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Ag
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I
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[
2
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.
Am
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m
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s
lik
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Pico
-
Hy
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r
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[
3
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,
[
4
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.
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I
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[
6
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Var
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tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
o
f
PMG
in
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
[
7
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
r
esear
ch
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
Z
ar
iatin
et
a
l.
[
8
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
at
u
s
in
g
PMG
in
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
Pico
-
Hy
d
r
o
,
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
c
y
b
y
u
p
to
1
0
%
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
in
d
u
ctio
n
g
en
er
at
o
r
s
.
I
n
an
o
t
h
er
s
tu
d
y
,
Kallaste
et
a
l
.
[
9
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
PM
G
in
lo
w
-
ca
p
ac
ity
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
ag
n
etic
m
a
ter
ials
to
en
h
an
ce
g
en
er
ato
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ma
g
n
etic
m
ater
ials
lik
e
Neo
d
y
m
iu
m
I
r
o
n
B
o
r
o
n
(
Nd
FeB
)
h
a
v
e
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
m
ater
ial
o
f
c
h
o
ice
d
u
e
to
th
eir
h
ig
h
m
ag
n
etic
en
er
g
y
d
e
n
s
ity
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
ey
also
h
av
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
esis
tan
ce
to
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
ch
allen
g
es
in
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
PMG
f
o
r
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
is
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
m
ag
n
ets
an
d
r
o
t
o
r
.
C
h
o
i
et
a
l
.
[
1
1
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
co
n
f
ig
u
r
at
io
n
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
m
ag
n
etic
f
l
u
x
d
e
n
s
ity
an
d
m
ax
im
izin
g
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t.
T
h
ey
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
r
o
to
r
d
esig
n
w
ith
tan
g
en
tially
p
lace
d
m
ag
n
ets,
wh
ich
s
h
o
wed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
g
en
er
ato
r
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
Gan
d
z
ha
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
,
wh
o
ex
p
l
o
r
e
d
v
ar
io
u
s
r
o
to
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
a
r
ad
ial
m
ag
n
et
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t c
an
y
ield
b
etter
r
esu
lts
at
lo
w
s
p
ee
d
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it id
ea
l
f
o
r
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
B
ey
o
n
d
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
m
ag
n
et
d
esig
n
,
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
co
n
tr
i
b
u
ted
t
o
a
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
e
lectr
o
m
ag
n
etic
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
PMG
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
f
in
ite
ele
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
(
FEM
)
-
b
ased
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
,
Ku
m
ar
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
id
en
tifie
d
c
r
itical
d
esig
n
p
a
r
am
eter
s
th
at
en
h
an
ce
PMG
ef
f
icien
c
y
u
n
d
er
p
a
r
t
ial
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
in
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
ca
r
ef
u
l
d
esig
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
r
ed
u
c
e
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es d
u
e
to
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
.
Desp
ite
th
e
m
an
y
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
PMG,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
till
s
ev
er
al
ch
allen
g
es
to
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
its
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
in
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
is
s
u
es
i
s
th
e
h
ig
h
co
s
t
o
f
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
etic
m
ater
ials
,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
u
s
in
g
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
ater
ials
lik
e
Nd
FeB
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
As
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
B
h
ar
an
i
k
h
u
m
a
r
et
a
l
[
1
8
]
,
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
m
ag
n
etic
m
ater
ials
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
3
0
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
co
s
t
o
f
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
PMG
,
wh
ich
c
an
b
e
a
b
ar
r
ier
to
ad
o
p
tin
g
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
c
o
s
t
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
m
ar
k
ets
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
esear
ch
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
id
e
n
tify
m
o
r
e
af
f
o
r
d
ab
le
alter
n
ativ
es
th
at
s
till
o
f
f
er
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
t
h
er
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
m
a
g
n
etic
m
ater
ials
is
also
a
cr
itical
co
n
ce
r
n
in
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Per
m
an
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
ets
ten
d
to
lo
s
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
eir
s
tr
en
g
th
at
h
i
g
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
,
wh
ich
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
PMG
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
ex
tr
e
m
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
1
9
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
y
L
iu
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
s
u
g
g
ested
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
ass
iv
e
an
d
ac
ti
v
e
co
o
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
k
e
ep
PMG
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
with
in
a
s
af
e
r
a
n
g
e
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
d
em
a
g
n
etiza
tio
n
.
As
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
co
n
tin
u
es
to
ev
o
lv
e,
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
p
r
ese
n
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
es
ea
r
ch
.
On
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
a
r
ea
is
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
n
ew
m
ag
n
etic
m
ater
ials
with
b
etter
m
a
g
n
etic
an
d
th
e
r
m
a
l
p
r
o
p
er
ties
as
well
as
lo
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
s
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
d
esig
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es,
s
u
c
h
as
n
ew
m
ag
n
et
ar
r
an
g
em
en
ts
an
d
u
s
in
g
co
m
p
o
s
ite
m
ater
ials
f
o
r
r
o
to
r
s
,
is
an
in
ter
esti
n
g
to
p
ic
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
PMG
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
f
er
g
r
ea
t
p
o
ten
tia
l
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
e
f
f
icien
c
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
in
-
d
ep
th
r
esear
ch
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
n
d
esig
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
m
ater
ial
s
elec
tio
n
,
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
r
e
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
a
tu
r
e,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
tr
en
d
s
,
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
g
ap
s
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
PMG
f
o
r
s
m
al
l a
n
d
m
ed
i
u
m
-
s
ca
le
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
er
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
2.
P
E
RM
ANEN
T
M
AG
NE
T
G
E
NE
RATOR
PMG
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
au
g
m
en
tin
g
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
s
m
all
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
,
esp
ec
ially
with
in
lo
w
-
h
ea
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
ese
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
c
ap
italize
o
n
th
e
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
v
a
r
iab
le
s
p
ee
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
s
u
p
er
io
r
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
r
en
d
er
in
g
th
em
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
e
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
o
f
u
n
u
tili
ze
d
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
s
ec
tio
n
s
d
elin
ea
te
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
PMGs wi
th
in
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
2
.
1
.
Wo
r
k
ing
p
rinciple
T
h
e
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
in
ci
p
le
o
f
a
PMG
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
at
o
f
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
en
e
r
a
to
r
,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
g
en
er
ated
b
y
a
p
e
r
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
i
n
ter
a
cts
with
th
e
s
tato
r
win
d
in
g
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
an
elec
tr
ic
cu
r
r
en
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
d
u
ctio
n
.
As
th
e
r
o
to
r
co
n
tain
in
g
th
e
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
ag
n
et
r
o
tates,
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
4
6
2
-
147
4
1464
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
cu
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
tato
r
win
d
in
g
,
in
d
u
cin
g
a
v
o
ltag
e
in
th
e
co
ils
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
Far
ad
a
y
'
s
law
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
in
d
u
ctio
n
i
n
(
1
)
.
(
)
=
∙
ɸ
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
e(
t)
is
th
e
in
d
u
ce
d
v
o
l
tag
e,
N
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
il
tu
r
n
s
,
Φ
is
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
lu
x
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
a
g
n
ets,
d
q
/d
t
is
th
e
r
ate
o
f
ch
an
g
e
o
f
m
ag
n
etic
f
lu
x
with
tim
e
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
a
PMG
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
asic m
ec
h
an
ical
p
o
wer
f
o
r
m
u
la
in
(
2
)
.
=
1
2
∙
∙
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
P
is
th
e
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
(
i
n
watts),
ω
is
th
e
an
g
u
lar
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
r
o
to
r
(
r
ad
/s
)
,
T
is
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
in
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
.
2
.
2
.
B
a
s
ic
s
t
ruct
ure
o
f
P
M
G
I
n
an
ax
ial
f
lu
x
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
a
g
n
et
g
e
n
er
ato
r
(
AFPMG)
,
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
lu
x
f
lo
ws
p
ar
allel
t
o
th
e
r
o
to
r
s
h
af
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
i
n
cip
le
o
f
an
ax
ial
an
d
r
ad
ial
f
lu
x
p
er
m
a
n
e
n
t
m
ag
n
et
m
ac
h
in
e.
AFPMG
ar
e
ty
p
ically
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
ac
t
a
n
d
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
with
lim
ited
s
p
ac
e
o
r
s
y
s
tem
s
with
lo
w
r
o
tatio
n
al
s
p
ee
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
o
r
Pico
-
Hy
d
r
o
a
p
p
l
icatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
AFPMG
is
its
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
v
e
r
r
ad
ial
d
esig
n
s
in
s
o
m
e
l
o
w
-
s
p
ee
d
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
allo
ws
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
o
p
tim
al
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
p
er
m
an
e
n
t
m
ag
n
et
s
s
in
ce
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
lu
x
m
o
v
es
alo
n
g
th
e
r
o
to
r
ax
is
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
g
en
e
r
ato
r
’
s
weig
h
t
an
d
v
o
lu
m
e.
Ad
d
iti
o
n
ally
,
AFPMG
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
o
r
e
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
f
lu
x
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
v
er
th
e
r
o
to
r
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
wh
ich
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
e
d
d
y
cu
r
r
en
t lo
s
s
es in
th
e
s
tato
r
.
R
ad
ial
f
lu
x
p
er
m
an
e
n
t
m
ag
n
et
g
en
er
ato
r
(
R
FP
MG
)
is
th
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
wh
er
e
th
e
m
a
g
n
etic
f
l
u
x
m
o
v
es
r
ad
ially
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
o
to
r
ce
n
ter
o
u
twar
d
to
th
e
s
tato
r
o
r
v
i
ce
v
er
s
a.
R
FP
MG
s
ar
e
ea
s
ier
to
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
an
d
ty
p
ically
r
eq
u
ir
e
less
m
ater
ial,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
m
o
r
e
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
in
a
win
d
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
g
e
n
er
ato
r
.
R
FP
MG
u
s
u
ally
ex
h
ib
its
s
tab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
at
h
ig
h
r
o
tatio
n
al
s
p
ee
d
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
m
id
ea
l
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
m
ain
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
R
FP
M
G
is
its
ea
s
e
o
f
f
ab
r
icat
io
n
an
d
t
h
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
p
e
r
m
an
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
et
m
ater
ials
.
R
FP
MG
also
h
as
a
s
im
p
ler
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
w
h
ich
m
ak
es th
e
d
esig
n
m
o
r
e
f
le
x
ib
l
e
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es o
f
tu
r
b
in
es.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ax
ial
a
n
d
r
a
d
ial
f
lu
x
p
er
m
an
e
n
t m
ag
n
et
m
ac
h
in
e
[
2
4
]
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ed
in
th
is
r
ev
iew
f
o
llo
ws
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
in
clu
d
es
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
id
en
tify
in
g
,
s
elec
tin
g
,
an
aly
zi
n
g
,
an
d
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
liter
atu
r
e
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
r
e
p
u
tab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iewe
d
jo
u
r
n
als an
d
in
te
r
n
at
io
n
al
co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
p
r
o
ce
ed
i
n
g
s
.
3
.
1
.
Rev
iew
m
et
ho
d
A
p
r
esen
t
r
esu
lt
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iewe
d
ar
ticles
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
PMG
f
o
r
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
.
A
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
is
a
p
r
o
to
co
l
-
d
r
iv
en
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
en
a
b
les
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
m
in
im
izes
r
esear
ch
er
b
ias,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
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&
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N:
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8
6
9
4
P
erma
n
en
t m
a
g
n
et
g
en
era
to
r
fo
r
s
ma
ll a
n
d
med
iu
m
-
s
ca
le
h
yd
r
o
p
o
w
er:
a
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
ie
w
(
N
g
a
to
n
o
)
1465
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
an
d
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
id
en
tify
i
n
g
,
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
,
an
d
ev
al
u
atin
g
all
av
ailab
le
ev
id
e
n
ce
.
C
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
,
t
h
i
s
r
e
v
i
e
w
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
r
o
b
u
s
t
,
e
m
p
i
r
i
c
a
ll
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
a
n
s
w
e
r
s
t
o
t
h
e
p
r
e
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
.
3
.
2
.
I
dentif
ica
t
io
n
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
ha
ve
ad
o
p
ted
t
h
e
Pre
f
e
r
r
ed
R
ep
o
r
tin
g
I
tem
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
et
a
-
an
al
y
s
is
(
PR
I
SMA)
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
as
th
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
f
o
r
th
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
m
ain
p
h
ases
u
s
ed
t
o
s
elec
t
s
ev
er
al
r
elev
a
n
t
p
a
p
er
s
f
o
r
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
p
h
ase
in
v
o
lv
es
id
en
tif
y
in
g
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
a
n
d
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
f
o
r
r
elate
d
ter
m
s
u
s
in
g
t
h
esau
r
u
s
es,
d
ictio
n
ar
ies
,
en
cy
clo
p
e
d
ias
,
an
d
p
r
i
o
r
r
ese
ar
ch
.
Af
ter
g
at
h
er
in
g
all
r
ele
v
an
t
ter
m
s
,
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
s
wer
e
cr
ea
ted
f
o
r
th
e
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p
u
s
,
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E
E
E
E
x
p
lo
r
e
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d
Me
n
d
eley
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ata
b
ases
s
ee
T
ab
le
1
.
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n
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
p
h
ase
o
f
th
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
r
etr
iev
ed
6
1
7
p
ap
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
d
atab
ases
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
D
a
t
a
b
a
se
S
e
a
r
c
h
st
r
i
n
g
S
c
o
p
u
s
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
EY
(
p
e
r
ma
n
e
n
t
A
N
D
mag
n
e
t
A
N
D
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
A
N
D
f
o
r
A
N
D
h
y
d
r
o
A
N
D
p
o
w
e
r
)
A
N
D
P
U
B
Y
EA
R
>
2
0
1
3
A
N
D
P
U
B
Y
EA
R
<
2
0
2
4
A
N
D
(
EX
C
LU
D
E
=
S
U
B
JA
R
EA
,
"
C
H
E
M
"
)
O
R
EX
C
L
U
D
E
(
S
U
B
JA
R
EA
,
"
D
EC
I
"
)
O
R
E
X
C
LU
D
E
(
S
U
B
JA
R
EA
,
"
E
C
O
N
"
)
O
R
EX
C
LU
D
E
(
S
U
B
JA
R
EA
,
"
M
ED
I
"
)
O
R
EX
C
LU
D
E
=
S
U
B
JA
R
EA
,
"
EA
R
T"
)
O
R
EX
C
L
U
D
E
(
S
U
B
JA
R
EA
,
"
S
O
C
I
"
)
O
R
EX
C
LU
D
E
I
EEE
X
p
l
o
r
e
(
"
A
l
l
M
e
t
a
d
a
t
a
"
:
P
E
R
M
A
N
EN
T
M
A
G
N
ET
G
EN
ER
A
TO
R
)
A
N
D
(
"
A
l
l
M
e
t
a
d
a
t
a
"
:
P
ER
M
A
N
EN
T
M
A
G
N
ET
G
EN
E
R
A
TO
R
)
A
N
D
(
"
A
l
l
M
e
t
a
d
a
t
a
"
:
F
O
R
H
Y
D
R
O
P
O
W
ER
)
M
e
n
d
e
l
e
y
(
"
p
e
r
ma
n
e
n
t
ma
g
n
e
t
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
"
A
N
D
"
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
e
r
"
)
O
R
(
"
P
M
G
"
A
N
D
"
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
"
N
O
T
"
w
i
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
"
)
3
.
3
.
Scre
ening
I
n
th
e
in
itial scr
ee
n
in
g
p
h
ase,
d
u
p
licate
p
ap
er
s
wer
e
r
em
o
v
e
d
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
th
e
ex
clu
s
io
n
o
f
5
ar
ticles.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
s
c
r
ee
n
in
g
5
0
ar
ticles
u
s
in
g
a
s
et
o
f
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
it
er
ia
estab
lis
h
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
io
n
was
r
ese
ar
ch
ar
ticles,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ac
tical
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Oth
er
p
u
b
licatio
n
ty
p
es,
s
u
ch
as
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews,
r
ev
iews,
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es,
m
eta
-
s
y
n
th
eses
,
b
o
o
k
s
er
ies,
b
o
o
k
s
,
an
d
ch
ap
t
er
s
,
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
I
t
is
wo
r
th
n
o
tin
g
th
at
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
co
v
er
ed
te
n
y
ea
r
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
2
3
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
o
n
ly
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
in
E
n
g
lis
h
wer
e
s
elec
ted
to
alig
n
with
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es.
I
n
to
tal,
4
6
7
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
b
ased
o
n
t
h
ese
s
p
ec
if
ic
cr
iter
ia.
3
.
4
.
E
lig
ibi
lity
Fo
r
th
e
th
ir
d
s
tep
,
k
n
o
wn
as
t
h
e
elig
ib
ilit
y
p
h
ase,
a
to
tal
o
f
5
0
ar
ticles
wer
e
p
r
ep
ar
ed
.
At
th
is
s
tag
e,
al
l
ar
ticle
titl
es
an
d
k
ey
co
n
ten
t
wer
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
r
ev
iewe
d
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
ey
m
et
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
an
d
alig
n
e
d
with
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
o
b
je
ctiv
es.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
3
0
r
e
p
o
r
ts
wer
e
ex
clu
d
e
d
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
ey
wer
e
n
o
t
r
elev
an
t
t
o
th
e
f
ield
,
h
ad
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
titl
es,
o
r
th
eir
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
d
id
n
o
t
alig
n
with
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Fin
ally
,
2
0
ar
ticles we
r
e
d
ee
m
ed
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
ev
iew
(
s
ee
T
ab
le
2
)
.
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
cr
iter
io
n
is
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
Ex
c
l
u
si
o
n
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
En
g
l
i
sh
N
o
n
-
E
n
g
l
i
sh
Ti
me
l
i
n
e
2
0
1
4
–
2
0
2
3
<
2
0
1
4
Li
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
t
y
p
e
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
(
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
)
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
,
b
o
o
k
,
r
e
v
i
e
w
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
a
g
e
F
i
n
a
l
I
n
p
r
e
ss
3
.
5
.
Da
t
a
e
x
t
ra
ct
i
o
n a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
An
in
teg
r
ativ
e
an
al
y
s
is
was
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
to
ex
am
in
e
an
d
s
y
n
th
esize
v
ar
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
s
,
q
u
a
n
titativ
e,
q
u
ali
tativ
e,
an
d
m
ix
e
d
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
g
o
al
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
id
en
tify
r
elev
an
t
to
p
ics
an
d
s
u
b
to
p
ics.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
h
ase
was
th
e
in
itial
s
tep
in
th
e
th
em
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
an
aly
z
ed
a
co
m
p
ilatio
n
o
f
5
0
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
to
f
in
d
s
tatem
en
t
s
o
r
m
ater
ials
p
er
tin
en
t
to
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
to
p
ics
o
f
s
tu
d
y
.
Su
b
s
e
q
u
en
tly
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
ev
alu
ated
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
r
elate
d
to
th
e
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
PMG
f
o
r
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
er
in
lin
e
with
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
4
6
2
-
147
4
1466
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Flo
w
d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
s
tu
d
y
4.
DE
SCR
I
P
T
I
V
E
ANA
L
YS
I
S
T
h
is
is
a
b
asic
s
ta
tis
tica
l
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
elec
ted
ar
ticles’
k
ey
attr
ib
u
tes,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
p
er
y
ea
r
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
y
jo
u
r
n
al,
a
n
d
r
esear
ch
th
em
es.
I
ts
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
g
en
er
al
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
r
esear
ch
t
r
en
d
s
w
ith
in
th
e
to
p
ic
u
n
d
er
r
ev
iew.
4
.
1
.
Chro
no
lo
g
ica
l
pa
t
t
er
n o
f
pu
bli
ca
t
io
ns
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
p
r
esen
t
s
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
al
s
elec
ted
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
in
clu
d
es
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
tu
d
ies,
y
e
ar
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
ty
p
es
o
f
s
tu
d
ie
s
,
an
d
k
ey
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
th
em
e.
N
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
y
ea
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
u
t
o
f
a
to
tal
o
f
6
1
7
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
f
o
u
n
d
,
a
f
ter
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
an
d
f
in
al
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
o
n
ly
2
0
r
elev
an
t
an
d
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
a
r
ticles
wer
e
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
r
e
v
iew.
T
h
e
y
ea
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
ese
ar
tic
les
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
2
0
1
4
:
1
ar
ticle
,
2
0
1
5
:
0
ar
ticle
,
2
0
1
6
:
1
a
r
ticle
,
2
0
1
7
:
1
ar
ticle
,
2
0
1
8
:
2
ar
ticles
,
2
0
1
9
:
1
a
r
ticle
,
2
0
2
0
:
4
a
r
ticles
,
2
0
2
1
:
3
ar
ticles
,
2
0
2
2
:
5
ar
ticles
,
2
0
2
3
:
2
ar
ticles
.
T
h
is
y
ea
r
’s
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
h
o
ws
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
in
ter
est
in
r
es
ea
r
ch
o
n
PMG
f
o
r
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
last
ten
y
ea
r
s
.
4
.
2
.
T
hem
e
o
f
s
t
ud
ies
T
y
p
es
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4,
th
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
2
0
ar
ticles
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
ty
p
es
in
clu
d
e
d
esig
n
an
d
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
4
5
%
(
9
ar
ticles
ea
ch
)
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
1
5
%
(
3
ar
ticles
ea
ch
)
,
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
2
5
%
(
5
ar
ticles
ea
ch
)
,
p
r
ac
tica
l
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
1
5
%
(
3
a
r
ticles
ea
ch
)
.
T
h
ese
ty
p
es
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
r
ef
lect
th
e
m
ain
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
o
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
d
esig
n
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t,
co
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
ies,
an
d
ev
alu
ati
o
n
o
f
PMG
im
p
ac
ts
in
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
ese
d
ata
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
o
v
er
v
i
ew
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
ar
tic
les
an
aly
z
ed
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
o
f
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
g
en
e
r
ato
r
s
f
o
r
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
we
r
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
y
ea
r
s
in
d
icate
s
th
at
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
is
to
p
ic
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
p
ea
k
in
g
in
2
0
2
0
an
d
2
0
2
2
.
T
h
e
th
e
m
atic
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
h
o
ws
a
b
alan
ce
d
f
o
cu
s
b
etwe
en
d
esig
n
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
as
well
as
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
atten
tio
n
also
g
iv
en
t
o
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
erma
n
en
t m
a
g
n
et
g
en
era
to
r
fo
r
s
ma
ll a
n
d
med
iu
m
-
s
ca
le
h
yd
r
o
p
o
w
er:
a
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
ie
w
(
N
g
a
to
n
o
)
1467
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
y
ea
r
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Per
ce
n
ta
g
e
-
ty
p
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
ar
ticle
r
ev
iewe
d
5.
SUB
S
T
AN
T
I
VE
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ab
o
v
e
s
tatis
tics
,
s
ev
er
al
s
u
b
-
to
p
ics
ca
n
b
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
e
d
as
p
r
o
m
i
s
in
g
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
s
tu
d
y
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
th
at
h
elp
in
d
icate
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
.
5
.
1
.
Desig
n a
nd
c
o
ns
t
ruct
io
n
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
PMG
f
o
r
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
,
m
o
d
u
lar
i
ty
,
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
.
B
o
r
k
o
wsk
i
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
u
n
iv
e
r
s
al
m
o
d
u
lar
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
a
g
n
et
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
en
e
r
ato
r
(
PMSG)
aim
ed
at
s
m
all,
lo
w
-
h
ea
d
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
p
la
n
ts
,
h
ig
h
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h
tin
g
a
m
o
d
u
lar
d
esig
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
lev
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ag
es
u
n
iv
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s
al
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eg
m
en
ts
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
o
wer
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u
tp
u
ts
an
d
r
o
tatio
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al
s
p
ee
d
s
,
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f
ec
tiv
ely
r
e
d
u
cin
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
s
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
a
3
D
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
3
-
s
eg
m
en
t
m
o
d
u
la
r
g
en
e
r
ato
r
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
Sh
u
aib
u
an
d
Ho
[
2
9
]
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
s
p
ir
al
p
lan
ar
co
il
f
o
r
co
r
d
less
ax
ial
f
lu
x
PMG,
o
p
tim
izin
g
it
f
o
r
Pico
-
Hy
d
r
o
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
At
t
h
e
s
am
e
tim
e
,
Asi
f
u
l
a
n
d
C
h
e
[
5
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
an
ax
ial
f
l
u
x
PM
g
en
er
ato
r
d
esig
n
ed
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
r
esid
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tial
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s
e,
v
alid
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
FEA.
F
ig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
an
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
PMG
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
Ma
r
f
o
r
i
et
a
l.
[
3
0
]
p
r
esen
t
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
ex
p
l
o
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in
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o
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-
s
o
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r
ce
ax
ial
f
lu
x
PM
G,
em
p
h
asizin
g
its
d
esig
n
an
d
test
in
g
f
o
r
Pico
-
Hy
d
r
o
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y
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tem
s
,
an
a
p
p
r
o
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h
in
ten
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ed
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o
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o
m
o
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s
ib
ilit
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an
d
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
.
San
to
s
h
k
u
m
ar
et
a
l.
[
3
1
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
d
u
al
-
s
tato
r
PMSG
w
ith
a
n
o
n
-
m
ag
n
etic
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o
to
r
an
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f
iv
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p
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ase
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wh
ich
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clu
d
es
a
th
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al
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al
y
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is
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r
ed
f
o
r
lar
g
er
-
s
ca
le
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
.
Similar
ly
,
Vio
lan
te
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
PMG
f
o
r
c
o
u
n
ter
-
r
o
tatin
g
m
icr
o
-
h
y
d
r
o
tu
r
b
i
n
es,
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
s
tr
aig
h
t
f
lo
w
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
3
2
]
.
A
t
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
,
Hu
zlik
a
n
d
On
d
r
u
s
ek
[
3
3
]
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
co
r
d
less
ax
ial
PMG
f
o
r
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
o
p
o
r
et
a
l.
[
3
4
]
tak
e
a
m
o
r
e
a
d
v
a
n
ce
d
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
b
y
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r
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a
h
o
m
o
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h
eter
o
p
o
la
r
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
ac
h
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e
d
esig
n
ed
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o
r
v
ar
ia
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le
-
s
p
ee
d
,
l
o
w
-
p
o
wer
h
y
d
r
o
an
d
win
d
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
,
v
alid
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
3
D
FEM
.
Fin
ally
,
G
u
p
ta
et
a
l.
[
3
5
]
ex
am
i
n
e
th
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
c
h
allen
g
es
in
v
o
lv
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in
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
a
d
u
al
-
s
tato
r
PMSG,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
d
etailed
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
tec
h
n
ical
co
m
p
lex
ities
an
d
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ap
p
lied
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
em
.
1
0
1
1
2
1
4
3
5
2
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
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1
2
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4
5
Number of S
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I
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8
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4
I
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Dr
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Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
r
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s
ec
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o
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a
3
D
m
o
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el
o
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a
3
-
s
eg
m
en
t m
o
d
u
lar
g
e
n
er
ato
r
[
2
8
]
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Op
e
n
-
s
o
u
r
ce
PMG
to
p
o
lo
g
y
[
3
0
]
5
.
2
.
E
f
f
iciency
a
nd
perf
o
r
ma
nce
I
n
th
e
p
u
r
s
u
it
o
f
o
p
tim
izin
g
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
PMG
f
o
r
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
,
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
d
esig
n
s
an
d
m
ater
ial
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
.
L
ato
u
f
is
et
a
l.
[
3
6
]
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
co
r
d
less
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d
s
o
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t
m
ag
n
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m
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ite
(
SMC
)
co
r
e
AFPMG
f
o
r
Pico
-
Hy
d
r
o
p
la
n
ts
.
T
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
r
e
v
e
als th
at
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
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r
es,
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e
r
elian
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o
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t m
ag
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et
m
ater
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ca
n
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e
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ce
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y
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i
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izin
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all
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en
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o
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ass
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ile
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m
p
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o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics.
Similar
ly
,
I
r
asar
i
et
a
l.
[
3
7
]
e
m
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
t
ato
r
m
o
d
u
lar
ity
,
p
r
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g
a
n
o
p
tim
ized
s
tato
r
co
n
s
tr
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to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
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h
ar
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ter
is
tics
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f
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i
n
v
e
r
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w
-
h
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d
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
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s
.
T
h
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f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
m
o
d
u
lar
s
tato
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
ca
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
g
en
e
r
ato
r
ef
f
icien
cy
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d
a
d
ap
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ilit
y
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
lo
w
-
h
ea
d
h
y
d
r
o
elec
tr
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
with
li
m
ited
f
lo
w
v
elo
city
th
at
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
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n
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I
n
ad
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itio
n
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ap
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r
o
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h
h
el
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s
r
ed
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ce
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o
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ag
n
etic
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s
s
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o
p
tim
ize
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ater
ial
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e,
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d
s
u
p
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o
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lex
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ilit
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s
o
th
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th
e
PMG
ca
n
o
p
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ate
m
o
r
e
s
tab
ly
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d
ef
f
ec
tiv
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y
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r
d
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g
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th
e
s
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ee
d
s
o
f
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
p
la
n
ts
.
W
ei
et
a
l.
[
3
8
]
ex
ten
d
th
ese
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
s
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
l
o
w
-
s
p
ee
d
an
d
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icien
cy
PMG
f
o
r
m
icr
o
-
h
y
d
r
o
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
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wo
r
k
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
d
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e
r
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t
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r
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ater
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d
en
tify
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g
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e
m
o
s
t
co
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t
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ec
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at
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n
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es
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ith
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ig
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c
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er
f
o
r
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,
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
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at
th
e
lo
w
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s
p
ee
d
an
d
h
ig
h
-
e
f
f
icien
cy
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e
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m
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e
n
t
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ag
n
et
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L
HPM)
g
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ato
r
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wh
ich
u
s
es
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ilico
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er
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SP
C
C
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ater
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ac
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iev
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a
h
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h
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tp
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t
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9
6
7
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o
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im
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ts
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t
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ar
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ato
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ates
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I
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t
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ly
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e
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e
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f
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lly
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ite
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is
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e
L
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en
er
ato
r
with
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o
f
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er
s
a
m
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e
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0
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0
0
0
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T
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is
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tu
d
y
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ig
h
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h
ts
th
e
c
r
u
c
ial
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o
le
o
f
m
ater
ial
s
elec
tio
n
i
n
ac
h
iev
in
g
o
p
tim
al
ef
f
icien
cy
with
o
u
t c
o
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
i
n
teg
r
ity
o
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o
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er
atio
n
al
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
is
o
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f
th
r
ee
t
y
p
es o
f
L
H
PM
g
en
er
ato
r
s
at
n
=
2
0
0
r
p
m
[
3
8
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
erma
n
en
t m
a
g
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to
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to
n
o
)
1469
5
.
3
.
Co
ntr
o
l a
nd
re
g
ula
t
io
n
s
y
s
t
em
I
n
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
PM
G
in
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
o
p
tim
ize
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
tab
ilit
y
.
|
So
b
h
an
[
3
9
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
a
u
to
m
atic
g
en
e
r
atio
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
f
o
r
m
icr
o
-
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
,
u
tili
zin
g
im
p
u
ls
e
tu
r
b
i
n
es
an
d
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
en
er
ato
r
s
.
B
y
in
te
g
r
a
tin
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ab
le
l
o
g
ic
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
(
PLC)
a
n
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
y
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
(
SC
ADA
)
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
en
ab
les
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Similar
ly
,
T
h
an
ajitr
et
a
l
.
[
4
0
]
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
co
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
v
ar
iab
le
-
s
p
ee
d
PMG
in
s
m
a
ll
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
.
T
h
eir
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
t
r
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
wh
ic
h
is
u
s
ed
to
m
ain
tain
o
p
tim
al
g
e
n
er
ato
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
esp
ite
ch
an
g
es
in
wate
r
f
lo
w
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
W
ith
th
is
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
PMG
ca
n
ad
ju
s
t
it
s
o
p
er
atio
n
to
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
in
f
lo
w
v
elo
city
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
t
h
e
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
to
o
p
er
ate
ef
f
icien
tly
an
d
s
tab
ly
ev
en
u
n
d
er
lo
w
wate
r
h
ea
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
R
o
y
et
a
l.
[
4
1
]
tak
e
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
y
a
p
p
ly
i
n
g
a
ca
s
ca
d
ed
m
u
ltil
ev
el
m
o
d
u
lar
co
n
v
e
r
ter
(
MM
C
C
)
with
d
ec
o
u
p
led
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
to
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
h
y
d
r
o
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
en
ab
les
b
e
tter
co
n
tr
o
l o
v
er
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
o
we
r
q
u
ality
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
in
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
Gil
-
Go
n
z
a
lez
et
a
l.
[
4
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
p
ass
iv
ity
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
in
g
PMS
G
an
d
b
ac
k
-
to
-
b
ac
k
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
VSC
)
.
T
h
eir
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
em
p
h
asizes
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ili
ty
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
lo
a
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it id
ea
l f
o
r
s
m
all
h
y
d
r
o
p
la
n
ts
with
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
d
em
a
n
d
.
L
astl
y
,
C
h
an
d
r
an
et
a
l.
[
4
3
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
co
m
b
i
n
ed
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
PMSG
-
b
ased
s
m
all
h
y
d
r
o
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
eir
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
teg
r
ates
lo
ad
lev
elin
g
u
s
in
g
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
co
n
v
er
ter
(
VSC
)
an
d
a
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
to
h
elp
s
tab
ilize
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
d
u
r
in
g
lo
ad
c
h
an
g
es
o
r
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
W
ith
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
p
o
wer
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
m
an
ag
ed
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
allo
win
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
to
b
e
m
ain
tain
ed
a
n
d
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
to
b
e
p
r
eser
v
ed
in
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
5
.
4
.
P
r
a
ct
ica
l
a
pp
lica
t
io
ns
a
nd
im
plem
ent
a
t
io
n
I
n
r
ec
e
n
t
a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
a
n
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
o
f
PMG
f
o
r
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
,
s
ev
er
al
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
d
esig
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
Gan
d
zh
a
et
a
l.
[
4
4
]
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
c
o
m
b
in
ed
ex
citatio
n
s
u
b
m
er
s
ib
le
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
er
ato
r
aim
ed
at
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
n
alter
n
a
tiv
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
s
m
all
an
d
m
ed
iu
m
r
iv
er
s
.
T
h
is
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
u
b
m
er
s
ib
le
d
esig
n
en
a
b
les
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
in
r
em
o
te
l
o
ca
tio
n
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
p
o
we
r
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
Vi
o
lan
te
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
a
PM
g
en
er
ato
r
with
in
a
s
tr
aig
h
t
f
l
o
w,
co
u
n
ter
-
r
o
tatin
g
m
icr
o
-
h
y
d
r
o
tu
r
b
in
e
,
v
alid
atin
g
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
ac
tical
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
a
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
u
n
ter
-
r
o
tatin
g
m
icr
o
-
h
y
d
r
o
t
u
r
b
in
e
with
its
two
PM
-
g
en
er
ato
r
s
.
T
h
e
co
u
n
ter
-
r
o
tatin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
m
ak
in
g
it
id
ea
l
f
o
r
co
m
p
ac
t
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
E
x
p
a
n
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
is
co
n
ce
p
t,
Me
lly
et
a
l.
[
4
5
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
2
k
W
PM
g
en
er
ato
r
f
o
r
a
co
u
n
ter
-
r
o
tatin
g
m
ic
r
o
-
h
y
d
r
o
tu
r
b
in
e,
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
ex
ten
s
iv
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
test
in
g
to
ass
es
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
es
s
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
o
f
PMG
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
p
r
ac
tical
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
i
n
d
iv
e
r
s
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Pro
t
o
ty
p
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
u
n
ter
-
r
o
tatin
g
m
icr
o
-
h
y
d
r
o
tu
r
b
in
e
with
its
two
PM
-
g
en
er
ato
r
s
[
3
2
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
4
6
2
-
147
4
1470
Ov
er
all,
r
esear
ch
in
th
is
f
iel
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
PMG
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
f
o
r
h
y
d
r
o
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
in
ef
f
icien
cy
,
d
esig
n
,
an
d
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
l.
W
h
ile
m
an
y
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
h
av
e
em
er
g
e
d
,
ch
allen
g
es
r
em
ain
,
s
u
ch
as
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
,
in
itial
co
s
ts
,
an
d
m
a
ter
ial
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
.
Mo
v
in
g
f
o
r
war
d
,
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
is
n
ee
d
e
d
to
o
p
tim
i
ze
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
d
esig
n
,
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
to
en
ab
le
b
r
o
ad
er
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
PMGs
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
h
y
d
r
o
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
an
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
6.
I
S
S
U
E
S
A
N
D
C
H
A
L
L
E
N
G
E
S
I
N
T
H
E
P
E
R
M
A
N
E
N
T
M
A
G
N
E
T
G
E
N
E
R
A
T
O
R
O
F
H
Y
D
R
O
P
O
W
E
R
PMGs
o
f
f
er
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
an
t
ag
es
,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
,
s
im
p
ler
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
an
d
m
in
im
al
m
ain
ten
an
ce
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
attr
ac
tiv
e
f
o
r
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
k
ey
is
s
u
es
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
t
h
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
th
eir
u
s
e
,
esp
ec
ially
in
s
m
all
an
d
m
ed
iu
m
-
s
ca
le
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
6
.
1
.
Desig
n a
nd
s
t
ruct
ura
l o
ptim
iza
t
io
n
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
ch
allen
g
es
is
d
esig
n
in
g
a
PMG
th
at
ca
n
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
wate
r
f
lo
w
an
d
s
p
ee
d
.
Su
b
m
er
s
ib
le
d
esig
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
o
n
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Gan
d
zh
a
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
,
p
r
esen
t
c
h
allen
g
es
r
elate
d
t
o
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
d
esig
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
to
o
p
er
ate
o
p
tim
ally
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
wate
r
f
lo
w
co
n
d
itio
n
s
with
o
u
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
lo
s
s
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
Z
h
a
o
et
a
l.
[
4
6
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
lin
ea
r
p
er
m
an
e
n
t
m
ag
n
et
v
er
n
ier
g
e
n
er
ato
r
(
L
PMVG)
:
a
m
o
d
u
lar
to
o
th
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ar
r
an
g
e
d
in
lay
er
s
r
ed
u
ce
s
co
g
g
i
n
g
f
o
r
ce
s
,
wh
ile
m
u
lti
-
o
b
jectiv
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
en
h
a
n
ce
s
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
b
ilater
al
lin
ea
r
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
Fin
ally
,
M
o
s
tam
an
et
a
l.
[
4
7
]
also
o
p
ti
m
ized
a
r
a
d
ial
f
lu
x
p
e
r
m
an
e
n
t
m
ag
n
et
g
en
e
r
ato
r
(
R
FP
MG
)
:
B
y
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
1
3
.
6
4
%,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
g
eo
m
etr
ic
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
B
ilater
al
lin
ea
r
p
e
r
m
an
en
t m
ag
n
et
v
er
n
ie
r
g
en
e
r
ato
r
[
4
6
]
6.
2
.
M
a
t
er
ia
l
u
s
a
g
e
a
nd
co
s
t
re
du
ct
io
n
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
e
x
p
en
s
iv
e
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
a
g
n
et
m
ater
ials
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
ar
r
ier
to
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
PMG.
Desig
n
s
th
at
o
p
tim
ize
m
ater
ial
u
s
e,
s
u
ch
as
th
o
s
e
s
tu
d
ied
b
y
L
ato
u
f
is
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
,
ca
n
h
elp
r
ed
u
ce
r
elian
ce
o
n
ex
p
e
n
s
iv
e
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
ag
n
et
m
ater
ia
ls
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
th
e
g
en
e
r
ato
r
’
s
m
ain
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
d
esig
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
P
MG
s
ca
n
s
ti
ll
d
eliv
er
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t w
h
ile
b
ec
o
m
in
g
m
o
r
e
e
co
n
o
m
ical
an
d
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile
,
Milice
v
ic
et
a
l.
[
4
8
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
eta
-
m
o
d
elin
g
,
wh
ic
h
h
as
b
e
en
em
p
l
o
y
ed
to
e
v
alu
ate
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
lo
t
-
p
o
le
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
s
,
b
alan
cin
g
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
ac
tiv
e
m
ater
ials
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
Mc
Gar
r
y
et
a
l.
[
4
9
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
ad
d
itiv
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
,
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
m
ater
ials
b
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
s
h
a
p
e
an
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
a
g
n
ets,
ac
h
iev
in
g
u
p
to
a
3
%
c
o
s
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
4
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
ws
m
ag
n
et
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
s
av
in
g
o
f
m
ater
ial
co
s
t
f
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
2
-
5
in
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
w
ith
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
.
6
.
3
.
Co
ntr
o
l a
nd
re
g
ula
t
io
n
s
y
s
t
em
s
Mo
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
P
MG
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
o
s
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
ch
allen
g
es,
esp
ec
ially
in
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
o
p
er
ate
at
v
ar
ia
b
le
s
p
ee
d
s
a
n
d
f
l
u
ctu
atin
g
lo
ad
s
.
Au
to
m
atic
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
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an
d
M
PP
T
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
as
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
T
h
an
ajitr
et
a
l.
[
4
0
]
,
o
f
f
er
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
to
m
ain
tain
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
b
u
t
r
ea
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-
wo
r
ld
im
p
lem
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tatio
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r
e
q
u
ir
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r
th
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d
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eg
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te
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r
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d
u
r
ab
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er
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i
f
f
er
en
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
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s
t
I
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N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
erma
n
en
t m
a
g
n
et
g
en
era
to
r
fo
r
s
ma
ll a
n
d
med
iu
m
-
s
ca
le
h
yd
r
o
p
o
w
er:
a
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
ie
w
(
N
g
a
to
n
o
)
1471
Me
an
wh
ile,
C
lem
en
ts
et
a
l
.
[
5
0
]
,
in
ter
m
s
o
f
d
y
n
a
m
ic
v
o
l
tag
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
u
tili
ze
d
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
c
o
n
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ec
te
d
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e
s
tato
r
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allo
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f
ec
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ter
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in
al
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o
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r
e
g
u
latio
n
b
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co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
DC
v
o
ltag
e
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
m
ac
h
in
e'
s
lig
h
tly
d
am
p
e
d
d
y
n
am
ics
[
5
0
]
.
Fin
ally
,
L
i
et
a
l.
[
5
1
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
m
o
d
el
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
(
MPC
)
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
y
m
an
ag
in
g
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
in
s
y
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tem
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
u
s
in
g
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ad
v
an
ce
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h
y
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id
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a
r
allel
s
tate
o
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er
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er
to
b
alan
ce
d
is
tu
r
b
an
c
e
r
ejec
tio
n
an
d
n
o
is
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
[
5
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Ma
g
n
et
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
s
[
4
8
]
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Per
ce
n
tag
e
s
av
in
g
o
f
m
ater
ial
co
s
t f
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
2
-
5
,
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
with
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
[
4
9
]
7.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
PMG
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
s
m
all
an
d
m
ed
iu
m
-
s
ca
le
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
PMG
o
f
f
e
r
s
ad
v
a
n
t
ag
es
s
u
ch
as h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
c
o
m
p
ac
t d
esig
n
,
a
n
d
r
ed
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ce
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
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ee
d
s
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
id
ea
l
f
o
r
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
lo
w
-
s
p
ee
d
,
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
lik
e
Pico
-
Hy
d
r
o
.
Key
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
clu
d
e
s
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
ag
n
et
an
d
r
o
to
r
d
esig
n
s
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
m
ater
ial
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
to
e
n
h
an
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
wh
ile
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
c
h
allen
g
es
lik
e
h
ig
h
m
ag
n
et
co
s
ts
an
d
th
er
m
al
s
ta
b
ilit
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ch
allen
g
es
r
em
ain
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
r
ed
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cin
g
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
a
g
n
etic
m
ater
ia
ls
an
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
PMG
d
esig
n
f
o
r
v
a
r
ied
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
ater
ials
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
to
r
e
d
u
ce
r
elian
ce
o
n
ex
p
e
n
s
iv
e
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
a
g
n
et
m
ater
ials
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
g
en
er
ato
r
s
(
PMGs).
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t a
n
d
en
h
an
ce
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l sy
s
tem
s
ar
e
es
s
en
tial to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
PMGs
ca
n
o
p
er
at
e
s
tab
ly
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
a
m
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ch
an
g
es
in
wate
r
f
lo
w,
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
o
p
e
r
atin
g
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e.
As
PMG
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
co
n
tin
u
es
to
ad
v
a
n
ce
,
th
ese
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
h
a
v
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
ten
tial
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
wo
r
ld
wid
e.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
g
r
a
titu
d
e
to
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
an
d
Un
iv
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
ik
al
Ma
lay
s
ia
Me
lak
a
(
UT
eM
)
f
o
r
th
e
t
op
-
d
o
wn
R
esear
ch
p
r
o
ject
k
n
o
wn
as
E
lectr
if
icatio
n
o
f
Pico
-
Hy
d
r
o
UT
eM
E
y
e
Statio
n
(
PJ
P/2
0
2
3
/TD
/FKE/S0
1
9
8
4
)
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
g
r
atitu
d
e
f
o
r
th
e
f
in
a
n
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
v
a
r
io
u
s
p
ar
ties
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
t
h
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
an
d
Un
iv
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
ik
al
Ma
lay
s
ia
Me
lak
a
(
UT
eM
)
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
T
o
p
-
Do
wn
p
r
o
ject
titl
ed
E
lectr
if
icatio
n
o
f
Pico
-
Hy
d
r
o
UT
eM
E
y
e
Statio
n
(
PJ
P/2
0
2
3
/TD
/FKE/S0
1
9
8
4
)
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
also
ex
ten
d
th
eir
ap
p
r
e
ciatio
n
to
th
e
UT
eM
P
u
b
licatio
n
I
n
itiativ
e
Sch
em
e
2
0
2
5
–
2
0
2
6
,
w
h
ich
h
elp
ed
co
v
er
th
e
jo
u
r
n
al
p
u
b
licatio
n
f
ee
s
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
th
e
r
ese
ar
ch
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
t
o
b
e
f
o
r
m
ally
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
o
f
a
ca
d
em
ic
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
th
e
b
r
o
ad
er
s
cien
tific
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
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