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]
.
So
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
esp
ec
ially
ze
r
o
v
o
ltag
e
s
witch
in
g
(
Z
VS)
a
n
d
ze
r
o
cu
r
r
en
t
s
witch
in
g
(
Z
C
S
)
,
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
ese
lo
s
s
es,
allo
win
g
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
p
e
r
atio
n
an
d
l
o
wer
in
g
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
p
o
wer
s
witch
v
o
l
tag
e
s
tr
ess
is
b
ein
g
r
ed
u
ce
d
t
o
cu
t
d
ev
ice
co
s
ts
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Activ
e
clam
p
cir
c
u
its
[
1
0
]
,
r
eso
n
an
t
s
n
u
b
b
e
r
s
[
1
1
]
,
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
-
d
iv
id
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
[
1
2
]
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
s
witch
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
in
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
h
av
e
cr
ea
ted
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
co
n
v
e
r
ter
ar
c
h
itectu
r
es
with
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
,
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t,
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
,
a
n
d
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
,
m
ak
in
g
t
h
e
m
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
Desp
ite
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
,
a
f
u
ll
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
is
lack
in
g
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
ca
teg
o
r
izes
an
d
ev
alu
ates
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ie
s
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
o
f
th
e
last
d
ec
ad
e
to
f
ill
th
at
g
ap
.
T
h
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
eir
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
r
in
cip
les,
p
r
o
s
,
co
n
s
,
an
d
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
PV
m
o
d
u
les,
f
u
el
ce
lls
,
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
I
t
also
d
is
cu
s
s
es
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
t
r
o
l
tactics
an
d
d
esig
n
tr
en
d
s
to
h
elp
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
e
n
g
in
ee
r
s
.
2.
H
I
G
H
-
G
AIN DC
-
DC
CO
N
VE
R
T
E
R
A
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
th
at
ex
em
p
lifie
s
th
is
co
n
ce
p
t
is
th
e
s
w
i
tch
ed
-
in
d
u
cto
r
an
d
s
witch
ed
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
co
n
v
er
ter
,
wh
ich
im
p
r
o
v
es
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
with
o
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
h
ig
h
d
u
ty
cy
cles.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
Hajilo
u
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
d
esig
n
th
at
em
p
l
o
y
s
a
s
in
g
le
s
witch
alo
n
g
with
a
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
in
d
u
ct
o
r
s
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
to
attain
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
with
m
in
im
al
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
Similar
ly
,
Hu
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
d
ev
el
o
p
e
d
a
co
n
v
er
ter
th
at
u
tili
ze
s
s
wi
tch
ed
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
m
o
d
u
les
to
en
h
a
n
ce
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
wh
ile
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
lo
s
s
es
at
lo
wer
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es,
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
Z
VS
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
tili
ze
d
.
Hajilo
u
et
al
.
[
1
8
]
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
Z
VS c
o
n
v
er
ter
aim
e
d
at
lo
wer
in
g
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
an
d
EMI.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
v
ar
i
o
u
s
h
ig
h
-
s
tep
-
u
p
co
n
v
er
ter
s
in
teg
r
ate
v
o
ltag
e
clam
p
in
g
cir
cu
its
to
m
a
n
a
g
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
s
witch
an
d
r
ec
o
v
er
en
er
g
y
.
Har
s
h
ith
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
co
n
v
er
ter
f
ea
tu
r
i
n
g
a
n
ac
tiv
e
clam
p
cir
cu
it
th
at
m
itig
ates
v
o
ltag
e
s
p
ik
es
an
d
en
h
an
ce
s
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fin
ally
,
in
ter
leav
ed
an
d
m
u
ltip
h
ase
co
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
an
d
m
in
im
izin
g
i
n
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
i
p
p
les.
Pra
k
ash
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
u
n
v
eiled
a
m
u
ltip
h
ase
co
n
v
e
r
ter
with
co
u
p
led
in
d
u
cto
r
s
,
attain
in
g
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
wh
ile
also
r
ed
u
cin
g
in
p
u
t
r
ip
p
le,
th
u
s
m
ak
in
g
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
asic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
a
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
in
d
u
cto
r
s
,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
s
witch
es,
an
d
d
io
d
es
u
s
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Hig
h
-
g
ain
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
3.
T
E
CH
N
I
Q
UE
S US
E
D
I
N
H
I
G
H
-
G
AIN DC
-
DC
CO
NV
E
RT
E
R
3
.
1
.
Switc
hed
c
a
pa
cit
o
r
a
nd
s
wit
ch
ed
in
du
ct
o
r
t
ec
hn
iq
u
es
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es
a
r
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
s
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
o
ltag
e
a
m
p
lific
atio
n
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
ex
tr
em
e
d
u
ty
cy
cles.
C
ir
cu
its
th
at
u
s
e
s
witc
h
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
(
SC
)
o
p
er
ate
b
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
s
ep
ar
ate
p
h
as
es,
wh
ile
s
w
itch
ed
in
d
u
cto
r
(
SI)
d
esig
n
s
r
ely
o
n
th
e
p
er
io
d
ic
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
f
in
d
u
cto
r
s
t
o
in
c
r
ea
s
e
v
o
ltag
e
.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
Nag
ar
ajan
an
d
Fu
s
ic
[
2
1
]
cr
ea
ted
a
co
n
v
e
r
ter
th
at
c
o
m
b
i
n
es
s
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
with
v
o
ltag
e
-
b
o
o
s
tin
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
wh
ile
r
e
d
u
cin
g
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
s
witch
es.
L
ik
ewise,
Naik
an
d
Sam
u
el
[
2
2
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
d
u
a
l
s
witch
ed
-
in
d
u
cto
r
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
th
at
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
with
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
v
o
ltag
e
am
p
lific
atio
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Hig
h
-
g
a
in
DC
-
DC
co
n
ve
r
ter
w
ith
a
d
va
n
ce
d
tec
h
n
iq
u
es:
a
r
ev
iew
(
A
n
ith
a
S
a
g
a
r
i R
a
vira
l
a
)
1107
3
.
2
.
Co
up
led
i
nd
uct
o
rs
C
o
u
p
led
in
d
u
cto
r
s
ar
e
d
esig
n
e
d
to
b
o
o
s
t v
o
ltag
e
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
cu
r
r
en
t r
ip
p
le.
T
h
ey
ca
n
r
ec
o
v
er
leak
ag
e
en
er
g
y
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
ag
n
etic
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
Hasan
za
d
eh
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
co
n
v
er
te
r
th
a
t
em
p
lo
y
s
a
s
in
g
le
co
u
p
led
i
n
d
u
cto
r
alo
n
g
with
a
n
ac
tiv
e
clam
p
cir
c
u
it to
ac
h
ie
v
e
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
a
n
d
Z
VS c
ap
a
b
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
a
co
u
p
led
in
d
u
cto
r
-
b
ased
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
a
g
n
etica
lly
co
u
p
led
win
d
in
g
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
e
r
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
th
r
o
u
g
h
tu
r
n
s
r
atio
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t.
I
t
also
illu
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
en
e
r
g
y
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
e
d
b
e
twee
n
p
r
im
ar
y
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
win
d
in
g
s
,
en
a
b
lin
g
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
o
o
s
tin
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
wh
ile
r
ed
u
cin
g
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le.
T
h
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
in
m
o
d
er
n
co
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
tu
r
n
’
s
r
atio
is
s
h
o
wn
in
(
1
)
.
=
(
1
)
I
n
(
2
)
s
h
o
ws th
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
o
f
th
e
co
u
p
led
i
n
d
u
cto
r
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
0
=
1
+
1
−
(
2
)
I
n
(
3
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
v
o
lt
-
s
ec
o
n
d
b
alan
ce
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
on
tim
e
.
=
(
3
)
I
n
(
4
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
v
o
lt
-
s
ec
o
n
d
b
alan
ce
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
o
f
f
tim
e
.
=
−
0
+
0
(
4
)
I
n
(
5
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
o
lt
-
s
ec
o
n
d
b
ala
n
ce
.
=
(
1
+
)
1
−
(
5
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
o
u
p
led
in
d
u
cto
r
c
o
n
v
er
ter
3
.
3
.
Act
i
v
e
cla
m
p c
ircuit
s
Activ
e
clam
p
in
g
is
u
s
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
v
o
ltag
e
s
p
ik
es
an
d
r
ec
o
v
er
leak
a
g
e
en
er
g
y
,
th
er
e
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
e
d
u
cin
g
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
s
witch
.
I
t
lim
its
ex
ce
s
s
i
v
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
witch
,
e
n
h
an
ce
s
co
n
v
e
r
ter
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
en
ab
les
th
e
r
eu
s
e
o
f
th
e
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
en
er
g
y
to
m
in
im
ize
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
.
L
iu
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
a
co
n
v
er
ter
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
an
ac
tiv
e
clam
p
with
a
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
l
tip
lier
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
s
witch
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
ed
u
ce
s
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
,
en
s
u
r
es
s
t
ab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
,
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
es
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
with
o
u
t
ad
d
in
g
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t c
o
m
p
lex
ity
.
3
.
4
.
Z
VS a
nd
Z
CS
So
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
lik
e
Z
VS
an
d
Z
C
S
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
an
d
E
MI
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
at
h
ig
h
er
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
ies.
An
ex
am
p
le
o
f
th
is
is
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Hu
et
a
l
.
[
2
5
]
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
wed
Z
VS b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
r
eso
n
a
n
t e
lem
en
ts
in
a
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
Z
VS is ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
6
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
1
0
5
-
1117
1108
(
)
=
0
(
6
)
I
n
(
7
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
e
n
er
g
y
l
o
s
s
d
u
r
in
g
tu
r
n
-
on
.
=
∫
(
)
⋅
(
)
ⅆ
2
1
≈
0
(
7
)
C
o
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
Z
C
S is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
8
)
.
(
)
=
0
(
8
)
I
n
(
9
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
e
n
er
g
y
l
o
s
s
d
u
r
in
g
tu
r
n
-
o
f
f
.
=
∫
(
)
.
(
)
3
4
ⅆ
≈
0
(
9
)
3
.
5
.
Vo
l
t
a
g
e
m
ultiplier
ce
ll
Vo
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
(
VM
C
s
)
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
in
c
r
ea
s
es
wh
ile
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
s
witch
es.
U
s
u
ally
,
th
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
d
u
cto
r
s
o
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
.
Po
o
r
ali
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
cr
ea
ted
a
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
t
h
at
u
s
es
co
u
p
led
in
d
u
cto
r
s
t
o
en
h
an
ce
g
ain
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
t
h
e
s
tr
ain
o
n
p
o
we
r
d
ev
ices.
C
h
ar
g
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
p
e
r
cy
cle
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
1
0
)
.
=
⋅
(
−
)
(
1
0
)
T
h
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t is sh
o
wn
in
(
1
1
)
.
=
.
∆
=
.
.
(
–
)
(
1
1
)
I
n
th
e
id
ea
l
ca
s
e
,
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
,
as sh
o
wn
in
(
1
2
)
.
≈
(
1
2
)
3
.
6
.
I
nte
rlea
v
ed
a
n
d
m
ulti
-
ph
a
s
e
t
o
po
lo
g
ies
T
h
ese
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
am
o
n
g
m
u
ltip
le
p
h
ases
,
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
r
ip
p
le,
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
es p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
.
B
y
s
h
ar
i
n
g
th
e
lo
ad
ac
r
o
s
s
p
h
ases
,
th
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
is
m
in
im
ized
,
le
ad
in
g
to
e
n
h
an
ce
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
lo
n
g
er
s
y
s
tem
life
s
p
an
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
also
en
ab
les
b
etter
d
y
n
am
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
s
m
o
o
th
e
r
o
p
er
atio
n
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
s
en
g
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
h
ig
h
-
g
ai
n
co
n
v
e
r
ter
th
at
u
tili
ze
s
in
ter
leav
in
g
,
co
u
p
led
in
d
u
cto
r
s
,
an
d
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
ec
tific
atio
n
to
en
h
a
n
ce
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
eir
d
esig
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ed
u
ce
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
ec
t
if
icatio
n
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
r
o
v
es
ef
f
i
cien
cy
b
y
lo
wer
i
n
g
d
io
d
e
lo
s
s
es a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
4.
M
O
ST
E
F
F
E
C
T
I
VE
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
m
eth
o
d
id
en
tifie
d
co
m
b
i
n
es
co
u
p
led
in
d
u
cto
r
s
with
ac
tiv
e
clam
p
cir
cu
its
in
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
ce
lls
.
T
h
is
co
m
b
in
atio
n
ac
h
iev
es
an
id
ea
l
eq
u
ilib
r
i
u
m
b
etwe
en
in
cr
ea
s
ed
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
,
r
e
d
u
ce
d
s
witch
s
tr
ess
,
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
ex
p
lo
r
ed
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
u
p
led
in
d
u
cto
r
s
,
ac
tiv
e
clam
p
cir
c
u
its
,
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
c
ells
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
H
asan
za
d
eh
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
u
tili
ze
d
a
co
u
p
led
in
d
u
cto
r
to
h
ar
n
e
s
s
leak
ag
e
en
er
g
y
,
L
iu
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
im
p
lem
en
ted
a
n
ac
tiv
e
clam
p
to
m
itig
ate
v
o
l
tag
e
s
p
ik
es,
an
d
Po
o
r
ali
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
a
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
to
attain
ex
ce
p
tio
n
ally
h
ig
h
g
ain
.
T
h
ese
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
s
witch
es
f
u
n
ctio
n
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
,
lead
in
g
to
lo
wer
lo
s
s
es
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
ef
f
icien
cy
,
m
ak
in
g
th
is
m
eth
o
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as so
lar
p
an
els an
d
f
u
el
ce
lls
.
T
h
is
h
y
b
r
id
s
tr
ateg
y
also
f
ac
ilit
ates
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
wh
ich
ass
is
t
i
n
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
a
n
d
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
ity
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
itr
y
m
ay
in
c
r
ea
s
e,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ad
v
an
tag
es
s
u
r
p
ass
th
e
d
esig
n
ch
allen
g
es,
es
p
ec
ially
in
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
d
em
an
d
d
e
p
en
d
a
b
le
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
b
o
o
s
tin
g
.
T
ab
le
1
c
o
m
p
ar
es
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
m
eth
o
d
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
,
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
,
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Hig
h
-
g
a
in
DC
-
DC
co
n
ve
r
ter
w
ith
a
d
va
n
ce
d
tec
h
n
iq
u
es:
a
r
ev
iew
(
A
n
ith
a
S
a
g
a
r
i R
a
vira
l
a
)
1109
T
ab
le
1
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
R
e
f
N
o.
M
e
t
h
o
d
u
se
d
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
g
a
i
n
S
o
f
t
-
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
t
r
e
ss
o
n
t
h
e
sw
i
t
c
h
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
[
16
]
C
o
u
p
l
e
d
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
a
c
t
i
v
e
c
l
a
m
p
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
e
r
V
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
Y
e
s (ZV
S
)
Lo
w
9
5
.
1
%
[
17
]
I
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
e
d
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
sw
i
t
c
h
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
a
n
d
d
i
o
d
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
H
i
g
h
No
M
e
d
i
u
m
9
1
.
8
%
[
18
]
S
w
i
t
c
h
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
a
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
H
i
g
h
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
(
Z
C
S
)
M
e
d
i
u
m
9
3
.
2
%
[
19
]
C
a
sc
a
d
e
b
o
o
s
t
+
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
+
c
l
a
mp
V
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
Y
e
s (ZV
S
/
Z
C
S
)
Lo
w
9
6
.
5
%
[
20
]
F
l
y
b
a
c
k
-
b
a
s
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
c
t
i
v
e
c
l
a
m
p
a
n
d
sn
u
b
b
e
r
c
e
l
l
s
M
e
d
i
u
m
Y
e
s (ZV
S
)
H
i
g
h
8
9
.
7
%
[
21
]
S
w
i
t
c
h
e
d
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
+
d
i
o
d
e
-
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
c
e
l
l
M
e
d
i
u
m
No
H
i
g
h
8
8
.
4
%
[
22
]
Th
r
e
e
-
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
a
g
a
i
n
b
o
o
s
t
c
e
l
l
V
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
Y
e
s
Lo
w
9
5
.
8
%
[
23
]
Tr
a
n
sf
o
r
mer
l
e
ss
sw
i
t
c
h
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
a
c
t
i
v
e
c
l
a
m
p
H
i
g
h
Y
e
s (ZV
S
)
M
e
d
i
u
m
9
4
.
5
%
[
24
]
D
u
a
l
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s w
i
t
h
r
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
V
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
Y
e
s (ZV
S
)
Lo
w
9
6
.
2
%
4
.
1
.
Adv
a
nta
g
es a
nd
c
ha
lle
ng
es
4
.
1
.
1
.
Adv
a
nta
g
es
T
h
e
a
d
v
an
tag
es
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
i
ze
d
as
f
o
llo
ws:
i)
Ach
iev
ed
g
r
ea
ter
v
o
ltag
e
am
p
lific
atio
n
with
lo
wer
d
u
ty
c
y
cles
;
ii)
R
ed
u
ce
d
v
o
lta
g
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
s
witch
es
an
d
d
io
d
es
;
iii)
Stre
am
lin
ed
d
esig
n
with
in
ter
leav
ed
lo
w
-
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
en
ts
;
iv
)
Ab
ilit
y
t
o
in
teg
r
ate
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
two
-
way
o
p
er
atio
n
;
v
)
Flex
ib
i
lity
to
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
in
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
;
an
d
v
i)
Ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
in
two
-
way
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
ts
.
4
.
1
.
2
.
Cha
lleng
es
T
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
tag
es
ar
e
s
u
m
m
a
r
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws:
i)
T
h
e
in
tr
icate
d
esig
n
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ag
n
etic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
r
VM
C
s
tag
es
;
ii)
C
alib
r
atin
g
th
e
clam
p
cir
cu
it
an
d
b
alan
ci
n
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
;
iii)
Ob
s
er
v
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
u
r
i
n
g
lo
w
-
lo
ad
i
n
g
an
d
tr
an
s
itio
n
al
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
;
an
d
iv
)
E
MI
f
ac
to
r
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
at
elev
ate
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies
.
T
ab
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
h
ig
h
-
g
a
in
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
tech
n
iq
u
es in
ter
m
s
o
f
ef
f
icien
cy
,
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
c
ap
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
witch
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
r
elativ
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
to
p
o
lo
g
ies s
u
ch
a
s
in
ter
leav
ed
an
d
ac
tiv
e
-
clam
p
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
o
v
er
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
tech
n
iq
u
es
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
y
p
e
/
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
S
o
f
t
-
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
(
ZV
S
/
Z
C
S
)
S
w
i
t
c
h
s
t
r
e
ss
Tr
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
85
–
9
2
%
No
H
i
g
h
S
w
i
t
c
h
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
(
S
C
)
90
–
9
4
%
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
M
e
d
i
u
m
S
w
i
t
c
h
e
d
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
(
S
I
)
88
–
9
3
%
No
M
e
d
i
u
m
C
o
u
p
l
e
d
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
–
b
a
se
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
93
–
9
7
%
Y
e
s
Lo
w
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
e
r
c
e
l
l
(
V
M
C
)
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
94
–
9
6
%
Y
e
s
Lo
w
I
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
e
d
h
i
g
h
-
g
a
i
n
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
95
–
9
8
%
P
o
ssi
b
l
e
Lo
w
A
c
t
i
v
e
-
c
l
a
mp
/
q
u
a
s
i
-
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
96
–
9
8
%
Y
e
s
V
e
r
y
l
o
w
Q
u
a
d
r
a
t
i
c
/
sem
i
-
q
u
a
d
r
a
t
i
c
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
94
–
9
7
%
Y
e
s
Lo
w
–
me
d
i
u
m
5.
T
RAD
I
T
I
O
NAL A
ND
H
I
G
H
G
AIN DC
-
DC
CO
NVE
R
T
E
R
CO
N
VE
R
T
E
RS
5
.
1
.
T
ra
ditio
na
l c
ho
pp
er
s
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
asic
b
o
o
s
t,
b
u
ck
,
an
d
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
d
e
s
ig
n
s
,
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
tili
ze
d
in
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
d
u
e
to
th
eir
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
d
esig
n
,
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
,
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese,
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
s
ed
i
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
th
at
n
ec
ess
itate
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
a
lo
wer
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
b
atte
r
y
-
p
o
we
r
ed
d
ev
ices
o
r
DC
m
o
to
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
lim
it
o
f
a
ty
p
ical
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
p
o
s
es
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
d
em
an
d
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
o
ltag
e
in
c
r
ea
s
es.
W
h
en
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
n
e
in
e
f
f
o
r
ts
to
attain
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
am
p
lific
atio
n
,
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
co
n
d
u
c
tio
n
lo
s
s
es,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
b
o
th
th
e
s
witch
an
d
d
io
d
e,
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
E
MI
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
d
o
n
o
t in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
f
ea
tu
r
es,
lead
in
g
to
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
at
elev
ated
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies,
wh
ich
ad
v
er
s
ely
af
f
ec
t
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
lo
n
g
ev
ity
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
r
en
d
er
th
e
m
u
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
o
r
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
er
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
with
a
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
is
cr
u
cial.
5
.
2
.
H
i
g
h
-
g
a
in
co
nv
er
t
er
s
T
o
s
atis
f
y
th
e
s
tr
in
g
en
t
d
e
m
an
d
s
o
f
c
o
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
r
en
ewa
b
le
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
ad
v
an
ce
d
h
ig
h
-
g
ai
n
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
cr
ea
ted
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
i
g
h
er
v
o
l
tag
e
b
o
o
s
ts
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
ese
in
tr
icate
s
y
s
tem
s
u
tili
ze
v
ar
io
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
1
0
5
-
1117
1110
in
clu
d
in
g
co
u
p
led
i
n
d
u
cto
r
s
,
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
ce
lls
(
VM
C
s
)
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
w
itch
ed
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
o
r
s
witch
ed
-
in
d
u
cto
r
m
eth
o
d
s
,
q
u
ad
r
atic
g
ain
d
esig
n
s
,
an
d
in
t
er
leav
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ac
tiv
e
clam
p
cir
cu
its
an
d
r
eso
n
an
t c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
ac
ilit
ates so
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es lik
e
Z
VS a
n
d
Z
C
S,
wh
ich
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
d
im
in
is
h
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
an
d
m
itig
ate
v
o
ltag
e
s
p
ik
es
f
r
o
m
leak
ag
e
in
d
u
ct
an
ce
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
ter
leav
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
s
tag
es
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
r
ed
u
ce
v
ar
iati
o
n
s
in
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t,
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
er
m
al
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
an
d
en
ab
le
m
o
d
u
la
r
p
o
wer
s
ca
lin
g
.
Un
lik
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
th
ese
h
ig
h
-
g
ai
n
v
ar
ian
ts
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
v
o
ltag
e
elev
atio
n
s
ex
ce
ed
in
g
1
0
×
at
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
d
u
ty
cy
cles
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
w
ell
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
an
d
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
ese
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
tr
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itio
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2
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≥
(
27)
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h
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r
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witch
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=
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2
2
(
2
8
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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8
6
9
4
I
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t J Po
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ter
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E
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34
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h
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icien
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6
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8
.
Ripp
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lcula
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T
h
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Δ
=
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7.
F
I
NDING
S AN
D
R
E
SE
AR
CH
G
AP
S IN EX
I
S
T
I
NG
P
AP
E
RS
R
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
h
ig
h
–
g
ai
n
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
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r
ter
d
esig
n
s
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
g
ain
,
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
r
eliab
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f
o
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r
en
ewa
b
le
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ap
p
lica
tio
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s
.
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esear
ch
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i
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DC
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im
p
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ain
,
ef
f
icien
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,
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d
r
eliab
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y
f
o
r
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Alza
h
r
an
i
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
s
ca
lab
le
in
ter
leav
ed
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
u
s
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
lt
ip
lier
ce
lls
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
an
d
l
o
w
in
p
u
t
r
ip
p
le,
th
o
u
g
h
with
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
co
u
n
t
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
co
m
p
le
x
ity
.
L
ee
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
a
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
ed
h
ig
h
s
tep
-
u
p
c
o
n
v
er
ter
with
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
ce
lls
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
d
s
witch
s
tr
ess
;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
e
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
ci
r
cu
it
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
Z
h
en
g
a
n
d
Sm
e
d
le
y
[
3
0
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
an
in
ter
leav
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
c
o
m
b
in
i
n
g
co
u
p
led
in
d
u
cto
r
s
an
d
s
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
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s
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
i
g
h
g
ain
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d
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
ip
p
le,
b
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
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b
alan
ci
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r
em
ain
e
d
ch
allen
g
in
g
.
A
zizk
an
d
i
et
a
l.
[
3
1
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
th
r
ee
-
win
d
in
g
co
u
p
led
-
i
n
d
u
cto
r
co
n
v
er
ter
w
ith
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
ce
lls
th
at
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
a
in
an
d
lo
w
s
witch
s
tr
ess
,
alth
o
u
g
h
m
ag
n
etic
d
esig
n
co
m
p
lex
ity
was a
lim
itatio
n
.
Z
h
en
g
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
n
o
th
er
in
te
r
leav
ed
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
co
n
v
er
ter
to
r
ed
u
ce
r
ip
p
le
an
d
s
witch
s
tr
ess
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
c
o
m
p
licated
in
ter
-
p
h
ase
tim
in
g
is
n
ee
d
e
d
f
o
r
lo
a
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
,
th
is
a
r
r
a
n
g
em
en
t
b
alan
ce
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
ec
o
n
o
m
y
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
in
ter
leav
e
d
q
u
ad
r
atic
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
co
n
v
er
ter
b
y
R
ah
im
i
et
a
l.
[
9
]
u
s
es
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
d
u
cto
r
s
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
ce
lls
.
Go
o
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
co
u
n
t,
m
ag
n
etic
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
an
d
m
u
lti
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Hig
h
-
g
a
in
DC
-
DC
co
n
ve
r
ter
w
ith
a
d
va
n
ce
d
tec
h
n
iq
u
es:
a
r
ev
iew
(
A
n
ith
a
S
a
g
a
r
i R
a
vira
l
a
)
1113
p
h
ase
co
n
t
r
o
l
n
ee
d
s
lim
it
th
is
d
esig
n
,
wh
ich
h
as
g
o
o
d
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
an
d
m
in
im
al
r
i
p
p
le
.
T
h
ese
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
s
h
o
w
th
at
co
n
v
er
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
n
o
tab
ly
in
g
ain
,
s
o
f
t
s
witch
in
g
,
an
d
r
i
p
p
le
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
lis
ted
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
b
alan
ce
s
ef
f
icien
cy
,
s
im
p
licity
,
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
ality
,
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t.
T
ab
le
4
s
u
m
m
ar
izes k
ey
liter
atu
r
e
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
an
d
th
eir
r
esear
ch
g
ap
s
in
h
ig
h
–
g
ain
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
R
e
f
.
N
o
K
e
y
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
g
a
p
s
[
1
]
F
u
l
l
ZV
S
,
l
o
w
st
r
e
ss,
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
i
n
p
u
t
,
q
u
a
d
r
a
t
i
c
g
a
i
n
C
o
m
p
l
e
x
ma
g
n
e
t
i
c
s
l
a
c
k
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
l
o
a
d
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
[
2
]
B
i
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
ZV
S
o
v
e
r
a
w
i
d
e
r
a
n
g
e
,
sw
i
t
c
h
c
o
st
H
i
g
h
sw
i
t
c
h
c
o
u
n
t
,
l
i
g
h
t
-
l
o
a
d
ZV
S
i
ss
u
e
s
[
3
]
D
u
a
l
ma
g
n
e
t
i
c
s
,
h
i
g
h
g
a
i
n
,
f
u
l
l
ZV
S
H
i
g
h
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
,
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
b
a
l
a
n
c
i
n
g
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
[
4
]
Lo
w
r
i
p
p
l
e
,
ZV
S
+
Z
C
S
,
h
i
g
h
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
N
o
t
b
i
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
[
5
]
ZV
ZC
S
,
w
i
d
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
,
l
o
w
r
i
p
p
l
e
U
sed
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s,
h
i
g
h
-
g
a
i
n
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
mp
l
e
x
[
6
]
B
i
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
h
i
g
h
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
ZV
S
+
Z
C
S
S
i
z
e
/
c
o
st
f
r
o
m
i
s
o
l
a
t
i
o
n
d
i
o
d
e
l
o
s
s i
ss
u
e
s
[
7
]
N
o
a
u
x
i
l
i
a
r
y
sw
i
t
c
h
,
9
7
.
6
%
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
Li
mi
t
e
d
g
a
i
n
sc
a
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
t
h
e
r
ma
l
d
a
t
a
mi
ssi
n
g
[
8
]
H
i
g
h
g
a
i
n
,
p
a
ss
i
v
e
c
l
a
m
p
,
l
o
w
r
i
p
p
l
e
N
o
s
o
f
t
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
,
t
r
a
n
si
e
n
t
h
a
n
d
l
i
n
g
i
s
w
e
a
k
8.
DE
S
I
G
N
CO
NSI
DE
R
AT
I
O
NS A
ND
G
UID
E
L
I
N
E
S F
O
R
H
I
G
H
G
AIN DC
-
DC
CO
NVER
T
E
R
CO
NVER
T
E
RS
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
ea
r
lier
p
ar
ts
in
to
p
r
ac
tical
d
esig
n
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
en
g
in
ee
r
s
a
n
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
i
n
v
o
lv
ed
with
h
ig
h
–
g
ai
n
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
I
t
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
ess
en
tial
elem
en
ts
th
at
af
f
ec
t p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
i
lity
,
an
d
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
u
s
e.
8
.
1
.
Co
m
po
nent
s
elec
t
io
n c
rit
er
ia
8
.
1
.
1
.
Switc
hes
(
M
O
SFE
T
s
,
I
G
B
T
s
)
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
a
d
ev
ice
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
its
r
eq
u
ir
ed
v
o
ltag
e
r
atin
g
,
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ca
p
ac
ity
,
an
d
s
witch
in
g
s
p
ee
d
,
as
th
ese
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
d
i
r
ec
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
co
n
v
er
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Pro
p
er
d
ev
ice
s
elec
tio
n
en
s
u
r
es
ef
f
icien
t
o
p
er
atio
n
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
lo
ad
an
d
s
witch
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
lo
s
s
es
an
d
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
.
I
n
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
,
th
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
b
ec
o
m
es
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
cr
itical
d
u
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
witch
in
g
an
d
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
es.
I
n
s
u
ch
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
wid
e
-
b
a
n
d
g
ap
m
ater
ials
s
u
ch
as
SiC
a
n
d
GaN
ar
e
p
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
s
u
p
er
io
r
elec
tr
ical
an
d
th
er
m
a
l
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
.
T
h
ese
d
ev
ices
e
x
h
ib
it
lo
wer
s
witch
in
g
l
o
s
s
es,
h
ig
h
er
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
b
etter
th
e
r
m
al
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
ilico
n
-
b
ased
d
ev
ic
es.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
ey
en
ab
le
h
ig
h
er
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
o
wer
d
e
n
s
ity
,
an
d
r
eliab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
in
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
.
8
.
1
.
2
.
I
nd
uct
o
rs a
nd
co
up
le
d
ind
uct
o
rs
T
h
o
u
g
h
tf
u
l
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
r
e
m
ater
ial
an
d
t
u
r
n
s
r
ati
o
is
ess
en
tial
to
m
in
im
ize
c
o
r
e
lo
s
s
es,
leak
ag
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
an
d
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
m
ag
n
etic
s
atu
r
atio
n
.
Pro
p
er
s
elec
tio
n
en
s
u
r
es
ef
f
icien
t
m
ag
n
etic
co
u
p
lin
g
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
h
y
s
ter
esis
an
d
e
d
d
y
c
u
r
r
en
t
l
o
s
s
es,
an
d
s
tab
le
o
p
e
r
a
tio
n
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
lo
a
d
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
.
I
t
also
h
elp
s
in
o
p
tim
izin
g
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
lo
n
g
ev
ity
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
co
u
p
led
in
d
u
c
to
r
s
,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
c
tan
ce
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
m
ax
im
izi
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
b
etwe
en
win
d
in
g
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
.
Hig
h
er
m
u
tu
al
co
u
p
lin
g
r
ed
u
ce
s
leak
ag
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
wh
ic
h
in
tu
r
n
m
in
im
izes
v
o
ltag
e
s
p
ik
es
an
d
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
s
m
o
o
th
er
o
p
er
atio
n
,
lo
wer
s
witch
in
g
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
.
8
.
1
.
3
.
Ca
pa
cit
o
rs
Ou
tp
u
t
an
d
m
u
ltip
lier
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
m
u
s
t
h
an
d
le
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
en
t
s
an
d
with
s
tan
d
p
ea
k
v
o
ltag
es
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
tab
le
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
e
r
atio
n
.
Pr
o
p
er
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
,
v
o
ltag
e
r
atin
g
,
an
d
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
s
er
ies
r
esi
s
tan
ce
(
E
SR
)
is
es
s
en
tial
to
m
in
im
ize
lo
s
s
es
an
d
m
ain
tain
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
T
h
ese
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
a
ls
o
p
lay
a
k
ey
r
o
le
in
f
ilter
i
n
g
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
with
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
E
lectr
o
ly
tic
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
,
m
a
k
in
g
th
em
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
b
u
lk
f
ilter
in
g
an
d
lo
w
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
r
ip
p
le
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
ce
r
am
i
c
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
ar
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
u
p
p
r
ess
in
g
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
ip
p
le
d
u
e
t
o
th
ei
r
lo
w
E
SR
an
d
f
ast
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
C
o
m
b
in
in
g
b
o
th
ty
p
es
allo
ws
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
r
ip
p
le
m
itig
atio
n
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
s
o
v
er
all
co
n
v
er
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
8
.
1
.
4
.
Dio
des
/Sy
nchro
no
us
s
wit
ches
Fo
r
o
p
tim
al
ef
f
icien
cy
,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
to
u
s
e
f
ast
-
r
ec
o
v
er
y
d
io
d
es
o
r
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
MO
SF
E
T
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
r
ec
t
if
icatio
n
s
tag
e
to
m
in
im
ize
r
e
v
er
s
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
r
ed
u
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
1
0
5
-
1117
1114
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
v
er
all
p
o
we
r
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
esp
ec
ially
at
h
ig
h
s
wi
tch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies.
Pro
p
er
s
elec
tio
n
also
h
elp
s
in
l
o
wer
in
g
h
ea
t
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
e
n
h
an
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
8
.
2
.
Co
ntr
o
l
s
t
ra
t
e
g
y
g
uid
elines
8
.
2
.
1
.
Dut
y
cy
cle
c
o
ntr
o
l
An
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
h
o
u
ld
en
s
u
r
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
lim
it
d
u
ty
cy
cles
to
p
r
e
v
en
t
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
in
m
ag
n
etic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Pro
p
e
r
co
n
tr
o
l
d
esig
n
h
elp
s
m
ain
tain
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
s
witch
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
,
r
ed
u
ce
s
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
tects
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
f
r
o
m
o
v
er
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
t
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
r
eliab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
y
in
g
lo
ad
c
o
n
d
i
tio
n
s
.
I
n
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
o
p
er
atin
g
in
m
u
l
ti
-
p
h
ase
o
r
in
ter
leav
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
it is
e
s
s
en
tial
to
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ize
th
e
allo
ca
tio
n
o
f
d
u
ty
cy
cles
ac
r
o
s
s
p
h
ases
.
T
h
is
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
iza
tio
n
en
s
u
r
es
b
alan
ce
d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
h
ar
in
g
,
r
ed
u
ce
s
r
ip
p
le,
an
d
m
in
im
izes
cir
cu
lat
in
g
cu
r
r
en
ts
b
etwe
en
p
h
ases
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
c
y
is
im
p
r
o
v
ed
,
an
d
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
o
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
8
.
2
.
2
.
So
f
t
-
s
wit
ching
co
ntr
o
l
Fo
r
co
n
v
er
ter
s
th
at
u
tili
ze
ac
tiv
e
clam
p
s
o
r
r
eso
n
an
t
tan
k
s
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
m
u
s
t
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
Z
VS
o
r
Z
C
S
,
b
ased
o
n
d
ef
in
ed
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
.
Pro
p
er
tim
in
g
o
f
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
is
cr
it
ical
to
m
in
im
ize
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
.
T
h
is
also
h
elp
s
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
e
f
f
icien
cy
an
d
ex
ten
d
in
g
th
e
lif
esp
an
o
f
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices.
Acc
u
r
ate
co
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
r
eso
n
an
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
s
witch
in
g
in
s
ta
n
ts
en
ab
les
r
eliab
le
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
o
f
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
t
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
s
witch
es
o
p
er
ate
with
in
s
af
e
lim
its
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
tab
le
co
n
v
er
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
te
m
ef
f
icien
cy
is
en
h
an
ce
d
,
a
n
d
s
tr
ess
o
n
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
is
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
9.
AP
P
L
I
CA
T
I
O
N
S O
F
H
I
G
H
-
G
AIN DC
-
DC
CO
NV
E
RT
E
RS
Hig
h
-
g
ain
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
v
ital
in
co
n
tem
p
o
r
a
r
y
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics,
esp
ec
ially
wh
e
n
th
er
e’
s
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
v
o
ltag
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
f
r
o
m
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
eir
ca
p
ac
ity
to
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
o
ltag
e
b
o
o
s
t
wh
ile
k
ee
p
in
g
a
s
m
all
f
o
r
m
f
ac
to
r
r
en
d
er
s
th
em
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
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