts
o
f
t
h
e
ci
r
cu
it.
C
o
n
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
1
an
d
C
2
ar
e
in
a
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tate,
r
elea
s
in
g
s
to
r
ed
en
er
g
y
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
an
d
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
s
ettin
g
u
p
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
wh
en
th
e
s
y
s
tem
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
to
th
e
OFF
s
tate.
T
h
e
p
r
ec
is
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ON
co
n
d
itio
n
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
in
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
i
r
in
g
r
eliab
le
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
-
ef
f
icien
cy
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
d
u
r
in
g
its
ON
an
d
OF
F
p
er
io
d
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
o
p
er
ates
in
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
ws
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
witch
in
g
cy
c
le,
ev
en
wh
en
th
e
s
witch
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
ON
an
d
OFF
s
ta
tes.
T
h
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
is
v
it
al
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
s
tead
y
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
m
in
im
izin
g
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
is
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ized
b
y
two
d
is
tin
ct
m
o
d
es
with
in
ea
ch
s
witch
in
g
cy
cle,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
e
f
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
an
d
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
I
n
th
e
ON
m
o
d
e,
th
e
s
witch
is
clo
s
ed
,
en
ab
lin
g
t
h
e
m
ag
n
etizin
g
i
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
is
o
latio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
to
c
h
ar
g
e,
w
h
ile
d
io
d
es
D1
an
d
D2
ar
e
t
u
r
n
e
d
o
f
f
,
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
1
an
d
C
2
d
is
ch
ar
g
e.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
en
er
g
y
is
s
to
r
ed
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
wit
h
in
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
s
ettin
g
u
p
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
p
o
wer
d
eliv
e
r
y
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
OFF
m
o
d
e,
th
e
s
witch
o
p
en
s
,
ca
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
to
r
ed
e
n
er
g
y
in
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
to
t
r
an
s
f
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
cir
cu
it,
tu
r
n
i
n
g
o
n
d
i
o
d
es
D1
an
d
D2
,
a
n
d
allo
win
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
1
an
d
C
2
to
r
ec
h
ar
g
e.
Fig
u
r
es
3
a
n
d
4
d
ep
ict
th
e
e
q
u
iv
ale
n
t
cir
cu
its
f
o
r
th
ese
two
m
o
d
es,
illu
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
ter
ac
t
to
f
a
cilitate
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
e
n
er
g
y
f
lo
w
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
v
o
ltag
e
b
o
o
s
tin
g
.
T
h
is
cy
clica
l
o
p
er
atio
n
en
s
u
r
es
t
h
at
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
d
eliv
er
s
a
s
tab
le
an
d
h
i
g
h
-
ef
f
icien
c
y
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t,
m
ak
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t a
n
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eliab
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Fig
u
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e
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Switch
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
d
va
n
ce
d
s
o
ft
-
s
w
itch
in
g
h
ig
h
-
g
a
in
R
e
B
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o
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t Lu
o
co
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ve
r
ter fo
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en
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a
n
ce
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efficien
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1181
3
.
1
.
M
o
de
1
o
pera
t
io
n
W
h
en
Mo
d
e
1
is
ac
tiv
ated
,
th
e
ON
s
wi
tch
o
f
th
e
R
e
B
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
en
g
ag
ed
,
wh
ich
c
h
ar
g
es
th
e
m
ag
n
etizin
g
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
th
e
is
o
latio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
'
s
p
r
im
ar
y
win
d
in
g
wh
ile
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
win
d
in
g
r
em
ain
s
elec
tr
ically
is
o
lated
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
tim
e,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
1
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
b
y
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ed
i
n
ca
p
a
cito
r
C
o
.
Dio
d
e
D3
ten
d
s
to
f
av
o
r
th
e
f
o
r
war
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
W
h
en
D2
is
t
u
r
n
e
d
o
f
f
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
o
is
d
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
cir
cu
it a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
es th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
esis
to
r
R
L
.
3
.
2
.
M
o
de
2
o
pera
t
io
n
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
d
e,
s
witch
S
is
tu
r
n
ed
OFF.
Un
lik
e
o
th
er
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
,
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
to
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
r
em
ain
s
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
'
s
p
r
im
ar
y
win
d
in
g
r
em
ain
s
u
n
ch
an
g
ed
.
Dio
d
e
D1
co
n
d
u
cts
d
u
e
to
f
o
r
war
d
b
ias,
wh
ile
D
2
r
em
a
in
s
o
f
f
.
Dio
d
e
D
1
ch
ar
g
es
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ca
p
ac
i
to
r
C
2
,
wh
ile
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
1
is
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
m
ai
n
in
d
u
cto
r
’
s
ch
ar
g
e.
T
h
is
co
m
b
in
ed
ch
a
r
g
e
is
th
en
tr
an
s
f
er
r
e
d
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
o
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
win
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
wh
er
e
it
is
am
p
lifie
d
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
ca
n
b
e
r
e
g
u
lated
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
4.
ANALY
SI
S O
F
O
VE
RAL
L
SYST
E
M
4
.
1
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
t
he
R
e
B
o
o
s
t
L
uo
co
nv
er
t
er
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
te
n
tial d
if
f
er
e
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
elem
e
n
tar
y
c
o
n
v
er
ter
as sh
o
wn
in
(
1
)
.
0
=
(
2
−
1
−
)
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
a
is
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
,
f
r
o
m
(
1
)
we
f
o
u
n
d
(
2
)
.
=
(
0
)
=
(
2
−
1
−
)
(
2
)
W
h
en
th
e
m
ain
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
win
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
ca
s
ca
d
e,
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
b
eh
a
v
es
lik
e
an
in
d
u
cto
r
.
Fo
r
ca
lcu
latio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
is
m
o
d
eled
as
an
in
d
u
cto
r
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
c
o
m
b
in
ed
cu
r
r
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
n
o
w
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
f
lo
w
r
ate
at
in
p
u
t
,
I
in
,
m
a
y
b
e
ca
lcu
late
d
as (
3
)
.
=
1
+
1
(
3
)
T
h
e
r
ip
p
le
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
p
r
esen
t in
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
ar
e
g
iv
en
a
s
(
4
)
.
∆
1
=
.
.
1
(
4
)
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
T
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
en
tire
s
witc
h
in
g
p
u
ls
e.
T
h
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
5
)
-
(
7
)
.
∆
0
=
0
(
1
−
)
.
2
(
5
)
=
1
(
6
)
0
=
0
(
7
)
Su
b
s
titu
tin
g
(
6
)
a
n
d
(
7
)
in
(
5
)
,
we
f
o
u
n
d
(
8
)
.
∆
0
=
0
(
1
−
)
2
(
8
)
Fro
m
(
1
)
,
=
0
(
1
−
2
−
)
(
9
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
1
7
7
-
1187
1182
i
n
p
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t,
=
=
0
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1
−
2
−
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(
1
0
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t
h
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o
r
e,
=
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1
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−
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2
.
0
0
/
=
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1
−
2
−
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2
.
(
1
1
)
T
h
e
R
e
B
o
o
s
t
-
L
u
o
c
o
n
v
er
ter
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
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d
e
r
iv
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f
r
o
m
th
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eq
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s
m
en
ti
o
n
ed
ab
o
v
e.
T
h
is
co
n
v
e
r
ter
co
m
b
in
es
f
ea
tu
r
es
f
r
o
m
f
ly
b
a
ck
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
an
d
th
e
s
u
p
er
-
li
f
t
L
u
o
c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
in
clu
d
es
th
r
ee
d
io
d
es
an
d
th
r
ee
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
is
u
s
ed
as
an
in
d
u
cto
r
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
g
ain
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
v
er
ter
,
ch
an
g
es in
th
e
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
af
f
ec
t c
a
p
ac
ito
r
C
1
.
T
h
e
r
ip
p
le
c
u
r
r
e
n
t in
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
win
d
in
g
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
1
2
)
.
∆
1
=
.
.
1
(
1
)
(
1
2
)
L
1
(
N1
)
-
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
p
r
im
ar
y
win
d
in
g
in
d
u
ctan
ce
.
C
2
ca
p
a
cito
r
v
o
ltag
e
is
(
1
3
)
.
2
=
(
2
−
1
−
)
(1
3
)
L
u
o
'
s
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
win
d
in
g
r
ip
p
les
as (
1
4
)
.
∆
2
=
2
.
.
2
(
2
)
(
1
4
)
C
ap
ac
ito
r
C
3
v
o
ltag
e
as (
1
5
)
.
3
=
(
2
−
1
−
)
(
1
5
)
C
4
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
is
(
1
6
)
.
4
=
0
(
1
6
)
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
R
e
B
o
o
s
t L
u
o
c
o
n
v
er
ter
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
is
(
1
7
)
.
0
=
2
1
(
2
−
1
−
)
(
1
7
)
W
h
er
e
N2
-
No
o
f
t
u
r
n
s
in
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
win
d
in
g
an
d
N1
-
No
o
f
tu
r
n
s
in
t
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
wi
n
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
tu
r
n
s
a
n
d
co
n
v
er
ter
d
u
ty
cy
cle
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e.
5.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
A
NALYS
I
S
T
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
wo
r
k
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
Si
m
u
lin
k
.
T
a
b
les
1
an
d
2
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
etailed
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
t
em
an
d
th
e
R
e
B
o
o
s
t
L
u
o
c
o
n
v
er
ter
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
h
ig
h
li
g
h
tin
g
th
e
tec
h
n
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
PV
-
f
e
d
R
eb
o
o
s
t
L
u
o
c
o
n
v
er
ter
u
s
ed
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
s
tep
-
u
p
DC
–
DC
v
o
lt
ag
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
PV
p
a
n
e
l
s
u
p
p
lies
lo
w
DC
v
o
ltag
e,
wh
ich
is
b
o
o
s
ted
to
a
h
ig
h
er
lev
el
u
s
in
g
th
e
R
eb
o
o
s
t L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
a
s
o
lar
p
an
el
as
an
in
p
u
t
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
,
wh
er
e
an
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
7
0
v
o
lts
is
a
ch
iev
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
d
ep
icts
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
wav
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
L
u
o
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
.
T
h
is
f
ig
u
r
e
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el'
s
AC
o
u
tp
u
t,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
in
to
elec
tr
ical
en
e
r
g
y
.
T
h
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
h
o
ws
a
p
ea
k
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
7
0
v
o
lts
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el'
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
g
en
er
ate
s
ig
n
if
ican
t e
lectr
ical
p
o
wer
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
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ased
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ased
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