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1.
I
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D
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O
N
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clim
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ch
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co
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in
cr
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d
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-
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tiv
en
ess
an
d
l
o
w
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lo
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f
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tp
r
in
t
[
1
]
.
Ho
wev
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PV
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tp
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n
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n
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lin
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r
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s
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lar
i
r
r
ad
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a
n
d
tem
p
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r
atu
r
e
[
2
]
.
Ma
x
im
izi
n
g
en
e
r
g
y
y
ield
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
ax
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m
p
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tr
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(
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is
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r
e
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s
s
en
tial f
o
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th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
iab
i
lity
o
f
th
ese
in
s
tallatio
n
s
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
W
h
ile
th
e
p
o
wer
-
v
o
ltag
e
(
P
-
V)
p
r
o
f
ile
s
h
o
ws
a
s
in
g
le
p
ea
k
u
n
d
er
u
n
if
o
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m
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
p
ar
tial
s
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ad
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n
d
itio
n
s
(
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s
)
cr
ea
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co
m
p
lex
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m
u
lti
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m
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al
ch
ar
ac
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is
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a
s
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ax
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m
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ltip
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lo
ca
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m
ax
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m
p
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p
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(
L
MPPs
)
[
5
]
.
T
r
a
d
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n
al
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
lik
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p
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tu
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b
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n
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f
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ail
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.
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tan
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tim
izatio
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(
PS
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f
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s
tag
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r
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co
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en
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d
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am
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v
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o
n
m
en
ts
,
esp
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i
ally
with
s
m
all
s
war
m
s
izes [
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
Me
tah
eu
r
is
tic
tech
n
iq
u
es
lik
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PS
O
an
d
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
(
GA)
s
h
o
w
p
r
o
m
is
e
in
g
l
o
b
al
p
ea
k
d
etec
tio
n
[
8
]
.
Yet,
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
s
till
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
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o
r
en
tr
a
p
m
en
t
in
co
m
p
lex
s
h
ad
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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4
I
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Fu
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eq
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ex
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[
9
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.
T
o
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s
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ap
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ith
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(
NE
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T
h
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ap
p
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ac
h
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ates
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e
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al
s
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r
ch
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f
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GA
with
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in
tellig
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t n
eu
r
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etwo
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k
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ce
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p
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ev
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t e
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en
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T
h
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m
ain
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n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
wo
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k
ar
e:
i)
NE
GA
D
ev
elo
p
m
en
t:
A
n
ew
h
y
b
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i
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
g
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b
al
MPPT
u
n
d
er
co
m
p
le
x
PS
C
s
;
ii)
C
o
m
p
ar
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e
e
v
alu
atio
n
:
A
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
ass
ess
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en
t
ag
ain
s
t
PS
O
u
n
d
er
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ig
h
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lo
w,
an
d
n
o
n
-
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
;
an
d
iii)
Per
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
v
er
if
icat
io
n
:
Dem
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
NE
GA's
s
u
p
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tr
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atica
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ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
2.
SYST
E
M
M
O
D
E
L
I
NG
AN
D
M
E
T
H
O
DS
2
.
1
.
P
V
pa
nel
m
o
del
T
o
ac
cu
r
ately
s
im
u
late
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
g
en
er
ate
an
ac
cu
r
ate
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
ch
o
s
e
to
im
p
lem
en
t
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
d
io
d
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it
m
o
d
el,
wh
i
ch
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
m
o
d
el
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
an
d
wh
ich
s
tr
ik
es
a
g
o
o
d
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
ac
cu
r
ac
y
&
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
ea
s
e
[
1
0
]
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
m
o
d
e
l
co
n
tain
s
a
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
(
R
s
)
w
ith
a
p
ar
alle
l
cir
cu
it
co
n
tain
in
g
a
lig
h
t
-
g
e
n
er
ated
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
(
I
ph
)
,
a
d
io
d
e
(
D)
,
an
d
a
s
h
u
n
t r
esis
tan
ce
(
R
sh
)
.
A
P
V
a
r
r
a
y
'
s
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
l
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
)
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
a
r
e
a
t
t
ac
h
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
n
o
n
-
l
i
n
e
a
r
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
a
t
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
=
.
ℎ
−
.
0
.
[
(
(
+
.
.
.
)
.
.
.
)
−
1
]
−
+
.
.
.
ℎ
(
1
)
ℎ
=
[
,
+
(
−
)
]
.
(
2
)
0
=
.
(
)
3
.
[
.
.
.
(
1
−
1
)
]
(
3
)
I
ph
is
th
e
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
A)
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
an
d
is
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
a
n
d
ce
l
l
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
with
m
ax
im
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
d
es
cr
ib
ed
b
y
(
2
)
.
T
h
e
I
0
ter
m
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
d
i
o
d
e
r
ev
er
s
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t
(
A)
,
wh
ich
is
also
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
v
alu
e
b
ased
o
n
(
3
)
.
2
.
2
.
M
o
delin
g
t
he
DC
-
DC
bo
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
A
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
a
cr
u
cial
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
PV
ar
r
a
y
an
d
th
e
lo
a
d
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
as
th
e
ac
tu
ato
r
f
o
r
th
e
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
1
2
]
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
em
p
lo
y
s
a
b
o
o
s
t
(
s
tep
-
u
p
)
co
n
v
er
ter
,
wh
ich
o
p
e
r
ates,
as
d
esire
d
,
wh
en
th
er
e
is
a
lo
a
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
th
at
ex
ce
ed
s
t
h
e
PV
ar
r
ay
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
s
ch
em
atic
f
o
r
th
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
is
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
D
i
a
g
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
d
i
o
d
e
e
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
[
1
1
]
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
ch
e
m
atic
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
te
r
is
to
v
ar
y
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
will
r
e
g
u
late
its
o
p
er
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e
V
pv
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
I
pv
.
T
h
is
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
ch
a
n
g
in
g
th
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
(
D)
o
f
th
e
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
(
PW
M)
s
ig
n
al
g
iv
en
to
th
e
g
ate
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
wer
s
witch
(
S).
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
d
u
ty
cy
cle
th
at
d
r
iv
es
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
to
o
p
er
ate
at
its
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
[
1
4
]
.
Fo
r
o
p
er
atio
n
in
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
,
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
D
o
f
th
e
s
witch
,
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
V
o
,
an
d
PV a
r
r
ay
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
V
pv
ca
n
b
e
d
e
r
iv
ed
b
y
(
4
)
.
0
=
1
−
(
4
)
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tate
-
s
p
ac
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
iL)
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
(
v
C
)
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
te
r
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
N
eu
r
o
-
ev
o
lu
tio
n
a
r
y
g
e
n
etic
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
fo
r
g
lo
b
a
l MP
P
T u
n
d
er p
a
r
tia
l
…
(
B
en
la
r
ia
I
s
ma
il
)
1501
=
1
(
−
(
1
−
)
.
0
)
(
5
)
=
1
(
(
1
−
)
.
−
0
)
(
6
)
T
h
e
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
'
s
d
u
ty
cy
cle
o
u
t
p
u
t
g
en
er
ates
th
e
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
PW
M
s
ig
n
al,
wh
ich
co
n
t
r
o
ls
th
e
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w
to
th
e
lo
ad
[
1
5
]
.
2
.
3
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n
s
et
up
a
nd
p
a
ra
m
e
t
er
s
T
o
e
v
al
u
at
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
PS
O
c
o
n
t
r
o
ll
er
s
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
N
E
GA
c
o
n
tr
o
l
le
r
s
,
s
im
u
la
ti
o
n
s
w
er
e
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
i
n
th
e
MA
T
L
AB
Si
m
u
li
n
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
cl
u
d
e
d
a
P
V
ar
r
a
y
f
ee
d
i
n
g
a
r
esis
ti
v
e
l
o
a
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
.
T
a
b
le
1
h
as
a
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
im
u
l
ati
o
n
p
a
r
a
m
et
e
r
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
PV
a
r
r
a
y
in
c
lu
d
e
d
f
o
u
r
"
Ad
v
a
n
ce
Po
we
r
A
PI
-
P
3
0
0
"
m
o
d
u
les
li
n
k
e
d
i
n
s
e
r
ies
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Simu
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
(API
-
P
3
0
0
a
t
S
T
C
)
:
P
V
a
r
r
a
y
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
:
B
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
:
S
y
st
e
m
l
o
a
d
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
-
p
o
w
e
r
(
P
m
a
x
)
:
3
0
3
.
1
6
W
O
p
e
n
-
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(V
oc
)
:
4
4
.
8
6
V
S
h
o
r
t
-
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(I
sc
)
:
8
.
5
4
A
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
t
ma
x
p
o
w
e
r
(V
m
pp
)
:
3
7
.
6
6
V
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
t
ma
x
p
o
w
e
r
(I
m
pp
)
:
8
.
0
5
A
S
e
r
i
e
s
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
(
N
s)
:
4
P
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
s
t
r
i
n
g
s (N
p
)
:
1
I
n
p
u
t
-
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
(
L)
:
5
mH
O
u
t
p
u
t
-
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
(
C
)
:
4
7
0
µ
F
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
f
sw
)
:
2
0
k
H
z
R
e
si
st
i
v
e
l
o
a
d
(
R
)
:
5
0
Ω
2
.
4
.
T
he
pa
rt
icle
s
wa
rm
o
pti
m
iza
t
io
n
(
P
SO
)
M
P
P
T
a
lg
o
r
it
hm
PS
O
i
s
a
s
to
ch
asti
c
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
th
at
m
im
ics
th
e
s
o
cial
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
b
i
r
d
f
lo
c
k
s
o
r
f
is
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
MPPT,
PS
O
is
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
f
o
r
g
lo
b
al
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
lik
e
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
b
ec
au
s
e
it
ca
n
lo
ca
te
th
e
GM
PP
b
y
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
th
e
f
u
ll
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
[
1
6
]
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
tar
ts
b
y
cr
ea
tin
g
a
s
war
m
o
f
p
ar
ticles,
ea
ch
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
Fo
r
MPPT,
th
e
"p
o
s
itio
n
"
o
f
a
p
ar
ticle
is
its
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
d
u
ty
cy
cle
(
D)
[
1
8
]
.
E
ac
h
p
ar
ticle'
s
f
itn
es
s
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
its
r
esu
ltin
g
PV
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
.
B
ased
o
n
its
o
wn
b
est
p
o
s
itio
n
(
p
b
est)
an
d
th
e
s
war
m
'
s
g
lo
b
al
b
est
p
o
s
itio
n
(
g
b
est),
ea
c
h
p
ar
ticle
m
o
d
if
ies
its
v
elo
city
.
to
n
av
ig
ate
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
f
lo
wch
a
r
t in
Fig
u
r
e
3
d
etails th
e
PS
O
-
b
ase
d
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ich
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
b
y
r
ep
ea
ted
ly
u
p
d
atin
g
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
v
el
o
city
o
f
ea
c
h
p
ar
ticle
in
t
h
e
s
war
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t f
o
r
MPPT
[
2
0
]
2
.
5
.
T
he
pro
po
s
ed
neuro
-
ev
o
lutio
na
ry
g
enet
ic
a
l
g
o
rit
hm
(
NE
G
A)
M
P
P
T
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
u
p
o
n
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
m
eth
o
d
s
,
th
i
s
p
ap
er
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
o
v
el
N
E
GA.
T
h
is
h
y
b
r
id
m
eth
o
d
m
er
g
es
th
e
g
lo
b
al
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
a
GA
with
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
p
o
wer
o
f
an
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
ANN)
.
T
h
e
s
y
n
er
g
y
b
etwe
en
th
ese
two
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
allo
ws
f
o
r
a
f
aster
an
d
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
l
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
to
t
h
e
GM
PP
,
esp
ec
ially
u
n
d
e
r
ch
allen
g
in
g
p
ar
tial sh
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
4
9
9
-
1509
1502
2
.
6
.
T
he
g
enet
ic
a
lg
o
rit
hm
(
G
A)
f
o
un
da
t
io
n
T
h
e
"e
v
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
"
c
o
r
e
o
f
th
e
NE
GA
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
GA,
a
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
f
in
d
th
e
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
b
y
m
im
ick
in
g
n
atu
r
al
s
elec
tio
n
[2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Fo
r
th
e
MPPT
p
r
o
b
lem
,
ea
ch
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
o
r
"c
h
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e"
d
ir
ec
tly
s
ets
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
D
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
ea
ch
d
u
ty
cy
cle
is
ev
al
u
ated
u
s
in
g
a
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
,
f
(
D)
=
P
pv
,
wh
er
e
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
h
ig
h
er
f
itn
ess
[
2
3
]
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
GA
iter
ativ
ely
r
e
f
in
es
its
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
u
s
in
g
th
r
ee
p
r
im
ar
y
g
e
n
etic
o
p
e
r
a
to
r
s
.
First,
Selectio
n
id
en
tifie
s
p
ar
en
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
b
r
ee
d
i
n
g
,
with
f
itter
in
d
iv
id
u
als
b
ein
g
p
r
ef
e
r
en
t
ially
ch
o
s
en
v
ia
a
R
o
u
lette
W
h
ee
l
m
eth
o
d
[
2
5
]
.
Nex
t,
C
r
o
s
s
o
v
er
co
m
b
in
es
th
ese
p
ar
en
ts
to
g
en
er
ate
n
ew
o
f
f
s
p
r
in
g
.
Fin
ally
,
Mu
tatio
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
s
m
all,
r
a
n
d
o
m
c
h
an
g
es
to
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
wh
ich
p
r
eser
v
e
g
en
etic
d
i
v
er
s
ity
an
d
s
to
p
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
r
o
m
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
in
g
o
n
a
lo
ca
l o
p
tim
u
m
to
o
ea
r
ly
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
2
.
7
.
T
he
neura
l net
wo
rk
int
eg
ra
t
io
n (
T
he
"Neuro
" C
o
mp
o
nent)
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
e
NE
GA
lies
in
its
"n
eu
r
o
"
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
a
p
r
e
-
tr
ain
e
d
ANN
th
at
in
tellig
en
tly
g
u
id
es
th
e
GA'
s
s
ea
r
ch
.
T
h
e
ANN,
im
p
lem
en
ted
as
a
lig
h
t
weig
h
t
m
u
lti
-
lay
er
p
e
r
ce
p
tr
o
n
(
ML
P),
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
s
ea
r
ch
-
r
eg
io
n
p
r
ed
icto
r
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
tr
ain
ed
o
f
f
lin
e
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
lin
k
b
etwe
en
o
b
s
er
v
ab
le
PV
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
(
e.
g
.
,
V
oc
,
I
sc
)
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
le
GM
PP
r
eg
io
n
.
W
h
en
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
a
n
g
e
in
p
o
wer
tr
ig
g
er
s
a
n
ew
s
ea
r
ch
,
th
e
ANN
o
u
tp
u
ts
an
esti
m
ated
o
p
tim
al
d
u
t
y
cy
cle,
Dest.
I
n
s
tead
o
f
s
tar
tin
g
with
a
r
an
d
o
m
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
th
e
GA
is
th
en
i
n
itialized
with
a
s
et
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ce
n
ter
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
th
is
Dest.
T
h
is
"in
tellig
en
t
in
itializatio
n
"
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
th
e
G
A
with
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
h
ea
d
s
tar
t
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
its
s
ea
r
ch
o
n
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
r
eg
io
n
o
f
th
e
P
-
V
cu
r
v
e
a
n
d
d
r
am
ati
ca
lly
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
b
o
t
h
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
s
p
ee
d
an
d
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
f
in
d
in
g
th
e
tr
u
e
GM
PP
.
2.
8
.
NE
G
A
o
pera
t
io
na
l
f
lo
w
T
h
e
NE
GA
-
b
ased
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
co
m
p
lete
o
p
er
atio
n
al
f
lo
wch
ar
t
is
d
ep
icted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
in
s
w
h
en
a
ch
an
g
e
in
co
n
d
itio
n
s
is
d
etec
ted
.
T
h
e
ANN
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
p
r
eli
m
in
ar
y
esti
m
ate
a
n
d
th
en
th
e
GA
will
r
ef
i
n
e
th
e
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
esti
m
ate
o
v
er
s
e
v
er
al
g
en
e
r
atio
n
s
to
ac
c
u
r
ate
ly
f
in
d
th
e
GM
PP
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
ar
am
et
er
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
NE
GA
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
NE
G
A
f
lo
wch
ar
t f
o
r
g
lo
b
al
MPPT
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
N
eu
r
o
-
ev
o
lu
tio
n
a
r
y
g
e
n
etic
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
fo
r
g
lo
b
a
l MP
P
T u
n
d
er p
a
r
tia
l
…
(
B
en
la
r
ia
I
s
ma
il
)
1503
T
ab
le
2
.
NE
GA
co
n
t
r
o
ller
p
a
r
am
eter
s
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
/
m
e
t
h
o
d
C
h
r
o
mo
so
m
e
&
f
i
t
n
e
ss
R
e
p
r
e
se
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
F
i
t
n
e
ss
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
F
l
o
a
t
i
n
g
-
p
o
i
n
t
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
(
D
)
f
(
D
)
=
P
p
v
G
e
n
e
t
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
p
a
r
a
met
e
r
s
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
z
e
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
S
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
C
r
o
ss
o
v
e
r
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
P
c
)
M
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
P
m)
10
5
R
o
u
l
e
t
t
e
W
h
e
e
l
0
.
8
0
.
1
N
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
Ty
p
e
Tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
M
u
l
t
i
-
l
a
y
e
r
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
r
o
n
(
M
LP)
O
f
f
l
i
n
e
(
Le
v
e
n
b
e
r
g
M
a
r
q
u
a
r
d
t
)
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
s
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
G
M
P
P
r
e
g
i
o
n
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
o
test
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
NE
GA
an
d
b
e
n
ch
m
ar
k
a
g
ain
s
t
th
e
PS
O,
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
s
wer
e
ex
ec
u
ted
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
will
f
ir
s
t
d
escr
ib
e
t
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
a
n
d
th
e
test
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
cr
ea
ted
to
ass
ess
th
e
astu
ten
e
s
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller
s
u
n
d
er
m
a
n
y
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
en
we
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
3
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n
s
et
up
W
e
ar
e
g
o
in
g
to
u
s
e
MA
T
L
AB
-
Simu
lin
k
s
o
f
twar
e
to
m
o
d
el
an
d
s
im
u
late
th
e
en
tire
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
ws
th
r
ee
m
ai
n
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
PV
a
r
r
ay
b
lo
ck
is
u
s
ed
to
e
x
p
r
ess
th
e
m
ath
em
atica
l m
o
d
el
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
1
;
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
-
co
n
v
er
ter
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
MPPT
ac
tu
ato
r
;
an
d
th
e
MPPT
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
b
lo
c
k
,
wh
ic
h
is
eith
er
th
e
PS
O
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
NE
GA
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
will b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
5
0
Ω
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
.
Sp
ec
if
ic
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
PV a
r
r
a
y
an
d
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Simp
lifie
d
b
lo
ck
d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
lated
PV
s
y
s
tem
with
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
3
.
2
.
T
est
s
ce
na
rio
s
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
d
eliv
er
a
co
m
p
lete
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
was
te
s
ted
u
n
d
er
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
ca
s
es
.
Fo
r
all
test
s
,
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
was c
o
n
s
tan
t a
t 2
5
°C
:
-
C
ase
1
-
Hig
h
u
n
if
o
r
m
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
:
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
test
ca
s
e
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
an
ef
f
icien
cy
b
aselin
e
o
f
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
p
ee
d
an
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
u
n
if
o
r
m
l
y
at
1
0
0
0
W
/m
².
-
C
ase
2
-
P
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
(
PS
C
)
:
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
test
,
d
esig
n
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
g
lo
b
al
s
ea
r
c
h
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
T
o
cr
ea
te
a
m
u
lti
-
p
ea
k
ed
P
-
V
cu
r
v
e
,
th
e
PV a
r
r
ay
was
m
o
d
elled
as two
s
er
ies
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
u
b
-
s
tr
in
g
s
r
ec
eiv
in
g
n
o
n
-
u
n
if
o
r
m
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
s
o
f
8
0
0
W
/m
²
an
d
3
0
0
W
/m
²,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
-
C
ase
3
-
L
o
w
u
n
if
o
r
m
ir
r
a
d
i
an
ce
:
A
lo
w
-
lig
h
t
test
with
u
n
if
o
r
m
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
o
f
5
0
0
W
/m
²
to
ass
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
less
id
ea
l p
o
wer
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
4
9
9
-
1509
1504
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
'
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
was
an
aly
ze
d
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
tr
ac
k
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e,
an
d
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
s
tab
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
th
ese
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
s
es.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
th
e
PS
C
i
s
d
etailed
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
+
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Simu
lin
k
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
c
r
ea
tin
g
th
e
PS
C
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
lev
els to
s
er
ies
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
u
b
-
s
tr
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
PV a
r
r
ay
3
.
3
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
a
na
ly
s
is
un
der
v
a
ried
irra
dia
nce
co
nd
i
t
io
ns
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
NE
GA
an
d
th
e
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
PS
O
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
was
ev
alu
a
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
th
r
ee
d
ef
in
ed
test
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
PV
ar
r
ay
'
s
I
-
V
an
d
P
-
V
cu
r
v
es
u
n
d
er
u
n
if
o
r
m
illu
m
in
atio
n
(
1
0
0
0
,
8
0
0
,
an
d
5
0
0
W
/m
²)
a
r
e
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
ese
cu
r
v
es
est
ab
lis
h
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
av
ailab
le
u
n
d
er
ea
c
h
co
n
d
itio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
PV a
r
r
ay
(
I
-
V
an
d
P
-
V)
u
n
d
er
u
n
if
o
r
m
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
T
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
s
tep
ch
a
n
g
es
in
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
is
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
Fig
u
r
es
8
,
9
,
an
d
1
0
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
all
th
r
ee
test
ca
s
es
d
u
r
in
g
th
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
es
e
f
ig
u
r
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
v
iew
o
f
th
e
tr
a
ck
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
t
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
-
C
ase
1
-
Hig
h
an
d
u
n
if
o
r
m
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
(0
–
2
s
)
:
As
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
in
itial
p
h
ase
(
0
to
2
s
)
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
,
b
o
th
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
attem
p
t to
tr
ac
k
th
e
MPP o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
4
2
5
.
3
W
.
T
h
e
NE
GA
co
n
tr
o
ller
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
N
eu
r
o
-
ev
o
lu
tio
n
a
r
y
g
e
n
etic
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
fo
r
g
lo
b
a
l MP
P
T u
n
d
er p
a
r
tia
l
…
(
B
en
la
r
ia
I
s
ma
il
)
1505
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
r
ap
i
d
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
,
s
ettlin
g
in
ab
o
u
t
0
.
1
s
,
wh
i
le
th
e
PS
O
co
n
t
r
o
ller
ta
k
es
lo
n
g
er
(
0
.
6
s
)
b
u
t
ac
h
iev
es a
s
lig
h
tly
h
ig
h
e
r
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
p
o
wer
in
th
is
s
p
ec
if
ic
u
n
if
o
r
m
ca
s
e.
-
C
ase
2
-
Par
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
co
n
d
i
tio
n
(2
–
5
s
)
: T
h
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
test
o
f
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
'
g
lo
b
al
s
ea
r
ch
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies.
At
t
=
2
s
,
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
c
h
an
g
es
to
a
n
o
n
-
u
n
if
o
r
m
p
r
o
f
ile
(
8
0
0
W
/m
²
an
d
3
0
0
W
/m
²)
,
c
r
ea
tin
g
a
c
o
m
p
l
ex
P
-
V
cu
r
v
e
with
a
GM
PP
at
1
9
3
8
.
0
7
W
.
T
h
e
PS
O
co
n
t
r
o
ller
(
Fig
u
r
e
8
)
f
ails
to
lo
ca
te
th
e
GM
PP
.
I
t
b
ec
o
m
es
tr
ap
p
ed
in
a
lo
ca
l
m
a
x
im
u
m
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
p
o
wer
o
f
o
n
ly
1
4
7
3
.
4
2
W
.
T
h
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t p
o
wer
lo
s
s
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
wea
k
n
ess
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
PS
O
in
co
m
p
le
x
s
h
ad
in
g
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
s
.
I
n
s
tar
k
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
NE
GA
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
Fig
u
r
e
9
)
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
lly
id
en
tifie
s
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
es
to
th
e
tr
u
e
G
MPP.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
p
lo
t
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
)
,
it
r
a
p
id
ly
escap
es
th
e
lo
ca
l
p
ea
k
an
d
s
ettles
at
a
p
o
wer
o
f
1
9
1
2
.
5
2
W
.
T
h
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
th
e
n
eu
r
o
-
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
in
n
a
v
ig
atin
g
m
u
lti
-
m
o
d
al
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
es.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
is
s
wif
t,
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
with
in
0
.
2
s
o
f
th
e
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
c
h
an
g
e.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
PS
O
co
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
r
ea
ctio
n
to
ab
r
u
p
t sh
if
ts
in
s
o
lar
i
r
r
ad
ian
ce
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Dy
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
NE
GA
co
n
tr
o
ller
u
n
d
er
s
tep
ch
an
g
es in
i
r
r
ad
ian
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
4
9
9
-
1509
1506
-
C
ase
3
-
L
o
w
an
d
u
n
if
o
r
m
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
(
5
s
o
n
war
d
s
)
:
At
t
=
5
s
,
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
is
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
5
0
0
W
/m
²
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ar
r
ay
,
wi
th
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
MPP
o
f
1
2
0
1
.
6
7
W
.
B
o
th
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
tr
ac
k
th
is
n
ew
MPP.
T
h
e
NE
GA
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
ag
ain
s
h
o
ws
a
f
aster
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
o
f
0
.
2
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
PS
O
'
s
1
.
0
s
.
B
o
th
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ac
h
iev
e
e
x
ce
l
len
t stead
y
-
s
tate
ef
f
icien
cy
in
t
h
is
lo
w
-
lig
h
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
a
n
aly
ze
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
y
n
am
ics,
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
d
u
t
y
cy
cl
e
f
o
r
b
o
th
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
co
n
tr
asti
n
g
s
ea
r
ch
b
eh
av
io
r
s
o
f
th
e
two
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
W
h
ile
th
e
PS
O
ex
h
ib
its
h
ig
h
v
o
latilit
y
an
d
wi
d
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
o
s
cillatio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
s
ea
r
ch
p
h
ases
(0
–
2
s
an
d
5
s
+)
,
NE
GA
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
s
tab
le,
d
ec
is
iv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
with
s
m
o
o
th
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
No
tab
ly
,
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
(
2
–
5
s
)
,
th
e
PS
O
d
u
ty
cy
cle
r
em
ain
s
tr
ap
p
ed
in
a
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
u
m
,
wh
er
ea
s
NE
GA
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
in
itiates
a
s
m
o
o
th
s
ea
r
ch
to
lo
ca
te
th
e
tr
u
e
Glo
b
al
MPP d
u
t
y
cy
cle.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
NE
GA
an
d
PS
O
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
u
n
d
er
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
ch
an
g
es
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
ev
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
NE
GA
an
d
PS
O
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
a
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
N
eu
r
o
-
ev
o
lu
tio
n
a
r
y
g
e
n
etic
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
fo
r
g
lo
b
a
l MP
P
T u
n
d
er p
a
r
tia
l
…
(
B
en
la
r
ia
I
s
ma
il
)
1507
3
.
4
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
a
nd
dis
c
us
s
io
n
Fo
r
a
n
u
m
er
ical
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
'
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
an
d
MPPT
tr
ac
k
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
(
η
MPPT)
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
in
ea
ch
ca
s
e
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
i
cien
cy
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
d
i
v
id
i
n
g
th
e
ac
tu
al
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
ted
b
y
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
y
th
e
PV a
r
r
ay
'
s
av
ailab
le
th
eo
r
e
tical
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
,
as g
iv
e
n
b
y
(
7
):
(
%
)
=
×
100
(
7
)
T
ab
le
3
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
t
h
e
k
e
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics.
NE
GA
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
clea
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ad
v
an
tag
e
u
n
d
er
p
a
r
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
(
C
ase
2
)
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
9
8
.
6
9
%
ef
f
icien
cy
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
PS
O’
s
7
6
.
0
2
%,
wh
ich
f
ailed
to
lo
ca
te
th
e
GM
PP
.
B
ey
o
n
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
en
e
r
g
y
y
ield
,
NE
GA’
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
m
in
im
al
o
s
cillatio
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
clea
n
er
cu
r
r
en
t
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
B
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
B
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
d
y
n
am
ic
er
r
o
r
a
n
d
o
f
f
-
p
ea
k
o
p
er
atio
n
,
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
m
in
i
m
izes RMS
cu
r
r
en
t,
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
lo
wer
in
g
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
an
d
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
es in
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
an
d
in
d
u
cto
r
.
T
h
is
en
h
an
ce
s
b
o
th
en
er
g
y
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
an
d
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
PS
O
an
d
NE
GA
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
:
S
t
r
i
n
g
0
1
:
1
0
0
0
w
/
m
2
S
t
r
i
n
g
0
2
:
1
0
0
0
w
/
m
2
r
e
sp
o
n
s
e
-
t
i
m
e
(
s)
I
r
r
(
p
a
r
t
i
a
l
sh
a
d
i
n
g
)
:
S
t
r
i
n
g
0
1
:
8
0
0
w
/
m
2
S
t
r
i
n
g
0
2
:
3
0
0
w
/
m
2
r
e
sp
o
n
s
e
–
t
i
me
(
s)
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
:
S
t
r
i
n
g
0
1
:
5
0
0
w
/
m
2
S
t
r
i
n
g
0
2
:
5
0
0
w
/
m
2
r
e
sp
o
n
s
e
-
t
i
m
e
(
s)
P
o
w
e
r
s
y
st
e
m
0
1
P
S
O
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m (W
)
2
2
6
3
.
0
8
0
.
6
1
4
7
3
.
4
2
0
.
2
1
1
9
7
.
9
2
1
P
o
w
e
r
s
y
st
e
m
0
2
N
EG
A
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
(W)
2
1
2
3
0
.
1
1
9
1
2
.
5
2
0
.
2
1
1
9
7
.
9
2
0
.
2
P
V
f
i
e
l
d
m
a
x
P
o
w
e
r
(W)
2
4
2
5
.
3
1
9
3
8
.
0
7
1
2
0
1
.
6
7
ηM
P
P
T
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
sy
st
e
m
0
1
(
%)
9
3
.
3
1
7
6
.
0
2
9
9
.
6
9
ηM
P
P
T
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
sy
st
e
m
0
2
(
%)
8
7
.
5
3
9
8
.
6
9
9
9
.
6
9
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
NE
GA
f
o
r
PV
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
.
MA
T
L
AB
/
Simu
lin
k
s
im
u
latio
n
s
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
ied
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
PS
C
co
n
f
ir
m
NE
G
A's
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
o
v
er
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
W
h
ile
b
o
th
p
er
f
o
r
m
well
u
n
d
er
u
n
if
o
r
m
lig
h
t,
NE
GA
e
x
ce
ls
in
co
m
p
lex
PS
C
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
-
ac
h
iev
in
g
9
8
.
6
9
%
tr
ac
k
in
g
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
wh
er
ea
s
PS
O
is
tr
ap
p
ed
in
lo
ca
l
o
p
ti
m
a
at
o
n
ly
7
6
.
0
2
%.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
NE
GA’
s
h
y
b
r
i
d
GA
-
NN
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
en
s
u
r
es
f
aster
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
es
a
n
d
m
in
im
al
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
d
u
r
in
g
d
y
n
am
ic
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
g
lo
b
al
MPPT.
Fu
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
will
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ta
l
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
NE
GA
co
n
tr
o
ller
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
a
r
d
war
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
n
a
D
SP
o
r
FP
GA.
T
esti
n
g
o
n
p
h
y
s
ical
PV
ar
r
ay
s
will
v
er
if
y
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ag
ain
s
t
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
n
o
is
e
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
n
o
n
-
id
ea
liti
es,
p
a
v
in
g
th
e
way
f
o
r
co
m
m
er
cial
ap
p
licatio
n
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
th
an
k
th
e
L
a
b
o
r
ato
r
y
o
f
Su
s
tain
ab
le
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scien
ce
(
L
DDI
)
at
Ah
m
ed
Dr
aia
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
A
d
r
ar
,
f
o
r
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
ac
a
d
e
m
ic
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
th
at
m
ad
e
th
is
r
esear
ch
f
ea
s
ib
le
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
th
at
n
o
ex
ter
n
al
f
u
n
d
in
g
was
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
,
ex
ec
u
tio
n
,
o
r
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
was
co
n
d
u
cted
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
'
r
eg
u
lar
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
tiv
ities
at
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT
)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
4
9
9
-
1509
1508
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
B
en
lar
ia
I
s
m
ail
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
L
aid
i
Ab
d
allah
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Fen
n
ich
e
Ay
o
u
b
✓
✓
✓
✓
B
elh
ad
j M
o
h
am
m
ed
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
th
e
y
h
av
e
n
o
k
n
o
wn
c
o
m
p
etin
g
f
in
an
cial
in
ter
ests
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
th
at
co
u
ld
h
av
e
ap
p
ea
r
ed
t
o
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
wo
r
k
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
All
d
ata
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
a
u
th
o
r
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
B
.
I
smai
l
,
B
.
M
o
h
a
mm
e
d
,
O
.
A
b
d
e
l
k
h
a
l
e
k
,
a
n
d
S
.
E
l
h
a
d
j
,
“
A
n
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
st
u
d
y
o
f
P
V
/
T
s
y
st
e
m
u
s
i
n
g
p
a
r
a
b
o
l
i
c
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
o
r
s
a
n
d
h
e
a
t
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
r
,
”
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
1
2
9
7
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
e
e
c
s.
v
2
4
.
i
3
.
p
p
1
2
9
7
-
1
3
0
6
.
[
2
]
B
.
I
smai
l
,
B
.
M
o
h
a
mm
e
d
,
O
.
A
b
d
e
l
k
h
a
l
e
k
,
B
.
Za
k
a
r
i
a
,
a
n
d
C
.
A
b
d
e
sel
e
m,
“
S
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
st
a
n
d
-
a
l
o
n
e
m
i
n
i
-
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
sy
st
e
m
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
f
o
r
f
a
r
ms
,
”
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
4
8
7
–
4
9
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
3
-
0
3
0
-
3
7
2
0
7
-
1
_
5
2
.
[
3
]
R
.
B
.
B
o
l
l
i
p
o
,
S
.
M
i
k
k
i
l
i
,
a
n
d
P
.
K
.
B
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