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icles
with
o
n
b
o
ar
d
ch
a
r
g
er
s
ca
n
b
e
r
ec
h
a
r
g
ed
wh
er
ev
er
a
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
u
tili
ty
is
av
ailab
le.
Als
o
,
o
n
b
o
ar
d
ch
ar
g
er
s
o
f
f
e
r
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
v
e
h
icle
-
to
-
v
e
h
icle
(
V2
V
)
an
d
v
eh
icle
-
to
-
h
o
m
e
(
V2
H
)
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
R
esear
ch
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
g
o
in
g
o
n
to
m
ak
e
t
h
ese
ch
ar
g
er
s
m
o
r
e
s
p
ac
e
-
s
av
in
g
s
o
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
co
m
p
atib
le
with
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
r
e
g
io
n
s
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
els.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
ex
t
en
s
iv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
n
teg
r
ated
o
n
b
o
ar
d
ch
ar
g
er
-
f
ed
b
r
u
s
h
less
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
B
L
DC
)
d
r
iv
e.
Alth
o
u
g
h
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
in
teg
r
ated
on
-
b
o
ar
d
ch
ar
g
er
s
[
6
]
‒
[
8
]
an
d
B
L
DC
d
r
iv
e
s
ep
ar
ately
,
lim
ited
r
ese
ar
ch
h
as
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
u
al
-
m
o
d
e
in
teg
r
ated
o
n
b
o
ar
d
ch
ar
g
e
r
s
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
r
eg
e
n
er
ativ
e
b
r
ak
in
g
in
a
B
L
DC
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
t
em
.
Sig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
a
r
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws:
i)
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
an
in
teg
r
ated
o
n
-
b
o
ar
d
c
h
ar
g
e
r
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
th
at
r
ed
u
ce
s
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
co
u
n
t
an
d
h
ar
d
war
e
r
ed
u
n
d
an
c
y
;
ii)
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
d
u
al
m
o
d
e
o
p
er
atio
n
en
ab
lin
g
s
ea
m
l
ess
tr
an
s
itio
n
b
etwe
en
p
r
o
p
u
l
s
io
n
an
d
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
m
o
d
es
;
iii)
Ach
iev
e
m
en
t
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
p
o
wer
f
a
cto
r
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
g
r
id
ch
ar
g
in
g
to
c
o
m
p
ly
with
p
o
we
r
q
u
ality
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
;
f
in
ally
,
iv
)
Simu
la
tio
n
-
b
ased
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
d
u
al
m
o
d
e
o
p
er
atio
n
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
r
eg
en
er
ativ
e
b
r
ak
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
en
er
g
y
r
ec
o
v
er
y
u
n
d
e
r
p
r
ac
tical
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
p
r
o
ce
ed
s
as
f
o
llo
ws:
i)
S
ec
tio
n
1
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
m
o
tiv
at
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
;
ii)
S
ec
tio
n
2
g
iv
es
an
o
u
tlin
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
o
n
b
o
ar
d
ch
ar
g
er
f
e
d
E
V
d
r
iv
e
;
iii)
S
ec
tio
n
3
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
d
esig
n
,
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
in
te
g
r
ated
o
n
b
o
ar
d
ch
ar
g
er
f
e
d
B
L
DC
d
r
iv
e
;
iv
)
T
h
eo
r
etica
l
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
v
alid
ated
b
y
d
o
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tu
d
ies
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
;
v
)
R
esu
lts
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
5
;
an
d
v
i)
S
ec
tio
n
6
co
n
cl
u
d
es th
e
wo
r
k
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es its
f
u
tu
r
e
s
co
p
e.
2.
CO
NVEN
T
I
O
NA
L
O
NB
O
A
RD
CH
ARG
E
R
F
E
D
E
V
D
RIVE
A
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
in
two
s
eq
u
en
tial
s
tag
es
o
f
AC
to
DC
an
d
DC
to
DC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e,
a
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
AC
s
o
u
r
ce
u
n
d
er
g
o
es
r
ec
tific
atio
n
u
s
in
g
a
d
io
d
e
b
r
id
g
e
r
ec
tifie
r
,
an
d
in
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
tag
e,
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
DC
v
o
ltag
e
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
i
n
s
tallin
g
a
s
u
itab
le
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
an
d
r
e
g
en
er
ativ
e
b
r
ak
i
n
g
m
o
d
es
a
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
co
n
t
r
o
llin
g
th
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
th
e
m
o
t
o
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
in
v
er
ter
.
Alto
g
et
h
er
,
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
p
o
we
r
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
an
E
V
d
r
iv
e
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
a
c
o
m
p
ac
t in
te
g
r
at
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
as th
e
o
n
b
o
ar
d
c
h
ar
g
er
f
o
r
E
V
ap
p
l
icatio
n
s
.
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
I
NT
E
G
RA
T
E
D
B
I
D
I
RE
CT
I
O
NAL
O
N
-
B
O
ARD
CH
ARG
E
R
F
O
R
E
V
AP
P
L
I
CA
T
I
O
N
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
elec
tr
ic
d
r
iv
e
tr
ai
n
s
em
p
lo
y
two
d
is
tin
ct
cir
cu
its
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
a
n
d
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
m
o
d
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
two
s
ep
ar
ate
cir
cu
its
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
an
d
c
o
s
tly
d
r
iv
etr
ain
.
Sin
ce
th
e
b
atter
y
is
ch
ar
g
ed
wh
en
th
e
v
eh
icle
is
id
le,
th
e
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
in
g
cir
cu
it
ca
n
also
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
in
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e
,
th
er
eb
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
co
s
t
to
3
0
%
[
1
1
]
.
Sy
s
tem
s
wh
er
e
th
e
E
V
d
r
iv
etr
ain
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
ty
p
ically
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
,
a
r
e
also
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
ar
e
ca
lled
in
te
g
r
ated
o
n
-
b
o
ar
d
ch
a
r
g
er
s
[
1
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
b
lo
ck
-
lev
el
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
teg
r
ated
o
n
-
b
o
ar
d
ch
ar
g
er
[
8
]
.
3
.
1
.
B
idi
re
ct
io
na
l int
eg
ra
t
ed
o
nb
o
a
rd
cha
rg
er
circ
uitr
y
c
o
nfig
ura
t
io
n
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
teg
r
ated
o
n
b
o
ar
d
ch
ar
g
er
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ates
a
b
o
o
s
t
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
(
APFC
)
co
n
v
er
ter
at
th
e
in
p
u
t stag
e,
two
r
elay
s
,
r
elay
1
an
d
r
elay
2
[
1
3
]
f
o
r
th
e
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
tio
n
,
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
ter
-
f
e
d
B
L
DC
d
r
iv
e
,
an
d
a
2
4
V,
2
0
Ah
b
atter
y
s
et
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
in
v
o
lv
es
two
m
o
d
es,
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e
an
d
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
m
o
d
e.
I
n
ch
a
r
g
in
g
m
o
d
e,
r
el
ay
1
is
clo
s
ed
,
an
d
r
elay
2
is
o
p
en
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
m
o
d
e,
r
elay
1
r
em
ain
s
o
p
en
,
a
n
d
r
elay
2
will
b
e
clo
s
ed
.
T
h
e
E
V
m
o
to
r
d
r
aws
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
atte
r
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
ter
.
Du
al
-
m
o
d
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
-
le
v
el
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
teg
r
at
ed
o
n
-
b
o
ar
d
ch
ar
g
er
f
o
r
E
V
V
a
c
L
C
V
i
n
D
R
e
l
a
y
1
R
e
l
a
y
2
P
W
M
1
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
S
1
S
4
S
3
S
5
S
6
S
2
D
3
D
1
D
5
D
4
D
2
D
6
S
i
n
g
l
e
p
h
a
s
e
d
i
o
d
e
b
r
i
d
g
e
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
S
M
o
t
o
r
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
ir
cu
it setu
p
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
in
teg
r
ate
d
o
n
b
o
a
r
d
ch
a
r
g
er
f
ed
B
L
DC
d
r
iv
e
3
.
1
.
1
.
Cha
rg
ing
mo
de
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e,
r
elay
1
is
ac
tiv
ated
wh
ile
r
elay
2
r
em
ain
s
in
th
e
OFF
s
tate.
T
h
e
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
d
io
d
e
b
r
id
g
e
r
ec
tifie
r
alo
n
g
with
a
b
o
o
s
t
APFC
co
n
v
er
ter
with
i
n
d
u
cto
r
L
a
n
d
s
witch
S
co
r
r
ec
ts
th
e
in
p
u
t
AC
wav
ef
o
r
m
to
a
p
u
r
e
s
in
e
wav
e
.
T
h
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
witch
es
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
ter
,
w
h
ich
i
s
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
as
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
to
o
b
tain
C
C
-
C
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ci
r
cu
it
as
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
te
r
is
d
escr
ib
ed
as
an
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
cir
c
u
it
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Her
e,
s
witch
S2
i
s
o
p
er
ated
in
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M
)
m
o
d
e
,
an
d
S1
r
em
ain
s
ON.
I
n
m
o
d
e
I
,
S1
a
n
d
S2
ar
e
in
co
n
d
u
ct
in
g
s
tate.
Fro
m
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
cu
it a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
.
=
1
1
=
(
+
)
=
2
∆
∴
∆
=
2
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
V
dc
in
d
icate
s
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
r
ec
tifie
r
,
V
L1
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
m
o
to
r
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
in
m
o
d
e
I
,
i
L
r
ep
r
esen
ts
in
d
u
c
to
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
L
s
in
d
icate
s
th
e
m
o
to
r
win
d
in
g
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
D
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
d
u
ty
r
atio
,
an
d
‘
T
’
d
en
o
tes
th
e
s
witch
in
g
p
er
io
d
.
I
n
m
o
d
e
I
I
,
s
witch
S2
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
,
a
n
d
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
r
e
v
er
s
e
s
th
eir
p
o
lar
ity
,
s
o
th
e
d
io
d
e
D5
b
ec
o
m
es
f
o
r
war
d
-
b
iased
an
d
s
tar
ts
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
will
s
tar
t
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
b
atter
y
.
Sti
ll,
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
is
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
b
atter
y
,
an
d
th
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
will
b
e
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
an
d
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
cir
cu
it
s
tep
s
u
p
th
e
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e.
Fro
m
th
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t c
i
r
cu
it sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
,
=
=
2
+
ℎ
2
=
2
=
2
−
∆
+
(
2
)
H
er
e
,
V
L2
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
d
u
r
in
g
m
o
d
e
I
I
a
n
d
t
off
is
th
e
s
witch
tu
r
n
o
f
f
ti
m
e.
Su
b
(
1
)
in
(
2
)
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Du
a
l m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l o
f a
n
in
teg
r
a
ted
o
n
-
b
o
a
r
d
c
h
a
r
g
er
p
o
w
ered
B
LDC
d
r
ive
(
C
a
r
o
lin
e
A
n
n
S
a
m
)
1061
=
−
2
(
2
)
−
+
0
(
)
1
−
+
=
b
a
t
t
V
=
1
−
(
3
)
wh
er
e
V
dc
is
th
e
r
ec
tifie
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
V
batt
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
b
atter
y
,
an
d
D
is
th
e
d
u
ty
r
atio
.
Hen
ce
,
f
r
o
m
(
3
)
it
is
clea
r
th
at
a
s
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
m
o
d
e
I
an
d
m
o
d
e
I
I
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
th
e
s
tep
-
u
p
o
p
er
atio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l a
lg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
s
witch
S2
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
o
b
tain
th
e
C
C
-
C
V
m
o
d
e.
I
n
C
C
-
C
V
m
o
d
e
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
[
1
5
]
,
till
8
0
%
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
So
C
)
,
th
e
b
atter
y
u
n
d
er
g
o
es
co
n
s
tan
t
cu
r
r
en
t
c
h
ar
g
in
g
,
an
d
ab
o
v
e
th
at,
it
is
ch
ar
g
ed
with
co
n
s
t
an
t
v
o
ltag
e
.
Fo
r
b
o
th
m
o
d
es,
th
e
ac
tu
al
b
atter
y
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
ar
e
co
m
p
a
r
ed
with
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
alu
es
an
d
co
n
tr
o
lled
u
s
i
n
g
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
to
g
et
th
e
d
esire
d
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
n
b
e
s
et
f
r
o
m
0
.
1
C
to
0
.
3
C
f
o
r
s
tan
d
a
r
d
r
ate,
wh
er
e
C
is
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
in
Ah
.
T
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
b
e
s
et
to
a
n
o
m
in
al
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
2
5
.
2
V.
T
h
e
s
witch
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
with
APF
C
f
o
r
s
witc
h
S
an
d
C
C
-
C
V
m
o
d
e
f
o
r
s
witch
S2
is
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
APFC
en
h
an
ce
s
g
r
id
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
b
y
lo
wer
in
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
n
ea
r
u
n
it
y
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
(
UPF).
I
t
also
m
in
im
izes lo
s
s
es,
im
p
r
o
v
es v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
esu
lts
in
ef
f
icien
t g
r
id
o
p
er
atio
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
q
u
iv
alen
t e
lectr
ical
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
ch
a
r
g
in
g
o
p
e
r
atio
n
:
(
a)
m
o
d
e
I
a
n
d
(
b
)
m
o
d
e
II
P
W
M
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
+
-
i
r
e
f
i
b
a
t
t
P
I
S
e
l
e
c
t
o
r
S
w
i
t
c
h
+
-
v
b
a
t
t
P
I
S
o
C
S
o
C
>
8
0
%
S
o
C
<
=
8
0
%
T
o
s
w
i
t
c
h
S
2
R
M
S
D
i
v
i
d
e
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
I
L
1
P
I
S
q
r
t
(
2
)
V
i
n
V
o
_
r
e
f
P
I
>
=
T
r
i
a
n
g
u
l
a
r
w
a
v
e
+
-
-
+
-
V
o
u
t
1
T
o
s
w
i
t
c
h
S
C
C
C
V
m
o
d
e
P
F
C
v
r
e
f
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Switch
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
with
PF
C
an
d
C
C
-
C
V
co
n
tr
o
l f
o
r
th
e
s
witch
S a
n
d
th
e
in
v
e
r
t
er
s
witch
S2
in
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e
3
.
1
.
2
.
P
ro
pu
ls
io
n m
o
de
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e,
r
elay
1
is
in
th
e
o
p
en
s
tate
wh
ile
r
elay
2
is
clo
s
ed
,
an
d
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
.
A
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
s
th
e
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
ix
-
s
witch
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
s
witch
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ix
co
m
m
u
tatio
n
s
tates
in
o
n
e
elec
tr
ical
cy
cle,
wh
ich
is
k
n
o
wn
as
s
ix
-
s
tep
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
0
5
8
-
10
6
8
1062
tr
ap
ez
o
id
al
co
m
m
u
tatio
n
.
Du
r
in
g
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
m
o
d
e,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
m
o
to
r
'
s
r
o
to
r
p
o
s
itio
n
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
two
in
v
er
ter
s
witch
es
ar
e
tu
r
n
e
d
ON
to
en
er
g
ize
th
e
s
tato
r
wi
n
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
atter
y
in
a
p
r
o
p
er
s
eq
u
en
ce
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
r
o
t
o
r
r
o
tatio
n
.
Sp
e
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
o
u
ter
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l
co
m
b
in
ed
with
in
n
er
lo
o
p
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
[
1
6
]
.
W
h
en
th
e
b
r
ak
e
is
ap
p
lied
,
r
e
lay
1
s
tay
s
o
p
en
a
n
d
r
elay
2
is
en
g
ag
ed
,
an
d
its
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
.
T
h
e
s
witch
in
g
p
u
ls
es
to
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
ter
ar
e
g
iv
en
in
s
u
ch
a
way
th
at
th
e
en
er
g
y
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
ac
tio
n
m
o
to
r
to
th
e
b
atter
y
,
wh
ich
ev
en
tu
ally
r
ec
h
a
r
g
es
th
e
b
atter
y
.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e,
all
th
e
h
i
g
h
-
s
id
e
s
witch
es
in
th
e
in
v
er
ter
r
em
ain
in
th
e
OFF
s
tate,
an
d
th
e
lo
wer
s
witch
es
o
p
er
ate
i
n
PW
M
m
o
d
e.
Fig
u
r
e
6
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
c
u
it
o
f
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
wh
en
S4
is
in
th
e
PW
M
s
tate.
W
h
en
S4
is
in
ON
s
tate,
a
cl
o
s
ed
p
a
th
is
f
o
r
m
e
d
alo
n
g
with
th
e
m
o
to
r
win
d
in
g
s
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
.
W
h
en
S4
is
tu
r
n
e
d
OFF,
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
ac
cu
m
u
lated
in
th
e
win
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
is
f
e
d
b
ac
k
to
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
ly
,
an
d
th
u
s
th
e
en
er
g
y
r
eg
en
e
r
atio
n
h
a
p
p
en
s
as
it
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
.
T
h
is
h
ar
v
ested
en
er
g
y
ca
n
b
e
s
to
r
ed
in
b
atter
y
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
r
eu
s
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
teg
r
ated
o
n
b
o
ar
d
ch
a
r
g
er
h
as
o
n
ly
8
p
o
wer
s
witch
es,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
s
witch
co
u
n
t
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
,
wh
ich
ty
p
ically
r
eq
u
ir
e
1
0
-
2
2
s
witch
es
[
1
7
]
‒
[
2
1
]
.
T
ab
le
1
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
with
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
er
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
r
ep
o
r
te
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I
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I
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I
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w
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&
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2088
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ter
[
2
7
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2
8
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n
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1
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
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lec
&
Dr
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s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
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4
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DATA AV
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[
C
AS]
,
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p
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n
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s
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n
ab
le
r
eq
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est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
R
.
D
a
r
,
A
.
H
a
q
u
e
,
M
.
A
.
K
h
a
n
,
V
.
S
.
B
.
K
u
r
u
k
u
r
u
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
e
h
f
u
z
,
“
O
n
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b
o
a
r
d
c
h
a
r
g
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s
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