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zh
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m
a
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NT
RO
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wo
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ld
wid
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d
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d
f
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wt
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d
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th
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x
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t
r
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l
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
en
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g
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icien
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h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
u
tili
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o
f
s
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lar
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g
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
h
o
to
v
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PV)
p
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s
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s
ig
n
if
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t
ad
v
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m
e
n
ts
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wev
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ased
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1
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,
[
2
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o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Sli
d
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
h
ig
h
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
f
ast
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
y
in
g
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
b
u
t
s
u
f
f
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
ch
atter
in
g
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
,
wh
ich
m
ay
d
eg
r
ad
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
b
ac
k
s
tep
p
in
g
c
o
n
tr
o
l
en
s
u
r
es
h
ig
h
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
p
r
ec
is
io
n
b
ased
o
n
L
y
ap
u
n
o
v
t
h
eo
r
y
,
at
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
esig
n
co
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
p
ar
am
eter
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
tellig
en
t
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
es,
s
u
ch
as
th
o
s
e
b
ased
o
n
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
[
7
]
,
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
,
o
r
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
ANN)
[
8
]
,
h
av
e
em
er
g
ed
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
e
x
h
ib
its
g
o
o
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
alth
o
u
g
h
it
o
f
f
er
s
lim
ited
p
r
ec
is
io
n
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
o
n
p
r
e
d
ef
in
e
d
r
u
les.
Oth
er
wo
r
k
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
h
av
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
en
s
u
r
es
f
ast
an
d
s
tab
le
co
n
v
er
g
en
c
e
to
war
d
th
e
g
lo
b
al
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
b
u
t
m
a
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
lig
h
t
r
esid
u
al
o
s
cillatio
n
s
if
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
n
o
t
p
r
o
p
er
ly
t
u
n
ed
.
Oth
er
s
tu
d
ies
b
ased
o
n
ANN
m
eth
o
d
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
h
av
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
th
eir
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
r
ap
id
r
esp
o
n
s
e
d
u
e
to
lear
n
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
alth
o
u
g
h
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
m
ay
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
u
ts
i
d
e
th
e
tr
ai
n
ed
o
p
er
atin
g
d
o
m
ai
n
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
h
y
b
r
id
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al,
i
n
tellig
en
t,
a
n
d
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
b
ac
k
s
tep
p
in
g
–
P&
O
,
ANN
–
b
ac
k
s
tep
p
in
g
,
an
d
ANN
–
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller
s
.
T
h
ese
h
y
b
r
id
tech
n
iq
u
es a
im
t
o
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
en
h
an
ce
s
tab
il
ity
,
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
an
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
MPP.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
b
ac
k
s
tep
p
in
g
–
P&
O
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
g
o
o
d
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
b
etwe
en
s
p
ee
d
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
,
th
o
u
g
h
it
r
em
ai
n
s
less
ac
cu
r
ate
u
n
d
e
r
r
ap
id
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
A
NN
–
b
ac
k
s
tep
p
in
g
o
f
f
er
s
h
ig
h
p
r
ec
is
io
n
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
b
u
t
with
a
s
lig
h
tly
s
lo
wer
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
tim
e.
Similar
ly
,
o
th
er
wo
r
k
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
at
ANN
–
SMC
co
m
b
in
es
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
S
MC
with
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ca
p
ab
i
lity
o
f
ANN,
wh
ile
s
till
p
r
esen
tin
g
r
esid
u
al
ch
atter
in
g
is
s
u
es.
E
ac
h
tech
n
iq
u
e
p
r
es
en
ts
its
o
wn
ad
v
an
tag
es
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
,
im
p
o
s
in
g
an
in
ev
itab
le
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
b
etwe
en
s
p
ee
d
,
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
r
o
b
u
s
tn
e
s
s
,
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
tr
en
d
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
r
e
d
u
cin
g
,
o
r
e
v
en
elim
in
atin
g
,
t
h
is
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
in
h
er
e
n
t to
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
n
ew
in
t
eg
r
ated
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
,
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
to
as
th
e
a
r
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
–
in
teg
r
al
b
ac
k
s
tep
p
in
g
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
ANN
–
I
B
SMC
)
.
T
h
is
h
y
b
r
id
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
c
o
h
er
en
tly
co
m
b
in
es
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
with
ad
v
an
ce
d
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
co
n
tr
o
l
b
y
lev
er
ag
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
ca
p
ab
i
lity
o
f
th
e
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
,
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
i
n
teg
r
al
b
ac
k
s
tep
p
in
g
m
eth
o
d
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
an
d
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
f
ast
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
SMC
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
en
s
u
r
ed
b
y
th
e
L
y
a
p
u
n
o
v
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
m
ak
i
n
g
th
is
s
y
n
e
r
g
y
an
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
wa
y
to
u
n
if
y
t
h
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
o
f
ea
c
h
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
ANN
g
en
er
ates
a
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
ltag
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
av
ailab
le
p
o
wer
f
o
r
ea
ch
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
v
ar
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ain
n
o
v
el
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
m
eth
o
d
lies
in
its
ab
ilit
y
to
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
b
etwe
en
s
p
ee
d
,
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
,
th
e
r
eb
y
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
r
ep
o
r
ted
h
y
b
r
id
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
ANN
–
b
ac
k
s
tep
p
in
g
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
5
]
,
ANN
–
I
SMC
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
a
n
d
ANN
–
B
SMC
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
ANN
–
I
B
SM
C
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
as
b
ee
n
ev
alu
ated
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
tin
g
r
ap
id
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
,
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
a
cy
,
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
.
A
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
s
tu
d
y
o
f
t
h
is
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
h
as b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
2.
M
O
DE
L
L
I
NG
O
F
T
H
E
P
H
O
T
O
VO
L
T
AIC S
YS
T
E
M
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
a
s
o
lar
p
an
el
an
d
a
DC
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
with
a
lo
ad
co
n
n
ec
ted
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
th
e
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
g
en
er
ates
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
r
ea
l
tim
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
a
n
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
al
b
ac
k
s
tep
p
in
g
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l
(
I
B
SMC
)
th
en
ap
p
lies
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
law
to
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
to
tr
ac
k
th
is
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
ef
f
icien
t p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
2
.
1
.
M
o
dellin
g
o
f
P
V
m
o
du
le
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
elem
en
t
in
a
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le
is
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
elec
tr
ical
s
ch
em
atic
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
W
h
er
e
_
ℎ
is
th
e
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
en
t,
I_
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t,
an
d
_
th
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t.
_
d
en
o
tes
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
,
with
_
an
d
_
ℎ
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
s
er
ies
an
d
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
tan
ce
s
.
C
o
n
s
tan
ts
lik
e
B
o
ltzm
an
n
’
s
c
o
n
s
tan
t
,
th
e
id
ea
lity
f
ac
to
r
,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
,
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ch
ar
g
e
a
r
e
also
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
T
em
p
e
r
atu
r
e
ef
f
ec
ts
ar
e
ac
co
u
n
te
d
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
K_
i,
d
T
,
an
d
_
.
So
lar
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
by
an
d
its
n
o
m
in
al
v
alu
e
_
,
wh
ile
I
_
cc
an
d
_
s
tan
d
f
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Iout
=
Iph
−
Is
a
t
(
e
q
(
V
o
u
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1
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o
ut
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Rs
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sh
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
0
8
8
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6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
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lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
2
8
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1303
1290
W
ith
:
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=
(
+
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2
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=
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+
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3
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T
h
e
p
h
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to
v
o
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m
o
d
u
le
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
s
im
u
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n
h
as
a
m
a
x
im
u
m
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o
wer
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Pm
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ch
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n
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r
r
en
t
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9
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A
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t
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o
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en
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3
7
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5
8
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ile
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e
s
h
o
r
t
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cu
it
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
I
s
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r
ea
ch
es
8
.
4
9
A.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
of
th
e
s
h
o
r
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r
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1
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m
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T
h
e
m
o
d
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le
c
o
n
s
is
ts
of
60
ce
lls
(
Ns).
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
o
w
er
-
v
o
ltag
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
of
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ir
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ad
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ce
s
(1
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0
.
7
k
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²,
an
d
0
.
5
k
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/m
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at
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
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25
°C
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an
d
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
tem
p
er
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r
e
s
(
2
5
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,
30
°C
,
an
d
50
°C
at
an
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
s
of
1
k
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,
with
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
in
t
v
a
r
y
in
g
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
ese
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
o
r
each
v
ar
iat
io
n
in
t
h
ese
two
in
p
u
ts
,
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
v
o
ltag
e
will
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t.
Fo
r
o
p
tim
al
an
d
e
f
f
icien
t
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t
m
u
s
t
be
s
et
at
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
ea
c
h
v
a
r
iatio
n
in
m
eteo
r
o
l
o
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sy
s
tem
PV
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
r
e
p
r
es
e
n
t
at
io
n
o
f
a
P
V
s
o
l
a
r
ce
l
l
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Po
wer
-
v
o
ltag
e
c
h
ar
a
cter
is
tic: (
a)
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
lev
els an
d
(
b
)
at
v
ar
io
u
s
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
2
.
2
.
M
o
delin
g
o
f
DC
-
DC
co
nv
er
t
er
bo
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
T
h
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
alter
s
th
e
am
p
litu
d
e
of
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e,
eith
er
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
or
in
c
r
e
asin
g
it,
or
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
b
o
th
ac
tio
n
s
b
ased
on
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
as
d
escr
ib
ed
in
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Desig
n
s
imu
la
tio
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f a
n
MPP
T tec
h
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e
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s
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l b
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i
)
1291
f
o
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s
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h
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o
o
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n
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er
te
r
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as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4,
wh
ic
h
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
PV
v
o
ltag
e
to
a
v
alu
e
th
r
ee
tim
es
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ig
h
er
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t,
ty
p
ically
ar
o
u
n
d
100
V
,
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
on
t
h
e
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
a
m
p
litu
d
e
ch
an
g
e
is
ac
h
iev
ed
by
v
ar
y
in
g
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
'
s
d
u
ty
cy
cle
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
a
p
p
lied
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
i
q
u
e.
By
ap
p
ly
in
g
Kir
ch
h
o
f
f
'
s
v
o
ltag
e
laws
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
’
s
on
an
d
o
f
f
in
te
r
v
als
of
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
tr
an
s
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to
r
,
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o
b
tain
(
4
)
.
{
̇
=
1
−
1
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=
1
−
1
(
1
−
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̇
=
1
(
1
−
)
−
1
(
4
)
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
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,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
c
o
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e
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ter
'
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r
r
e
n
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g
e
n
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ated
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e
PV
m
o
d
u
le,
d
en
o
ted
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o
u
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t
c
u
r
r
en
t
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d
th
e
c
u
r
r
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t
f
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o
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g
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th
e
in
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u
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h
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’
s
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ty
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is
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e
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r
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ted
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U
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d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
in
p
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
an
d
in
d
u
ctan
ce
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
te
d
by
,
an
d
L
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
lectr
ical
d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
3.
CO
NT
RO
L
O
F
T
H
E
SYS
T
E
M
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
b
ased
on
t
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
of
th
e
ANN
an
d
th
e
I
B
SMC
f
o
r
co
n
t
r
o
llin
g
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
AN
N,
with
its
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
an
d
a
d
a
p
tiv
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies,
can
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
esti
m
ates
of
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
an
d
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ities
.
T
h
e
I
B
SMC
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
u
s
e
th
ese
esti
m
ate
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
p
r
ec
is
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
of
t
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
f
ast
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ag
ain
s
t
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
an
d
m
eteo
r
o
l
o
g
i
ca
l
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
y
n
er
g
y
will
co
m
b
in
e
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
of
each
tech
n
iq
u
e,
lev
er
ag
in
g
th
e
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
an
d
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
of
th
e
ANN
to
g
eth
er
with
th
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
of
th
e
I
B
SMC
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
s
tab
le
co
n
tr
o
l.
3
.
1
.
Art
if
ici
a
l
neura
l
net
wo
rk
s
Pre
v
i
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
h
a
v
e
d
esc
r
i
b
e
d
t
h
at
an
ANN
,
in
s
p
i
r
e
d
by
t
h
e
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
in
g
of
b
i
o
l
o
g
ic
al
n
e
u
r
o
n
s
,
li
n
k
s
i
n
p
u
ts
to
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
at
h
e
m
at
ica
l
e
q
u
ati
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
ici
e
n
c
y
of
t
h
e
n
etw
o
r
k
m
ai
n
l
y
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
on
t
h
e
q
u
a
lit
y
of
t
h
e
d
a
ta
b
as
e,
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
of
h
id
d
e
n
la
y
e
r
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
a
d
o
p
te
d
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
In
th
is
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
t
r
a
in
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
w
as
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
80
i
n
p
u
t
c
ases
,
w
it
h
ir
r
a
d
i
an
ce
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
to
1000
W
/
m
²
a
n
d
tem
p
e
r
at
u
r
e
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
b
etwe
e
n
5
°C
a
n
d
60
°C
.
T
h
e
ANN
g
e
n
e
r
a
tes
a
r
ef
e
r
e
n
c
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
i
n
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
.
T
h
e
d
esi
g
n
e
d
a
r
c
h
it
e
ctu
r
e
c
o
n
s
is
ts
of
an
i
n
p
u
t
la
y
er
(
i
r
r
a
d
ia
n
c
e
,
tem
p
e
r
at
u
r
e)
,
o
n
e
h
i
d
d
e
n
l
a
y
e
r
wi
th
50
n
eu
r
o
n
s
,
an
d
an
o
u
tp
u
t
la
y
e
r
t
h
a
t
p
r
ese
n
ts
th
e
d
e
s
ir
e
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
.
T
h
e
B
ay
es
ia
n
r
eg
u
l
ar
iza
ti
o
n
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
w
as
ad
o
p
t
ed
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
g
o
o
d
g
en
er
ali
za
t
io
n
,
e
v
e
n
w
it
h
n
o
i
s
y
in
p
u
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
of
th
e
ar
tifi
cial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
tr
ai
n
in
g
er
r
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
r
ap
id
ly
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
iter
atio
n
s
an
d
s
tab
iliz
es
af
t
er
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atel
y
100
ep
o
ch
s
.
T
h
e
b
es
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
ac
h
iev
ed
at
ep
o
ch
810,
with
a
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
d
er
r
o
r
of
7
.
02
×
10
−
6
.
T
h
e
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
a
n
d
test
i
n
g
c
u
r
v
es
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
o
v
e
r
f
itti
n
g
an
d
r
etain
s
s
tr
o
n
g
g
e
n
er
aliza
tio
n
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
of
th
e
ANN
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
ac
cu
r
ate
esti
m
atio
n
of
th
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
p
ar
am
eter
s
of
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
o
v
er
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
of
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
i
n
im
al
d
ev
iatio
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
g
en
er
aliza
tio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
of
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
on
u
n
s
ee
n
d
ata.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
et
wee
n
th
e
ANN
-
p
r
e
d
icted
o
u
t
p
u
ts
an
d
th
e
tar
g
et
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
2
8
8
-
1303
1292
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
p
lo
ts
co
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
to
th
e
tr
ain
i
n
g
,
test
in
g
,
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
d
atasets
.
In
all
ca
s
e
s
,
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
R
r
ea
ch
es
1,
in
d
icatin
g
a
v
er
y
s
tr
o
n
g
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
p
r
ed
icte
d
an
d
ac
tu
al
tar
g
ets.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
ANN
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
lear
n
ed
th
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
in
p
u
t
p
a
r
am
eter
s
an
d
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
c
es o
f
th
e
ANN
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
c
es a
n
d
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
o
f
ANN
3
.
2
.
A
rt
if
ici
a
l neura
l net
wo
rk
s
-
inte
g
ra
l ba
c
k
s
t
eppin
g
s
lid
ing
m
o
de
co
ntr
o
l
T
h
e
ANN
–
I
B
SMC
is
a
h
y
b
r
id
MPPT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
co
m
b
i
n
es
th
e
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
with
a
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
co
n
s
is
tin
g
of
b
ac
k
s
tep
p
in
g
with
its
in
teg
r
a
l
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
SMC
.
T
he
o
v
e
r
a
ll
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
en
s
u
r
ed
by
th
e
L
y
ap
u
n
o
v
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
wh
o
s
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
r
e
m
ain
s
s
tr
ictly
n
eg
ativ
e,
th
er
eb
y
g
u
ar
an
teein
g
er
r
o
r
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
ag
a
in
s
t
ex
ter
n
al
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
an
d
p
ar
am
etr
ic
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
elin
g
of
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
p
r
esen
ted
as
(
5
)
.
{
̇
=
1
−
1
̇
=
1
−
1
(
1
−
)
(
5
)
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
t
r
ac
k
in
g
er
r
o
r
b
et
wee
n
an
d
is
d
ef
in
ed
by
(
6
)
.
ε
1
=
−
(
6
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Desig
n
s
imu
la
tio
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f a
n
MPP
T tec
h
n
iq
u
e
u
s
in
g
A
N
N
in
teg
r
a
l b
a
ck
s
tep
p
in
g
…
(
N
a
o
u
fa
l Zh
a
n
i
)
1293
T
h
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
with
r
eg
ar
d
to
t
h
e
tim
e
of
1
is
g
iv
en
by
(
7
)
.
ε
̇
1
=
̇
−
̇
=
1
−
1
−
̇
(
7
)
T
h
e
in
teg
r
al
ac
tio
n
er
r
o
r
ad
d
e
d
to
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
lo
w
as
(
8
)
.
1
=
ε
1
+
ζ
(
8
)
W
ith
th
e
in
teg
r
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
d
ef
in
ed
by
(
9
)
.
ζ
=
∫
(
−
)
(
9
)
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
L
y
ap
u
n
o
v
ca
n
d
i
d
ate
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
(
1
0
)
.
1
=
1
2
ε
1
2
+
1
2
ζ
2
(
1
0
)
T
h
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
of
(
1
0
)
is
(
1
1
)
.
̇
1
=
ε
1
ε
1
̇
+
ζ
ζ
̇
=
ε
1
(
1
−
1
−
̇
+
ζ
)
(
1
1
)
In
th
e
ca
s
e
th
at
̇
1
is
n
eg
ativ
e
with
1
>
0
,
we
h
av
e
(
1
2
)
.
1
−
1
−
̇
+
ζ
=
−
1
ε
1
(
1
2
)
B
ased
on
(
1
2
)
,
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
i
n
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
t
r
o
ller
can
be
d
er
iv
e
d
as
(
1
3
)
(
α
1
=
_
)
.
1
−
1
α
1
−
̇
+
ζ
=
−
1
ε
1
(
1
3
)
α
1
=
(
1
ε
1
−
̇
+
ζ
)
+
(
1
4
)
T
h
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
of
(
1
4
)
is
(
1
5
)
.
α
̇
1
=
(
1
ε
̇
1
−
̈
+
ζ
̇
)
+
̇
(
1
5
)
Step
2:
In
th
is
s
tep
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
α
1
is
s
elec
ted
as
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
v
ar
ia
b
le.
A
s
ec
o
n
d
er
r
o
r
s
ig
n
al
is
th
en
d
ef
in
ed
.
ε
2
=
−
α
1
(
1
6
)
T
h
e
(
1
1
)
an
d
(
1
2
)
b
ec
o
m
e
r
es
p
ec
tiv
ely
(
1
7
)
an
d
(
1
8
)
.
̇
1
=
ε
1
(
1
−
1
(
ε
2
+
α
1
)
−
̇
+
ζ
)
(
1
7
)
1
−
1
(
ε
2
+
α
1
)
−
̇
+
ζ
=
−
1
ε
1
−
ε
2
(
1
8
)
T
h
e
s
lid
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
is
g
i
v
en
by
=
2
th
e
d
e
r
iv
ativ
e
of
(
1
6
)
is
(
1
9
)
.
̇
=
ε
̇
2
=
̇
−
α
̇
1
=
1
−
1
(
1
−
)
−
(
(
1
ε
̇
1
−
̈
+
ζ
̇
)
+
̇
)
(
1
9
)
To
g
u
a
r
an
tee
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
g
en
ce
of
th
e
two
e
r
r
o
r
s
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
L
y
ap
u
n
o
v
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
s
elec
ted
as
(
2
0
)
.
2
=
1
+
1
2
2
(
2
0
)
T
h
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
of
(
2
0
)
is
(
2
1
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
2
8
8
-
1303
1294
̇
2
=
̇
1
+
̇
=
−
1
ε
1
2
+
(
−
ε
1
+
̇
)
(
2
1
)
Selectin
g
th
e
ex
p
o
n
en
tial
r
ea
c
h
in
g
law
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
2
2
)
.
−
ε
1
+
̇
=
−
3
(
1
+
2
(
)
)
(
2
2
)
R
ep
lacin
g
̇
in
(
2
2
)
with
its
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
r
o
m
(
1
9
)
,
we
o
b
tain
(
2
3
)
.
−
ε
1
+
1
−
1
(
1
−
)
−
(
(
1
(
−
1
ε
1
−
)
−
̈
+
1
)
+
̇
)
=
−
3
(
1
+
2
(
)
)
(
2
3
)
T
h
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
in
p
u
t
d
eter
m
in
ed
as
(
2
4
)
.
=
1
+
(
3
(
1
+
2
(
)
)
+
(
ε
1
−
̈
+
1
(
−
−
1
ε
1
)
)
+
̇
+
ε
1
−
)
(
2
4
)
R
ep
lacin
g
(
2
1
)
with
its
ex
p
r
es
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
(
2
2
)
,
we
o
b
tain
(
2
5
)
.
̇
2
=
−
1
ε
1
2
−
3
(
1
+
2
(
)
)
<
0
(
2
5
)
W
ith
1
,
2
3
s
h
o
u
ld
be
p
o
s
itiv
e.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
asy
m
p
to
tic
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
of
ε
1
an
d
ε
2
to
ze
r
o
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
g
u
ar
an
tees
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
of
to
war
d
.
To
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
of
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
,
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
y
is
co
n
d
u
cted
with
o
th
er
h
y
b
r
id
co
n
tr
o
l
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
r
ee
m
ain
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
ANN
–
b
ac
k
s
tep
p
in
g
as
in
(
2
6
)
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
3
]
‒
[
2
5
]
,
wh
ich
c
o
m
b
in
es
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
o
f
th
e
ANN
with
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
clas
s
ical
b
ac
k
s
tep
p
in
g
;
ANN
–
I
SMC
(
2
8
)
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
wh
ich
in
teg
r
ates
th
e
ANN
with
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
in
teg
r
al
SMC
;
an
d
f
in
ally
,
ANN
–
B
SMC
(
3
0
)
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
8
]
,
wh
ic
h
co
m
b
i
n
es
b
o
th
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
of
b
ac
k
s
tep
p
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
of
SMC
with
th
e
ANN.
T
h
is
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
illu
s
tr
ates
how
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
of
d
if
f
er
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
can
lev
er
ag
e
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ad
v
an
tag
es
of
each
m
eth
o
d
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
of
th
e
I
B
SMC
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
.
=
1
−
1
(
−
α
̇
1
−
(
ε
1
−
2
ε
2
)
)
(
2
6
)
W
ith
{
ε
1
=
−
ε
2
=
−
α
1
α
1
=
+
(
1
ε
1
−
̇
)
(
2
7
)
=
1
−
(
−
̇
+
(
−
3
(
σ
)
+
̈
−
ε
̇
1
+
4
ε
1
)
)
(
2
8
)
W
ith
{
ε
1
=
−
σ
=
ε
1
+
ε
̇
1
+
4
∫
ε
1
σ
̇
=
ε
̇
1
+
ε
̈
1
+
4
ε
1
=
−
3
(
σ
)
(
2
9
)
=
1
−
1
1
(
−
ε
1
+
1
−
1
(
−
−
1
ε
1
)
−
+
1
(
1
+
2
(
)
)
)
+
2
(
3
0
)
1
=
1
=
=
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
of
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
.
T
h
e
en
tire
s
y
s
tem
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
g
en
er
ato
r
an
d
th
e
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
was
f
u
lly
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
in
th
is
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
7.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
o
d
e4
5
s
o
lv
er
with
a
d
is
cr
ete
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Desig
n
s
imu
la
tio
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
lysi
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o
f a
n
MPP
T tec
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e
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s
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A
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en
s
u
r
e
h
ig
h
p
r
ec
is
io
n
of
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
h
as
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e
in
th
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
s
ec
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
s
tag
e
is
b
ased
on
a
DC
–
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
th
e
in
p
u
t
ca
p
ac
i
to
r
=
4
7
0
0
n
F,
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
L
=
0
.
3
5
m
H,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
=
220
n
F,
s
witch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
F
=
5
k
Hz,
I
GB
T
,
an
d
d
io
d
e
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
of
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8,
is
d
ef
in
ed
by
(
2
4
)
an
d
(
2
5
)
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
ar
am
eter
s
wer
e
s
et
to
K
=
12000,
1
=
7
0
0
0
0
0
,
1
=
0
.
0
0
0
0
1
,
2
=
2
0
0
0
,
an
d
3
=
50.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
iter
ativ
e
s
im
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
tu
n
in
g
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
,
f
ast
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
an
d
ac
c
u
r
ate
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
PV sy
s
tem
m
o
d
el
s
i
m
u
latio
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
I
B
SMC
in
MA
T
L
A
B
Simu
lin
k
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
To
ev
alu
ate
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
of
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
,
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
was
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
v
ar
iab
le
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
c
h
an
g
es
in
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
tem
p
er
a
tu
r
e,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9.
T
h
ese
v
ar
iatio
n
s
wer
e
as
f
o
llo
ws:
1000
W
/m
²
an
d
30
°C
f
r
o
m
0
s
to
0
.
9
s;
500
W
/
m
²
an
d
30
°C
f
r
o
m
0
.
9
s
to
1
.
5
s;
5
0
0
W
/m
²
an
d
10
°C
f
r
o
m
1
.
5
s
to
1
.
6
s;
7
0
0
W
/m
²
an
d
10
°C
f
r
o
m
1
.
6
s
to
2
s;
700
W
/m
²
an
d
25
°C
f
r
o
m
2
s
to
2
.
2
s;
a
n
d
9
5
0
W
/m
²
an
d
25
°C
f
r
o
m
2
.
2
s
to
3
s.
T
h
ese
v
ar
iatio
n
s
wer
e
ap
p
lied
d
ir
ec
tly
to
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
el
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
3
-
s
ec
o
n
d
s
im
u
latio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
10
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
g
en
er
ated
by
th
e
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
p
r
e
s
en
ted
ab
o
v
e,
as
well
as
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
of
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
co
n
tr
o
lled
by
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
,
th
e
ANN
–
I
B
SM
C
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
of
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
i
q
u
e,
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
10,
f
o
llo
ws
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
g
en
er
ated
by
th
e
ar
tific
ial
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
with
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
f
ast
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
,
r
em
ar
k
a
b
le
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
2
8
8
-
1303
1296
To
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
of
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
a
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
y
of
t
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
with
o
th
e
r
tech
n
iq
u
es
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
,
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
ANN
-
b
ac
k
s
tep
p
in
g
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
3
]
‒
[
2
5
]
,
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
ANN
-
I
SMC
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
an
d
f
in
ally
,
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
tech
n
i
q
u
e
ANN
-
B
SM
C
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
ese
f
o
u
r
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
ar
e
s
im
u
lated
in
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
,
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
b
o
o
s
t
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
with
th
e
s
am
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
in
g
,
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
les
with
th
e
s
am
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
m
eteo
r
o
l
o
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
9
ar
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
ese
f
o
u
r
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
ltag
e
g
en
er
ated
by
th
e
ANN
is
tr
an
s
m
itt
ed
to
all
f
o
u
r
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Fig
u
r
e
11
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
v
o
lta
g
es
of
th
e
f
o
u
r
PV
m
o
d
u
les
a
n
d
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
ex
ce
llen
t
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
tr
ac
k
in
g
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
d
er
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
c
h
an
g
es
in
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
.
T
h
e
s
p
ee
d
of
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
of
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
v
o
ltag
e
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
was
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
d
u
r
in
g
b
o
th
t
h
e
r
is
e
an
d
f
all
of
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
'
s
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
er
i
o
d
.
Fig
u
r
es
12
an
d
13
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
of
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
th
e
er
r
o
r
b
etwe
en
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
s
p
ee
d
of
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
to
wa
r
d
s
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
ia
te
cu
r
r
en
t
v
alu
e
f
o
r
th
e
MPP
v
o
ltag
e
is
im
p
r
ess
iv
e,
an
d
its
s
tab
ilit
y
is
r
em
ar
k
a
b
le.
T
h
e
e
r
r
o
r
ep
s
ilo
n
1
of
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
q
u
ick
ly
co
n
v
er
g
es
to
ze
r
o
,
p
r
a
ctica
lly
ca
n
ce
lin
g
o
u
t,
u
n
lik
e
t
h
e
o
th
er
tech
n
iq
u
es,
wh
ich
leav
e
a
v
er
y
s
m
all
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
ep
s
ilo
n
1
cu
r
v
e
a
n
d
ze
r
o
.
T
h
is
g
a
p
v
ar
ies
b
etw
ee
n
0
.
0
0
5
an
d
0
.
0
3
,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
on
th
e
tech
n
i
q
u
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
W
ea
th
er
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
:
(
a)
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
an
d
(
b
)
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
v
o
ltag
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Desig
n
s
imu
la
tio
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f a
n
MPP
T tec
h
n
iq
u
e
u
s
in
g
A
N
N
in
teg
r
a
l b
a
ck
s
tep
p
in
g
…
(
N
a
o
u
fa
l Zh
a
n
i
)
1297
Fig
u
r
e
11
.
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
v
o
ltag
e
Fig
u
r
e
12
.
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
cu
r
r
e
n
t
Fig
u
r
e
13
.
E
p
s
ilo
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.