I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
wer
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
S
y
s
t
em
(
I
J
P
E
DS)
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
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n
e
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
835
~
8
4
8
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N:
2
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s
.
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1
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p
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848
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J
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:
h
ttp
:
//ij
p
e
d
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Proxima
l policy
o
ptimiza
tion
-
ba
sed
t
y
pe II
PP
C
f
o
r
EV fas
t
cha
rg
ing
F
ra
nco
Aldrin J
o
s
eph M
e
ne
ze
s
,
G
o
pa
la
Reddy
K
rish
na
p
pa
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
En
g
i
n
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e
r
i
n
g
,
V
i
d
y
a
v
a
r
d
h
a
k
a
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
M
y
s
u
r
u
,
I
n
d
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Au
g
2
0
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
J
an
2
4
,
2
0
2
6
Acc
ep
ted
Feb
2
1
,
2
0
2
6
In
re
c
e
n
t
y
e
a
rs,
e
fficie
n
t
a
n
d
fa
st
c
h
a
rg
in
g
is
c
rit
ica
l
fo
r
a
c
c
e
lera
ti
n
g
th
e
a
d
o
p
t
io
n
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
(EV).
Ho
we
v
e
r,
trad
it
i
o
n
a
l
f
u
ll
y
ra
ted
c
o
n
v
e
rters
p
ro
c
e
ss
th
e
t
o
tal
p
o
we
r
flo
w
to
t
h
e
b
a
tt
e
ry
,
b
u
t
lea
d
i
n
g
to
e
x
c
e
ss
iv
e
th
e
rm
a
l
stre
ss
,
h
ig
h
e
n
e
rg
y
l
o
ss
e
s,
a
n
d
q
u
ick
b
a
tt
e
ry
d
e
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
.
S
imilarly
,
e
x
isti
n
g
p
a
rti
a
l
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
v
e
rter
(P
P
C)
d
e
sig
n
s
li
k
e
t
y
p
e
I
a
n
d
t
y
p
e
II
P
P
C
,
imp
ro
v
e
e
fficie
n
c
y
b
y
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
o
n
ly
a
fr
a
c
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
t
o
tal
p
o
we
r;
h
o
we
v
e
r
,
th
e
y
stil
l
fa
c
e
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
su
c
h
a
s
a
d
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
iso
lati
o
n
re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts,
li
m
it
e
d
s
tep
-
d
o
w
n
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
lac
k
o
f
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
f
lu
c
tu
a
t
in
g
sta
te
o
f
c
h
a
rg
e
(S
o
C)
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s.
To
o
v
e
rc
o
m
e
th
e
se
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,
th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
p
ro
p
o
se
s
a
p
ro
x
ima
l
p
o
li
c
y
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
(
P
P
O)
-
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
ty
p
e
II
P
P
C
f
o
r
fa
st
EV
c
h
a
rg
in
g
.
I
n
it
iall
y
,
t
h
e
p
o
we
r
is
r
o
u
ted
t
h
ro
u
g
h
a
lo
w
-
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
(LF
)
iso
latio
n
tran
sfo
rm
e
r
a
n
d
f
il
tere
d
t
o
m
it
i
g
a
te
h
ig
h
-
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
n
o
ise
.
A
p
o
rt
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
we
r
is
p
a
rti
a
ll
y
p
ro
c
e
ss
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
S
iC
M
OSF
ET
-
b
a
se
d
p
h
a
se
-
sh
ift
e
d
f
u
ll
-
b
rid
g
e
c
o
n
v
e
rter,
wh
il
e
th
e
re
m
a
in
in
g
p
o
we
r
b
y
p
a
ss
e
s
d
irec
tl
y
to
t
h
e
b
a
tt
e
ry
.
Th
e
P
P
O
c
o
n
tro
l
ler
e
fficie
n
tl
y
a
d
ju
sts
t
h
e
p
h
a
se
sh
ift
a
n
g
le
i
n
r
e
a
l
ti
m
e
,
o
p
ti
m
izi
n
g
sw
it
c
h
in
g
c
y
c
les
to
re
d
u
c
e
sw
it
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
rm
a
l
l
o
ss
e
s.
Th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
P
P
O
-
t
y
p
e
II
P
P
C
a
c
h
iev
e
d
b
e
tt
e
r
re
su
lt
s i
n
term
s o
f
p
e
a
k
e
fficie
n
c
y
(9
9
.
3
6
%
)
a
n
d
p
a
rti
a
l
p
o
we
r
h
a
n
d
li
n
g
(
1
2
.
2
1
%
)
wh
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
to
e
x
isti
n
g
ty
p
e
II
P
P
C
d
e
sig
n
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
lectr
ic
v
eh
icle
Fas
t c
h
ar
g
in
g
L
o
w
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
is
o
latio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
P
ar
tial p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
Pro
x
im
al
p
o
licy
o
p
tim
izatio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Fra
n
co
Ald
r
in
J
o
s
ep
h
Me
n
ez
e
s
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
Vid
y
av
ar
d
h
a
k
a
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
My
s
u
r
u
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
ald
r
in
m
en
ez
es@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs)
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
u
e
to
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
to
r
ed
u
ce
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
an
d
lo
wer
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
s
ts
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
v
eh
icles
[
1
]
.
W
ith
th
e
r
ap
id
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
E
V
a
d
o
p
tio
n
,
th
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
f
ast
an
d
r
eliab
le
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
cr
itical
[
2
]
.
Fas
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
f
E
Vs
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
d
u
r
atio
n
,
en
ab
les
ex
t
e
n
d
ed
d
r
i
v
in
g
h
o
u
r
s
f
o
r
v
eh
icles
,
an
d
allev
iates
r
an
g
e
an
x
iety
[
3
]
,
th
er
e
b
y
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
wid
esp
r
ea
d
E
V
ad
o
p
t
io
n
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
an
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
co
n
v
en
ien
t
way
t
o
r
ec
h
a
r
g
e
t
h
e
v
e
h
icles
[
4
]
.
D
esp
ite
th
ese
b
en
ef
its
,
th
e
f
ast
c
h
ar
g
in
g
o
f
E
Vs
h
as
s
ev
er
al
ch
allen
g
es
,
s
u
ch
as
b
a
tter
y
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
,
h
ig
h
er
s
y
s
tem
ex
p
e
n
s
es,
an
d
c
o
m
p
lex
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
[
5
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
was
th
at
t
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
r
ely
o
n
f
u
lly
r
ated
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
th
at
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
e
en
tire
p
o
we
r
f
l
o
w
to
t
h
e
b
atter
y
,
wh
ic
h
led
to
f
ast b
atter
y
ag
in
g
.
T
h
ese
ch
allen
g
es
m
o
tiv
ated
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
e
x
p
er
ts
to
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
d
v
an
c
ed
f
ast
c
h
ar
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
E
Vs
[
6
]
.
T
o
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
th
e
c
h
allen
g
es
o
f
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
th
e
p
ar
tial
-
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
(
PP
C
)
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
,
wh
ich
wer
e
ef
f
icie
n
t
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
s
ize
an
d
lo
wer
in
g
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
E
V
f
ast
ch
ar
g
er
s
.
B
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
a
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
,
P
PC
s
m
in
im
ized
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
8
3
5
-
8
4
8
836
T
h
e
PP
C
was
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
tr
at
eg
ically
in
th
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
p
a
th
,
wh
er
e
it
c
o
n
tr
o
ls
o
n
ly
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
s
tr
ateg
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
e
x
p
en
s
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
lik
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
an
d
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
p
o
wer
-
h
an
d
lin
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
led
to
m
in
im
ized
h
ea
t
s
tr
ess
,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
life
s
p
a
n
an
d
r
e
liab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
[
9
]
.
State
-
of
-
th
e
-
ar
t
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
f
u
lly
r
ated
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
[
1
0
]
,
o
f
f
er
e
n
h
an
ce
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
b
y
h
an
d
li
n
g
th
e
e
n
tire
p
o
wer
f
lo
w;
h
o
we
v
er
,
th
is
d
esig
n
in
h
er
en
tl
y
r
esu
lted
i
n
h
ig
h
er
e
n
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
Si
m
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
a
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
(
SS
T
)
[
1
1
]
in
teg
r
ate
d
g
alv
an
ic
is
o
latio
n
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
ca
lin
g
f
o
r
r
ap
i
d
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
b
u
t
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
m
a
g
n
etic
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
p
o
s
ed
p
r
ac
tical
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ty
p
e
I
PP
C
[
1
2
]
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
o
n
ly
a
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
to
tal
p
o
wer
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
ize
,
b
u
t
it
s
u
f
f
er
ed
f
r
o
m
lim
ited
ef
f
icien
cy
in
s
tep
-
d
o
wn
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
also
r
eq
u
ir
ed
r
ev
er
s
e
p
o
wer
f
l
o
w
d
u
r
in
g
lo
w
b
atter
y
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
So
C
)
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
R
iv
er
a
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
s
u
g
g
ested
a
ty
p
e
I
I
PP
C
to
p
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
E
V
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
I
n
itially
,
a
f
ast
c
h
ar
g
er
f
o
r
E
V
is
m
o
d
eled
,
w
h
ich
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ates
two
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
es
o
f
p
o
wer
,
a
DC
-
DC
s
tag
e
an
d
a
n
is
o
latio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
a
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
was d
escr
ib
ed
in
wh
ich
th
e
PP
C
wa
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies with
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
in
p
a
r
allel
with
th
e
b
atter
y
,
allo
win
g
it
to
o
p
er
ate
a
tin
y
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
to
tal
p
o
we
r
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
a
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
ch
em
e
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
t
o
a
d
ju
s
t
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
f
i
les.
T
h
e
illu
s
tr
ated
ty
p
e
I
I
PP
C
to
p
o
lo
g
y
ac
h
iev
e
d
h
ig
h
c
h
ar
g
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
wh
ile
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
n
ly
a
s
m
all
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
e
t
o
tal
p
o
wer
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
g
alv
a
n
ic
is
o
latio
n
at
th
e
DC
-
DC
s
tag
e
n
ec
ess
itated
ad
d
itio
n
al
is
o
latio
n
at
AC
in
p
u
ts
,
th
er
eb
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
co
s
t
an
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ty
p
e
I
I
PP
C
to
p
o
lo
g
y
ac
h
iev
ed
h
ig
h
c
h
ar
g
in
g
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
r
e
d
u
ce
d
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
l
o
s
s
es
,
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Pes
an
tez
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
-
less
s
tep
-
u
p
ty
pe
I
PP
C
f
o
r
E
V
f
ast
ch
ar
g
er
s
.
An
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
n
etwo
r
k
c
o
m
p
r
is
in
g
two
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
an
d
an
in
d
u
ct
o
r
r
e
p
la
ce
d
th
e
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
tili
ze
d
in
PP
C
s
.
A
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
d
el
was
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
t
o
an
aly
ze
th
e
s
witch
in
g
s
tates
o
f
th
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
Fin
ally
,
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
e
was
em
p
l
o
y
ed
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
wh
ile
an
in
ter
n
al
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
was
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
v
er
ter
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
ex
p
en
s
es
,
b
u
t
f
ac
ed
lim
itatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
esig
n
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
th
e
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
'
s
t
u
r
n
s
r
atio
,
wh
ic
h
r
estricte
d
th
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
'
s
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
s
.
Fre
itas
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
in
a
h
y
b
r
id
E
V
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
f
as
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
I
n
itially
,
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
ca
s
ca
d
e
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
an
d
v
alid
at
ed
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tally
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
two
lith
iu
m
-
i
o
n
b
atter
ies
wer
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
s
u
p
p
ly
a
lim
ited
-
r
a
n
g
e
E
V.
F
u
r
th
er
,
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
with
a
lo
ad
o
f
2
k
g
a
n
d
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lies
o
f
3
.
3
k
W
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
an
aly
ze
c
u
r
r
en
t f
lo
w.
T
h
is
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
r
eg
u
lated
th
e
p
a
r
tial p
o
wer
,
wh
ile
th
e
r
e
m
ain
i
n
g
p
o
wer
was d
ir
ec
tly
d
eliv
er
ed
to
th
e
E
V
f
o
r
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
ar
ch
it
ec
tu
r
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ili
ty
in
co
n
v
er
ter
s
izin
g
p
o
wer
;
h
o
wev
er
,
it
f
ailed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
ca
s
ca
d
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
R
am
y
a
an
d
Ma
r
im
u
th
u
[
1
6
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
m
u
lti
-
in
p
u
t
m
o
d
e
s
elec
tio
n
co
n
v
e
r
ter
(
MI
-
MSC
)
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
n
s
tan
t
cu
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
E
V
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MI
-
MSC
was sim
u
lated
u
s
in
g
a
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
m
ai
n
tain
co
n
s
tan
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
MI
-
MSC
wer
e
v
alid
ated
u
n
d
er
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
h
ar
d
war
e
in
-
lo
o
p
to
an
aly
ze
co
n
s
tan
t
p
o
wer
f
lo
w.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
M
I
-
MSC
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
teg
r
ate
d
b
o
th
DC
-
DC
an
d
AC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
o
r
E
V
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
d
esig
n
in
tr
icac
y
th
at
led
to
lo
w
ac
cu
r
ac
y
d
u
r
in
g
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
E
lk
eiy
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
m
u
ltip
o
r
t
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
with
v
ar
ia
b
le
p
o
wer
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
f
o
r
q
u
ick
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
I
n
itially
,
a
to
p
o
lo
g
y
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ated
tw
o
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
p
ath
s
f
o
r
s
er
ies
v
o
ltag
e
in
jectio
n
to
m
an
ag
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
en
,
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
e
r
ter
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
co
n
t
r
o
l
t
h
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
t
o
ea
ch
p
o
r
t.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
a
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M
)
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
e
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
e.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ted
m
u
ltip
o
r
t
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
ch
ar
g
ed
E
V
w
ith
a
f
aster
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
ate
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
e
f
f
icien
cy
;
h
o
wev
er
,
it
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
a
d
is
tin
ct
win
d
in
g
d
esig
n
to
m
in
im
ize
cir
cu
latin
g
cu
r
r
en
ts
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
win
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
m
ain
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
as
f
o
llo
ws:
˗
A
lo
w
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
L
F)
is
o
latio
n
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
af
e
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es a
s
ep
ar
atio
n
b
ar
r
ier
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
id
a
n
d
DC
-
DC
s
tag
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
m
ee
tin
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
˗
T
h
e
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
ted
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
e
m
p
lo
y
s
SiC
MO
S
FET
s
to
attain
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
p
er
atio
n
with
m
itig
ated
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
e
s
.
Du
e
to
th
eir
g
r
ea
ter
elec
tr
ical
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
ctiv
it
y
,
th
ese
d
ev
ices
allo
w
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
im
p
lem
e
n
t
atio
n
o
f
PP
O
f
o
r
ad
ap
tiv
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l.
˗
T
h
e
p
r
o
x
im
al
p
o
licy
o
p
tim
iza
tio
n
(
PP
O)
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
p
tim
al
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
t
an
g
le
(
ϕ
)
an
d
th
en
tr
an
s
lated
in
to
p
r
ec
is
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
als
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
t
h
e
ON/OFF
cy
cles
o
f
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
wi
tch
es
.
T
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
g
iv
en
as
f
o
llo
ws:
i)
Sectio
n
2
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
m
eth
o
d
;
ii
)
Sectio
n
3
e
x
p
lain
s
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
;
iii)
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
r
esu
lts
with
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
;
an
d
i
v
)
T
h
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
is
p
ap
e
r
is
g
iv
en
in
s
ec
tio
n
5.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
r
o
xima
l p
o
licy
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
typ
e
I
I
P
P
C
fo
r
E
V
…
(
F
r
a
n
co
A
ld
r
in
Jo
s
ep
h
Men
ezes
)
837
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
a
PP
O
-
en
h
an
ce
d
ty
p
e
I
I
PP
C
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
E
V
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
I
n
i
tially
,
th
e
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
is
p
as
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
lo
w
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
(
L
F)
is
o
latio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
s
af
e
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
an
in
p
u
t
f
ilter
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
s
u
p
p
r
ess
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
n
o
is
e
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
co
m
p
a
tib
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
AC
v
o
ltag
e
is
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
DC
in
th
e
r
ec
tifie
r
s
tag
e
,
an
d
a
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
DC
v
o
ltag
e
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
e
d
b
y
th
e
ty
p
e
I
I
PP
C
,
wh
ile
th
e
en
d
u
r
in
g
p
o
wer
is
d
ir
ec
tly
d
eliv
er
ed
to
th
e
E
V
b
atter
y
,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
ty
p
e
I
I
PP
C
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
s
in
g
a
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
ted
f
u
ll
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
is
co
n
v
er
ter
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
f
o
u
r
M
OSFET
s
witch
e
s
an
d
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
Her
e,
PP
O
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
o
b
s
er
v
es
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
b
atter
y
So
C
,
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
t
o
g
e
n
er
ate
a
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
p
tim
al
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
t
an
g
le
(
ϕ
)
.
T
h
is
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t a
n
g
le
is
tr
an
s
lated
in
to
p
r
ec
is
e
P
W
M
s
ig
n
als
th
at
co
n
tr
o
l th
e
ON/OFF c
y
cle
s
o
f
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
witch
es.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
PP
O
co
n
tr
o
ller
en
s
u
r
es
d
y
n
am
ic
p
o
wer
r
e
g
u
lati
o
n
,
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
er
m
al
lo
s
s
es
,
an
d
s
w
itch
in
g
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ac
ce
ler
ates
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
is
g
iv
en
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
b
lo
ck
d
i
ag
r
am
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
2
.
1
.
Cha
rg
ing
s
y
s
t
e
m
T
h
e
t
y
p
ica
l
f
ast
c
h
a
r
g
e
r
o
f
E
V
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
tes
tw
o
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
s
ta
g
es
,
w
h
i
ch
ar
e
a
r
ec
t
if
i
er
s
t
a
g
e
wit
h
p
o
w
e
r
f
ac
to
r
co
r
r
e
cti
o
n
an
d
DC
-
DC
s
ta
g
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
e
x
e
cu
tes
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
eg
u
l
ati
o
n
a
n
d
b
at
te
r
y
v
o
lta
g
e
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
s
p
e
ci
f
ic
a
p
p
l
icat
io
n
s
ce
n
a
r
i
o
,
p
la
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
is
o
l
ati
o
n
wi
ll
b
e
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
e
d
e
it
h
e
r
a
t
AC
i
n
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
ta
ti
o
n
o
r
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
t
a
g
e
o
f
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
ess
.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
af
et
y
an
d
p
r
e
v
e
n
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
r
e
ct
ele
ct
r
i
ca
l
c
o
n
ta
ct,
a
g
al
v
a
n
i
c
b
ar
r
i
er
am
o
n
g
AC
g
r
i
d
an
d
b
att
er
y
is
r
eq
u
i
r
e
d
,
w
h
i
c
h
is
f
u
lf
ill
ed
b
y
est
ab
lis
h
i
n
g
a
n
is
o
l
ati
o
n
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
wi
th
h
i
g
h
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
in
te
n
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
is
o
lat
io
n
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
a
t
t
h
e
E
V
b
att
er
y
o
r
i
g
in
al
p
r
o
te
cti
o
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
r
em
ai
n
s
f
u
ll
y
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
al
.
A
r
ate
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
is
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
ce
d
at
DC
-
DC
s
t
ag
e
f
o
r
a
d
j
u
s
t
in
g
th
e
b
at
te
r
y
c
u
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
l
ta
g
e
b
as
ed
o
n
its
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
p
r
o
f
i
le
.
Ma
i
n
l
y
,
it
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
s
te
p
d
o
wn
f
r
o
m
DC
-
li
n
k
v
o
lt
ag
e
t
h
at
s
h
a
p
es
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t a
s
p
e
r
t
h
e
r
eq
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
.
Ge
n
e
r
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
ess
o
f
a
b
at
te
r
y
is
s
e
g
r
e
g
at
e
d
i
n
tw
o
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
o
d
es,
wh
ic
h
a
r
e
c
o
n
s
t
an
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
C
C
)
a
n
d
co
n
s
t
a
n
t
v
o
lta
g
e
(
C
V
)
[
1
8
]
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
b
at
te
r
y
e
n
e
r
g
y
is
g
ain
e
d
i
n
C
C
m
o
d
e,
th
e
r
e
b
y
m
a
k
i
n
g
it
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
t
an
t
s
t
ag
e
f
o
r
q
u
ic
k
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
.
As
a
r
es
u
lt
,
t
o
e
n
a
b
le
r
a
p
i
d
b
att
er
y
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
t
er
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
r
e
g
u
lat
in
g
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t.
As
e
x
t
en
d
ed
as
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
t
er
p
r
o
v
id
es
ess
e
n
ti
al
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
i
ts
v
o
lt
ag
e
w
ill
esta
b
l
is
h
a
p
o
r
t
io
n
o
f
b
att
er
y
’
s
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
is
c
o
n
n
e
ct
ed
i
n
s
e
r
ies
wi
th
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
d
es
cr
ip
ti
o
n
is
e
x
p
la
in
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
te
p
.
2
.
2
.
Descript
io
n o
f
t
o
po
lo
g
y
T
h
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ty
p
e
I
I
PP
C
[
2
0
]
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
a
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
th
at
allo
ws
to
q
u
a
r
ter
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
am
o
n
g
o
u
t
p
u
t
a
n
d
i
n
p
u
t
wh
ile
p
r
ev
e
n
tin
g
s
h
o
r
ts
b
etwe
en
th
eir
v
o
ltag
es.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
a
s
er
ies
-
co
n
n
ec
te
d
ty
p
e
I
I
PP
C
is
u
s
ed
in
wh
ich
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
th
e
p
ar
tial
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
eq
u
en
ce
with
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
is
f
ilter
ed
an
d
th
en
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
p
ar
allel
to
th
e
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at,
d
u
r
in
g
co
n
s
tan
t
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tag
e,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
’
s
in
p
u
t
p
o
r
ts
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
c
e
−
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ty
p
e
I
I
PP
C
is
g
r
ea
ter
in
s
tep
-
d
o
wn
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
o
n
ly
n
ee
d
s
a
s
lig
h
ter
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
.
T
h
is
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
h
an
d
lin
g
is
d
e
n
o
ted
b
y
p
ar
tial p
o
wer
r
atio
an
d
it i
s
d
ef
in
ed
as sh
o
wn
in
(
1
)
.
=
1
−
(
1
)
W
h
e
r
e
d
en
o
t
es
v
o
l
ta
g
e
g
ai
n
co
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
s
t
a
g
e
.
F
o
r
ill
u
s
t
r
a
t
in
g
th
e
t
y
p
e
I
I
s
te
p
-
d
o
w
n
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
s
u
p
e
r
i
o
r
it
y
f
o
r
E
V
c
h
a
r
g
e
r
,
a
d
i
s
tin
cti
v
e
4
5
0
V
b
a
tte
r
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
t
ati
o
n
is
m
e
asu
r
e
d
.
F
o
r
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
t
h
e
r
ec
ti
f
ie
r
s
tag
e
r
eg
u
l
ates
t
h
e
d
c
-
b
u
s
v
o
lt
ag
e
to
=
5
0
0
V.
S
u
b
s
e
q
u
e
n
tl
y
,
a
c
h
a
r
ac
te
r
is
t
ic
b
att
er
y
c
o
m
p
r
is
i
n
g
9
8
ce
lls
i
n
s
er
i
es,
wh
ic
h
a
r
e
t
h
e
n
p
a
r
al
lel
to
o
b
ta
in
th
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
ati
n
g
s
.
E
a
ch
ce
l
l
h
as
a
m
in
im
u
m
v
o
l
ta
g
e
o
f
3
.
6
V
,
an
d
f
u
ll
b
att
er
y
p
ac
k
ex
h
i
b
i
ts
a
n
o
m
in
al
v
o
l
ta
g
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ate
ly
2
8
0
.
5
V
to
4
2
1
.
7
V.
Usi
n
g
th
ese
v
al
u
es
,
th
e
p
ar
tial
p
o
w
er
r
a
ti
o
is
t
h
e
o
r
etic
all
y
e
v
al
u
at
e
d
as
p
e
r
(
1
)
.
B
ase
d
o
n
t
h
is
ca
l
c
u
lat
io
n
,
it
is
cl
ea
r
l
y
e
v
i
d
e
n
t
t
h
at
as
th
e
p
a
r
t
ial
p
o
we
r
r
ati
o
i
n
c
r
ea
s
es,
t
h
e
p
o
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g
ON
s
tates
[
2
4
]
o
r
d
ir
ec
tly
v
ia
a
b
y
p
ass
in
o
th
e
r
s
tates,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
u
p
p
ly
to
th
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lo
ad
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
(
4
)
,
in
wh
ich
d
en
o
tes
th
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
g
ain
o
f
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller
,
a
n
d
th
is
s
im
ilar
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
will
b
e
ass
u
m
ed
f
r
o
m
b
alan
ce
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
o
n
an
d
t
h
at
is
p
r
o
v
ed
as sh
o
wn
in
(
5
)
,
(
6
)
,
an
d
(
7
)
.
=
+
=
(
4
)
−
2
=
2
(
−
2
)
(
5
)
⇒
=
2
(
6
)
∴
=
=
+
=
(
1
+
)
(
7
)
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
th
e
u
s
u
al
p
ar
t
ial
v
o
ltag
e
r
elay
s
with
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
r
b
ased
o
n
(
8
)
an
d
(
9
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
r
o
xima
l p
o
licy
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
-
b
a
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ed
typ
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fo
r
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V
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F
r
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839
=
1
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8
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=
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9
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T
h
ese
f
ea
tu
r
es
en
ab
le
th
e
r
eg
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latio
n
o
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t
h
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er
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g
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r
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en
t
th
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o
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g
h
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i
o
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led
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y
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n
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er
ter
d
u
r
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n
g
th
e
f
ast
-
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
h
ase.
Dio
d
es
co
r
r
ec
t th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
-
s
id
e
cu
r
r
en
t d
u
r
in
g
ON
s
tates,
wh
ich
is
at
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
id
e
[
2
5
]
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
d
io
d
es,
th
e
in
p
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
ed
u
ce
s
b
y
its
v
alu
e
to
m
ee
t
th
e
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
e
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
ty
p
e
I
I
PP
C
co
n
v
er
ter
is
ex
p
lain
ed
in
th
e
n
e
x
t step
.
T
h
e
ty
p
e
I
I
PP
C
b
ased
f
ast ch
ar
g
e
r
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
y
p
e
I
I
PP
C
b
ased
f
ast ch
ar
g
er
2
.
4
.
M
ulti
-
po
rt
a
nd
bid
irec
t
io
na
l po
wer
f
lo
w
ex
t
ens
io
n
T
o
ass
ess
th
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ty
p
e
II
p
ar
tial
p
o
we
r
co
n
v
er
te
r
(
PP
C
)
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
v
eh
icle
-
to
-
g
r
id
(
V2
G)
a
n
d
m
u
lti
-
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
is
s
ca
led
to
a
m
u
lti
-
p
o
r
t
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
.
E
ac
h
p
o
r
t
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
with
a
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
ted
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
s
u
b
-
m
o
d
u
l
e
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
co
m
m
o
n
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
is
o
latio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
T
h
e
DC
-
lin
k
an
d
AC
g
r
id
p
o
r
t
r
em
ain
s
h
ar
ed
to
r
etain
th
e
p
ar
tial
-
p
o
wer
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic.
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
is
ac
h
iev
e
d
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
y
m
m
etr
i
c
g
atin
g
in
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
witch
es
an
d
em
p
lo
y
in
g
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
ec
tifie
r
s
in
p
lace
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
i
o
d
es.
T
h
is
f
u
n
ctio
n
en
a
b
les
en
er
g
y
to
f
lo
w
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
th
e
DC
b
u
s
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
p
o
wer
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
o
r
t m
ay
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as sh
o
wn
in
(
1
0)
.
,
(
)
=
(
)
(
)
,
∑
(
)
≤
(
1
0
)
W
h
er
e,
d
en
o
tes
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
ar
tial
p
o
wer
allo
ca
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
p
o
r
t
,
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
e
g
r
id
t
o
th
e
b
atter
y
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
,
<
0
.
T
h
is
s
ca
lin
g
a
llo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ch
a
r
g
e
m
u
ltip
le
E
Vs
at
o
n
ce
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
g
r
id
b
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
co
n
tr
o
lled
en
er
g
y
b
ac
k
to
th
e
g
r
id
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th
er
e
b
y
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
o
f
ty
p
e
I
I
PP
C
to
p
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
V2
G
-
en
ab
led
c
h
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
3.
P
RO
XIM
A
L
P
O
L
I
CY
O
P
T
I
M
I
Z
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
PP
O
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ic
h
g
en
er
ates
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
r
e
g
u
latin
g
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
an
g
le
(
ϕ
)
an
d
p
ass
es
it
to
th
e
PW
M
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
ted
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
to
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
r
ec
tifie
d
v
o
ltag
e
.
T
h
e
i
n
n
er
l
o
o
p
o
f
t
y
p
e
I
I
PP
C
co
n
tr
o
ls
b
a
tter
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t
,
wh
ile
th
e
o
u
ts
id
e
o
n
e
r
e
g
u
lates
th
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
f
ile
(
C
P)
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
to
b
e
ch
ar
g
ed
,
th
e
b
atter
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
(
B
MS)
d
eter
m
in
es
wh
eth
er
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
h
o
u
ld
o
p
er
at
e
in
C
C
o
r
C
V
m
o
d
e,
an
d
m
ak
es
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
So
C
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
C
C
s
tag
e,
o
n
ly
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
is
r
eg
u
lated
b
y
th
e
in
n
er
cu
r
r
e
n
t lo
o
p
,
wh
ich
ad
ju
s
ts
th
e
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
th
e
B
MS.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
th
e
C
V
s
tag
e,
th
is
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
lo
o
p
will
in
ter
f
er
e
with
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
lo
o
p
’
s
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
d
ev
iatio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
B
MS’
s
in
ten
d
e
d
c
o
m
m
an
d
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
lim
itatio
n
,
a
PP
O
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
in
teg
r
ated
i
n
to
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
I
I
PP
C
to
ass
u
r
e
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l.
Her
e,
PP
O
lear
n
s
th
e
b
est
wa
y
to
co
n
tr
o
l
h
o
w
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
en
d
s
p
o
wer
to
th
e
E
V
b
atter
y
b
y
ad
a
p
tin
g
to
b
att
er
y
So
C
in
r
ea
l
tim
e,
v
o
ltag
es
,
an
d
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
m
a
x
im
izin
g
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
p
r
o
tectin
g
h
ar
d
war
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
I
n
itially
,
PP
O
is
tr
ain
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
an
ac
to
r
–
cr
itic
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
wh
ich
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
MA
T
L
A
B
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t
lear
n
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g
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
T
o
o
l
b
o
x
.
B
o
th
cr
itic
an
d
ac
to
r
n
etwo
r
k
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
t
wo
f
u
lly
co
n
n
ec
ted
h
id
d
en
lay
er
s
with
6
4
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d
1
2
8
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r
o
n
s
,
wh
ile
em
p
lo
y
in
g
t
h
e
R
eL
U
ac
tiv
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n
f
u
n
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n
.
T
h
e
ag
en
t
in
ter
ac
ts
with
th
e
en
v
ir
o
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e
n
t
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ter
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tate
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=
[
,
,
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atin
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th
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I
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ase
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o
n
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all
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ati
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g
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ce
n
ar
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s
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h
e
r
ein
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o
r
ce
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e
n
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lear
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n
g
a
g
en
t
f
ir
s
t
o
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er
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e
s
y
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tem
s
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e,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
,
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
d
u
ty
c
y
cles.
T
h
e
ag
en
t
in
PP
O
in
ter
ac
ts
with
th
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
b
y
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tate
an
d
tak
in
g
ac
tio
n
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
it.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
ac
tio
n
s
p
ac
e
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
s
et
o
f
all
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ac
tio
n
s
th
at
th
e
ag
en
t
will
tak
e
at
an
y
co
n
d
itio
n
an
d
tim
e.
T
h
is
ac
tio
n
s
p
ac
e
is
cr
itical
b
ec
au
s
e
it
d
eter
m
in
es
wh
at
ag
en
t
to
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
en
s
u
r
es
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
r
ewa
r
d
f
u
n
ct
io
n
in
PP
O
r
o
u
tes
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
ad
d
in
g
n
u
m
e
r
ical
v
alu
e
to
ev
er
y
ac
tio
n
tak
en
b
y
th
e
ag
en
t.
I
t
p
r
o
m
o
tes
g
o
o
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
an
d
d
is
co
u
r
ag
es b
ad
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
an
d
it is
d
ef
in
ed
as sh
o
wn
i
n
(
1
1
)
.
=
1
∙
(
−
|
−
|
)
+
2
∙
+
3
∙
2
(
1
1
)
W
h
er
e
1
∙
(
−
|
−
|
)
r
ed
u
ce
s
lar
g
e
d
ev
iatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
DC
lin
k
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
ltag
e,
2
∙
d
en
o
tes
th
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
f
b
atter
y
So
C
with
in
a
s
af
e
r
an
g
e
(
2
0
%
-
8
0
%)
f
o
r
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
b
atter
y
life
s
p
an
.
3
.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
PP
O
ag
en
t
in
ter
ac
ts
with
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
to
lear
n
its
d
y
n
am
ics
an
d
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
co
n
v
er
ter
d
u
ty
cy
cle
o
n
th
e
b
a
tter
y
So
C
.
T
h
en
th
e
ag
en
t
o
b
s
er
v
es
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tag
e
an
d
s
el
ec
ts
an
ac
tio
n
s
p
ac
e
,
an
d
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
esp
o
n
d
s
by
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
in
g
in
to
a
n
ew
s
tate
,
an
d
th
en
th
e
r
ewa
r
d
is
d
ef
in
e
d
b
a
s
ed
o
n
b
atter
y
S
o
C
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
s
tates
ar
e
s
to
r
ed
in
m
em
o
r
y
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
t
h
e
p
o
licy
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
o
p
tim
ized
as sh
o
w
n
in
(
1
2
)
.
(
)
=
[
(
(
)
,
(
(
)
,
1
−
∈
,
1
+
∈
,
1
+
∈
)
)
]
(
1
2
)
W
h
er
e
(
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
il
ity
r
atio
b
etwe
en
n
ew
an
d
o
ld
p
o
licies.
Similar
ly
,
d
en
o
tes
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
an
d
∈
is
th
e
clip
p
in
g
f
ac
to
r
th
at
is
u
s
e
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
r
ain
in
g
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
cr
itic
n
etwo
r
k
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
v
alu
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
as
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
1
3
)
:
th
at
f
u
n
ctio
n
h
elp
s
in
s
ta
b
ilizin
g
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
b
y
esti
m
atin
g
ex
p
ec
te
d
r
ewa
r
d
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
en
t
r
o
p
y
b
o
n
u
s
is
d
ef
in
ed
as sh
o
wn
in
(
1
4
)
.
(
)
=
(
(
)
−
)
2
(
1
3
)
(
)
=
−
∑
(
/
)
(
/
)
(
1
4
)
T
h
is
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
h
el
p
s
in
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
d
iv
er
s
e
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
p
r
ev
en
ts
p
r
em
atu
r
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
tr
ain
ed
PP
O
m
o
d
el
is
d
e
p
lo
y
ed
,
an
d
th
is
ag
e
n
t
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
o
b
s
er
v
es
s
y
s
tem
s
tates
an
d
g
e
n
er
ates
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
ϕ
,
wh
ich
ar
e
th
en
p
ass
ed
to
th
e
PW
M
s
tag
e
f
o
r
m
o
d
u
latin
g
th
e
r
ec
tifie
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
y
n
am
ically
an
d
ef
f
icien
tly
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
a
t
th
e
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
an
g
le
ϕ
g
en
er
a
ted
b
y
th
e
PP
O
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
u
tili
ze
d
b
y
th
e
PW
M
m
o
d
u
le
to
g
en
e
r
ate
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
ted
s
witch
in
g
s
ig
n
als,
wh
ich
d
ir
ec
tly
c
o
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
ON/OFF
tim
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
in
th
e
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
C
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
MO
SF
E
T
s
ON/O
FF
tim
in
g
s
cr
ea
te
s
a
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
p
r
im
ar
y
win
d
in
g
.
T
h
is
wav
ef
o
r
m
d
u
r
atio
n
an
d
p
o
lar
it
y
d
ef
in
e
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
en
er
g
y
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
t
o
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
th
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
is
r
ec
tifie
d
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
th
at
is
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
an
g
le.
T
h
is
r
ec
tifie
d
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
ty
p
e
I
I
PP
C
is
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
t
o
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
to
tal
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
an
d
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
t
h
e
E
V
b
atter
y
.
T
h
is
f
in
al
s
tag
e
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
e
b
atter
y
r
ec
eiv
es p
r
o
p
er
c
h
ar
g
in
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t u
n
d
er
a
C
C
o
r
C
V
p
r
o
f
ile.
B
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
o
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
th
e
t
y
p
e
I
I
PP
C
en
ab
les f
aster
,
s
af
er
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
E
V
c
h
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
PP
O
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
a
s
b
ee
n
en
h
an
ce
d
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t f
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
o
r
ts
an
d
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
.
I
n
th
e
ag
e
n
t'
s
s
ta
te
v
ec
to
r
,
p
er
-
p
o
r
t
So
C
,
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t,
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
a
r
e
in
clu
d
ed
,
as
well
as
th
e
p
r
ice
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
ig
n
als
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
f
o
r
V2
G
in
ter
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ac
tio
n
v
ec
to
r
co
n
ta
in
s
th
e
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
t
c
o
m
m
an
d
s
(
)
,
an
d
th
e
p
ar
tial
-
p
o
wer
allo
ca
tio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
o
r
t.
T
h
e
r
ewa
r
d
f
u
n
c
tio
n
h
as
also
b
ee
n
m
o
d
if
ied
t
o
b
alan
ce
ch
ar
g
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
,
g
r
id
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
a
n
d
b
atter
y
h
ea
lth
as sh
o
wn
in
(
1
5
)
.
=
1
(
−
|
−
,
|
)
+
2
(
)
−
3
(
)
+
4
(
)
(
1
5
)
W
h
er
e
R
g
r
id
(
t)
is
th
e
in
s
tan
t
an
eo
u
s
r
ev
e
n
u
e
p
en
alty
f
r
o
m
i
n
ter
ac
tin
g
with
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
PP
O
ag
en
t
h
as
its
clip
p
in
g
f
ac
to
r
ϵ
an
d
e
n
tr
o
p
y
ter
m
tu
n
e
d
to
allo
w
f
o
r
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
o
licies.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
g
iv
es
a
PP
O
ag
en
t
th
e
f
r
ee
d
o
m
to
ch
o
o
s
e
to
ei
th
er
tak
e
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
o
r
in
ter
ac
t
with
th
e
g
r
id
b
ased
o
n
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
m
etr
ics,
th
e
r
eb
y
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
to
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
m
u
lti
-
p
o
r
t scen
ar
io
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
r
o
xima
l p
o
licy
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
typ
e
I
I
P
P
C
fo
r
E
V
…
(
F
r
a
n
co
A
ld
r
in
Jo
s
ep
h
Men
ezes
)
841
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PP
O
-
ty
p
e
I
I
PP
C
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
E
V
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
a
s
y
s
tem
r
u
n
n
in
g
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in
d
o
ws
1
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a
n
d
MA
T
L
AB
R
2
0
2
2
b
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
,
s
im
u
latio
n
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
h
ar
d
war
e
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
in
clu
d
e
an
I
n
tel
C
o
r
e
i5
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
,
wh
ich
r
u
n
s
at
a
s
p
ee
d
o
f
2
.
1
4
GHz
,
an
d
1
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GB
o
f
R
AM
.
T
h
e
p
ea
k
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
p
ar
tial
p
o
wer
h
an
d
lin
g
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
as th
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
m
etr
ics.
T
h
ese
ar
e
d
e
f
in
ed
as sh
o
wn
in
(
1
6
)
an
d
(
1
7
)
.
=
×
100%
(
1
6
)
=
(
1
7
)
W
h
er
e
d
en
o
tes
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
ed
t
o
th
e
b
atter
y
,
d
en
o
t
es
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
.
Similar
ly
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
p
a
r
tial
p
o
wer
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
d
en
o
tes
to
tal
p
o
wer
d
e
liv
er
ed
to
th
e
b
atter
y
,
d
en
o
tes p
ea
k
e
f
f
icien
c
y
an
d
d
en
o
tes p
a
r
tial p
o
wer
h
an
d
lin
g
.
4
.
1
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PP
O
-
t
y
p
e
I
I
PP
C
i
s
d
o
n
e
with
v
ar
io
u
s
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
b
y
u
s
in
g
e
v
alu
atio
n
m
etr
ics.
T
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
r
eg
u
lated
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
a
n
d
r
eso
n
an
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
ese
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
o
d
els
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
an
d
lab
el
led
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
ly
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
1
,
it
is
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
attain
ed
b
etter
r
esu
lts
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
p
ea
k
ef
f
icien
cy
(
9
9
.
3
6
%)
wh
en
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
ex
is
tin
g
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
r
eg
u
lated
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
an
d
r
eso
n
a
n
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
PP
O
-
t
y
p
e
I
I
PP
C
is
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
a
p
ar
tial
p
o
wer
h
an
d
lin
g
m
etr
ic
an
d
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
ab
o
v
e
-
m
en
tio
n
ed
tr
ad
itio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
Similar
ly
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PP
O
-
t
y
p
e
I
I
PP
C
is
lab
elled
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
2
,
it
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PP
O
-
ty
p
e
I
I
PP
C
ch
ar
g
ed
b
atter
y
v
e
r
y
well
b
y
h
an
d
lin
g
v
er
y
little
p
o
wer
(
1
2
.
2
1
%)
wh
en
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
,
R
eg
u
lated
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
an
d
r
eso
n
an
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
.
T
h
is
v
alu
e
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
less
th
an
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
s
y
s
tem
en
er
g
izes
th
e
b
atter
y
q
u
ick
ly
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
tly
wh
ile
m
itig
atin
g
th
e
p
o
wer
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PPO
-
t
y
p
e
I
I
PP
C
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
m
o
d
e
l
s
P
e
a
k
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
%)
B
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
9
3
.
1
2
R
e
g
u
l
a
t
e
d
D
C
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
9
5
.
2
6
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
9
7
.
1
8
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
P
P
O
-
t
y
p
e
I
I
P
P
C
9
9
.
3
6
T
ab
le
2
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PPO
-
ty
p
e
I
I
PP
C
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
m
o
d
e
l
s
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
h
a
n
d
l
i
n
g
(
%)
B
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
2
0
.
1
2
R
e
g
u
l
a
t
e
d
D
C
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
1
7
.
8
2
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
1
5
.
8
8
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
P
P
O
-
t
y
p
e
I
I
P
P
C
1
2
.
2
1
4
.
2
.
P
a
ra
m
et
ric
a
nd
t
herma
l a
na
ly
s
is
T
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
PP
O
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
ty
p
e
I
I
PP
C
s
y
s
tem
,
th
r
ee
an
aly
s
es
ar
e
co
n
d
u
cted
,
n
am
ely
,
PP
O
h
y
p
er
p
a
r
am
eter
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
tu
r
n
-
r
atio
im
p
ac
t,
an
d
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
an
d
th
e
r
m
a
l e
s
tim
atio
n
.
˗
PP
O
h
y
p
er
p
ar
am
eter
s
en
s
itiv
ity
PP
O
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
t
u
n
ab
le
h
y
p
er
p
ar
am
eter
s
wh
ic
h
ef
f
ec
t
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
l
ea
r
n
in
g
.
A
s
en
s
itiv
ity
s
tu
d
y
was
cr
itical
f
o
r
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
r
ate
,
clip
p
i
n
g
p
ar
am
eter
,
an
d
e
n
tr
o
p
y
c
o
ef
f
ici
en
t
,
wh
ich
ar
e
lab
elled
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
3
,
it
is
clea
r
ly
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
a
lear
n
in
g
r
ate
o
f
3
×1
0
⁻⁴
an
d
a
clip
p
in
g
f
ac
to
r
o
f
0
.
2
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
tab
le
an
d
r
eliab
le
co
n
tr
o
l.
L
ar
g
e
v
alu
es
r
esu
lted
in
d
iv
er
g
en
ce
in
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
,
s
im
ilar
ly
v
alu
es
d
elay
ed
lear
n
in
g
.
PP
O
r
em
ain
ed
r
eliab
le
ac
r
o
s
s
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
v
alu
es,
alth
o
u
g
h
=
0
.
01
p
r
o
v
i
d
es th
e
b
est tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
b
etwe
en
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
a
n
d
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
.
T
ab
le
3
.
PP
O
h
y
p
e
r
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
α (Lea
r
n
i
n
g
r
a
t
e
)
ε (
C
l
i
p
f
a
c
t
o
r
)
β (En
t
r
o
p
y
)
C
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
(
e
p
i
s
o
d
e
s)
S
t
e
a
d
y
-
st
a
t
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
%)
1
×
1
0
⁻
³
0
.
2
0
.
0
1
U
n
st
a
b
l
e
/
D
i
v
e
r
g
e
n
t
9
8
.
3
3
×
1
0
⁻
⁴
0
.
2
0
.
0
1
S
t
a
b
l
e
(
7
0
0
e
p
i
s
o
d
e
s)
9
9
.
3
6
3
×
1
0
⁻
⁴
0
.
1
0
.
0
1
S
l
o
w
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
(
1
0
0
0
+
)
9
9
.
2
1
3
×
1
0
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⁴
0
.
3
0
.
0
2
S
l
i
g
h
t
o
sc
i
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
9
9
.
1
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
8
3
5
-
8
4
8
842
˗
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
tu
r
n
-
r
atio
im
p
ac
t
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
tu
r
n
s
r
atio
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
N
eq
u
al
to
N
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
N
p
r
im
ar
y
,
wh
i
ch
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
p
ar
tial
p
o
wer
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
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ain
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
wi
n
g
T
ab
le
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
'
s
g
ain
(
G)
,
p
ar
tial
p
o
wer
r
atio
(
)
,
an
d
p
ea
k
ef
f
ici
en
cy
f
o
r
ch
an
g
in
g
tu
r
n
r
atio
s
.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
4
,
it
clea
r
ly
o
b
s
er
v
es
th
at
en
h
an
c
in
g
n
m
itig
ates
th
e
g
ai
n
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
is
o
latio
n
,
b
u
t
it
also
e
n
h
an
ce
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
cu
r
r
en
t stre
s
s
.
A
tu
r
n
r
atio
n
o
f
1
:2
o
f
f
er
e
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
am
o
n
g
is
o
latio
n
,
g
ain
,
an
d
p
o
wer
s
h
ar
in
g
.
T
ab
le
4
.
I
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
tu
r
n
r
atio
(
n
)
Tu
r
n
r
a
t
i
o
(
n
)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
g
a
i
n
(
G
)
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
r
a
t
i
o
ρ
ₚ (%)
P
e
a
k
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
%)
1
:
1
0
.
9
3
1
3
.
4
9
8
.
8
1
1
:
2
0
.
8
9
1
2
.
2
9
9
.
3
6
1
:
3
0
.
8
4
1
1
.
8
9
8
.
9
5
˗
Switch
in
g
lo
s
s
an
d
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
esti
m
at
io
n
C
o
n
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
’
s
o
v
er
all
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
th
er
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
u
n
d
er
ch
a
n
g
in
g
b
atter
y
So
C
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
o
p
r
elim
in
a
r
ily
p
r
eser
v
e
t
h
ese
ef
f
ec
ts
,
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
y
n
am
ic
lo
s
s
was
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
SiC
MO
SF
E
T
s
wi
tch
es
b
ased
o
n
r
ap
id
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t w
av
e
f
o
r
m
s
d
u
r
in
g
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
to
tal
lo
s
s
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ice
is
co
m
p
u
ted
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
(
1
8
)
:
=
+
=
(
+
+
2
(
)
(
1
8
)
w
h
er
e,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
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cy
,
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d
r
ep
r
esen
t
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e
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r
n
-
on
a
n
d
tu
r
n
-
o
f
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
er
s
witch
cy
cle,
an
d
(
)
d
en
o
tes
th
e
d
ev
ice
in
th
e
s
tate
o
f
r
esis
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ce
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
is
s
im
u
lated
u
n
d
er
th
r
ee
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
So
C
lev
els
,
wh
ich
ar
e
3
0
%,
6
0
%,
an
d
9
0
%
,
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
PP
O’
s
d
y
n
am
ic
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
n
co
n
v
er
ter
t
h
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
,
as lab
elled
in
T
ab
le
5
.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
5
,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
a
t
th
e
PPO
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
y
n
am
ically
m
itig
ates
th
e
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
an
g
le
as
th
e
So
C
en
h
an
ce
s
,
th
u
s
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
s
witch
in
g
d
u
r
ati
o
n
an
d
en
er
g
y
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
p
er
cy
cle.
T
h
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
m
itig
ates
th
e
o
v
er
a
ll
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
f
ix
ed
p
h
ase
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
o
p
er
ates
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
ju
n
ctio
n
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es,
wh
ich
l
ie
with
in
th
e
s
af
e
o
p
er
atin
g
li
m
it o
f
SiC
MO
SF
E
T
S.
T
ab
le
5
.
E
s
tim
ated
s
witch
in
g
an
d
th
er
m
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
So
C
co
n
d
itio
n
s
S
o
C
(
%)
P
h
a
se
-
s
h
i
f
t
a
n
g
l
e
(
ϕ
,
d
e
g
)
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
l
o
ss
(
P
sw
,
W
)
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
l
o
ss
(
,
W)
To
t
a
l
l
o
ss
(W)
D
e
v
i
c
e
t
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
°
C
)
30
22
1
3
.
8
6
.
5
2
0
.
3
7
2
.
4
60
18
1
2
.
1
5
.
9
1
8
.
0
7
8
.
1
90
14
1
0
.
7
5
.
4
1
6
.
1
8
4
.
3
4
.
3
.
E
nh
a
nced
perf
o
rm
a
nce
a
nd
re
lia
bil
it
y
ev
a
lua
t
io
n
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
as
s
ess
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
PP
O
-
ty
p
e
II
p
ar
t
ial
p
o
we
r
co
n
v
e
r
t
er
(
PP
C
)
,
t
h
is
s
e
cti
o
n
in
t
eg
r
ates
r
i
p
p
le
c
h
a
r
ac
te
r
iz
ati
o
n
,
t
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
S
o
C
t
r
a
ck
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
b
att
er
y
l
if
ec
y
cl
e
e
v
alu
ati
o
n
u
n
d
er
PP
O
-
b
as
ed
c
o
n
t
r
o
l.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
’
s
s
tea
d
y
-
s
tat
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t r
es
p
o
n
s
es
w
er
e
r
e
co
r
d
e
d
at
a
1
µs sa
m
p
li
n
g
r
a
te
wit
h
a
1
0
0
k
H
z
s
wit
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
.
T
h
e
p
e
ak
-
to
-
p
ea
k
r
i
p
p
le
(
=
−
)
a
n
d
t
o
t
al
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
is
t
o
r
ti
o
n
(
T
H
D)
w
er
e
q
u
a
n
ti
f
i
ed
o
v
e
r
5
0
s
tea
d
y
-
s
ta
te
c
y
cl
es.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lts
i
n
d
i
ca
t
ed
m
i
n
im
al
DC
-
li
n
k
r
i
p
p
le
(
≈
0
.
8
V
)
an
d
T
HD
b
el
o
w
2
.
5
%
,
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
in
g
l
o
w
el
ec
t
r
o
m
ag
n
eti
c
i
n
t
er
f
e
r
en
c
e
a
n
d
s
t
a
b
le
v
o
lta
g
e
r
e
g
u
lat
io
n
.
Un
d
er
a
2
0
%
l
o
a
d
v
a
r
i
ati
o
n
,
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
a
ch
ie
v
e
d
a
3
.
1
m
s
r
is
e
ti
m
e
an
d
8
.
6
m
s
s
ett
li
n
g
t
im
e
wit
h
i
n
±
2
%
t
o
le
r
an
ce
,
wh
ile
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ati
n
g
f
ast
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
r
e
co
v
e
r
y
a
n
d
e
x
ce
lle
n
t
t
r
an
s
ie
n
t
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
PP
O
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
el
y
m
an
a
g
e
d
th
e
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
-
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
C
C
)
to
c
o
n
s
ta
n
t
-
v
o
lta
g
e
(
C
V
)
t
r
a
n
s
it
io
n
b
y
a
d
ap
ti
v
el
y
a
d
j
u
s
t
in
g
t
h
e
p
h
as
e
-
s
h
i
f
t
a
n
g
l
e
(
ϕ
)
,
wh
i
le
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
s
m
o
o
t
h
S
o
C
p
r
o
g
r
ess
i
o
n
wi
th
o
u
t
o
v
e
r
s
h
o
o
t
.
T
h
e
So
C
p
r
o
f
il
e
(
2
0
–
9
5
%
)
m
ain
tai
n
ed
co
n
s
is
te
n
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
e
g
u
lat
io
n
,
r
ef
le
cti
n
g
h
ig
h
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
p
r
e
cisi
o
n
a
n
d
r
ed
u
c
ed
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
t
r
ess
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
b
at
te
r
y
’
s
lo
n
g
-
t
e
r
m
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
w
as
ex
am
in
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
e
m
p
ir
ic
al
ca
p
a
cit
y
-
f
ad
e
m
o
d
el
i
n
te
g
r
a
ti
n
g
c
y
cl
e
a
n
d
c
ale
n
d
a
r
d
e
g
r
a
d
at
io
n
.
Si
m
u
lat
io
n
o
v
e
r
1
0
0
0
e
q
u
i
v
al
e
n
t
c
y
c
les
r
e
v
e
al
ed
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
tel
y
5
.
8
%
l
o
w
er
cu
m
u
lat
iv
e
c
ap
ac
it
y
lo
s
s
co
m
p
a
r
e
d
wi
th
a
co
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
al
f
u
ll
-
r
at
ed
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
,
in
d
i
c
ati
n
g
r
ed
u
ce
d
e
lec
tr
o
c
h
em
ica
l
s
tr
ess
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
b
at
te
r
y
l
o
n
g
e
v
it
y
.
O
v
e
r
al
l,
t
h
e
i
n
te
g
r
a
te
d
e
v
al
u
at
io
n
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
PP
O
-
ty
p
e
I
I
PP
C
ac
h
ie
v
es
h
i
g
h
e
r
ef
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
(
9
9
.
1
1
%
)
,
m
in
im
a
l
r
i
p
p
l
e,
r
a
p
i
d
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
r
es
p
o
n
s
e,
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
att
e
r
y
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
,
t
h
e
r
e
b
y
v
al
id
ati
n
g
its
s
u
ita
b
i
lit
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f
o
r
s
u
s
tai
n
a
b
l
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E
V
a
n
d
r
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n
ew
a
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
a
p
p
lic
ati
o
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
r
o
xima
l p
o
licy
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
typ
e
I
I
P
P
C
fo
r
E
V
…
(
F
r
a
n
co
A
ld
r
in
Jo
s
ep
h
Men
ezes
)
843
4
.
4
.
B
enchm
a
r
k
a
na
ly
s
is
T
o
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
el
y
e
v
al
u
ate
th
e
ef
f
i
cie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
PP
O
c
o
n
t
r
o
lle
r
,
wh
ic
h
is
b
en
ch
m
a
r
k
e
d
wit
h
R
L
al
g
o
r
i
th
m
s
s
u
c
h
as
D
DPG,
T
D
3
,
a
n
d
SAC
,
r
e
p
r
ese
n
ts
ac
to
r
-
c
r
it
ic
-
b
ase
d
R
L
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
es
f
o
r
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
co
n
t
r
o
l
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
,
as
r
e
p
r
ese
n
t
ed
in
T
ab
le
6
.
T
a
b
l
e
6
r
e
p
r
ese
n
ts
th
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
at
iv
e
ev
al
u
at
io
n
o
f
R
L
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
s
s
u
c
h
as
DDP
G,
T
D
3
,
a
n
d
SA
C
b
as
ed
o
n
t
h
ei
r
ab
ilit
y
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
.
T
h
is
a
n
al
y
s
is
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
te
s
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
s
i
n
s
tab
ilit
y
,
s
am
p
l
e
ef
f
i
cie
n
cy
,
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
ess
,
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ta
ti
o
n
c
o
m
p
le
x
it
y
,
an
d
c
o
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
s
p
e
ed
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
co
m
p
a
r
e
d
m
e
th
o
d
s
,
PP
O
s
h
o
ws
g
o
o
d
tr
ai
n
i
n
g
s
t
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
s
im
p
li
cit
y
o
f
im
p
l
em
en
tat
io
n
,
lea
d
i
n
g
t
o
it
b
ei
n
g
a
r
el
ia
b
le
b
asel
in
e
f
o
r
s
af
el
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
ti
n
g
a
n
o
p
e
r
at
io
n
.
F
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
T
D
3
is
m
o
r
e
s
ta
b
l
e
t
h
a
n
DDP
G
,
p
a
r
t
ly
i
n
av
o
i
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
v
al
u
e
o
v
e
r
es
tim
ati
o
n
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
o
f
f
-
p
o
li
cy
al
g
o
r
i
th
m
s
s
u
c
h
as
T
D3
a
n
d
SAC
c
o
n
v
er
g
e
m
o
r
e
q
u
ic
k
l
y
an
d
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
s
am
p
le
ef
f
i
cie
n
t
,
b
e
n
e
f
it
ti
n
g
f
r
o
m
r
e
p
l
ay
b
u
f
f
er
s
a
n
d
t
ar
g
e
t
p
o
lic
y
s
m
o
o
t
h
i
n
g
,
r
es
p
e
cti
v
e
ly
.
M
ea
n
w
h
il
e
,
SA
C
in
t
eg
r
a
tes
s
p
e
e
d
,
s
t
a
b
ili
ty
,
a
n
d
r
o
b
u
s
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ess
t
o
i
ts
u
s
e
o
f
e
n
t
r
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p
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e
g
u
la
r
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za
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n
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d
i
n
g
t
o
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
g
e
n
e
r
al
iza
t
io
n
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en
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
o
r
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
s
c
h
an
g
e.
T
h
e
PP
O
w
a
s
c
o
n
s
id
e
r
e
d
a
s
af
e
an
d
r
elia
b
le
m
e
th
o
d
t
o
l
ea
r
n
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
at
e
co
n
v
e
r
t
er
s
,
wh
ile
S
AC
is
u
l
ti
m
at
el
y
t
h
e
ch
o
i
ce
,
th
er
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y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
b
a
la
n
c
ed
t
r
a
d
e
-
o
f
f
b
etw
e
en
s
p
ee
d
,
s
ta
b
ili
ty
,
a
n
d
ad
ap
ta
b
il
it
y
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
t
im
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
c
o
n
tr
o
l
.
T
ab
le
6
.
B
en
ch
m
a
r
k
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
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t
y
p
e
I
I
PP
C
s
y
s
tem
in
th
r
ee
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
d
u
al
-
p
o
r
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
m
u
lti
-
b
att
er
y
So
C
m
is
m
atch
,
an
d
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
V2
G
p
o
wer
f
lo
w.
T
h
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
h
ig
h
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
(
≥
9
6
%)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
p
ar
tial
-
p
o
wer
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
is
b
ein
g
s
u
s
tain
ed
with
m
u
ltip
le
s
im
u
lt
an
eo
u
s
ac
tiv
e
p
o
r
ts
,
wh
ile
t
h
e
lo
w
DC
-
lin
k
r
ip
p
le
(
<
2
%)
ex
e
m
p
lifie
s
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
PPO
-
b
ased
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
u
n
d
er
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
d
So
C
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
m
s
tr
an
s
itio
n
tim
e
in
V2
G
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
a
b
ilit
y
to
r
ev
er
s
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
with
o
u
t
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
,
an
d
th
e
m
in
im
al
d
ev
iatio
n
in
So
C
(
<
1
.
5
%)
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates th
e
en
er
g
y
b
alan
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
b
att
er
ies.
4
.
7
.
Relia
bil
it
y
a
nd
s
a
f
et
y
met
rics
Gu
ar
an
teein
g
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
r
eliab
i
lity
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
af
ety
is
c
r
itical
f
o
r
E
V
f
ast ch
ar
g
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
wh
er
e
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
at
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
an
d
r
ap
id
l
o
ad
tr
an
s
ien
ts
ap
p
lies
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
elec
tr
ical
an
d
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
.
A
s
s
u
ch
,
th
e
T
y
p
e
I
I
PP
C
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
with
P
PO c
o
n
tr
o
l w
as a
s
s
es
s
ed
f
o
r
th
r
ee
r
eliab
ilit
y
m
etr
ics:
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
lo
g
ic,
t
h
er
m
al
p
r
o
tec
tio
n
,
an
d
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
(
E
M
I
)
co
m
p
lian
ce
.
˗
Fau
lt
d
etec
tio
n
lo
g
ic
an
d
p
r
o
te
ctio
n
lo
g
ic
A
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
s
ch
em
e
is
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
to
ch
ec
k
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
tates
in
r
ea
l
tim
e.
A
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
lay
er
ch
ec
k
ed
t
h
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e,
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t,
an
d
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
in
d
icato
r
g
av
e
war
n
in
g
s
f
o
r
f
a
u
lts
s
u
ch
as
o
v
er
-
v
o
lta
g
e
(
≥
1
.
1
x
r
ate
d
Vd
c)
,
o
v
er
-
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
≥
1
.
2
x
I
r
ated
)
,
g
ate
-
d
r
iv
e
f
a
u
lt
u
s
in
g
l
o
g
ical
co
m
p
ar
at
o
r
s
,
an
d
th
e
PP
O
ag
en
t
im
m
ed
iately
h
alted
th
e
s
witch
in
g
s
ig
n
als
to
p
r
o
tect
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
.
T
h
e
t
im
e
to
is
o
late
th
e
f
au
lt
was
<
3
0
0
µs,
wh
ich
al
lo
wed
p
r
o
tec
tio
n
to
b
e
in
itiated
b
ef
o
r
e
j
u
n
ctio
n
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
p
er
m
itted
to
r
is
e
p
ast th
e
th
e
r
m
al
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
˗
T
h
er
m
al
s
af
ety
an
d
r
atin
g
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
-
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
r
atin
g
is
s
im
u
lated
to
p
r
ev
en
t
th
er
m
a
l
o
v
er
r
id
in
g
.
W
h
en
an
ex
p
en
s
i
v
e
th
er
m
al
o
v
er
lo
ad
r
atin
g
is
ex
ce
ed
ed
,
t
h
e
PP
O
co
n
tr
o
l
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
d
u
ty
r
atio
b
y
1
0
-
1
2
%,
h
en
ce
r
ed
u
cin
g
co
n
v
er
ter
R
MS
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es.
W
h
en
th
e
ex
p
e
n
s
iv
e
th
er
m
al
o
v
er
l
o
ad
r
atin
g
i
s
b
elo
w
7
5
d
e
g
r
ee
s
,
th
e
Hz
co
n
v
er
ter
will
ac
t
as
f
u
ll
p
o
wer
.
T
h
is
ad
ap
tiv
e
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
also
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
to
ta
l
th
er
m
al
cy
clin
g
b
y
a
b
o
u
t
2
2
%
,
an
d
u
p
lifte
d
th
e
esti
m
ated
co
n
v
er
ter
life
tim
es
b
y
1
8
-
2
0
%
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
Ar
r
h
en
iu
s
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
m
o
d
els
.
˗
EMI
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
an
d
s
witch
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
A
s
et
o
f
s
wi
tch
in
g
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
wa
s
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
to
ex
am
in
e
E
MI
co
m
p
atib
ili
ty
ag
ain
s
t
C
I
SP
R
-
2
5
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
e
s
o
f
t
s
witch
in
g
in
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
PP
O
s
witch
k
ep
t
d
v
/
d
t
well
b
elo
w
3
0
V/n
s
,
wh
ic
h
r
ed
u
ce
s
co
n
d
u
cted
em
is
s
io
n
s
a
n
d
p
r
ev
en
ts
c
o
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
n
o
is
e
co
u
p
lin
g
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
witch
ed
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
m
o
d
u
latio
n
o
p
tim
ized
t
h
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
atten
tio
n
ac
h
iev
ed
>
2
5
d
B
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
1
5
0
k
Hz
b
an
d
with
r
esp
ec
t to
class
5
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
E
MI
lim
its
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
s
af
ety
is
lis
ted
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
8
.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
8
,
it
clea
r
ly
o
b
s
er
v
es
th
at
Fas
t
-
ac
tin
g
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
in
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
th
er
m
al
d
er
atin
g
an
d
lo
w
-
E
MI
s
witch
in
g
p
r
o
m
o
tes
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
u
n
d
e
r
tr
an
s
ien
t
lo
ad
an
d
So
C
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
PP
O
'
s
ab
ilit
y
o
f
co
n
s
tan
t
a
d
ap
tatio
n
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
v
e
r
s
h
o
o
t
i
n
d
y
n
a
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
m
itig
atin
g
b
o
th
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
o
v
er
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
wh
ich
d
ir
ec
t
ly
af
f
ec
t
th
e
b
atter
y
life
.
Op
e
r
atin
g
with
a
ju
n
ctio
n
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
less
th
an
8
5
°C
k
ee
p
s
with
in
SiC
r
eliab
ilit
y
li
m
its
,
wh
ile
d
v
/d
t
m
o
d
e
r
atio
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
(
E
MC)
as
p
er
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
in
teg
r
ated
s
af
ety
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ass
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PP
O
-
T
y
p
e
I
I
PP
C
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ef
f
icien
t b
u
t
also
r
eliab
ilit
y
awa
r
e
an
d
co
m
p
lian
ce
co
m
m
itted
,
wh
ich
co
n
f
ir
m
s
o
p
er
at
io
n
al
in
teg
r
ity
o
v
e
r
tim
e
in
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
E
V
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
ab
le
8
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
s
af
ety
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
u
m
m
ar
y
M
e
t
r
i
c
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
P
P
O
-
T
y
p
e
I
I
PPC
I
mp
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
/
O
b
ser
v
a
t
i
o
n
F
a
u
l
t
i
so
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
i
me
(
µ
s)
7
5
0
–
1
0
0
0
<
3
0
0
F
a
st
e
r
f
a
u
l
t
i
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
i
o
n
e
v
a
d
e
s
d
e
v
i
c
e
a
v
a
l
a
n
c
h
e
M
a
x
M
O
S
F
ET
j
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
t
e
m
p
(
°
C
)
1
0
2
8
4
.
3
1
7
%
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
e
x
t
e
n
d
s
d
e
v
i
c
e
l
i
f
e
Th
e
r
m
a
l
c
y
c
l
i
n
g
c
o
u
n
t
(
p
e
r
1
0
0
h
)
41
32
~
2
2
%
f
e
w
e
r
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
s
t
r
e
ss
e
v
e
n
t
s
EM
I
a
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n
(
d
B
@
1
5
0
k
H
z
–
1
0
M
H
z
)
1
2
d
B
>
2
5
d
B
M
e
e
t
s
C
I
S
P
R
-
2
5
c
l
a
ss
5
c
o
m
p
l
i
a
n
c
e
Est
i
m
a
t
e
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
l
i
f
e
sp
a
n
i
n
h
o
u
r
s
3
6
0
0
0
4
3
2
0
0
~
2
0
%
l
i
f
e
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
o
n
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
s
a
f
e
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
0
.
8
7
0
.
9
6
I
mp
r
o
v
e
d
d
u
e
t
o
sm
o
o
t
h
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
i
p
p
l
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
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