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K
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:
DC
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DC
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M
L
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uk
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C
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Dep
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Sri
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Nad
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T
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ail: la
k
s
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m
ip
r
ab
ab
@
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ed
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.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
L
E
D
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
1
]
h
as
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
,
ex
ten
d
ed
s
tab
ilit
y
,
ec
o
-
f
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s
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less
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with
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tellig
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tr
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tem
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m
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s
ed
to
co
n
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er
t
el
ec
tr
ical
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g
y
in
to
lig
h
t
[
2
]
,
r
esu
ltin
g
i
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
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with
r
e
d
u
ce
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co
s
t.
T
h
ese
b
en
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its
m
a
k
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L
E
Ds
th
e
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
ch
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f
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r
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esid
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tial
an
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co
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m
er
cial
lig
h
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in
in
d
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s
tr
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tlig
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ts
,
an
d
also
au
t
o
m
o
ti
v
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
B
u
t,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
iti
ca
l
ch
allen
g
es
i
n
L
E
D
lig
h
tin
g
[
5
]
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
f
lick
er
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wh
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ad
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r
s
ely
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h
u
m
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m
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y
L
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y
s
tem
s
,
th
e
d
r
iv
er
is
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
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ter
[
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
y
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is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
,
in
c
r
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s
ed
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
s
witch
,
in
v
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ted
o
u
tp
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t,
an
d
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o
ticea
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le
r
ip
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all
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te
to
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lick
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a
n
d
r
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d
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ce
d
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
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.
Alth
o
u
g
h
s
ev
er
al
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
e
p
o
r
ted
f
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r
L
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D
d
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in
g
ap
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s
,
m
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lu
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ex
h
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it
in
h
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p
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o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
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o
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tco
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s
.
T
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in
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o
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v
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an
d
cu
r
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s
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d
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d
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r
p
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ac
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s
[
1
1
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,
[
1
2
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.
C
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p
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
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ter fo
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(
B.
La
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1037
[
1
3
]
.
C
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llectiv
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,
th
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lim
itatio
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lead
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[
1
4
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T
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allen
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ased
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1
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(
V
o
)
[
1
6
]
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icie
n
cy
.
E
v
en
with
th
ese
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
s
,
th
e
NI
-
C
u
k
[
1
7
]
c
o
n
tin
u
es
t
o
s
h
o
w
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
o
u
tp
u
t
r
ip
p
le
an
d
tr
an
s
ito
r
y
in
s
tab
ilit
y
d
u
r
in
g
s
tar
tu
p
an
d
lo
ad
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
.
A
Vfc
is
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
d
esig
n
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
e
n
m
o
r
e.
T
h
e
r
e
d
u
ce
d
Vfc
'
s
s
tr
e
s
s
s
p
ee
d
s
u
p
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
r
e
ac
h
in
g
s
tead
y
s
tate
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
g
r
ea
tly
m
in
im
ize
s
o
u
tp
u
t
V
an
d
I
r
ip
p
le,
m
in
im
izes
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
d
r
iv
e
r
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
NI
-
C
u
k
co
n
v
er
ter
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
an
d
th
e
Vfc
ar
e
co
m
b
in
ed
in
a
n
ew
way
to
cr
ea
te
a
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
to
p
o
lo
g
y
th
at
is
i
d
ea
l f
o
r
L
E
D
d
r
iv
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
v
alid
atio
n
an
d
h
a
r
d
war
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
A
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
is
cr
e
ated
an
d
p
u
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
test
in
g
with
ac
tu
al
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
lo
a
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
C
r
itical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
c
r
iter
ia
lik
e
ef
f
i
cien
cy
,
r
i
p
p
le
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
s
witch
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tr
es
s
,
an
d
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
ar
e
all
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
e
v
alu
ated
.
B
ased
o
n
e
x
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
,
two
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
ar
e
tak
en
in
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
T
h
e
CCu
k
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
th
e
NI
-
C
u
k
co
n
v
er
t
er
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
s
u
g
g
es
ted
s
o
lu
tio
n
im
p
r
o
v
es
lig
h
tin
g
co
m
f
o
r
t,
life
tim
e,
an
d
e
f
f
i
cien
cy
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
eliab
le
an
d
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
lig
h
tin
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
wh
er
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
an
d
life
tim
e
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
e
h
ar
d
war
e
d
esig
n
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
an
d
v
is
u
al
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
o
f
L
E
D
o
p
er
atio
n
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
2.
NI
-
CUK
CO
NVE
RT
E
R
W
I
T
H
VF
C
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
NI
-
C
u
k
with
Vf
c
,
wh
ich
is
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
u
tp
u
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
d
esig
n
ed
with
a
s
in
g
le
s
witch
[
2
4
]
–
[
2
6
]
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
th
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
o
f
t
h
e
NI
co
n
v
er
ter
with
en
h
a
n
ce
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
,
th
is
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
m
ad
e
to
m
in
im
ize
V,
I
r
ip
p
le,
r
ed
u
ce
s
witch
in
g
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
u
n
d
er
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
lo
a
d
ci
r
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
A
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
o
f
d
i
o
d
es
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
is
u
s
ed
in
th
e
c
r
ea
tio
n
o
f
Vf
c
t
o
d
esig
n
th
e
cir
cu
it
s
m
aller
an
d
s
im
p
ler
.
T
h
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
is
Vf
c
in
c
r
ea
s
es
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
ip
p
le
i
n
lo
ad
V
a
n
d
I
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
r
ep
ea
te
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
in
t
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
m
an
a
g
ed
b
y
th
e
d
io
d
es.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
ess
en
tial
in
k
ee
p
in
g
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
win
g
o
n
ly
in
o
n
e
way
,
wh
ich
s
to
p
s
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
2
f
r
o
m
d
r
ain
in
g
b
ac
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
3
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
Vf
c
g
u
ar
an
tees
th
e
life
tim
e
o
f
t
h
e
L
E
D
d
r
iv
er
with
less
r
ip
p
le,
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
an
d
e
n
h
an
ce
d
p
o
wer
s
tab
ilit
y
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
ir
cu
it o
f
NI
-
C
u
k
wi
th
Vfc
2
.
1
.
Wo
r
k
ing
T
h
e
NI
-
C
u
k
with
Vf
c
o
f
f
er
s
a
r
eliab
le
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
t
d
r
i
v
er
f
o
r
p
o
wer
i
n
g
L
E
D
lo
ad
s
b
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
b
etter
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
i
p
p
le.
Du
r
in
g
m
o
d
e
1
,
I
n
d
u
cto
r
L
1
is
ch
a
r
g
ed
b
y
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e
w
h
en
s
witch
S
1
tu
r
n
s
o
n
an
d
en
ab
le
s
it
to
s
to
r
e
en
er
g
y
.
Fo
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
L
E
D
illu
m
in
atio
n
,
in
d
u
cto
r
L
2
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
D
o
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
Vf
c
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
v1
an
d
C
v2
s
tar
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
is
tim
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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t J Po
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&
Dr
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s
t
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1
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2
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n
m
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,
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e
s
witch
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r
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ed
o
f
f
,
th
e
en
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g
y
in
L
1
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d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
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o
.
T
h
e
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c
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
s
im
u
ltan
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k
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tact
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o
s
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ep
icted
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
is
co
n
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ter
is
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er
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ec
t
f
o
r
L
E
D
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
in
ce
it
co
m
b
in
es
th
e
NI
-
C
u
k
a
n
d
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c
to
p
r
o
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id
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
Vo
th
at
m
atch
es
th
e
in
p
u
t
p
o
lar
ity
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
ex
tr
em
ely
s
tead
y
an
d
f
lick
er
-
f
r
ee
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
s
tead
y
L
E
D
b
r
ig
h
tn
ess
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
d
e
p
en
d
ab
ilit
y
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
u
n
d
er
e
v
er
y
d
ay
cir
c
u
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Mo
d
e
I
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Mo
d
e
I
I
2.
2
.
Desig
n o
f
t
he
NI
-
Cuk
co
nv
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t
er
wit
h
V
f
c
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
p
a
r
am
eter
s
o
f
NI
-
C
u
k
[
3
1
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,
[
3
2
]
with
Vf
c
is
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
esig
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in
(1
)
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(
3
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(
(
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(
∆
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o
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4
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∆
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W
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D
:
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ty
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atio
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u
p
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en
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Δ
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n
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u
cto
r
r
ip
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le
c
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r
r
en
t,
C
:
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ilter
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n
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e
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o
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(
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d
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e
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T
a
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le
1
.
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h
e
L
E
D
V
an
d
I
,
th
eir
co
r
r
es
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o
n
d
in
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ip
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le
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e
d
ep
icte
d
in
Fig
u
r
es
4
t
o
7
.
Fig
u
r
e
s
4
(
a)
an
d
4
(
b
)
d
is
p
lay
th
e
V
o
o
f
th
e
NI
-
C
u
k
co
n
v
er
te
r
with
Vf
c
f
o
r
d
r
iv
in
g
th
e
L
E
D
an
d
is
ca
lcu
lated
to
h
av
e
a
2
4
V
with
a
r
ip
p
le
o
f
1
.
5
6
%.
Fig
u
r
e
s
5
(
a
)
an
d
5
(
b
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
L
E
D
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
NI
-
C
u
k
co
n
v
er
ter
with
Vf
c
an
d
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
to
h
av
e
a
0
.
4
2
A
with
a
r
ip
p
le
o
f
1
.
8
2
%.
Fig
u
r
e
6
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
V
an
d
I
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
s
witch
in
th
e
NI
-
C
u
k
co
n
v
er
ter
with
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,
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
as
2
3
V
an
d
3
.
6
A,
r
es
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
V
an
d
I
s
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ess
o
n
th
e
d
i
o
d
e
in
th
e
NI
-
C
u
k
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n
v
er
ter
with
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o
b
s
er
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e
d
to
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e
2
2
V
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d
3
A,
r
esp
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ely
.
T
ab
le
1
.
NI
-
C
u
k
C
o
n
v
er
ter
with
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c
d
esig
n
p
a
r
am
eter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
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5
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[
29
]
K
.
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.
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[
30
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