I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
wer
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
S
y
s
t
em
(
I
J
P
E
DS)
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
1254
~
1
2
6
4
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijp
ed
s
.
v
1
7
.
i
2
.
p
p
1
2
5
4
-
1
2
6
4
1254
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
p
e
d
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Enha
ncing
grid p
erforma
nce
throu
g
h coo
rdina
ted
S
VC
-
TCS
C
o
pera
tion with
P
V suppo
rt
:
A
cas
e
study o
n IEE
E 3
0
-
bus
sy
stem under
pro
g
ress
iv
e loa
ding
H
a
f
idh
a
Rer
iba
lla
h
1
,
L
a
t
if
a
Sm
a
il
2
,
Ali A
bd
er
ra
za
k
T
a
dje
dd
ine
2
,
H
o
cine
G
uentr
i
2
,
Rim
F
ey
ro
uz
Abdelg
o
ui
1
,
F
a
t
im
a
Z
o
hra
B
o
ud
j
ella
3
1
G
I
D
D
La
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
,
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
A
u
t
o
mat
i
o
n
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
A
h
me
d
Z
a
b
a
n
a
o
f
R
e
l
i
z
a
n
e
,
R
e
l
i
z
a
n
e
,
A
l
g
e
r
i
a
2
LSETE
R
L
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
,
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
N
o
u
r
B
a
c
h
i
r
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
C
e
n
t
e
r
,
E
l
-
B
a
y
a
d
h
,
A
l
g
e
r
i
a
3
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
B
e
l
h
a
d
j
B
o
u
c
h
a
i
b
,
A
i
n
Te
mo
u
c
h
e
n
t
,
A
l
g
e
r
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
No
v
1
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
J
an
3
0
,
2
0
2
6
Acc
ep
ted
Feb
2
1
,
2
0
2
6
P
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s
fa
c
e
g
ro
win
g
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
o
f
v
o
l
tag
e
in
sta
b
il
it
y
,
li
n
e
c
o
n
g
e
sti
o
n
,
a
n
d
i
n
c
re
a
se
d
lo
ss
e
s
u
n
d
e
r
r
isin
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
.
Th
is
st
u
d
y
p
ro
p
o
se
s
a
c
o
o
rd
i
n
a
ted
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
u
si
n
g
tw
o
f
lex
ib
le
AC
tran
sm
issio
n
s
y
ste
m
(F
ACTS
)
d
e
v
ice
s
:
t
h
e
sta
ti
c
v
a
r
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
to
r
(S
VC)
a
n
d
t
h
e
t
h
y
r
isto
r
-
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
d
se
ries
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
(TCS
C),
t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r
with
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
(P
V)
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
g
rid
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
.
T
h
e
IEE
E
3
0
-
b
u
s
tes
t
sy
ste
m
is
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
u
n
d
e
r
n
o
rm
a
l
a
n
d
in
c
re
a
se
d
lo
a
d
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
(5
%
,
1
0
%
,
1
5
%
lo
a
d
g
ro
wt
h
).
Re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
th
a
t
c
o
o
r
d
in
a
ted
S
VC
-
TCS
C
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
imp
ro
v
e
s
v
o
lt
a
g
e
p
ro
fil
e
s,
re
d
u
c
e
s
c
rit
ica
l
li
n
e
lo
a
d
in
g
b
y
1
4
%
,
a
n
d
lo
we
rs
a
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
re
a
c
ti
v
e
l
o
ss
e
s
b
y
1
0
%
a
n
d
2
3
.
8
%
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
,
i
n
th
e
b
a
se
c
a
se
.
Un
d
e
r
a
1
5
%
l
o
a
d
in
c
re
a
se
,
in
teg
ra
ti
n
g
a
2
5
M
W
P
V
sy
ste
m
with
th
e
c
o
o
rd
in
a
ted
F
ACT
S
re
sto
re
s
th
e
m
in
imu
m
v
o
lt
a
g
e
to
0
.
9
5
p
.
u
.
,
re
d
u
c
e
s
l
in
e
c
o
n
g
e
stio
n
b
y
2
7
%
,
a
n
d
d
e
c
re
a
se
s
a
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
re
a
c
ti
v
e
lo
ss
e
s
b
y
3
5
.
5
%
a
n
d
5
3
.
5
%
.
Th
e
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
F
ACTS
-
P
V
stra
teg
y
p
r
o
v
e
s
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l
fo
r
m
a
in
tain
in
g
sta
b
i
li
ty
a
n
d
e
fficie
n
c
y
u
n
d
e
r
h
i
g
h
l
o
a
d
g
ro
wt
h
.
Th
is
in
te
g
ra
ted
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
p
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
fo
r
tran
sm
issio
n
o
p
e
ra
to
rs
to
wa
rd
re
sili
e
n
t,
l
o
ss
-
a
wa
re
,
a
n
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le
-
in
teg
ra
ted
sm
a
rt
g
r
id
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
FAC
T
S d
ev
ices
P
o
wer
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
l
P
o
wer
lo
s
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
PV in
teg
r
atio
n
SVC
T
C
SC
V
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Haf
id
h
a
R
er
ib
allah
GI
DD
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
,
Dep
ar
tm
e
n
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
an
d
Au
to
m
atio
n
,
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
o
f
R
e
lizan
e
R
eliza
n
e,
Alg
er
ia
E
m
ail:
h
af
id
h
a.
r
er
ib
allah
@
u
n
i
v
-
r
eliza
n
e.
d
z
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
c
h
allen
g
ed
b
y
th
e
r
elen
tles
s
g
r
o
wth
in
elec
tr
icity
d
em
an
d
,
d
r
iv
en
b
y
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ex
p
an
s
i
o
n
an
d
u
r
b
an
izatio
n
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
is
d
em
an
d
s
u
r
g
e,
co
u
p
led
with
th
e
in
h
er
en
t
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
f
r
as
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
m
an
if
ests
as
cr
itical
o
p
er
atio
n
al
is
s
u
es
in
clu
d
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
s
,
lin
e
o
v
er
lo
ad
s
,
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
d
e
f
icits
,
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
en
e
r
g
y
lo
s
s
es
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
W
h
ile
n
etwo
r
k
e
x
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
f
er
s
a
th
eo
r
e
tical
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
it
is
o
f
ten
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
b
y
h
ig
h
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
c
o
s
ts
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
,
a
n
d
le
n
g
th
y
p
er
m
itti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
m
ax
im
izin
g
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
ass
et
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
ad
v
a
n
c
ed
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
l te
ch
n
o
l
o
g
ies h
as b
ec
o
m
e
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
im
p
er
ativ
e
f
o
r
u
tili
ties
wo
r
ld
wid
e
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Flex
ib
le
AC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
(
FAC
T
S)
d
ev
ices
h
av
e
em
er
g
ed
as
a
co
r
n
e
r
s
to
n
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
c
h
allen
g
es
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
f
ast,
d
y
n
a
m
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
k
ey
n
etwo
r
k
p
a
r
a
m
eter
s
[
9
]
.
Am
o
n
g
th
em
,
th
e
s
tatic
v
ar
co
m
p
e
n
s
ato
r
(
SVC
)
an
d
th
e
th
y
r
is
to
r
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
er
ies
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
T
C
SC
)
p
lay
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
r
o
les
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
SVC
,
a
s
h
u
n
t
-
co
n
n
e
cted
d
ev
ice,
o
f
f
er
s
d
y
n
a
m
ic
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
b
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
g
r
id
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
o
r
d
in
a
te
d
S
V
C
-
TC
S
C
o
p
era
tio
n
w
ith
P
V
…
(
Ha
fid
h
a
R
erib
a
lla
h
)
1255
in
jectin
g
o
r
a
b
s
o
r
b
in
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
,
th
e
r
eb
y
s
tab
ilizin
g
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
es
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
T
C
SC
,
a
s
er
ies
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
ev
ice,
m
o
d
u
lates
lin
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
to
d
ir
ec
tly
co
n
tr
o
l
r
ea
l
p
o
wer
f
lo
w,
allev
iate
co
n
g
esti
o
n
,
an
d
en
h
an
ce
tr
an
s
f
er
ca
p
ac
ity
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
W
h
ile
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
m
er
its
o
f
SVC
s
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
an
d
T
C
SC
s
f
o
r
lin
e
lo
ad
in
g
m
an
ag
em
en
t
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
t
h
eir
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic
p
o
ten
tial
wh
en
d
e
p
lo
y
ed
in
a
co
o
r
d
in
at
ed
m
an
n
er
r
em
ain
s
u
n
d
er
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
[
4
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
n
d
er
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
lo
ad
g
r
o
wth
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
th
at
m
im
ic
r
ea
lis
tic
g
r
id
s
tr
ess
.
Par
allel
to
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
FAC
T
S tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
g
lo
b
al
en
er
g
y
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
is
b
ein
g
r
esh
ap
ed
b
y
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
n
o
tab
ly
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
g
en
e
r
atio
n
.
B
ey
o
n
d
its
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
en
e
f
its
,
PV
i
n
jectio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
lo
ca
l
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
wh
ich
ca
n
r
e
d
u
ce
lin
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
,
m
itig
ate
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
,
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
tly
ea
s
e
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
b
u
r
d
e
n
o
n
th
e
g
r
id
.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
eg
u
n
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
les
an
d
FAC
T
S;
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
am
i
n
ed
SVC
s
with
PV
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
o
r
T
C
SC
s
wi
th
win
d
f
ar
m
s
f
o
r
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esear
ch
g
ap
p
er
s
i
s
ts
:
f
ew
wo
r
k
s
h
av
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
an
aly
ze
d
th
e
tr
ip
ar
tit
e
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
o
f
a
s
h
u
n
t
FAC
T
S
(
SVC
)
,
a
s
er
i
es
FA
C
T
S
(
T
C
S
C
)
,
an
d
a
PV
s
o
u
r
ce
u
n
d
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
lo
a
d
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
g
ap
lim
its
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ca
n
b
e
o
p
tim
ally
co
m
b
in
ed
to
f
o
r
tify
g
r
id
r
esil
ien
ce
ag
ain
s
t f
u
tu
r
e
d
em
a
n
d
g
r
o
wth
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
p
lace
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
e
d
ev
ices
is
eq
u
all
y
cr
itical
t
o
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
s
en
s
itiv
ity
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
:
th
e
T
C
SC
is
lo
ca
ted
o
n
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
lin
e
id
en
tifie
d
v
ia
th
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
(
PTDF)
to
m
ax
im
ize
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
o
wer
f
l
o
w
r
ed
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
wh
ile
th
e
S
VC
is
p
lace
d
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
b
u
s
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
New
to
n
-
R
ap
h
s
o
n
lo
ad
f
lo
w
an
aly
s
is
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
tar
g
ete
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
2
5
]
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
g
ap
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
th
e
I
E
E
E
3
0
-
b
u
s
test
s
y
s
tem
an
d
m
ak
es th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
k
ey
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
:
−
An
aly
s
is
o
f
c
o
o
r
d
in
ated
FAC
T
S
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
:
I
t
ev
alu
ates
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
co
o
r
d
in
at
ed
SVC
-
T
C
S
C
o
p
er
atio
n
u
n
d
er
b
ase
ca
s
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t,
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t,
an
d
lo
s
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
−
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
:
I
t
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
PV
g
en
er
a
tio
n
in
to
t
h
e
co
o
r
d
in
ated
FAC
T
S
s
ch
em
e
to
ass
es
s
its
r
o
le
in
s
u
s
tain
in
g
g
r
id
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t lo
ad
in
cr
ea
s
es (
5
%,
1
0
%,
a
n
d
1
5
%).
−
C
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
v
ali
d
atio
n
:
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
v
alid
ated
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
ac
tiv
e/r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
lin
e
lo
a
d
i
n
g
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
s
tr
ess
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
clea
r
h
ier
a
r
ch
y
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
f
r
o
m
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
d
ev
ices to
f
u
lly
i
n
teg
r
ated
s
y
s
t
em
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
wh
ile
SV
C
-
T
C
S
C
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
b
en
ef
its
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
PV
is
cr
u
cial
u
n
d
er
h
ig
h
lo
ad
g
r
o
wth
,
cr
e
atin
g
a
m
o
r
e
r
esil
ien
t,
e
f
f
icie
n
t,
an
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
es
ac
tio
n
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
p
lan
n
er
s
an
d
o
p
er
ato
r
s
n
a
v
ig
atin
g
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
war
d
s
s
m
ar
t g
r
id
s
with
h
ig
h
er
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
p
e
n
etr
atio
n
an
d
d
em
an
d
v
o
latilit
y
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
s
im
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
c
o
o
r
d
in
ate
d
FAC
T
S
d
ev
ices
an
d
PV
g
en
er
atio
n
in
th
e
I
E
E
E
3
0
-
b
u
s
test
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
to
f
iv
e
co
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
:
i
)
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
,
ii
)
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
th
e
S
VC
an
d
T
C
SC
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
iii
)
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
th
e
PV
g
en
er
ato
r
,
iv
)
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
al
d
ev
ice
p
lace
m
e
n
t,
an
d
v
)
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
2
.
1
.
T
est
s
y
s
t
em
:
I
E
E
E
3
0
-
bu
s
net
wo
rk
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
ateg
ies
wer
e
ev
alu
ated
o
n
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
I
E
E
E
3
0
-
b
u
s
test
s
y
s
tem
,
a
well
-
estab
lis
h
ed
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
a
s
e
g
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
Am
er
ican
E
lectr
ic
Po
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
I
ts
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
with
4
1
lin
es,
6
g
en
er
ato
r
b
u
s
es,
an
d
2
1
lo
a
d
b
u
s
es,
p
r
esen
ts
a
r
ea
lis
tic
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
an
aly
zi
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
l
.
T
h
e
k
ey
p
a
r
am
et
er
s
o
f
th
e
b
ase
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1.
Key
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
I
E
E
E
3
0
-
B
u
s
test
s
y
s
tem
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
B
u
s
e
s
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s
Tr
a
n
sm
i
ssi
o
n
l
i
n
e
s
Lo
a
d
s
Tr
a
n
sf
o
r
mers
N
u
mb
e
r
30
6
41
21
4
2
.
2
.
M
o
delin
g
o
f
F
ACTS
d
ev
ices
2
.
2
.
1
.
Sta
t
ic
v
a
r
co
m
pens
a
t
o
r
(
SVC)
T
h
e
SVC
is
m
o
d
eled
as
a
v
ar
iab
le
s
h
u
n
t
s
u
s
ce
p
tan
ce
,
B
SVC
,
co
n
n
ec
ted
at
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
u
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
y
n
am
ic
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
.
I
ts
p
r
im
ar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
b
y
in
jectin
g
o
r
ab
s
o
r
b
in
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
(
Q
S
VC
)
.
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
c
u
it
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
es
1
an
d
2
.
T
h
e
in
jecte
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
is
g
o
v
e
r
n
ed
b
y
(
1
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
2
5
4
-
1264
1256
=
−
2
⋅
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
V
k
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
at
th
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
u
s
k
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
u
s
ce
p
tan
ce
B
SVC
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
v
ia
th
e
th
y
r
is
to
r
f
ir
i
n
g
an
g
le
α
a
n
d
is
b
o
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
its
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
(
B
C
)
an
d
in
d
u
ctiv
e
(
B
L
)
lim
its
:
≤
(
)
≤
(
2
)
A
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
teg
r
al
(
PI)
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
u
s
ed
to
elim
in
a
te
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
er
r
o
r
an
d
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
s
u
s
ce
p
tan
ce
r
ef
er
e
n
c
e,
Δ
B
ref
:
=
(
−
)
+
∫
(
−
)
(
3
)
w
h
er
e
V
ref
is
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
l
tag
e
,
an
d
V
i
is
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
SVC
s
in
g
le
-
lin
e
d
iag
r
am
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
q
u
iv
alen
t
m
o
d
el
o
f
an
SVC
2
.
2
.
2
.
T
hy
risto
r
-
co
ntr
o
lled
s
er
ies ca
pa
cit
o
r
(
T
CSC)
T
h
e
T
C
SC
is
m
o
d
eled
as
a
v
ar
iab
le
s
er
ies
r
ea
ctan
ce
,
X
T
CSC
,
in
s
er
ted
in
a
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
lin
e.
I
t
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
b
y
d
y
n
am
ically
m
o
d
if
y
in
g
t
h
e
lin
e'
s
im
p
ed
an
ce
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
ta
l
m
o
d
el,
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
d
ef
in
es its
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
ea
ctan
ce
as a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
th
y
r
is
to
r
f
ir
in
g
an
g
le
α
:
(
)
=
−
2
−
⋅
+
(
4
)
w
h
er
e
σ
=
2
(
π−
α
)
is
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
an
g
le,
an
d
X
C
an
d
X
L
ar
e
th
e
f
ix
ed
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
an
d
t
h
y
r
is
to
r
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
in
d
u
ctiv
e
r
ea
ctan
ce
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
B
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
α
,
th
e
T
C
SC
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
in
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
(
r
ed
u
cin
g
o
v
er
all
lin
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
)
o
r
in
d
u
ctiv
e
(
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
im
p
ed
an
ce
)
m
o
d
e
to
r
e
r
o
u
te
p
o
wer
f
lo
ws.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
C
SC
s
in
g
le
-
lin
e
d
i
ag
r
am
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
g
r
id
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
o
r
d
in
a
te
d
S
V
C
-
TC
S
C
o
p
era
tio
n
w
ith
P
V
…
(
Ha
fid
h
a
R
erib
a
lla
h
)
1257
2
.
3
.
O
pti
m
a
l
pla
ce
m
ent
s
t
ra
t
e
gy
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
FAC
T
S
d
ev
ices
is
h
i
g
h
ly
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
o
n
th
eir
l
o
ca
tio
n
.
A
s
en
s
itiv
ity
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was a
d
o
p
te
d
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
al
p
lace
m
en
t.
−
SVC
p
lace
m
en
t:
T
h
e
S
VC
w
as
p
lace
d
at
th
e
b
u
s
id
en
tifie
d
with
th
e
lo
west
v
o
ltag
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
f
r
o
m
a
b
ase
-
ca
s
e
New
to
n
-
R
ap
h
s
o
n
lo
ad
f
lo
w
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
es
m
ax
im
u
m
im
p
ac
t
o
n
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
at
th
e
m
o
s
t c
r
itical
n
o
d
e.
−
T
C
SC
p
lace
m
en
t:
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
lin
e
f
o
r
T
C
SC
in
s
tallatio
n
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
PTDF.
T
h
e
PTDF
f
o
r
a
lin
e
m
m
with
r
esp
ec
t to
a
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
f
r
o
m
b
u
s
k
to
b
u
s
is
:
,
→
=
(
5
)
T
h
e
lin
e
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
ab
s
o
lu
te
PTDF
v
alu
e
f
o
r
c
r
itical
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
s
was
s
elec
ted
,
a
s
p
lacin
g
th
e
T
C
SC
h
er
e
m
ax
im
izes its
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
r
eliev
in
g
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
.
2
.
4
.
M
o
delin
g
o
f
P
V
g
ener
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
is
m
o
d
ele
d
as
a
n
e
g
ativ
e
lo
a
d
in
jectin
g
ac
ti
v
e
p
o
we
r
at
a
s
p
ec
if
ied
b
u
s
.
T
o
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
in
h
er
e
n
t
v
a
r
iab
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
,
a
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
th
e
B
eta
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
u
s
ed
t
o
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
:
(
)
=
(
+
)
(
)
(
)
−
1
(
1
−
)
−
1
,
0
≤
≤
1
,
,
≥
0
(
6
)
T
h
e
s
h
ap
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
α
an
d
β
ar
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
e
an
(
μ
)
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
(
σ
)
o
f
h
is
to
r
ical
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
d
ata.
Fo
r
th
e
d
eter
m
in
is
tic
s
im
u
latio
n
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
PV g
en
er
at
o
r
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as a
f
ix
ed
2
5
MW
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
in
j
ec
tio
n
at
u
n
ity
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
d
ir
ec
t
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
a
h
ea
v
ily
lo
ad
ed
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
2
.
5
.
Dev
ice
pla
ce
m
ent
a
nd
s
im
ula
t
io
n scena
rio
s
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
lo
ca
tio
n
s
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
‑
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
2
,
wh
ich
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
tech
n
ical
ju
s
tific
atio
n
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
l
ac
em
en
t.
T
h
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
ws
f
o
r
a
clea
r
,
in
cr
em
en
tal
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
an
d
co
m
b
in
ed
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
s
er
ies
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
,
s
h
u
n
t
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
,
an
d
ac
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
in
jectio
n
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
y
in
g
g
r
i
d
d
em
an
d
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
f
o
u
r
lo
ad
lev
els to
ev
alu
ate
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
s
tr
ess
:
−
B
ase
c
ase: N
o
r
m
al
s
y
s
tem
lo
a
d
in
g
.
−
Scen
ar
io
1
: U
n
if
o
r
m
5
% in
c
r
e
ase
in
all
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
l
o
ad
s
.
−
Scen
ar
io
2
: U
n
if
o
r
m
1
0
% lo
ad
in
cr
ea
s
e.
−
Scen
ar
io
3
: U
n
if
o
r
m
1
5
% lo
ad
in
cr
ea
s
e.
Fo
r
ea
ch
lo
ad
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
f
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
wer
e
s
im
u
lated
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
:
−
C
ase
A:
B
ase
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t a
n
y
co
m
p
en
s
atin
g
d
e
v
ices.
−
C
ase
B
: Sy
s
tem
with
o
n
ly
th
e
SVC
in
s
ta
lled
at
B
u
s
3
0
.
−
C
ase
C
: Sy
s
tem
with
o
n
ly
th
e
T
C
SC
in
s
talled
o
n
L
in
e
1
-
3.
−
C
ase
D:
Sy
s
tem
with
co
o
r
d
in
a
ted
SVC
an
d
T
C
SC
.
−
C
ase
E
:
Fo
r
lo
ad
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
(
1
-
3
)
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
with
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
SVC
-
T
C
SC
an
d
th
e
2
5
MW
PV
g
en
er
ato
r
at
B
u
s
6
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Op
tim
al
p
lace
m
en
t o
f
FAC
T
S d
ev
ices a
n
d
PV g
en
er
ato
r
D
e
v
i
c
e
O
p
t
i
mal
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
R
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
S
V
C
B
u
s
3
0
B
u
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
l
o
w
e
st
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
b
a
s
e
c
a
se.
TC
S
C
Li
n
e
1
-
3
Li
n
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
st
P
TD
F
ma
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
f
o
r
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
s.
PV
B
u
s
6
To
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
o
a
h
e
a
v
i
l
y
l
o
a
d
e
d
a
r
e
a
,
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
f
l
o
w
o
n
u
p
st
r
e
a
m
l
i
n
e
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
SVC
an
d
T
C
SC
c
o
n
tr
o
l w
ith
PV in
teg
r
atio
n
in
t
h
e
I
E
E
E
3
0
-
b
u
s
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
i
n
es f
o
u
r
lo
ad
g
r
o
wth
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
:
b
ase
c
ase
(
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atio
n
)
an
d
u
n
if
o
r
m
l
o
ad
in
cr
ea
s
es
o
f
5
%,
1
0
%,
an
d
1
5
%.
Fo
r
ea
ch
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
f
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
:
C
ase
A
(
u
n
co
m
p
en
s
ated
s
y
s
tem
)
,
C
ase
B
(
SV
C
o
n
ly
at
b
u
s
3
0
)
,
C
ase
C
(
T
C
SC
o
n
ly
o
n
lin
e
1
-
3
)
,
a
n
d
C
ase
D
(
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
ated
SVC
+
T
C
SC
)
,
an
d
C
ase
E
f
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
2
5
4
-
1264
1258
lo
ad
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
(
co
o
r
d
in
ated
SVC
+T
C
SC
+
PV
with
2
5
MW
PV
at
b
u
s
6
)
.
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
r
ee
k
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
i
cs:
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
s
tab
ilit
y
,
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
an
d
co
n
g
esti
o
n
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
ac
tiv
e/r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
3
.
1
.
Vo
l
t
a
g
e
pro
f
ile
enha
ncem
ent
Vo
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
in
d
icato
r
o
f
g
r
id
h
ea
lth
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
n
d
er
in
cr
e
asin
g
lo
ad
s
tr
ess
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
ac
r
o
s
s
all
3
0
b
u
s
es
f
o
r
t
h
e
b
ase
ca
s
e
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
iles
u
n
d
er
5
% lo
ad
in
cr
ea
s
es.
As an
ticip
ated
,
v
o
ltag
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
in
ten
s
if
ies
with
h
ig
h
er
lo
ad
in
g
d
u
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
lin
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
an
d
ass
o
ciate
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
lo
s
s
es.
T
a
b
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
I
n
th
e
u
n
c
o
m
p
en
s
ated
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
(
C
ase
A)
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ex
h
ib
its
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
with
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
0
.
9
2
0
p
.
u
.
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
at
b
u
s
3
0
.
T
h
is
v
alu
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
e
cr
itical
s
tab
ilit
y
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
in
d
icatin
g
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
to
v
o
ltag
e
co
llap
s
e
u
n
d
e
r
co
n
tin
g
en
c
y
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
th
e
SVC
alo
n
e
(
C
a
s
e
B
)
at
th
is
wea
k
est
b
u
s
p
r
o
v
id
es
tar
g
ete
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
ele
v
atin
g
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
to
0
.
9
5
5
p
.
u
.
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
3
.
8
%
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
T
C
S
C
alo
n
e
(
C
ase
C
)
,
wh
o
s
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
c
o
n
tr
o
l
r
ath
e
r
th
an
d
ir
ec
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
la
tio
n
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
lim
ited
im
p
ac
t
o
n
v
o
ltag
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
its
d
i
s
tin
ct
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
o
le.
T
h
e
c
o
o
r
d
in
ate
d
SVC
+T
C
S
C
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
(
C
ase
D)
ac
h
iev
es th
e
m
o
s
t b
alan
ce
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
m
i
n
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
at
0
.
9
5
5
p
.
u
.
w
h
ile
also
f
latten
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
v
alid
ates
th
e
co
m
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
n
atu
r
e
o
f
s
h
u
n
t
an
d
s
er
ies
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
:
th
e
SVC
d
ir
ec
tly
in
jects
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
we
r
at
th
e
cr
itical
b
u
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
T
C
SC
r
ed
is
tr
ib
u
tes
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
ws,
in
d
ir
ec
tly
allev
iatin
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
d
e
f
icits
elsewh
er
e
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Vo
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
ac
r
o
s
s
all
3
0
b
u
s
es f
o
r
th
e
b
ase
ca
s
e
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Vo
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
u
n
d
e
r
5
% u
n
if
o
r
m
lo
a
d
in
cr
ea
s
e,
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
g
r
id
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
o
r
d
in
a
te
d
S
V
C
-
TC
S
C
o
p
era
tio
n
w
ith
P
V
…
(
Ha
fid
h
a
R
erib
a
lla
h
)
1259
A
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
+5
%
lo
ad
s
ce
n
ar
io
r
ev
ea
ls
a
s
lig
h
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
ip
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
b
u
s
wh
en
u
s
in
g
co
o
r
d
in
ated
SVC
+T
C
S
C
(
0
.
8
9
5
p
.
u
.
)
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
u
n
co
m
p
e
n
s
ated
ca
s
e
(
0
.
9
0
0
p
.
u
.
)
.
T
h
is
co
u
n
ter
-
in
tu
itiv
e
-
0
.
6
%
ch
an
g
e
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
tr
an
s
ien
t
in
ter
ac
tio
n
d
y
n
am
ics
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
er
ies
an
d
s
h
u
n
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
u
n
d
er
m
o
d
er
ate,
s
p
ec
if
ic
lo
a
d
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
T
C
SC
's
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
o
f
lin
e
1
-
3
im
p
e
d
an
ce
m
o
m
en
tar
il
y
a
lter
s
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
f
l
o
w
p
atte
r
n
s
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
SVC
'
s
s
lo
wer
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
ca
n
f
u
lly
r
esp
o
n
d
.
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
o
p
tim
ized
g
ain
tu
n
i
n
g
an
d
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
ated
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic
d
esig
n
,
p
r
esen
ti
n
g
an
av
e
n
u
e
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
ef
in
em
en
t.
U
n
d
er
h
i
g
h
e
r
s
tr
ess
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
+1
0
%
an
d
+1
5
%
lo
ad
s
)
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
c
o
o
r
d
in
atio
n
s
tab
il
izes
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
d
eliv
er
i
n
g
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
v
o
ltag
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
o
f
1
4
.
8
% a
n
d
2
3
.
5
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
i
r
m
s
th
e
s
tr
ateg
y
's r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
s
ev
er
e
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Min
im
u
m
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
(
p
.
u
.
)
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
Lo
a
d
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
N
o
F
A
C
TS
S
V
C
o
n
l
y
TC
S
C
o
n
l
y
S
V
C
+
T
C
S
C
S
V
C
+
T
C
S
C
+
P
V
B
a
se
c
a
se
0
.
9
2
0
0
.
9
5
5
0
.
9
2
5
0
.
9
5
5
-
+
5
%
l
o
a
d
0
.
9
0
0
0
.
9
3
0
0
.
9
0
5
0
.
8
9
5
0
.
8
8
0
+
1
0
%
l
o
a
d
0
.
8
8
0
0
.
9
0
0
0
.
8
9
0
1
.
0
1
0
1
.
0
8
0
+
1
5
%
l
o
a
d
0
.
8
1
0
0
.
8
8
0
0
.
8
5
0
1
.
0
0
0
1
.
0
0
0
3
.
2
.
P
o
wer
f
lo
w
co
ntr
o
l a
nd
co
ng
estio
n m
a
na
g
e
m
ent
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
p
o
wer
f
lo
ws
is
ess
en
tial
to
p
r
e
v
en
t
lin
e
o
v
er
l
o
ad
s
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
ass
et
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
T
C
SC
o
n
lin
es
1
-
3
,
id
e
n
tifie
d
v
ia
th
e
PTDF
m
eth
o
d
,
tar
g
eted
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
co
r
r
id
o
r
f
o
r
co
n
g
esti
o
n
.
T
ab
le
4
s
u
m
m
a
r
izes
th
e
lo
ad
in
g
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
o
f
k
ey
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
es
u
n
d
er
all
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
an
d
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
I
n
th
e
b
ase
ca
s
e,
lin
es
1
-
2
ar
e
o
v
er
lo
a
d
ed
at
1
0
8
%
o
f
th
eir
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
h
e
SVC
alo
n
e
h
as
a
m
in
im
al
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
is
s
er
ies
f
lo
w,
as
e
x
p
ec
ted
f
o
r
a
s
h
u
n
t
d
e
v
ice.
T
h
e
T
C
SC
alo
n
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
ely
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
l
o
ad
in
g
t
o
9
5
%
b
y
m
o
d
if
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
lin
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
.
T
h
e
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
S
VC
+T
C
SC
ac
h
iev
es
a
f
u
r
th
er
r
ed
u
ctio
n
t
o
9
3
%,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
y
n
er
g
y
:
t
h
e
SVC
'
s
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
h
elp
s
m
ain
tain
s
tab
ilit
y
wh
ile
th
e
T
C
SC
r
er
o
u
tes
p
o
wer
.
Un
d
er
th
e
+1
5
%
lo
ad
in
cr
ea
s
e
,
th
e
u
n
co
m
p
en
s
ated
lin
e
1
-
2
r
ea
ch
es
a
cr
itical
1
3
9
%
lo
a
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
FAC
T
S
r
ed
u
ce
th
is
to
1
2
4
%,
b
u
t
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
PV
g
en
er
ato
r
b
r
in
g
s
it
d
o
wn
t
o
1
0
1
%,
s
af
ely
with
in
lim
its
.
T
h
e
PV
's
lo
ca
l
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
p
o
wer
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
f
r
o
m
d
is
tan
t
g
en
er
ato
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
c
o
n
g
e
s
ted
p
ath
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
a
k
ey
f
in
d
in
g
:
wh
ile
FA
C
T
S
d
ev
ices
m
an
ag
e
ex
is
tin
g
f
lo
ws,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
e
n
er
atio
n
lik
e
PV
ca
n
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tally
alter
th
e
f
lo
w
p
atte
r
n
,
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
co
n
g
esti
o
n
.
T
ab
le
4
.
L
in
e
lo
ad
in
g
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
(
% o
f
th
e
r
m
al
r
atin
g
)
f
o
r
cr
itical
lin
es
S
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
Li
n
e
N
o
F
A
C
TS
S
V
C
o
n
l
y
TC
S
C
o
n
l
y
S
V
C
+
T
C
S
C
S
V
C
+
T
C
S
C
+
P
V
B
a
se
c
a
se
1
-
2
1
0
8
1
0
7
95
93
93
2
-
5
92
91
88
86
86
+
5
%
l
o
a
d
1
-
2
1
1
5
1
1
4
1
0
2
1
0
0
98
2
-
5
99
98
95
93
90
+
1
0
%
l
o
a
d
1
-
2
1
2
8
1
2
7
1
1
5
1
1
3
1
1
0
2
-
5
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
0
8
1
0
6
1
0
2
+
1
5
%
l
o
a
d
1
-
2
1
3
9
1
3
8
1
2
6
1
2
4
1
0
1
2
-
5
1
2
3
1
2
2
1
1
9
1
1
7
1
0
3
3
.
3
.
Act
i
v
e
a
nd
re
a
ct
iv
e
po
w
er
lo
s
s
re
du
ct
io
n
Min
im
izin
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lo
s
s
es
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
cr
itical
o
b
jectiv
e
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
ec
o
n
o
m
y
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
to
tal
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
(
MW)
an
d
th
e
to
tal
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
(
MV
A
R
)
ac
r
o
s
s
all
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
an
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
s
.
I
n
th
e
b
ase
ca
s
e
o
f
MW,
lo
s
s
es
r
ed
u
ce
f
r
o
m
2
3
.
4
3
MW
in
th
e
u
n
co
m
p
en
s
ated
s
y
s
tem
to
2
1
.
0
8
MW
with
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
SVC
+T
C
SC
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
1
0
.
0
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
wh
er
e
t
h
e
tr
en
d
is
ev
en
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
q
u
a
d
r
atic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etw
ee
n
r
ea
ctiv
e
lo
s
s
es
an
d
lin
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
.
T
h
e
b
ase
o
f
th
e
MV
AR
ca
s
e
s
h
o
ws
a
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
f
r
o
m
5
9
.
4
2
MV
AR
to
4
5
.
3
0
MV
AR
with
SVC
+T
C
S
C
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
2
3
.
8
% im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
s
tem
s
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
r
o
m
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
cir
cu
latio
n
.
As
lo
ad
in
cr
ea
s
es
,
ab
s
o
lu
te
lo
s
s
es
r
is
e
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
er
lin
e
c
u
r
r
en
ts
,
b
u
t
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
s
av
in
g
s
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
ac
tu
ally
im
p
r
o
v
e,
in
d
icatin
g
g
r
ea
ter
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
u
n
d
er
s
tr
ess
ed
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Un
d
er
+1
5
%
lo
ad
in
g
,
lo
s
s
es
r
ea
ch
3
8
.
7
7
MW
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
.
T
h
e
SVC
+T
C
SC
c
o
o
r
d
in
atio
n
lo
wer
s
th
is
to
3
4
.
2
5
MW
(
1
1
.
7
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
)
,
wh
ile
ad
d
in
g
PV
g
en
er
atio
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
m
o
r
e
d
r
am
atic
ef
f
ec
t,
s
lash
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
2
5
4
-
1264
1260
lo
s
s
es
to
2
5
.
0
0
MW
an
d
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
3
5
.
5
%
o
v
er
all
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
PV'
s
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
d
u
al
-
f
ac
eted
:
it
s
u
p
p
lies
p
o
wer
lo
c
ally
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
n
e
r
g
y
with
th
e
SVC
.
A
co
m
p
lete
n
u
m
er
ical
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
f
o
r
all
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
an
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
T
ab
le
5
.
I
n
th
e
+1
5
% lo
ad
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
r
ea
ctiv
e
lo
s
s
es
s
o
ar
to
1
2
0
.
0
5
MV
AR
w
ith
o
u
t c
o
n
tr
o
l
,
a
v
alu
e
th
at
wo
u
ld
s
ev
er
ely
af
f
ec
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ili
ty
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
.
C
o
o
r
d
in
ate
d
FAC
T
S
cu
r
tail
th
is
to
9
1
.
2
0
MV
AR
(
2
4
.
0
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
)
,
b
u
t
th
e
f
u
ll
SVC
+T
C
S
C
+PV
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
es
a
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
5
3
.
5
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
b
r
in
g
in
g
lo
s
s
es
d
o
wn
to
5
5
.
8
0
MV
AR
.
T
h
is
d
r
am
atic
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
cc
u
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
ad
d
r
ess
es
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
r
o
o
t
ca
u
s
e
o
f
r
ea
ctiv
e
lo
s
s
es:
th
e
n
ee
d
to
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
o
v
er
lo
n
g
d
is
tan
ce
s
at
in
h
er
en
tly
lo
w
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
s
.
B
y
s
o
u
r
cin
g
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
lo
ca
lly
at
b
u
s
6
,
th
e
PV
m
in
im
izes
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
tr
ad
itio
n
ally
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
ass
o
ciate
d
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
th
e
SV
C
to
o
p
er
ate
w
ith
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
o
u
tp
u
t,
c
r
ea
tin
g
a
v
ir
tu
o
u
s
c
y
cle
o
f
ef
f
icien
c
y
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
T
o
b
etter
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
r
elat
iv
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
ea
ch
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
,
T
ab
le
6
p
r
esen
ts
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
v
o
ltag
e,
ac
tiv
e
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
lo
s
s
es c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
u
n
co
m
p
en
s
ated
ca
s
e
(
C
ase
A)
f
o
r
ea
ch
lo
ad
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
L
o
s
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
a
n
aly
s
is
with
d
if
f
er
en
t c
o
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
s
ch
em
es
T
ab
le
5
.
Activ
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
s
u
m
m
ar
y
S
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
M
e
t
r
i
c
N
o
F
A
C
TS
S
V
C
o
n
l
y
TC
S
C
o
n
l
y
S
V
C
+
T
C
S
C
S
V
C
+
T
C
S
C
+
P
V
B
a
se
c
a
se
P
-
l
o
ss (
M
W
)
2
3
.
4
3
2
1
.
8
5
2
2
.
1
0
2
1
.
0
8
-
Q
-
l
o
ss (
M
V
A
R
)
5
9
.
4
2
5
2
.
8
5
5
5
.
2
0
4
5
.
3
0
-
+
5
%
l
o
a
d
P
-
l
o
ss (
M
W
)
2
6
.
5
0
2
4
.
7
5
2
5
.
0
5
2
3
.
8
5
2
3
.
5
0
Q
-
l
o
ss (
M
V
A
R
)
6
8
.
7
5
6
1
.
2
0
6
3
.
8
5
5
2
.
4
0
5
1
.
0
0
+
1
0
%
l
o
a
d
P
-
l
o
ss (
M
W
)
3
2
.
2
5
3
0
.
1
0
3
0
.
5
0
2
8
.
9
0
2
7
.
8
0
Q
-
l
o
ss (
M
V
A
R
)
8
5
.
9
0
7
6
.
5
0
7
9
.
7
5
6
5
.
4
0
6
2
.
5
0
+
1
5
%
l
o
a
d
P
-
l
o
ss (
M
W
)
3
8
.
7
7
3
6
.
1
5
3
6
.
6
5
3
4
.
2
5
2
5
.
0
0
Q
-
l
o
ss (
M
V
A
R
)
1
2
0
.
0
5
1
0
6
.
8
5
1
1
1
.
2
5
9
1
.
2
0
5
5
.
8
0
T
ab
le
6
.
Per
ce
n
ta
g
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t su
m
m
ar
y
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
u
n
co
m
p
en
s
ated
ca
s
e
S
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
C
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
(
%)
A
c
t
i
v
e
l
o
ss re
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
(
%)
R
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
l
o
ss
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
(
%)
B
a
se
c
a
se
S
V
C
o
n
l
y
+
3
.
8
6
.
7
1
1
.
1
TC
S
C
o
n
l
y
+
0
.
5
5
.
7
7
.
1
S
V
C
+
T
C
S
C
+
3
.
8
1
0
.
0
2
3
.
8
+
5
%
l
o
a
d
S
V
C
o
n
l
y
+
3
.
3
6
.
6
1
1
.
0
TC
S
C
o
n
l
y
+
0
.
6
5
.
5
7
.
1
S
V
C
+
T
C
S
C
-
0
.
6
1
0
.
0
2
3
.
8
S
V
C
+
T
C
S
C
+
P
V
-
2
.
2
1
1
.
3
2
5
.
8
+
1
0
%
l
o
a
d
S
V
C
o
n
l
y
+
2
.
3
6
.
7
1
0
.
9
TC
S
C
o
n
l
y
+
1
.
1
5
.
4
7
.
2
S
V
C
+
T
C
S
C
+
1
4
.
8
1
0
.
4
2
3
.
9
S
V
C
+
T
C
S
C
+
P
V
+
2
2
.
7
1
3
.
8
2
7
.
2
+
1
5
%
l
o
a
d
S
V
C
o
n
l
y
+
8
.
6
6
.
8
1
1
.
0
TC
S
C
o
n
l
y
+
4
.
9
5
.
5
7
.
3
S
V
C
+
T
C
S
C
+
2
3
.
5
1
1
.
7
2
4
.
0
S
V
C
+
T
C
S
C
+
P
V
+
2
3
.
5
3
5
.
5
5
3
.
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
g
r
id
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
o
r
d
in
a
te
d
S
V
C
-
TC
S
C
o
p
era
tio
n
w
ith
P
V
…
(
Ha
fid
h
a
R
erib
a
lla
h
)
1261
3
.
4
.
P
r
a
ct
ica
l
i
m
pli
ca
t
io
ns
a
nd
lim
it
a
t
io
ns
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
id
e
clea
r
,
ac
tio
n
ab
le
g
u
id
an
ce
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
p
lan
n
er
s
an
d
o
p
er
ato
r
s
f
ac
in
g
ev
o
lv
in
g
g
r
id
c
h
allen
g
es.
Fo
r
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
e
x
p
er
ien
ci
n
g
m
o
d
e
r
ate
lo
a
d
g
r
o
wth
(
u
p
to
1
0
%),
s
tr
ateg
ic
in
v
estme
n
t
in
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
ated
S
VC
an
d
T
C
SC
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
f
er
s
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
tech
n
ical
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
en
ef
its
th
r
o
u
g
h
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
(
u
p
t
o
1
4
.
8
%
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t)
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
lo
s
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
(
u
p
to
2
4
%).
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
p
lace
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
(
Fig
u
r
es
7
an
d
8
)
,
u
s
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
f
o
r
SVC
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
PTDF
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
T
C
SC
p
lace
m
en
t.
Fo
r
u
tili
ty
s
y
s
tem
s
an
ticip
atin
g
h
ig
h
l
o
ad
g
r
o
wth
(
1
5
%
o
r
m
o
r
e)
o
r
th
o
s
e
with
am
b
itio
u
s
r
en
ewa
b
le
in
teg
r
atio
n
tar
g
ets,
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t
o
f
FAC
T
S
with
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
PV
g
e
n
er
at
io
n
em
er
g
es
as
an
ess
en
tial,
f
o
r
war
d
-
lo
o
k
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
ated
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
o
lv
es
im
m
ed
iate
tech
n
ical
p
r
o
b
lem
s
r
elate
d
to
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
co
n
g
esti
o
n
b
u
t
also
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
h
o
s
tin
g
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
p
e
n
etr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
3
5
.
5
%
ac
tiv
e
lo
s
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
an
d
5
3
.
5
%
r
ea
ctiv
e
lo
s
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
at
+1
5
%
lo
ad
in
g
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
th
at
ca
n
ju
s
tify
th
e
ca
p
ital
in
v
estme
n
t
in
s
u
ch
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
lim
itatio
n
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
p
r
o
p
er
co
n
te
x
t
f
o
r
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
First,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
is
b
ased
o
n
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
wh
ich
v
alid
ate
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
co
n
ce
p
t
an
d
q
u
a
n
tify
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
b
u
t
d
o
n
o
t
ca
p
t
u
r
e
d
y
n
am
ic
o
r
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
tab
ilit
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
u
r
in
g
f
a
u
lts
o
r
r
ap
id
l
o
ad
ch
an
g
es.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
PV
g
e
n
er
atio
n
is
m
o
d
ele
d
as
a
f
ix
e
d
p
o
wer
i
n
jectio
n
;
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
its
in
h
er
en
t
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
,
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
,
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
wo
u
ld
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
l
o
g
ical
an
d
v
al
u
ab
le
ex
ten
s
io
n
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
.
T
h
i
r
d
,
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
lace
m
en
t
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
s
en
s
itiv
ity
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
a
s
p
ec
if
ic,
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
test
ca
s
e;
ap
p
ly
in
g
t
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
to
lar
g
er
,
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
le
x
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
n
etwo
r
k
s
wo
u
ld
r
e
q
u
ir
e
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
ca
lab
le
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
h
a
n
d
lin
g
m
u
ltip
le
o
b
jectiv
es a
n
d
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
F
i
n
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
,
w
h
i
l
e
i
m
p
l
i
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
l
o
s
s
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
b
e
n
e
f
i
ts
,
w
as
n
o
t
e
x
p
l
i
c
i
t
l
y
q
u
a
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
t
e
c
h
n
ic
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
.
A
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
c
o
s
t
-
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
a
n
al
y
s
is
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
ap
i
t
a
l
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
at
i
o
n
al
c
o
s
ts
o
f
S
VC
,
T
C
S
C
,
a
n
d
PV
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
at
i
o
n
s
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
t
h
e
ac
h
i
e
v
e
d
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
al
b
e
n
e
f
i
ts
(
l
o
s
s
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
d
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
t
r
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
i
n
v
e
s
t
m
e
n
t
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
it
y
)
w
o
u
l
d
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
al
c
a
s
e
f
o
r
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
ti
o
n
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
u
n
eq
u
iv
o
ca
ll
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
SVC
an
d
T
C
SC
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
e
n
au
g
m
en
te
d
with
s
tr
ateg
ically
p
lace
d
PV
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
r
o
b
u
s
t,
m
u
lti
-
o
b
jectiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
c
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
m
an
ag
i
n
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
n
g
esti
o
n
,
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
b
o
th
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
in
m
o
d
er
n
p
o
wer
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
n
d
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
in
cr
e
asin
g
d
em
an
d
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
ated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
es
to
b
e
n
o
t
m
er
ely
a
d
d
itiv
e
b
u
t
g
e
n
u
in
ely
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic,
d
eliv
er
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
g
ain
s
th
at
ex
ce
ed
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
f
e
r
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
u
tili
ties
an
d
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ato
r
s
n
av
ig
a
tin
g
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
wa
r
d
s
m
ar
ter
,
m
o
r
e
r
esil
ien
t,
an
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
-
in
teg
r
ated
p
o
wer
g
r
i
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Vo
ltag
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t p
er
ce
n
tag
e
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
v
alid
ated
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
co
o
r
d
in
at
ed
SVC
an
d
T
C
SC
co
n
tr
o
l
with
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
I
E
E
E
3
0
-
b
u
s
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
lo
ad
g
r
o
wth
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
k
ey
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
c
o
o
r
d
in
ated
o
p
er
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
u
p
er
io
r
r
esu
lts
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
d
ev
ice
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t.
I
n
th
e
b
ase
ca
s
e,
SVC
+T
C
SC
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
t
o
0
.
9
5
5
p
.
u
.
(
3
.
8
%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
2
5
4
-
1264
1262
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t)
,
r
e
d
u
ce
d
cr
itic
al
lin
e
lo
ad
in
g
to
9
3
%,
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
r
ea
ctiv
e
lo
s
s
es
b
y
2
3
.
8
%.
Un
d
er
+1
5
%
lo
ad
in
cr
ea
s
e,
wh
ile
co
o
r
d
i
n
ated
FAC
T
S a
lo
n
e
r
esto
r
ed
v
o
ltag
e
to
1
.
0
0
0
p
.
u
.
,
o
n
ly
t
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
2
5
MW PV
g
en
er
atio
n
ac
h
iev
ed
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
:
lin
e
lo
ad
in
g
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
1
0
1
%
with
in
lim
its
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
lo
s
s
es d
r
am
atica
lly
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
5
3
.
5
%.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
ad
d
r
ess
es
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
ap
b
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
t
h
e
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic
b
en
ef
its
o
f
tr
i
p
a
r
tite
SVC
-
T
C
SC
-
PV
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
u
n
d
er
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
lo
ad
g
r
o
wth
,
a
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
g
ai
n
s
ex
ce
ed
in
g
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
with
th
e
+1
5
%
lo
ad
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
a
ch
iev
in
g
2
3
.
5
%
v
o
ltag
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
an
d
5
3
.
5
%
r
ea
ctiv
e
lo
s
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
Fr
o
m
a
p
r
ac
tical
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t,
co
o
r
d
i
n
ated
SVC
-
T
C
SC
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
f
er
ex
ce
lle
n
t
r
etu
r
n
s
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
ate
lo
ad
g
r
o
wth
,
wh
ile
in
teg
r
ated
FAC
T
S
-
PV
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
b
ec
o
m
es
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
h
ig
h
l
o
ad
g
r
o
wth
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
an
d
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
in
teg
r
atio
n
tar
g
ets.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ain
tain
s
tab
ilit
y
wh
ile
d
r
a
m
atica
lly
r
ed
u
cin
g
lo
s
s
es u
n
d
er
s
tr
ess
co
n
d
itio
n
s
p
r
esen
ts
a
co
m
p
ellin
g
ca
s
e
f
o
r
s
u
ch
in
teg
r
ated
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
u
ld
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
d
y
n
am
ic
s
tab
ilit
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
d
ev
elo
p
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
v
a
r
iab
le
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
ex
ten
d
to
lar
g
e
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
an
d
co
n
d
u
ct
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
tec
h
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
aly
s
es.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
co
o
r
d
in
ated
SVC
+T
C
SC
with
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
o
b
u
s
t,
m
u
lti
-
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
m
an
ag
in
g
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
,
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
lo
s
s
es
in
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
u
n
d
er
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
em
a
n
d
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
t
r
an
s
itio
n
in
g
to
war
d
s
m
ar
ter
,
r
esil
ien
t,
an
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
-
in
teg
r
ated
g
r
id
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Haf
id
h
a
R
er
ib
allah
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
L
atif
a
Sm
ail
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ali A
b
d
er
r
az
ak
T
ad
jed
d
in
e
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ho
cin
e
Gu
en
tr
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
R
y
m
Fey
r
o
u
z
Ab
d
elg
u
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Fatim
a
Z
o
h
r
a
B
o
u
d
jella
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
D
a
t
a
a
v
a
il
a
b
i
li
t
y
is
n
o
t
a
p
p
l
i
ca
b
l
e
t
o
t
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
a
s
n
o
n
e
w
d
at
a
w
e
r
e
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
o
r
a
n
al
y
z
e
d
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
M
.
S
a
l
e
h
,
V
.
I
st
v
á
n
,
M
.
A
.
K
h
a
n
,
M
.
W
a
s
e
e
m
,
a
n
d
A
.
N
.
A
l
i
A
h
m
e
d
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
sy
s
t
e
m
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
e
r
a
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
:
i
mp
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
,
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s,
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
,
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
s,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
v
e
rsi
o
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
:
X
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
p
.
1
0
0
8
2
0
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
c
m
x
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
0
8
2
0
.
[
2
]
A
.
M
.
S
a
l
e
h
,
I
.
V
o
k
o
n
y
,
M
.
W
a
se
e
m,
M
.
A
.
K
h
a
n
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
l
-
A
r
e
q
i
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
sy
st
e
m st
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
ss a
n
d
e
v
s
:
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s,
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
,
t
o
o
l
s
,
a
n
d
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s,”
E
n
e
r
g
y
Re
p
o
rt
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
p
p
.
2
6
3
7
–
2
6
6
3
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
g
y
r
.
2
0
2
5
.
0
2
.
0
0
1
.
[
3
]
P
.
P
a
r
v
i
z
i
,
M
.
Ja
l
i
l
i
a
n
,
A
.
M
.
A
mi
d
i
,
M
.
R
.
Z
a
n
g
e
n
e
h
,
a
n
d
J.
-
R
.
R
i
b
a
,
“
Te
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
l
o
sses
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s:
me
c
h
a
n
i
sms
,
mi
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
,
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
s,
”
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
7
,
p
.
3
4
4
2
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s1
4
1
7
3
4
4
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
g
r
id
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
o
r
d
in
a
te
d
S
V
C
-
TC
S
C
o
p
era
tio
n
w
ith
P
V
…
(
Ha
fid
h
a
R
erib
a
lla
h
)
1263
[
4
]
M
.
D
.
Jaram
i
l
l
o
a
n
d
D
.
F
.
C
a
r
r
i
ó
n
,
“
O
p
t
i
mi
z
i
n
g
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
o
v
e
r
l
o
a
d
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
sm
i
ssi
o
n
l
i
n
e
s
w
i
t
h
a
n
o
v
e
l
u
n
i
f
i
e
d
S
V
C
d
e
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
b
a
se
d
o
n
f
v
s
i
a
n
a
l
y
si
s,
”
E
n
e
r
g
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
.
2
0
6
3
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
n
1
7
0
9
2
0
6
3
.
[
5
]
B.
-
C
.
X
i
e
,
Q
.
-
X
.
W
u
,
Y
.
-
Y
.
Q
i
n
,
a
n
d
C
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
“
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
m
e
r
g
i
n
g
g
r
i
d
i
n
f
r
a
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s:
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
u
l
t
r
a
-
h
i
g
h
-
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
t
r
a
n
sm
i
ssi
o
n
l
i
n
e
s
i
n
C
h
i
n
a
,
”
S
o
c
i
o
-
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
P
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
2
,
p
.
1
0
2
3
1
3
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
se
p
s.
2
0
2
5
.
1
0
2
3
1
3
.
[
6
]
T.
A
.
A
b
d
e
r
r
a
z
a
k
,
A
.
I
l
i
a
c
e
,
B
.
M
.
S
o
f
i
a
n
e
,
B
.
R
.
I
l
y
a
s
,
H
.
H
i
c
h
e
m,
a
n
d
C
.
A
b
d
e
l
k
a
d
e
r
,
“
En
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
sy
s
t
e
m
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
v
i
a
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
V
R
E
i
n
g
r
i
d
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
3
S
e
c
o
n
d
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
E
n
e
r
g
y
T
ra
n
si
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
(
I
C
ETS
)
,
I
EEE,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
C
ETS6
0
9
9
6
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
4
1
0
7
4
7
.
[
7
]
M
.
C
a
v
u
s,
“
A
d
v
a
n
c
i
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
ms
w
i
t
h
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s:
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
v
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
n
g
r
i
d
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
E
l
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
.
1
1
5
9
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
1
4
0
6
1
1
5
9
.
[
8
]
A
.
M
o
h
a
mm
e
d
,
E
.
K
.
S
a
k
r
,
M
.
A
b
o
-
A
d
m
a
,
a
n
d
R
.
E
l
a
z
a
b
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
me
n
t
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
i
n
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
mi
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
s,”
E
n
e
r
g
y
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
6
3
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
4
2
1
6
2
-
0
2
4
-
0
0
3
4
1
-
3.
[
9
]
J.
P
a
t
r
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
mu
l
t
i
-
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
u
si
n
g
A
B
C
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
mi
n
i
m
i
z
i
n
g
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
f
u
e
l
c
o
st
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
sm
i
ssi
o
n
l
o
ss
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
F
A
C
TS
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
p
l
a
c
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
si
z
i
n
g
,
”
I
ra
n
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
4
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
3
1
3
–
1
3
3
5
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s4
0
9
9
8
-
0
2
5
-
0
0
8
0
5
-
6.
[
1
0
]
C
.
W
.
P
e
n
g
L
i
,
H
a
o
Y
u
,
H
a
o
r
a
n
Ji
,
F
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
d
i
s
t
ri
b
u
t
i
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
.
El
se
v
i
e
r
,
2
0
2
3
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
C
2
0
2
0
-
0
-
0
1
0
2
1
-
2.
[
1
1
]
B
.
H
.
A
l
a
j
r
a
sh
,
M
.
S
a
l
e
m,
M
.
S
w
a
d
i
,
T.
S
e
n
j
y
u
,
M
.
K
a
m
a
r
o
l
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
o
t
a
h
h
i
r
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
F
A
C
TS
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
i
n
mo
d
e
r
n
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
st
e
ms:
a
d
d
r
e
ss
i
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
,
o
p
t
i
mal
p
l
a
c
e
me
n
t
,
a
n
d
st
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
Re
p
o
r
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
5
3
5
0
–
5
3
7
1
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
g
y
r
.
2
0
2
4
.
0
5
.
0
1
1
.
[
1
2
]
A
.
T.
A
l
e
m
u
a
n
d
G
.
M
.
M
e
ser
e
t
,
“
O
p
t
i
mal
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
si
z
i
n
g
o
f
s
t
a
t
i
c
v
a
r
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
t
o
r
(
S
V
C
)
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
i
n
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
”
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
Re
p
o
r
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
e
n
g
2
.
7
0
4
3
5
.
[
1
3
]
S
.
P
e
r
e
r
a
a
n
d
S
.
E
l
p
h
i
c
k
,
“
I
mp
a
c
t
a
n
d
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
sy
s
t
e
m
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
u
n
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
,
”
i
n
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
,
E
l
se
v
i
e
r
,
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
4
9
–
6
9
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
B
9
7
8
-
0
-
3
2
3
-
8
5
4
6
7
-
2
.
0
0
0
0
1
-
9.
[
1
4
]
T.
T
.
N
g
u
y
e
n
a
n
d
F
.
M
o
h
a
mm
a
d
i
,
“
O
p
t
i
mal
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
T
C
S
C
f
o
r
c
o
n
g
e
s
t
i
o
n
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
ss
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
u
si
n
g
mu
l
t
i
-
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m,”
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
.
2
8
1
3
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
s
u
1
2
0
7
2
8
1
3
.
[
1
5
]
N
.
A
g
r
a
w
a
l
a
n
d
S
.
M
a
h
a
p
a
t
r
a
,
“
L
o
a
d
f
l
o
w
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
t
h
e
sy
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
T
C
S
C
a
n
d
m
u
l
t
i
m
o
d
u
l
e
T
C
S
C
w
i
t
h
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
f
i
r
i
n
g
met
h
o
d
s,
”
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
1
1
–
2
2
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
9
8
1
-
97
-
9
0
3
7
-
1
_
2
.
[
1
6
]
D
.
H
u
a
,
F
.
P
e
n
g
,
S
.
Li
u
,
Q
.
Li
n
,
J
.
F
a
n
,
a
n
d
Q
.
L
i
,
“
C
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
d
v
o
l
t
/
v
a
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
i
n
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
c
o
n
si
d
e
r
i
n
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
v
i
a
s
a
f
e
d
e
e
p
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
me
n
t
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
En
e
r
g
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
3
3
3
,
Jan
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
n
1
8
0
2
0
3
3
3
.
[
1
7
]
M
.
M
a
h
m
o
o
d
,
P
.
C
h
o
w
d
h
u
r
y
,
R
.
Y
e
a
ssi
n
,
M
.
H
a
sa
n
,
T.
A
h
ma
d
,
a
n
d
N
.
-
U.
-
R
.
C
h
o
w
d
h
u
r
y
,
“
I
mp
a
c
t
s
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
smar
t
g
r
i
d
s,
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
a
n
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
r
e
sp
o
n
s
e
:
a
n
u
p
d
a
t
e
d
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,”
E
n
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
v
e
rs
i
o
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
:
X
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
p
.
1
0
0
7
9
0
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
c
mx
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
0
7
9
0
.
[
1
8
]
M
.
A
.
A
l
M
a
m
u
n
H
r
i
d
o
y
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
G
l
o
b
a
l
p
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
o
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
a
t
h
w
a
y
s
f
o
r
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
s,
”
D
i
sc
o
v
e
r A
p
p
l
i
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
.
1
3
0
2
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s4
2
4
5
2
-
0
2
5
-
0
7
8
3
4
-
0.
[
1
9
]
C
.
S
c
h
w
a
e
g
e
r
l
,
“
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s:
u
t
i
l
i
z
i
n
g
s
o
l
a
r
p
o
w
e
r
,
”
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
,
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
1
–
4
6
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
3
-
030
-
8
7
6
9
3
-
7
_
1
-
1.
[
2
0
]
A
.
A
.
F
i
r
o
o
z
i
,
A
.
A
.
F
i
r
o
o
z
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
R
.
M
a
g
h
a
mi
,
“
H
a
r
n
e
ss
i
n
g
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
me
n
t
s,
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s,
a
n
d
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
c
p
a
t
h
w
a
y
s
f
o
r
s
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
g
l
o
b
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
v
e
rsi
o
n
a
n
d
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
:
X
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
p
.
1
0
1
0
5
8
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
c
mx
.
2
0
2
5
.
1
0
1
0
5
8
.
[
2
1
]
A
.
N
.
B
.
A
l
sa
mm
a
k
,
Z.
M
.
T
.
S
a
l
l
e
h
,
a
n
d
H
.
A
.
M
o
h
a
mm
e
d
,
“
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
r
a
n
si
e
n
t
st
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
u
s
i
n
g
st
a
t
i
c
v
a
r
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
t
o
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ro
b
o
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
C
o
n
t
ro
l
(
J
RC
)
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
9
6
–
4
0
5
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
8
1
9
6
/
j
r
c
.
v
6
i
1
.
2
4
6
2
6
.
[
2
2
]
E.
J.
O
k
a
m
p
o
,
N
.
N
w
u
l
u
,
a
n
d
P
.
N
.
B
o
k
o
r
o
,
“
O
p
t
i
mal
p
l
a
c
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
a
c
t
s
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
i
n
a
c
y
b
e
r
-
p
h
y
si
c
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
sy
st
e
m:
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
o
u
t
l
o
o
k
,
”
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
3
,
p
.
7
7
0
7
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
su
1
4
1
3
7
7
0
7
.
[
2
3
]
B
.
H
.
A
l
a
j
r
a
s
h
,
M
.
S
a
l
e
m,
M
.
S
w
a
d
i
,
T.
S
e
n
j
y
u
,
M
.
K
a
m
a
r
o
l
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
o
t
a
h
h
i
r
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
v
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
f
a
c
t
s
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
i
n
mo
d
e
r
n
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
st
e
ms:
a
d
d
r
e
ss
i
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
,
o
p
t
i
mal
p
l
a
c
e
me
n
t
,
a
n
d
st
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
Re
p
o
r
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
5
3
5
0
–
5
3
7
1
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
g
y
r
.
2
0
2
4
.
0
5
.
0
1
1
.
[
2
4
]
A
.
A
.
T
a
d
j
e
d
d
i
n
e
,
S
.
D
j
e
l
a
i
l
a
,
R
.
I
.
B
e
n
d
j
i
l
l
a
l
i
,
S
.
M
.
B
e
n
d
e
l
h
o
u
m
,
A
.
B
o
u
k
h
o
b
z
a
,
a
n
d
S
.
La
c
h
a
c
h
e
,
“
E
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
r
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
i
n
t
h
e
El
A
b
i
o
d
h
S
i
d
i
C
h
e
i
k
h
g
r
i
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
l
o
a
d
f
l
o
w
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
(
I
J
E
C
E)
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
.
4
7
7
4
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
e
c
e
.
v
1
5
i
5
.
p
p
4
7
7
4
-
4
7
8
4
.
[
2
5
]
T.
Je
y
a
r
a
j
,
A
.
P
o
n
n
u
sa
my
,
a
n
d
D
.
S
e
l
v
a
r
a
j
,
“
H
y
b
r
i
d
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
st
e
ms
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
f
u
t
u
r
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
me
n
t
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
8
3
,
p
.
1
2
5
3
5
5
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
p
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
2
0
2
5
.
1
2
5
3
5
5
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
H
a
fid
h
a
Re
r
ib
a
ll
a
h
is
a
l
e
c
t
u
re
r
in
th
e
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Au
t
o
m
a
ti
o
n
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
a
t
Ah
m
e
d
Zab
a
n
a
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Re
li
z
a
n
e
,
Al
g
e
ria.
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
B.
E
n
g
.
a
n
d
M
.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
Djil
lali
Li
a
b
e
s
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
S
id
i
Be
l
Ab
b
è
s,
Alg
e
ria,
in
2
0
1
5
a
n
d
2
0
1
7
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
,
a
n
d
h
e
r
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
th
e
sa
m
e
u
n
iv
e
rsit
y
i
n
2
0
2
1
.
He
r
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
lt
a
g
e
re
g
u
latio
n
,
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
sy
st
e
m
s,
a
n
d
F
ACTS
d
e
v
ice
s.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
h
a
fid
h
a
.
re
ri
b
a
ll
a
h
@u
n
i
v
-
re
li
z
a
n
e
.
d
z
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.