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es
lin
k
ed
t
o
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
a
s
u
d
d
en
s
p
ik
e
in
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
lo
ad
s
in
t
h
e
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
s
y
s
tem
(
DS
)
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
in
th
e
DS
ar
e
m
o
s
tly
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
d
ev
i
ce
s
b
ased
o
n
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
d
e
v
ices.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
wh
e
n
v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
t,
th
ese
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
lo
ad
s
ex
h
ib
it
ab
er
r
a
n
t
b
eh
av
io
r
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
r
o
th
er
d
ev
ices
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
h
av
e
d
r
awn
a
lo
t
o
f
in
t
er
est
f
o
r
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
u
s
ag
e
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV
)
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
h
as
u
s
es
in
b
o
th
g
r
id
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
g
e
n
er
ati
o
n
s
,
is
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
R
E
S
in
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
ce
r
n
s
with
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
ar
e
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
o
wer
q
u
a
lity
,
g
r
id
in
te
g
r
atio
n
,
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Sev
e
r
al
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
h
av
e
lo
o
k
ed
i
n
to
way
s
to
lo
wer
in
s
tallatio
n
ex
p
en
s
es
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
at
io
n
o
f
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
m
ay
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
en
h
an
ce
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
in
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
g
r
id
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
PV
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
im
p
r
o
v
ed
v
o
l
tag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
an
d
d
is
to
r
tio
n
ab
atem
en
t
wh
e
n
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
tatic
co
m
p
en
s
at
o
r
(
DSTA
T
C
OM
)
is
m
an
ag
ed
b
y
a
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
[
7
]
.
An
ad
ap
tiv
e
n
eu
r
o
-
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
d
y
n
am
ic
p
o
wer
q
u
al
ity
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
in
m
u
lti
-
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
clu
s
ter
s
b
y
in
tellig
en
tly
ad
ap
tin
g
t
o
g
r
id
d
i
s
r
u
p
tio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
an
d
b
etter
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
a
m
u
ltil
ev
el
STA
T
C
OM
wi
th
an
en
h
an
ce
d
o
n
e
-
cy
cle
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
[
9
]
.
Mu
ltil
ev
el
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
ML
C
s
)
h
av
e
d
r
awn
a
lo
t
o
f
in
ter
est
f
o
r
s
tatio
n
ar
y
u
s
ag
e
s
u
ch
as
u
tili
ty
-
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
co
m
m
er
cial
m
o
to
r
s
,
an
d
s
tatic
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
s
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
ML
C
s
h
av
e
a
lo
wer
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
th
an
two
-
lev
el
v
o
lt
ag
e
-
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
e
r
ter
s
(
VSI
)
,
th
ey
n
o
n
eth
eless
p
r
o
d
u
ce
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
ality
alter
n
ati
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t (
AC
)
v
o
ltag
e
with
less
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
a
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
e
x
is
tin
g
wo
r
k
s
o
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
with
an
in
v
er
ter
o
r
co
n
v
er
ter
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
Gad
a
et
a
l
.
[
1
2
]
u
s
e
a
f
in
ite
s
et
m
o
d
e
l
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
(
FS
-
MPC
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
two
s
etu
p
s
f
o
r
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
in
to
th
e
elec
tr
icity
g
r
id
:
a
n
eu
tr
al
-
p
o
in
t
-
clam
p
ed
(
NPC
)
in
v
er
ter
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
(
VSI
)
s
y
s
tem
.
W
ith
r
eg
ar
d
to
ex
p
en
s
e
an
d
s
im
p
licity
in
m
o
d
ellin
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l,
th
e
VSI
in
v
er
ter
is
s
till
ap
p
ea
lin
g
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
w
h
en
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
i
atio
n
lev
els
s
u
r
p
ass
4
0
0
W
/m
2
.
An
in
p
u
t
-
p
ar
alleled
a
n
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
-
is
o
lated
(
I
POI
)
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
u
n
its
(
E
SUs
)
,
an
d
a
n
ar
m
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
m
u
ltip
o
r
t
in
v
e
r
te
r
(
AM
-
MI
)
c
o
m
p
r
is
e
t
h
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
W
an
g
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
ed
iu
m
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
DC
/DC
co
n
v
e
r
ter
f
ilter
s
an
d
b
o
o
s
ts
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
th
is
s
u
g
g
ested
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
t
h
e
E
SU
b
alan
ce
s
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e'
s
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
,
an
d
th
e
AM
-
MI
in
cr
ea
s
es
s
u
b
-
m
o
d
u
le
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
r
o
m
5
0
%
to
6
6
.
7
%.
An
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller
(
ASMC)
d
es
ig
n
ed
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
with
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
t
r
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT
)
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
is
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
An
s
s
ar
i
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
is
s
u
es
o
f
ch
atter
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
an
d
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
v
ib
r
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
g
ain
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
tack
ed
m
u
lti
-
ce
ll
co
n
v
er
ter
(
SMC
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
m
a
n
ag
in
g
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
s
tep
o
f
th
e
ty
p
ical
p
er
tu
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O)
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
M
o
h
an
ty
et
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
d
escr
ib
e
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
m
in
im
ize
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
p
atter
n
o
f
a
lo
wer
e
d
s
witch
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
(
ML
I
)
u
s
in
g
b
lack
wi
d
o
w
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
B
W
O)
,
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
b
io
in
s
p
ir
ed
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
alter
n
ativ
e
n
atu
r
e
-
b
ased
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
t
ak
e
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
a
v
ast
e
x
p
lo
r
in
g
r
eg
io
n
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
B
W
O
m
eth
o
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
o
f
th
e
f
in
al
v
o
ltag
e
with
m
in
im
al
o
p
er
atin
g
tim
e.
T
h
e
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
p
o
wer
r
eser
v
e
co
n
tr
o
l
(
P
R
C
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ich
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
litt
le
in
ter
-
m
o
d
u
le
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
m
ak
es
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ea
s
ier
,
is
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
Hag
h
ig
h
at
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
an
d
is
in
ten
d
ed
f
o
r
ca
s
ca
d
ed
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
(
C
HB
)
-
b
ased
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
eth
o
d
is
v
alid
ated
b
y
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
an
d
em
p
ir
ical
r
esu
lts
,
wh
ich
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
p
r
ec
is
e
PV
p
o
wer
ca
lcu
latio
n
,
s
m
o
o
th
o
p
e
r
atin
g
m
o
d
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
,
q
u
ick
d
y
n
am
ic
r
ea
cti
o
n
,
a
n
d
d
c
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t u
n
d
er
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Gar
cia
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
,
t
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
o
cu
s
o
f
MPC
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
r
ML
I
s
is
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
ca
n
less
en
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
co
m
p
u
tin
g
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
to
r
u
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l.
A
b
r
ief
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
ese
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
is
s
u
g
g
ested
in
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
.
T
wo
n
o
v
el
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M)
tech
n
iq
u
es,
en
h
an
ce
d
lev
el
s
h
if
ted
PW
M
(
E
L
S
-
PW
M)
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
p
h
ase
s
h
if
ted
PW
M
(
E
P
S
-
P
W
M)
,
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
C
h
am
ar
th
i
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
t
o
ad
d
r
e
s
s
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
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An
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u
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an
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d
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2
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3
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E
m
p
lo
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in
g
th
e
an
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ier
ar
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h
y
p
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o
ce
s
s
(
AHP)
,
C
h
en
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
o
u
t
lin
e
a
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
to
tal
P
Q
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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2
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8
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4
I
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t J Po
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&
Dr
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s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
3
2
6
-
1338
1328
p
en
etr
ated
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
(
DSs
)
.
I
n
DNs,
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
p
r
eser
v
in
g
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
,
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
in
g
ele
ctr
ical
d
ev
ices,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
g
en
e
r
al
elec
tr
ical
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
A
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
,
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
d
etails
o
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
lo
s
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
an
ex
t
en
s
iv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
Sad
iq
an
d
An
tar
[
2
0
]
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
wa
y
s
to
r
e
d
u
ce
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
e
s
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ML
I
(
SC
ML
I
)
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
,
wh
ich
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
9
-
lev
el
f
in
al
v
o
ltag
e
with
twin
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
,
is
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
I
q
b
al
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
.
I
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
o
n
ly
o
n
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
two
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
n
in
e
p
o
wer
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
g
ates.
At
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
r
atin
g
o
f
0
.
9
k
W
,
an
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
o
f
9
6
.
3
%
is
attain
ed
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
f
o
r
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Am
in
i
an
d
No
r
o
o
zian
[
2
2
]
d
escr
ib
e
m
eth
o
d
s
to
o
p
er
ate
an
d
r
eg
u
late
a
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
DC
(
L
VDC)
s
eg
r
eg
ated
d
is
tr
ib
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tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
th
at
s
u
p
p
lies
im
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ala
n
ce
d
AC
lo
ad
s
u
s
in
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
atio
n
(
DG)
f
r
o
m
a
v
ar
iab
le
-
s
p
ee
d
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
in
d
u
ctio
n
g
e
n
er
ato
r
(
W
T
I
G)
.
Sy
m
m
etr
ic
AC
v
o
lt
ag
es
ar
e
ef
f
icien
tly
d
eliv
er
e
d
,
with
im
b
alan
ce
d
v
alu
es
f
allin
g
b
el
o
w
2
%.
A
u
n
iq
u
e
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
r
ec
tifie
r
d
esi
g
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
Ash
r
af
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
m
ay
g
u
ar
an
tee
s
in
u
s
o
i
d
al
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
with
a
d
o
u
b
le
p
o
lar
ity
-
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
f
in
al
v
o
ltag
e.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
a
n
y
o
r
ien
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
esu
ltan
t
DC
v
o
ltag
e,
it
t
h
e
r
eb
y
e
n
h
an
ce
s
t
h
e
T
HD
a
n
d
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
(
PF
)
.
A
wo
r
k
ab
le
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
cir
cu
it
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
to
v
er
i
f
y
t
h
e
o
u
tc
o
m
es
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
an
aly
s
is
.
An
in
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
I
C
ANN)
tech
n
iq
u
e
-
b
ased
p
o
wer
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
(
PMS)
is
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
Z
u
lu
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
f
o
r
co
n
t
r
o
llin
g
DC
–
AC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
with
PV
-
w
in
d
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
PQ
is
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
I
VANN
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Fo
r
PV
-
FC
co
m
b
in
atio
n
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
,
Ku
m
ar
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
(
FL)
-
b
ased
cu
r
r
en
t
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
(
C
C
-
VSI
)
as
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
ese
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
PQ.
T
h
e
FL
co
n
tr
o
ller
co
n
tin
u
ally
r
e
g
u
lates
th
e
in
v
er
ter
cu
r
r
en
t
to
p
r
eser
v
e
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
an
g
es
u
n
d
er
I
E
E
E
1
5
4
7
r
u
les.
A
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
ilit
y
o
f
DS
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
PV
an
d
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
i
cles
(
E
Vs
)
is
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
Xia
o
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
,
tak
i
n
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
r
eliab
le
p
r
ed
icti
o
n
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
p
l
an
ts
an
d
E
V
b
atter
y
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
estab
lis
h
es
n
ew
m
etr
ics
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
s
u
f
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
o
f
E
V
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
t
h
e
clien
t.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
DNs
with
a
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
DG,
R
ib
eir
o
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
u
lti
-
o
b
jectiv
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e.
I
n
teg
r
ated
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
o
f
ir
r
eg
u
lar
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
s
u
p
p
lies
en
h
an
ce
s
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
iles
,
lo
wer
s
n
et
wo
r
k
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
less
en
s
v
o
ltag
e
im
b
alan
ce
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
s
tu
d
ie
s
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
th
e
I
E
E
E
1
2
3
-
b
u
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Sale
h
i
et
a
l
.
[
2
8
]
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
a
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
ec
t
e
d
s
o
l
ar
s
y
s
te
m
wit
h
an
e
m
p
h
asis
o
n
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
i
m
p
ac
ts
ca
u
s
e
d
b
y
f
l
u
ct
u
ati
o
n
s
i
n
te
m
p
e
r
a
tu
r
e
an
d
U
V
r
ad
iat
io
n
.
T
h
e
y
v
al
id
ate
d
t
h
eir
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
u
s
in
g
s
i
m
u
lati
o
n
a
n
d
co
m
p
a
r
e
d
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
d
is
to
r
t
io
n
w
it
h
I
E
E
E
ST
D
5
1
9
-
1
9
9
2
n
o
r
m
s
.
W
it
h
a
s
tr
ai
g
h
tf
o
r
war
d
,
r
el
ia
b
l
e,
a
n
d
ad
ap
ta
b
le
a
r
c
h
it
ec
t
u
r
e
,
H
asa
n
za
d
e
h
e
t
a
l.
[
2
9
]
s
u
g
g
este
d
a
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
o
n
e
-
c
y
cl
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
ler
to
b
o
o
s
t
s
y
s
te
m
r
el
ia
b
il
it
y
u
n
d
er
v
o
l
ta
g
e
s
a
g
,
s
well
,
f
l
u
c
tu
ati
o
n
s
,
h
a
r
m
o
n
ics
,
an
d
in
te
r
r
u
p
ti
o
n
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
o
p
ti
m
i
ze
p
r
o
f
i
t,
Ha
ji
-
Ag
h
aj
a
n
i
et
a
l.
[
3
0
]
p
r
ese
n
t
ed
a
p
r
o
b
a
b
il
is
tic
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
t
h
e
b
est
lo
n
g
-
te
r
m
p
l
an
n
i
n
g
,
p
o
s
iti
o
n
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
s
ch
ed
u
l
in
g
o
f
E
V
p
a
r
k
i
n
g
s
p
ac
es
.
Go
ln
az
ar
i
et
a
l
.
[
3
1
]
c
r
ea
t
ed
a
p
la
n
n
i
n
g
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
t
h
at
c
o
m
b
i
n
es
s
m
a
r
t
in
v
e
r
t
er
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
o
p
e
n
p
o
i
n
t
(
SOP
)
o
p
e
r
ati
o
n
w
it
h
o
p
ti
m
al
PV
d
e
p
l
o
y
m
en
t
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
m
i
n
i
m
iz
e
l
o
s
s
es,
en
h
a
n
ce
v
o
lt
a
g
e
p
r
o
f
iles
,
a
n
d
lo
we
r
o
p
e
r
a
ti
n
g
c
o
s
ts
i
n
u
n
p
r
e
d
ic
ta
b
le
s
it
u
ati
o
n
s
u
s
i
n
g
a
g
en
eti
c
al
g
o
r
i
th
m
.
Ad
d
it
io
n
a
ll
y
,
G
o
l
n
az
a
r
i
et
a
l
.
[
3
2
]
s
u
g
g
este
d
a
f
u
n
cti
o
n
i
n
g
p
la
n
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
el
t
h
at
i
n
t
e
g
r
ates
o
p
ti
m
a
l
a
cti
v
e
a
n
d
r
e
ac
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
c
o
n
tr
o
l
wit
h
s
t
atic
VA
r
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
at
o
r
s
(
SVC
s
)
a
n
d
f
le
x
i
b
le
lo
a
d
s
t
o
i
n
c
r
e
ase
t
h
e
ca
p
a
cit
y
o
f
PV
h
o
s
ti
n
g
i
n
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
s
y
s
t
em
s
.
B
ija
n
et
a
l
.
[
3
3
]
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
o
p
ti
m
iz
ati
o
n
s
t
r
at
e
g
ies
f
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
r
e
n
e
wa
b
l
e
en
er
g
y
,
ex
am
in
in
g
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.
2.
M
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H
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PV)
s
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im
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PQ.
T
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s
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s
tem
ar
ch
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co
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ev
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tech
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T
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e
PV sy
s
tem
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to
v
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ltaic
p
an
els to
co
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v
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g
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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ay
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y
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Fig
u
r
e
1
s
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ested
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ased
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with
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e.
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d
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le
s
m
ak
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u
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th
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r
ay
,
w
h
ich
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e
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ates
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tes
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lar
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o
m
es
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s
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ess
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s
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ile
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o
n
n
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ted
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tiv
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th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
g
r
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k
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p
s
th
e
DS's
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u
p
p
ly
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alan
ce
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le.
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e
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a
n
ew
k
in
d
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
ML
C
.
A
v
ar
ian
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ca
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SMC
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tack
s
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
l
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in
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ca
p
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ito
r
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n
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ter
s
.
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is
ar
r
a
n
g
em
en
t
h
as
o
b
v
io
u
s
ad
v
an
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es.
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o
f
all,
SMC
s
h
ar
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s
ev
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ad
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es
with
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ter
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
ea
s
e
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
izatio
n
,
wh
ich
eli
m
in
ates
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
eg
r
eg
ated
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
s
af
ety
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
I
t
also
h
as
th
e
a
d
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
in
f
o
u
r
q
u
ad
r
a
n
ts
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
u
f
f
icien
t
al
ter
n
ativ
e
s
witch
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
tr
o
l
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
.
Ad
d
it
io
n
ally
,
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
FC
co
n
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er
ter
s
,
SMC
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
q
u
an
tity
an
d
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
f
ly
in
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
s
in
ce
th
ey
r
e
tain
less
elec
tr
icity
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
is
,
th
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
a
tio
n
is
a
h
i
g
h
-
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
a
r
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
th
at
o
f
f
e
r
s
s
ev
er
al
b
en
ef
its
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
e
x
p
en
s
es,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ca
p
ac
ity
s
ize,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
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y
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tem
r
esil
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ce
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Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
2
×
3
ce
ll
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-
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el
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R
ea
ct
iv
e
p
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R
P)
an
d
ac
tiv
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p
o
wer
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AP)
ty
p
es,
o
r
PV
ty
p
es,
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
r
ep
r
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t
DSs
to
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eter
m
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th
e
e
v
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n
o
f
lo
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w.
T
h
e
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[
3
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I
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2
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1
.
AE
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d f
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predict
io
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W
h
en
co
m
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in
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h
e
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ad
d
em
a
n
d
is
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ed
icted
u
s
in
g
th
e
AE
GAN
m
eth
o
d
.
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h
e
s
ca
led
s
elf
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tio
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SA)
p
r
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s
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d
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o
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ar
e
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o
th
in
co
r
p
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in
to
t
h
e
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th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
s
ad
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t
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e
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y
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ic
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tio
n
ar
y
m
eth
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d
in
s
id
e
th
e
AE
GAN.
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h
e
s
ca
led
SA
p
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s
s
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ap
p
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h
e
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en
er
at
o
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b
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d
d
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ip
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d
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s
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h
e
d
is
cr
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ato
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is
p
r
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g
r
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iv
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d
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s
ted
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y
th
e
ev
o
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tio
n
ar
y
g
en
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at
o
r
s
,
in
d
icatin
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th
at
it
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n
lear
n
th
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d
ata
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tio
n
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d
p
r
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d
u
ce
in
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ea
s
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ly
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r
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d
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s
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th
e
s
ca
led
SA
p
r
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s
s
is
attac
h
ed
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th
e
AE
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s
d
is
cr
im
in
ato
r
an
d
g
e
n
er
ato
r
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B
y
n
o
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m
alizin
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th
e
attr
ib
u
te
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to
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s
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th
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ith
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icate
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(
3
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AE
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ased
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2
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(
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1
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)
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2
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SM
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d
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th
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t
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2
.
2
.
1
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S
t
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s
1
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3
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s
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h
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s
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m
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t
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t
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2
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2
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2
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S
t
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p
4
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A
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h
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f
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ch
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s
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c
er
t
a
i
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u
m
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e
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o
f
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te
r
a
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e
r
m
i
t
t
e
d
in
f
o
u
r
d
i
s
t
i
n
c
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
m
a
i
n
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e
n
an
c
e,
ex
p
l
o
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a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
ex
p
lo
i
t
a
t
io
n
.
W
h
e
r
ea
s
t
h
e
t
wo
e
x
p
lo
r
a
t
io
n
s
t
r
a
t
eg
i
e
s
r
e
ly
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n
(
6
)
,
an
d
th
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t
w
o
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p
lo
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t
a
t
io
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
r
e
l
y
o
n
(
7
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
Hyb
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id
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P
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s
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a
te
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fo
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1331
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Ste
p 5
:
E
x
plo
ra
t
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h
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n
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tio
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s
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h
e
(
8
)
a
n
d
(
9
)
g
iv
e
u
p
d
ates
o
n
f
o
r
a
g
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g
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itio
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s
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th
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est
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(
1
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,
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ized
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(
1
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p
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(
1
2
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s
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ates
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e
d
is
tin
ctio
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s
b
etwe
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PD
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d
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s
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ca
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v
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e
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d
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g
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th
e
iter
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n
.
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r
r
en
t
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th
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l n
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m
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er
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f
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s
.
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1
,
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1
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4
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p 6
:
E
x
plo
it
a
t
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p
ha
s
e
T
h
e
(
1
3
)
a
n
d
(
1
4
)
ar
e
u
s
ed
t
o
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
P
DO's
u
tili
za
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
to
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
zo
n
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d
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co
v
er
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d
th
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g
h
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t
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ex
p
lo
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tep
.
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C
B
ex
am
in
es
th
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f
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o
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ewly
d
is
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er
e
d
o
p
tim
al
ap
p
r
o
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ch
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wh
e
r
ea
s
,
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
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f
icien
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
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t
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e
g
lo
b
e
to
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ate.
ex
p
r
ess
es th
e
p
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ed
at
o
r
i
m
p
ac
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th
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
n
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m
b
er
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et
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n
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d
1
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
.
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h
e
s
m
all
v
alu
e
s
h
o
ws
th
e
av
ailab
le
f
o
o
d
s
u
p
p
ly
,
an
d
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
all
th
e
PDs
in
th
e
co
lo
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y
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ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
,
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ed
ato
r
im
p
ac
t th
at
(
1
5
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
.
+
1
,
+
1
=
,
−
,
∗
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,
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(
1
3
)
+
1
,
+
1
=
,
∗
∗
(
1
4
)
=
1
.
5
∗
(
1
−
)
(
2
)
(
1
5
)
2
.
2
.
5
.
Ste
ps
7
t
o
8
:
Upda
t
e
bes
t
s
o
lutio
n a
nd
t
er
m
ina
t
io
n c
rit
er
ia
Fo
r
th
e
ab
o
v
e
m
in
im
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
with
a
s
m
all
f
itn
es
s
v
al
u
e,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
th
at
f
o
llo
ws is
th
o
u
g
h
t
to
b
e
th
e
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
d
ate.
T
h
e
p
a
r
am
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
ar
e
c
o
n
tain
ed
in
a
s
o
r
ted
ar
r
a
y
.
T
h
e
(
1
6
)
c
o
m
p
a
r
es
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
th
r
ee
to
d
eter
m
in
e
w
h
ich
is
th
e
g
r
ea
test
alter
n
ativ
e
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
p
r
o
tecte
d
b
u
r
r
o
ws
th
at
will
h
elp
th
em
e
v
ad
e
p
r
e
d
ato
r
s
.
I
f
th
e
ter
m
i
n
a
tio
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
m
et,
th
e
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
;
if
n
o
t,
p
r
o
ce
ed
to
s
tep
3
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
ca
n
b
e
ad
ju
s
ted
to
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
m
ee
t
th
e
in
ten
d
ed
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
g
o
als
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
t
h
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
o
f
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
t
h
e
p
r
ai
r
ie
d
o
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
3
2
6
-
1338
1332
+
1
,
+
1
=
,
∗
∗
(
1
6
)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
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O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
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AE
GAN
-
P
DO
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p
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h
f
o
r
PV
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b
ased
DS
with
SM
C
ar
e
co
v
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ed
in
th
is
s
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tio
n
.
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h
is
ap
p
r
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ac
h
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s
p
er
f
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m
a
n
ce
an
d
s
im
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latio
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tco
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wer
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co
m
p
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to
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m
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MA
T
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Simu
lin
k
p
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m
.
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u
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f
0
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5
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s
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en
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al
f
in
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s
.
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h
is
s
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n
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s
s
es
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im
u
latio
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f
in
d
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o
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t
h
e
ac
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d
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g
r
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d
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cu
r
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h
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s
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n
also
ex
am
in
es
th
e
p
r
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p
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ed
wo
r
k
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g
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aly
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o
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in
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m
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e
d
etailed
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im
u
latio
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ar
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f
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AE
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ased
DS w
ith
S
MC a
r
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
a
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1
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
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an
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cu
r
r
e
n
t
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u
r
e
3
(
a)
s
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o
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u
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o
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s
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ase
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jectio
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izatio
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W
ith
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in
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ce
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ea
r
ly
t
r
an
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ts
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±
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0
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±
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0
V)
o
n
th
e
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ad
s
id
e
a
r
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ick
ly
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n
tr
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lled
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h
s
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u
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o
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s
ar
e
m
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tain
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y
th
e
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n
tr
o
ller
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em
o
n
s
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atin
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lo
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h
ar
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ic
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tio
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ig
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a
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ce
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
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way
AE
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er
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o
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m
s
in
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o
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co
n
tr
o
l,
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
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ed
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ctio
n
,
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im
p
r
o
v
in
g
g
r
i
d
r
eliab
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y
an
d
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
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i
n
teg
r
ated
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Simu
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PV
-
b
ased
DS
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
s
P
V
r
a
t
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
(P
PV
)
,
P
V
o
p
e
n
-
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
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l
t
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g
e
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oc
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,
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o
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t
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i
r
c
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i
t
c
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r
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n
t
(I
sc
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2
0
k
W
,
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2
0
V
/
m
o
d
u
l
e
,
8
.
2
A
p
e
r
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o
d
u
l
e
N
o
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o
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e
s
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l
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s
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N
o
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o
f
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a
r
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st
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s
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n
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g
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dc
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sw
i
t
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h
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e
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n
d
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r
r
a
t
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t
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t
8
0
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z
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0
H
z
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p
h
a
se)
Lo
a
d
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t
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n
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e
(
R
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n
d
i
n
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c
t
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n
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e
(
L
L
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Ω
,
2
5
mH
Lo
a
d
sw
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t
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h
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n
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t
s
0
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1
2
5
s
a
n
d
0
.
2
5
s
R
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
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e
r
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
t
i
o
n
r
a
n
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e
(
Q
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±
1
0
%
o
f
r
a
t
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
To
t
a
l
si
m
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l
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t
i
o
n
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
5
s
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
:
(
a)
g
r
id
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
&
v
o
ltag
e
,
an
d
(
b
)
lo
a
d
cu
r
r
en
t
&
v
o
ltag
e
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
an
d
lo
ad
s
y
s
tem
’
s
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
g
r
id
-
s
id
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ct
iv
e
p
o
wer
s
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
,
an
d
th
e
lo
a
d
-
s
id
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
.
Activ
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ick
ly
s
tab
ilizes
at
ab
o
u
t
1
5
k
W
o
n
th
e
g
r
id
s
id
e
in
0
.
0
2
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
MPPT
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
q
u
ick
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
an
d
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
PV
en
er
g
y
u
s
e.
Near
-
u
n
ity
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
i
n
s
tead
y
s
tate
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
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y
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
'
s
in
itial
tr
an
s
ien
ts
,
wh
ich
p
ea
k
at
±
2
.
5
×1
0
3
VAR b
ef
o
r
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
tly
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
ze
r
o
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
Hyb
r
id
A
E
GA
N
-
P
DO
s
tr
a
te
g
y
fo
r
p
o
w
er q
u
a
lity e
n
h
a
n
ce
men
t in
PV
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b
a
s
ed
…
(
B
.
N
.
S
u
b
h
a
s
h
in
i
)
1333
Activ
e
p
o
wer
ex
p
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ce
s
s
u
d
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en
ch
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n
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o
n
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e
lo
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in
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ea
s
in
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to
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o
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t
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0
0
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an
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d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
to
0
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,
wh
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c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
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a
d
s
witch
in
g
ac
t
iv
ities
at
0
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1
2
5
an
d
0
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2
5
s
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o
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d
s
.
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h
e
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n
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r
o
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u
ar
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tees
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i
n
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m
o
v
e
r
s
h
o
o
t
an
d
q
u
ick
ad
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n
.
Af
ter
ev
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s
witch
in
g
ev
en
t,
r
ea
ctiv
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p
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we
r
tem
p
o
r
ar
ily
d
r
o
p
s
to
-
6
0
VAR
b
ef
o
r
e
s
tead
ily
r
etu
r
n
in
g
t
o
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
±
1
0
VAR,
in
d
icat
in
g
th
at
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
ar
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
s
u
p
p
r
ess
ed
.
T
h
e
s
e
o
u
tco
m
es
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
th
e
AE
GAN
-
PDO
-
SM
C
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
wo
r
k
s
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e,
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
s
tead
y
a
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
,
lo
w
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
d
ev
iatio
n
,
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
co
n
tr
o
l.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
:
(
a)
g
r
id
-
s
id
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
an
d
(
b
)
lo
a
d
-
s
id
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
wer
T
h
e
g
r
i
d
-
s
id
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
a
PV
-
in
te
g
r
ated
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
e
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
is
d
ep
icted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
as:
PS
O
[
3
5
]
(
m
ag
en
ta)
,
AL
O
[
3
6
]
(
g
r
ee
n
)
,
AHO
[
3
7
]
(
r
e
d
)
,
an
d
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
AE
GAN
-
PDO
(
b
lu
e)
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
PS
O,
AL
O,
an
d
AHO
wer
e
c
h
o
s
en
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
ex
am
p
les
o
f
p
o
p
u
lar
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
to
s
o
l
v
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
m
an
a
g
em
en
t a
n
d
r
e
n
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
is
s
u
es.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Gr
id
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
with
ex
is
tin
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
3
2
6
-
1338
1334
Alth
o
u
g
h
PS
O
is
r
en
o
w
n
ed
f
o
r
its
q
u
ick
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
,
it
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
p
r
em
atu
r
e
s
tag
n
atio
n
;
AL
O
an
d
AHO
h
av
e
b
etter
g
lo
b
al
s
ea
r
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
b
u
t
at
th
e
ex
p
en
s
e
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
I
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
ller
tu
n
in
g
,
th
ese
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
AE
GAN
-
PDO
m
eth
o
d
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
co
m
b
in
es
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
ar
ticle
-
b
ased
s
ea
r
ch
with
a
d
ap
tiv
e
lear
n
i
n
g
.
I
t
o
f
f
er
s
b
etter
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
,
lo
wer
p
o
we
r
lo
s
s
,
an
d
f
aster
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
with
less
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
it
m
o
r
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
b
ased
o
n
r
e
al
-
tim
e
PVs
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
d
y
n
am
ic
lo
a
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
ea
ch
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
an
d
s
witch
in
g
ev
en
ts
ar
e
ad
d
ed
at
0
.
1
2
5
a
n
d
0
.
2
5
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
W
h
en
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
o
th
e
r
m
eth
o
d
s
,
th
e
AE
GAN
-
PDO
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
h
o
ws
th
e
least
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
wer
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
a
n
d
th
e
b
est
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
g
r
id
-
s
id
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
at
th
e
s
witch
in
g
in
s
tan
ts
f
o
r
all
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
AE
GAN
-
PDO
r
ec
o
v
er
s
m
o
r
e
q
u
ic
k
ly
an
d
h
as
less
o
s
cillatio
n
s
.
AE
GA
N
-
PDO
'
s
p
ea
k
n
eg
ativ
e
p
o
w
er
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
tay
s
b
elo
w
−
2
.
5
×1
0
5
VAR,
wh
ile
PS
O
an
d
AL
O
s
h
o
w
d
ee
p
er
s
ag
s
th
at
r
ea
ch
−3
.
0
×1
0
5
VAR.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
AE
GAN
-
PDO
h
as
a
n
o
ticea
b
ly
s
h
o
r
ter
s
ettlin
g
p
er
io
d
,
wh
ich
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
it
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
o
s
cillatio
n
s
af
t
er
s
witch
in
g
ev
en
ts
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
is
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
,
AE
GAN
-
PDO
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
th
a
n
tr
ad
itio
n
al
PS
O,
AL
O,
an
d
AHO
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
an
d
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
r
ejec
tio
n
.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
es
o
v
er
all
g
r
i
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
PV
-
ass
is
ted
s
y
s
te
m
s
an
d
g
u
a
r
an
tees stab
le
g
r
id
-
s
id
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
l
o
ad
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
A
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
in
ter
m
s
o
f
T
HD
(
%),
p
o
we
r
lo
s
s
,
an
d
p
o
wer
ef
f
icien
cy
f
o
r
f
o
u
r
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
,
PS
O
[
3
5
]
,
AL
O
[
3
6
]
,
AHO
[
3
7
]
,
an
d
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
AE
GAN
-
PDO
,
is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
B
y
attain
in
g
th
e
l
o
west
T
HD
v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
1
%,
th
e
AE
GAN
-
PDO
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
h
o
ws
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
a
g
r
ea
t
ab
ili
ty
to
s
u
s
tain
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
with
litt
le
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
.
T
h
e
T
HD
v
alu
es
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
th
e
AL
O
an
d
AHO
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
1
.
5
%
an
d
1
.
3
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
wh
ile
th
e
PS
O
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
g
r
ea
test
T
HD
at
1
.
7
%.
T
h
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es'
r
elativ
ely
lim
ited
ab
ilit
y
to
m
itig
ate
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
is
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
ese
r
esu
lts
.
AE
GAN
-
P
DO
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
th
an
its
co
m
p
etito
r
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
,
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
a
m
in
im
u
m
lo
s
s
o
f
0
.
2
4
MW.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
ef
f
icie
n
cy
,
th
is
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
ab
o
v
e
PS
O
(
0
.
8
5
MW),
AL
O
(
0
.
6
6
MW),
an
d
AHO
(
0
.
4
8
MW).
T
h
e
AE
GAN
-
PDO
9
8
.
5
9
%,
AHO
9
7
.
1
8
%,
AL
O
9
6
.
1
2
%,
an
d
PS
O
9
5
.
0
0
%.
AE
GAN
-
PDO
r
ed
u
ce
s
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
an
d
i
n
cr
e
ases
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
ef
f
ici
en
cy
,
as
th
ese
d
ata
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate.
T
h
u
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
AE
GAN
-
PDO
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
a
v
er
y
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
g
r
id
-
in
teg
r
ated
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
t
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
en
ab
led
b
y
DG
s
in
ce
it c
an
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
m
in
im
ize
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
T
HD.
T
ab
le
2
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
with
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
TH
D
(
%)
P
o
w
e
r
l
o
ss
(
M
W
)
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
%)
AHO
1
.
3
0
.
4
8
9
7
.
1
8
A
LO
1
.
5
0
.
6
6
9
6
.
1
2
PSO
1
.
7
0
.
8
5
95
A
EG
A
N
-
P
D
O
1
.
1
0
.
2
4
9
8
.
5
9
3
.
1
.
P
er
f
o
rma
nce
co
m
pa
riso
n
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
e
s
ig
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
r
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
o
p
tim
izatio
n
is
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
3
[3
7
]
‒
[
4
0
]
,
with
p
ar
ticu
la
r
atte
n
tio
n
p
aid
t
o
T
HD,
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
f
ea
tu
r
es.
PDO
with
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
o
r
d
er
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
i
n
teg
r
al
d
er
iv
ativ
e
(
FOPID)
,
t
h
ir
d
-
o
r
d
er
SMC
(
T
OSMC),
P
DO,
an
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
d
ir
ec
t
p
o
wer
c
o
n
tr
o
l
-
s
p
ac
e
v
e
cto
r
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PDPC
-
SVM
)
ar
e
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
u
s
ed
in
th
e
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
ain
tain
s
a
h
i
g
h
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
9
8
.
5
9
%
wh
ile
d
r
asti
ca
lly
lo
wer
in
g
T
HD
to
1
.
1
%,
th
e
lo
west
o
f
all
co
m
p
ar
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Ad
d
i
tio
n
ally
,
th
e
AE
GAN
-
PDO
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
is
th
e
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
with
f
u
ll
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies,
allo
win
g
it
to
f
o
r
esee
s
y
s
tem
d
y
n
am
ics
a
n
d
p
r
o
ac
tiv
ely
m
o
d
if
y
co
n
t
r
o
l
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
I
t
also
s
h
o
ws
v
er
y
h
ig
h
a
d
ap
tiv
ity
.
T
h
ese
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
way
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
o
d
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
in
d
y
n
am
ic
a
n
d
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le
g
r
i
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
m
a
k
in
g
it
a
v
er
y
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
in
tellig
en
t
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t.
T
ab
le
3
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
Ref
Y
e
a
r
D
e
si
g
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
TH
D
(
%)
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
%)
A
d
a
p
t
i
v
i
t
y
F
o
r
e
c
a
st
i
n
g
[3
7
]
2
0
2
4
P
D
O
+
F
O
P
I
D
2
.
3
9
8
.
1
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
No
[3
8
]
2
0
2
4
TO
S
M
C
1
.
6
8
98
H
i
g
h
No
[
39
]
2
0
2
4
P
D
O
1
.
4
9
8
.
3
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
No
[4
0
]
2
0
2
5
P
D
P
C
-
S
V
M
1
.
6
2
9
9
.
1
H
i
g
h
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
A
EG
A
N
-
P
D
O
1
.
1
9
8
.
5
9
V
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
Y
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
Hyb
r
id
A
E
GA
N
-
P
DO
s
tr
a
te
g
y
fo
r
p
o
w
er q
u
a
lity e
n
h
a
n
ce
men
t in
PV
-
b
a
s
ed
…
(
B
.
N
.
S
u
b
h
a
s
h
in
i
)
1335
T
h
e
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
f
o
r
PV
-
b
ased
DS
is
tab
u
lated
in
T
ab
le
4
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
AE
GAN
–
PDO
h
y
b
r
id
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ler
o
v
er
cu
r
r
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
lik
e
PDO
[
4
1
]
,
GAN
–
PS
O
[
4
2
]
,
an
d
GAN
–
GA
[
4
2
]
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
T
ab
le
4
.
T
h
e
AE
GAN
–
PDO
d
eliv
er
s
b
alan
ce
d
an
d
o
p
tim
u
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
wh
ile
GAN
-
b
ased
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
en
h
an
ce
lear
n
i
n
g
b
u
t
h
a
v
e
s
lo
wer
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
o
r
h
ig
h
e
r
co
m
p
u
tin
g
lo
ad
,
a
n
d
class
ic
PDO
o
f
f
er
s
s
im
p
licity
b
u
t
r
estric
ted
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
t
h
e
f
astes
t
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
(
0
.
0
2
s
)
,
lo
we
s
t
T
HD
(
1
.
1
%),
an
d
b
est
ef
f
icien
cy
(
9
8
.
6
%),
g
u
ar
an
teein
g
s
tead
y
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ev
e
n
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
g
r
id
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
I
ts
d
y
n
am
ic
PDO
o
p
tim
izatio
n
allo
ws
f
o
r
q
u
ick
f
au
lt
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
wh
ile
its
ad
ap
tiv
e
atten
tio
n
-
d
r
iv
en
g
en
e
r
ativ
e
m
o
d
el
im
p
r
o
v
es
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
is
id
ea
lly
s
u
ited
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
g
r
id
-
in
teg
r
ated
PV
ap
p
licatio
n
s
b
e
ca
u
s
e
of
its
m
o
d
er
ate
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
t
an
d
FP
GA/DSP
p
r
ac
ticality
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
wh
ic
h
co
m
b
in
es
h
ar
d
war
e
im
p
lem
en
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
p
r
ec
is
io
n
.
T
ab
le
4
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
f
o
r
PV
-
b
ased
DS
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
P
D
O
[
4
1
]
GAN
–
P
S
O
[
4
2
]
GAN
–
G
A
[
4
3
]
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
A
EG
A
N
–
P
D
O
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
n
a
t
u
r
e
O
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
-
b
a
s
e
d
(
si
n
g
l
e
)
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
+
sw
a
r
m
h
y
b
r
i
d
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
+
Ev
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
a
r
y
h
y
b
r
i
d
A
t
t
e
n
t
i
v
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
+
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
h
y
b
r
i
d
C
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
sp
e
e
d
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
(
l
i
n
e
a
r
)
F
a
st
(
P
S
O
a
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h
e
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ased
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ib
u
ted
s
y
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tem
is
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u
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ep
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d
a
b
ly
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d
leg
ally
b
ec
au
s
e
it
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
co
m
p
ly
with
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
a
n
d
p
o
wer
q
u
alit
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
m
ain
tain
s
s
tead
y
v
o
ltag
e
,
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
,
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
at
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
c
o
u
p
lin
g
(
PC
C
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,
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
I
E
E
E
1
5
4
7
c
r
i
ter
ia
f
o
r
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
d
is
p
er
s
ed
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
R
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
ar
e
m
et
in
b
o
th
s
tead
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s
tate
an
d
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
b
y
th
e
in
v
er
ter
'
s
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n
tr
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s
y
s
tem
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g
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ar
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tees
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y
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ic
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ltag
e
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eg
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latio
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an
d
p
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ac
to
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clo
s
e
to
u
n
ity
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h
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
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th
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d
ar
d
s
c
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m
p
lian
ce
o
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th
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p
o
s
ed
AE
G
AN
-
PDO
-
C
o
n
tr
o
lled
PV
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b
ased
DS is tab
u
lated
in
T
ab
le
5
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
er
f
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r
m
an
ce
m
e
ets
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E
C
6
1
0
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s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
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o
r
c
u
r
r
en
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
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v
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e
g
r
id
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co
n
n
ec
ted
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
s
p
ec
if
ically
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
n
tr
o
l.
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h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
T
H
D
o
f
1
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1
%
s
h
o
ws
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ts
tan
d
in
g
wav
ef
o
r
m
q
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alit
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d
is
m
u
ch
b
elo
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th
e
I
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E
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1
9
s
u
g
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ested
lim
it
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f
5
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ea
ctiv
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wer
s
u
p
p
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ca
p
a
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le
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f
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1
0
%
o
f
th
e
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ated
ca
p
ac
ity
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teg
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ated
f
o
r
tr
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s
ien
t
s
tab
ilit
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,
an
d
d
esig
n
m
ar
g
in
s
f
o
r
v
o
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s
ag
to
ler
a
n
ce
u
p
to
1
5
% we
r
e
p
r
eser
v
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
g
r
id
r
esil
ien
ce
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
f
au
lt r
id
e
-
th
r
o
u
g
h
,
s
ea
m
less
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
,
an
d
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
p
r
o
tectio
n
d
u
r
in
g
s
witch
in
g
o
r
lo
ad
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
,
o
win
g
to
its
q
u
ick
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
lo
w
d
is
to
r
tio
n
lev
els,
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
e
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
n
atio
n
al
g
r
i
d
in
t
er
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
r
u
les.
All
th
in
g
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
atis
f
ies
b
u
t
also
s
u
r
p
ass
e
s
co
m
m
o
n
PQ
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
b
asis
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
i
n
s
m
ar
t g
r
id
a
n
d
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
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in
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r
ated
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
ab
le
5
.
Su
m
m
a
r
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o
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th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
co
m
p
lia
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ce
o
f
t
h
e
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o
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ed
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c
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ased
DS
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.