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u
r
d
u
e
to
th
e
v
o
latilit
y
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
g
e
n
er
ati
o
n
,
wh
ic
h
ch
a
n
g
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
a
y
an
d
with
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
6
]
.
Un
lik
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
s
o
lar
PV
lack
s
th
e
in
h
er
e
n
t
in
er
tia
th
at
h
elp
s
s
tab
ilize
g
r
id
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
m
ak
i
n
g
r
ap
i
d
ch
an
g
es
in
s
o
lar
o
u
t
p
u
t
m
o
r
e
d
i
f
f
icu
lt
to
m
a
n
ag
e
[
4
]
.
I
n
e
x
t
r
em
e
ca
s
es,
s
o
lar
PV
g
en
er
atio
n
ca
n
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
0
%
to
1
0
0
%
o
f
its
ca
p
a
city
with
in
m
in
u
tes,
lead
in
g
t
o
s
u
d
d
en
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
ev
iatio
n
s
ca
u
s
in
g
g
r
id
in
s
tab
ilit
y
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
ca
s
ca
d
in
g
f
ailu
r
es
o
r
b
lack
o
u
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
v
ar
iatio
n
s
m
a
y
d
am
ag
e
s
en
s
itiv
e
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t,
lo
we
r
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
elec
tr
ical
d
e
v
ices,
an
d
d
eg
r
ad
e
o
v
er
all
PQ [
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
HD
V
q
u
an
tifie
s
th
e
d
e
v
iatio
n
o
f
a
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
f
r
o
m
its
id
ea
l
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
s
h
ap
e
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
v
o
ltag
e.
T
HD
V
in
GC
PV
p
r
im
ar
ily
o
r
ig
in
ates
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
witch
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
o
f
i
n
v
er
ter
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
e
n
o
p
er
atin
g
u
n
d
er
p
ar
tial
lo
ad
s
o
r
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
in
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
s
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
s
witch
es
an
d
r
ec
tifie
r
s
,
in
h
er
en
tly
g
en
e
r
ate
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
.
E
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
T
HD
V
p
o
s
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
is
k
s
to
th
e
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
,
ca
u
s
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
f
l
u
ctu
atio
n
s
,
d
e
cr
ea
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
in
ter
f
e
r
in
g
wit
h
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
1
5
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
it
lead
s
to
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
in
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
a
n
d
m
o
to
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
d
u
ce
d
ed
d
y
cu
r
r
en
ts
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
life
s
p
an
o
f
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
b
an
k
s
,
an
d
p
o
ten
tially
d
am
ag
in
g
s
en
s
itiv
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
Fo
r
g
r
id
o
p
e
r
ato
r
s
,
elev
ated
T
HD
V
co
m
p
licates
s
y
s
tem
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
o
f
ten
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
m
itig
atio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
s
u
ch
as
ac
tiv
e
f
ilter
in
g
o
r
s
p
ec
ialized
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
d
esig
n
s
to
m
ain
tain
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
PQ
[
5
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
Stan
d
ar
d
s
a
n
d
g
u
id
elin
es
en
f
o
r
ce
s
tr
ict
T
HD
V
lim
its
o
f
less
th
a
n
5
%,
im
p
lem
en
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
s
witch
in
g
te
ch
n
iq
u
es a
n
d
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
T
HD
V
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
GC
PV p
en
etr
atio
n
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
6
]
‒
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
(
1
)
‒
(
4
)
p
r
esen
t
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
f
o
r
m
u
las
f
o
r
ev
al
u
atin
g
T
HD
V
with
in
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
e
(
1
)
d
ef
in
es
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
(V
RMS
)
,
wh
ich
co
m
p
u
t
es
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
al
u
e
in
a
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
(
2
)
ca
lcu
lates
cu
r
r
en
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD
I
)
,
wh
er
e
th
e
n
u
m
er
ato
r
ag
g
r
eg
ates
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
th
e
d
en
o
m
in
ato
r
s
u
m
s
all
cu
r
r
en
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
(
3
)
m
ea
s
u
r
es
T
HD
V
in
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
ca
le
with
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
es
in
d
icatin
g
g
r
ea
ter
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
T
h
e
(
4
)
ex
p
r
ess
es
T
HD
V
a
s
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
v
o
ltag
e,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
m
etr
ic
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
T
HD
V
an
d
PQ
,
wh
ich
is
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
T
HD
V
.
T
h
ese
eq
u
atio
n
s
en
a
b
le
q
u
an
tific
atio
n
an
d
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
T
HD
V
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
,
esp
ec
ia
lly
in
s
y
s
tem
s
with
n
o
n
-
lin
e
ar
lo
ad
s
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
wh
er
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
m
alf
u
n
ctio
n
,
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es [
5
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
=
√
1
∫
2
0
(
1
)
=
√
∑
2
∞
=
2
∑
2
∞
=
1
(
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
4
2
6
-
1439
1428
(
)
=
√
∑
2
∞
=
2
∑
2
∞
=
1
(
3
)
(
%
)
=
√
∑
(
.
)
2
∞
=
2
(
1
.
)
∗
100
(
4
)
Ma
lay
s
ia
au
th
o
r
ities
h
ad
im
p
lem
en
ted
s
ev
er
al
g
u
id
elin
es
an
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
th
at
o
u
tlin
e
tech
n
ical
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
f
o
r
GC
PV
in
s
tallatio
n
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
an
d
T
HD
V
.
T
h
ese
g
u
id
elin
e
s
em
p
h
asize
p
r
o
p
er
in
v
er
te
r
d
es
ig
n
an
d
g
r
id
c
o
m
p
lian
ce
to
m
i
n
im
i
ze
th
e
a
d
v
er
s
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
B
y
en
f
o
r
ci
n
g
th
ese
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
Ma
lay
s
ian
au
th
o
r
ities
aim
to
in
teg
r
ate
GC
PV
in
to
its
p
o
wer
g
r
id
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
i
n
g
g
r
id
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
to
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
[
1
7
]
.
E
n
s
u
r
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
tab
ilit
y
i
n
Ma
lay
s
ia’
s
GC
PV
ec
o
s
y
s
te
m
s
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
al
len
g
e.
T
h
e
in
ter
m
itten
t
n
atu
r
e
o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
,
wh
ich
f
l
u
ctu
ates
d
u
e
t
o
c
lo
u
d
m
o
v
em
en
t,
wea
th
er
v
ar
ia
tio
n
s
,
an
d
s
ea
s
o
n
al
ch
an
g
es
,
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
s
u
d
d
en
s
u
r
g
es
o
r
d
r
o
p
s
in
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
a
tio
n
,
m
ak
in
g
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
m
a
in
tain
th
e
n
atio
n
al
g
r
id
’
s
5
0
Hz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
Ma
lay
s
ia’
s
h
ig
h
h
u
m
i
d
ity
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
t
tr
o
p
ical
s
to
r
m
s
f
u
r
th
er
am
p
lify
th
ese
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
An
ex
am
p
le
o
f
a
ty
p
ical
cl
im
ate
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
tab
le
s
h
o
ws
th
at
Ma
lay
s
ia
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
f
r
e
q
u
en
t
r
ai
n
f
all,
th
u
n
d
e
r
s
to
r
m
s
,
an
d
o
v
er
ca
s
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
GC
PV
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
lim
itin
g
d
ir
ec
t
s
u
n
lig
h
t
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
if
f
u
s
e
r
ad
iatio
n
.
Hig
h
tem
p
e
r
at
u
r
es
f
u
r
th
er
d
im
in
is
h
p
an
el
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
u
e
to
h
ea
t
-
r
elate
d
lo
s
s
es.
Desp
ite
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
th
e
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
'
s
s
tr
o
n
g
e
q
u
ato
r
ial
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
to
g
eth
er
with
s
tr
o
n
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
,
is
d
r
i
v
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
g
r
o
wth
i
n
s
o
lar
g
en
er
atio
n
i
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
[
7
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
An
o
th
er
m
ajo
r
c
h
allen
g
e
is
in
teg
r
atin
g
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
an
d
s
m
all
GC
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
,
with
Ma
lay
s
ia’
s
g
r
id
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
[
1
1
]
.
Ma
n
y
p
a
r
ts
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
s
till
r
el
y
o
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
wer
e
n
o
t
d
esig
n
ed
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
h
ig
h
G
C
PV
p
en
etr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
a
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
ch
al
len
g
e
in
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
in
ar
ea
s
with
a
h
ig
h
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
GC
PV
[
3
]
.
A
lth
o
u
g
h
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
o
licies
an
d
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
ass
is
ted
in
m
an
ag
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
f
lu
ctu
ati
o
n
s
,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
r
em
ain
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
lo
w
p
ac
e
o
f
g
r
id
m
o
d
er
n
izatio
n
a
n
d
lim
it
ed
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
g
ap
s
in
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
an
d
p
o
licies
h
in
d
e
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
en
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
o
f
g
r
i
d
co
m
p
lian
ce
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
GC
PV.
Ma
in
tain
in
g
T
HD
V
with
in
l
im
its
in
Ma
lay
s
ia’
s
GC
PV
g
en
er
atio
n
also
p
r
esen
ts
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
ch
allen
g
es.
Ma
n
y
lo
wer
-
co
s
t
o
r
o
ld
er
s
o
lar
PV
in
v
er
ter
s
lack
ad
v
an
ce
d
f
ilter
in
g
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
,
lead
in
g
to
h
ig
h
er
T
HD
V
in
jectio
n
s
in
to
t
h
e
g
r
id
,
p
o
ten
tially
d
am
ag
in
g
s
en
s
itiv
e
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
g
r
i
d
ef
f
icien
cy
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
r
eg
io
n
s
with
h
ig
h
GC
PV
p
en
etr
atio
n
,
p
o
o
r
ly
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
in
v
er
ter
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
ca
n
lead
to
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
r
eso
n
an
ce
,
ex
ac
er
b
atin
g
T
HD
V
is
s
u
es
[
2
5
]
.
Hig
h
e
r
co
s
t
f
o
r
m
itig
atio
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
f
ilter
s
an
d
in
v
e
r
ter
s
with
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
f
ea
tu
r
es
,
h
as
h
in
d
er
e
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
itig
atio
n
st
r
ateg
ies.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
lack
o
f
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
an
d
en
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
f
o
r
T
HD
V
co
m
p
lian
ce
m
ak
es
it
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
d
etec
t
an
d
m
itig
ate
e
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
T
HD
V
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
y
im
p
ac
t
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
ap
p
lian
ce
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Ma
lay
s
ia
clim
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
C
l
i
ma
t
e
p
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
A
v
e
.
r
a
i
n
f
a
l
l
3
6
5
m
m/
m
o
n
t
h
1
4
0
m
m/
m
o
n
t
h
Te
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
3
9
.
0
°C
1
9
.
6
°C
W
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
2
4
.
4
m/
s
7
.
0
m
/
s
P
r
e
c
i
p
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
2
7
2
d
a
y
s
1
8
0
d
a
y
s
/
y
e
a
r
Th
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
o
r
m
1
5
6
d
a
y
s
/
y
e
a
r
9
0
d
a
y
s
/
y
e
a
r
T
ab
le
2
.
Sm
all
-
s
ca
le
GC
PV
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
Lo
c
a
t
i
o
n
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
(
M
W
)
Lo
c
a
t
i
o
n
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
(
M
W
)
Jo
h
o
r
2
3
8
.
5
P
e
r
l
i
s
4
5
.
3
M
e
l
a
k
a
7
8
.
2
K
e
l
a
n
t
a
n
6
8
.
9
N
e
g
e
r
i
S
e
m
b
i
l
a
n
9
2
.
7
Te
r
e
n
g
g
a
n
u
5
7
.
1
S
e
l
a
n
g
o
r
3
1
2
.
4
P
a
h
a
n
g
1
0
3
.
5
P
e
r
a
k
1
5
6
.
8
S
a
r
a
w
a
k
8
9
.
7
K
e
d
a
h
1
2
4
.
6
S
a
b
a
h
1
1
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
C
o
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
a
s
s
es
s
men
t a
n
d
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f freq
u
en
cy
flu
ct
u
a
tio
n
a
n
d
…
(
Ha
s
if Mo
h
a
ma
d
)
1429
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
an
d
T
HD
V
with
in
an
1
1
k
V/4
0
0
V
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
3
9
9
k
W
p
GC
PV
s
y
s
tem
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
is
lim
ited
to
th
ese
two
PQ
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
ex
clu
d
in
g
o
th
er
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
o
r
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
is
s
u
es.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
ass
ess
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
GC
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
n
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
T
HD
V
lev
els
u
s
in
g
an
em
p
ir
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
in
ter
m
itten
t
n
atu
r
e
o
f
GC
PV
a
n
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
in
v
er
ter
-
b
ased
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
g
r
id
d
ata
an
d
d
etailed
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
to
ev
alu
ate
s
y
s
tem
b
eh
av
i
o
r
.
Statis
t
ical
an
aly
s
is
,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
aly
s
is
,
was
ap
p
lied
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
an
d
T
HD
V
ex
ce
ed
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
lim
its
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
o
f
f
er
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
P
Q
co
m
p
lian
ce
in
GC
PV
in
teg
r
ated
n
etwo
r
k
s
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
g
r
id
m
an
a
g
em
e
n
t f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
[
1
3
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ts
a
u
n
iq
u
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
PQ
s
tu
d
y
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
em
p
ir
ical
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
f
lu
c
tu
atio
n
an
d
T
HD
V
in
a
3
9
9
k
W
p
GC
PV
in
s
tallat
io
n
with
in
Ma
lay
s
ia’
s
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
s
th
at
ty
p
ically
a
n
a
ly
ze
v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
r
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
in
is
o
latio
n
,
th
is
p
ap
er
in
teg
r
a
tes
f
ield
PQ
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
with
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
im
u
latio
n
–
v
alid
atio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
in
clu
d
es
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
So
lcast
A
PI,
PVS
YST
en
e
r
g
y
m
o
d
ellin
g
,
an
d
Po
wer
L
o
g
5
.
9
d
ata
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
in
d
ices
an
d
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
aly
s
is
f
u
r
th
er
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
es
th
is
s
tu
d
y
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
s
tatis
tical
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
PQ
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
u
n
d
er
ac
t
u
al
GC
PV
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
t
h
ese
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
f
ill
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
g
ap
in
lo
ca
l
PQ
ass
es
s
m
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
u
tili
ties
,
en
g
in
ee
r
s
,
a
n
d
p
o
licy
m
a
k
e
r
s
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
as GCP
V
p
en
etr
at
io
n
in
cr
ea
s
es.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
teg
r
ates
em
p
ir
ical
PQ
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
,
s
tatis
t
ica
l
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
-
b
ased
ev
alu
atio
n
to
ass
ess
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
an
d
T
HD
V
in
a
GC
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
iv
e
m
ain
s
tag
es
:
s
ite
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
s
y
s
tem
d
escr
ip
tio
n
,
PQ
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
an
d
d
ata
lo
g
g
in
g
,
GC
PV
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
,
co
m
p
lian
ce
ev
al
u
atio
n
ag
ain
s
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
an
d
s
tatis
t
ical
an
aly
s
is
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
o
v
er
all
wo
r
k
f
lo
w.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
esear
ch
f
lo
wc
h
ar
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
4
2
6
-
1439
1430
2
.
1
.
Site
s
elec
t
io
n a
nd
s
y
s
t
em
des
cr
iptio
n
A
co
m
m
er
cial
r
o
o
f
to
p
GC
PV
in
s
tallatio
n
r
ated
at
3
9
9
k
W
p
was
s
elec
ted
as
th
e
c
ase
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
1
1
k
V/4
0
0
V
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ia
n
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
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[
3
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
0
8
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4
I
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Dr
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1
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2
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20
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6
:
1
4
2
6
-
1439
1432
Pro
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s
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I
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2088
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1433
3.
RE
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r
s
–
1
2
:
0
0
h
o
u
r
s
)
,
lik
ely
d
u
e
to
in
v
er
t
er
o
p
er
atio
n
o
r
GC
PV
to
g
r
id
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
h
ig
h
g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
W
h
ile
th
ese
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
G
C
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
n
o
cr
itic
al
PQ
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
,
v
is
u
al
an
aly
s
is
alo
n
e
p
r
o
v
es
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
estab
lis
h
p
r
ec
is
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
am
o
n
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
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v
an
ce
d
s
tatis
t
ics
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
to
q
u
an
tify
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
r
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n
s
h
ip
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
T
HD
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’
s
m
ild
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
o
n
s
o
lar
ac
tiv
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as
s
ee
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
7
.
Su
ch
an
al
y
s
is
wo
u
ld
f
u
r
th
e
r
v
alid
ate
s
y
s
tem
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
g
u
id
e
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies f
o
r
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
v
is
u
al
in
s
p
ec
tio
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
im
p
lem
en
ts
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
tati
s
tica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
PQ
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
GC
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
d
e
s
cr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tica
l
an
aly
s
is
to
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
k
ey
p
ar
am
eter
s
'
s
tab
ilit
y
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
to
q
u
a
n
tify
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
estab
lis
h
ed
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
,
an
d
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
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an
aly
s
is
to
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
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alu
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o
te
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tial
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s
h
ip
s
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etwe
en
s
o
lar
g
e
n
er
atio
n
v
a
r
iab
ilit
y
an
d
PQ in
d
icato
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
o
m
b
i
n
ed
tim
e
s
er
ie
s
d
ata
f
o
r
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
tu
d
y
GC
PV
3
.
1
.
Descript
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
T
ab
le
8
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
,
m
in
im
u
m
,
m
ed
ia
n
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m
e
an
,
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
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n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
e
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cy
ar
e
v
e
r
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clo
s
e
to
t
h
e
n
o
m
in
al
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
v
alu
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o
f
5
0
.
0
0
Hz
±
1
%,
in
d
icatin
g
tig
h
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
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n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
,
m
i
n
im
u
m
,
m
ed
ian
,
m
ea
n
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d
s
tan
d
ar
d
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e
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v
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o
f
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V
ac
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th
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h
ases
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e
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s
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ch
o
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er
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d
well
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w
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e
m
a
x
im
u
m
5
%
lim
it
s
et
b
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
g
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id
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Ho
wev
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,
th
e
s
p
r
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d
is
s
lig
h
tl
y
lar
g
e
r
in
T
HD
VBN
,
with
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
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n
o
f
0
.
1
2
2
,
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
T
HD
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
4
2
6
-
1439
1434
an
d
T
HD
VCN
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
T
HD
VBN
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
m
o
r
e
v
ar
iab
le
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
wh
ic
h
co
u
ld
s
u
g
g
est
p
h
ase
im
b
alan
ce
,
v
ar
y
in
g
l
o
ad
c
o
n
d
i
tio
n
s
,
o
r
in
v
er
ter
ef
f
ec
ts
u
n
iq
u
e
to
th
at
p
h
ase.
T
ab
le
9
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
th
e
s
k
ew
n
ess
v
alu
e
in
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
tr
an
s
lated
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
n
ea
r
-
ze
r
o
s
k
ewn
ess
v
alu
es
i
n
d
icate
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o
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d
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tio
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o
f
f
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a
n
d
T
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ata.
Ho
we
v
e
r
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T
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tly
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ig
h
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id
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its
lar
g
er
s
tan
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ar
d
d
e
v
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n
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s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
o
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asio
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h
e
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s
is
ten
t
elev
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in
T
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VBN
r
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tiv
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ay
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ce
s
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m
m
en
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ase
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p
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d
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p
a
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e
h
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io
r
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k
s
th
e
d
is
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im
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ativ
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s
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ic
s
y
s
t
em
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ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
m
etr
ics
ca
n
n
o
t
ca
p
tu
r
e
tim
e
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d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
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s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
ex
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
n
o
r
ca
n
th
ey
d
etec
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tr
an
s
ien
t
ev
en
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o
r
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
p
atter
n
s
c
r
itical
f
o
r
PQ
d
iag
n
o
s
is
in
GC
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
es
n
o
tem
p
o
r
al
co
m
p
lian
ce
tr
en
d
s
o
r
v
io
latio
n
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
ies in
s
ig
h
ts
,
wh
ich
ar
e
b
etter
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
an
d
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
an
al
y
s
es.
T
ab
le
8
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
an
al
y
s
is
r
esu
lt tab
le
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
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e
a
n
v
a
l
u
e
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t
a
n
d
a
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d
d
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v
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a
t
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n
M
i
n
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m
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m
v
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u
e
M
e
d
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a
n
v
a
l
u
e
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
a
l
u
e
S
k
e
w
n
e
ss (
γ
)
F
r
e
q
u
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n
c
y
(
H
z
)
4
9
.
9
8
8
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3
4
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9
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4
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.
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5
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0
9
3
2
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2
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TH
D
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(
%)
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.
4
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0
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1
1
9
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7
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3
6
TH
D
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(
%)
1
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4
1
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1
2
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.
1
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7
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4
1
TH
D
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CN
(
%)
1
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3
5
0
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1
1
3
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.
1
4
2
1
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3
2
1
1
.
6
2
2
0
.
3
9
T
ab
le
9
.
Sk
ewn
ess
v
alu
e
in
te
r
p
r
etatio
n
tab
le
S
k
e
w
n
e
ss
v
a
l
u
e
(
γ
)
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
R
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l
e
v
a
n
c
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t
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p
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w
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q
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a
l
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d
a
t
a
γ
≈
0
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mm
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t
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l
d
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b
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t
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d
e
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l
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d
c
o
n
d
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t
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n
f
o
r
f
r
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q
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c
y
a
n
d
TH
D
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>
0
P
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si
t
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v
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sk
e
w
(
r
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t
t
a
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l
)
M
a
y
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d
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t
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f
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TH
D
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<
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e
g
a
t
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v
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sk
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w
(
l
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f
t
t
a
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l
)
R
a
r
e
i
n
p
o
w
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sy
s
t
e
m
s;
c
o
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l
d
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g
g
e
s
t
mea
s
u
r
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me
n
t
b
i
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s
|
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|
<
0
.
5
N
e
a
r
n
o
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ma
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t
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|
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q
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t
a
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t
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u
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n
c
e
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n
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
3
.
2
.
P
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
pa
bil
it
y
a
na
l
y
s
is
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
an
al
y
s
is
f
o
r
th
e
GC
PV
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
,
ass
ess
es
h
o
w
well
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
f
lu
ct
u
ates
ar
o
u
n
d
5
0
Hz
±
1
%.
B
o
th
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
an
d
with
in
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
ia
tio
n
s
ar
e
v
er
y
lo
w,
in
d
icatin
g
a
s
tab
le
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
e
r
io
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics
(
PP
M)
v
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es
ar
e
all
eq
u
al
to
0
.
0
0
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
e
v
er
y
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
m
ee
ts
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
.
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k
ey
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
m
etr
ics
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
th
e
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
3
3
,
in
d
icatin
g
ex
ce
llen
t
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ai
n
tain
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
with
in
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
P
p
v
alu
es
o
f
5
.
4
9
an
d
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k
v
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es
o
f
5
.
3
6
s
h
o
w
th
at
t
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
th
e
s
p
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if
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b
u
t
also
ce
n
ter
ed
well
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in
th
e
lim
its
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im
p
ly
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g
th
at
th
e
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y
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tem
's
f
r
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e
x
h
ib
its
ex
ce
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tio
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al
s
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ilit
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d
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
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h
e
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aly
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is
p
r
ed
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ir
tu
all
y
ze
r
o
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r
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t
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y
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e
0
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0
PP
M
v
alu
es
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o
r
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o
th
L
SL
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d
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at
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n
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id
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ce
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h
ese
r
esu
lts
a
s
s
u
r
e
co
n
tin
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ed
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m
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lian
ce
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n
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r
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r
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o
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atin
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o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
r
e
m
ain
s
p
r
u
d
en
t
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im
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lem
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t
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er
io
d
ic
m
o
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it
o
r
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to
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y
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o
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iatio
n
d
u
e
to
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h
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er
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atter
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.
T
h
e
a
b
s
en
ce
o
f
o
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s
er
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ed
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io
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s
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th
e
m
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im
al
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s
k
o
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f
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tu
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c
o
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m
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ce
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est
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r
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l
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is
m
s
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o
r
f
r
eq
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e
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cy
r
eg
u
latio
n
ar
e
h
i
g
h
ly
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ato
r
s
in
m
ain
tain
in
g
g
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id
s
tab
ilit
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an
d
p
lan
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g
f
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
o
f
T
HD
V
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
ex
em
p
lar
y
co
m
p
lian
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with
th
e
estab
lis
h
ed
5
%
lim
it
ac
r
o
s
s
all
th
r
ee
p
h
a
s
es,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
9
-
1
1
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
ls
e
x
ce
p
tio
n
ally
s
tab
le
p
er
f
o
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m
an
ce
,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
d
b
y
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in
im
al
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iatio
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ze
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o
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n
f
o
r
m
in
g
,
with
PP
M
eq
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al
to
0
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0
0
.
C
ap
ab
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in
d
ices
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
e
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ce
e
d
th
e
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ch
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ar
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with
Pp
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g
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o
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6
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8
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3
6
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d
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icat
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o
t
o
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ly
r
o
b
u
s
t
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r
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ce
s
s
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t
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tim
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ce
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tr
in
g
with
in
s
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ec
if
icatio
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lim
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T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
tatis
tical
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alid
ate
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e
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y
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tem
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ilit
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to
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ain
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m
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n
ea
r
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ce
r
tain
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r
o
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ab
ilit
y
o
f
co
n
tin
u
ed
ad
h
e
r
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ce
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n
d
er
cu
r
r
en
t
o
p
er
atin
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
g
iv
e
n
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
n
atu
r
e
o
f
GC
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
it
i
s
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
to
im
p
lem
en
t
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
o
n
ito
r
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g
to
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etec
t
em
er
g
in
g
h
ar
m
o
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ic
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is
to
r
tio
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en
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s
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d
m
itig
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er
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PQ
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es
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r
o
ac
tiv
ely
in
ev
o
lv
i
n
g
p
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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1435
Fig
u
r
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.
Pro
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s
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p
ab
ilit
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aly
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is
o
f
f
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eq
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en
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lu
ctu
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Fig
u
r
e
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.
Pro
ce
s
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
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aly
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is
o
f
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Fig
u
r
e
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.
Pro
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s
s
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ab
ilit
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aly
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is
o
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u
r
e
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1
.
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s
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
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aly
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is
o
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3
.
3
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e
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rr
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h
e
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atr
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r
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ex
am
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ter
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I
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Po
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o
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ib
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r
tr
e
n
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s
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etwe
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eq
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e
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cy
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eit
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r
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ata
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o
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ts
r
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n
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ly
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ted
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e
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1
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g
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h
is
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is
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al
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atter
n
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g
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ests
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eg
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ib
le
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r
r
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n
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etwe
en
f
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s
tab
ilit
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o
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o
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1
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o
r
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o
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en
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ir
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e
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te
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h
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ete
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ai
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ta
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o
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u
s
t
g
r
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r
e
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latio
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a
n
d
th
e
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ited
GC
PV
p
en
etr
atio
n
lev
el
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
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h
e
r
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lts
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n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
ef
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ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
ex
is
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g
f
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eq
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en
cy
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n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
in
m
itig
atin
g
s
o
lar
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en
er
ati
o
n
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r
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ilit
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.
Fig
u
r
e
s
13
‒
1
6
p
r
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t
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tter
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lo
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
d
is
tin
ct
p
atter
n
s
in
T
HD
V
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
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h
e
r
an
d
o
m
d
is
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er
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io
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o
f
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HD
V
d
ata
p
o
in
ts
ag
ain
s
t
b
o
th
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d
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jecte
d
p
o
wer
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e
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als
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o
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is
ce
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ib
le
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r
r
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o
n
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s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
t
h
at
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lev
els
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e
m
ain
ly
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r
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y
in
v
e
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ter
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witch
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g
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eh
av
io
r
,
n
etwo
r
k
im
p
ed
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ce
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is
tr
ib
u
tio
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n
d
p
r
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ailin
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d
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n
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itio
n
s
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
in
ter
-
p
h
ase
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co
m
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ar
is
o
n
s
ex
h
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tly
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s
ter
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r
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ib
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tio
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s
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o
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g
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in
e
d
d
iag
o
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d
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th
at
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al
ly
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n
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ir
m
s
tr
o
n
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
u
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lin
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etwe
en
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h
ases
.
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an
titativ
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aly
s
is
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
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o
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s
er
v
atio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
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n
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
.
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h
e
e
x
ce
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tio
n
ally
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ig
h
r
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et
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ases
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em
o
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ate
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r
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ic
sy
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ch
r
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n
izatio
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ac
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o
s
s
th
e
th
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ee
-
p
h
ase
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tem
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h
is
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h
ase
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to
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p
h
ase
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
lik
ely
r
es
u
lts
f
r
o
m
id
en
tical
in
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
b
alan
ce
d
s
y
s
tem
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ad
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g
.
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o
n
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er
s
ely
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th
e
n
eg
lig
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le
co
r
r
elatio
n
in
d
ic
es
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etwe
en
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HD
V
an
d
s
o
lar
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en
er
atio
n
p
a
r
am
et
er
s
s
tati
s
tical
ly
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
GHI
an
d
in
jecte
d
p
o
wer
v
ar
i
atio
n
s
ex
er
t
m
in
im
al
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
T
HD
V
lev
els.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
y
ield
cr
itical
in
s
i
g
h
ts
f
o
r
GC
PV
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
HD
V
s
tab
ilit
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.