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1.
I
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D
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lectr
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is
co
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v
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tio
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ally
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s
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[
1
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[
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T
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ch
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lo
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d
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m
v
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is
tr
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g
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(
DG
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ca
n
h
elp
ac
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iev
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th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
elec
tr
ici
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s
y
s
tem
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aim
s
f
o
r
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n
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ity
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ticu
lar
ly
if
th
ey
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s
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en
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b
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.
Ad
d
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n
ally
,
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ca
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b
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lo
ca
lly
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n
n
ec
ted
with
tr
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s
p
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tatio
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tem
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to
tak
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tag
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th
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o
f
elec
tr
icity
o
r
h
e
at
in
th
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b
atter
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f
v
eh
icles [
3
]
.
Gr
o
win
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g
lo
b
al
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
elec
tr
icity
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o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t
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b
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s
o
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ce
s
(
R
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in
to
cr
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tiv
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a
n
d
p
r
a
ctica
l
m
icr
o
g
r
id
(
MG
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ti
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s
.
Mic
r
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an
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v
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r
ter
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[
4
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.
T
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s
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u
p
p
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r
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tr
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ch
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tatio
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win
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h
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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4
I
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&
Dr
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t
,
Vo
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1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
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20
2
6
:
1
2
7
9
-
1287
1280
Mic
r
o
g
r
id
s
ca
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
eith
er
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
tly
(
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
)
o
r
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
u
tili
ty
n
etwo
r
k
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R
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co
n
v
er
ts
n
atu
r
al
f
lo
ws,
s
u
n
lig
h
t
,
an
d
win
d
in
to
u
s
ab
le
en
er
g
y
,
p
r
im
ar
i
ly
elec
tr
icity
[
5
]
.
E
lectr
ical
g
r
id
s
m
u
s
t
also
d
y
n
am
ically
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
co
m
p
le
te
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
-
to
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c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
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cy
cle
in
o
r
d
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
o
v
e
r
all
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
way
s
to
in
teg
r
ate
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
in
to
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese
ar
e
win
d
,
s
o
lar
,
an
d
co
m
b
in
ed
h
ea
t p
lan
ts
[
6
]
.
Pro
b
le
m
s
with
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ay
ar
is
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
a
h
u
g
e
q
u
a
n
tity
o
f
DG.
T
h
u
s
,
cr
ea
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es to
th
ese
is
s
u
es a
r
e
ess
en
tial [
7
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
ea
r
lier
r
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ch
,
DG
co
u
ld
h
av
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n
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m
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er
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itiv
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tech
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ical
an
d
f
in
a
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f
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ts
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n
th
e
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r
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n
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o
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n
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
e
two
r
k
s
.
DG
m
a
y
b
e
ab
le
to
l
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
lo
s
s
es
if
it
is
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
ca
r
ef
u
lly
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
y
s
tem
[
8
]
.
D
G
m
ay
also
h
elp
d
elay
in
v
es
tm
en
ts
in
n
etwo
r
k
ca
p
ac
ity
at
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
lev
els
[
9
]
,
th
o
u
g
h
th
is
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
DG'
s
ca
p
ac
ity
to
g
e
n
er
ate
elec
tr
icity
d
u
r
in
g
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
d
em
a
n
d
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
DG
ca
p
ac
ity
also
p
r
esen
ts
ch
allen
g
es,
p
r
im
ar
ily
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
g
r
id
s
wer
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
o
v
e
elec
tr
icity
f
r
o
m
h
i
g
h
er
v
o
ltag
es
th
at
wer
e
f
ed
in
to
th
e
g
r
i
d
to
l
o
wer
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
[
1
0
]
.
Pro
b
lem
s
lik
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
b
ein
g
o
v
er
lo
a
d
ed
o
r
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
m
ain
tain
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
with
in
p
er
m
itted
b
o
u
n
d
s
ca
n
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
an
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
DG
[
1
1
]
.
I
t'
s
cr
itical
th
at
r
esear
ch
clar
if
ies
th
e
b
est
way
to
s
tr
ik
e
a
b
alan
ce
b
et
wee
n
th
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
o
f
DG
an
d
th
e
ex
p
e
n
s
es
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
t
h
ese
o
b
s
tacle
s
[
1
2
]
.
Pre
v
iew
s
tu
d
y
[
1
3
]
teac
h
in
g
–
lear
n
in
g
-
b
as
ed
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
T
L
B
O)
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
ap
p
lied
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
(
OPF)
p
r
o
b
lem
in
a
s
y
s
tem
t
h
at
in
teg
r
ates
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
aic,
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es,
an
d
tid
al
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
v
ia
b
ilit
y
o
f
s
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
all
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
la
n
ts
with
R
E
S
is
em
p
h
asized
b
y
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
o
f
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
s
witch
in
g
to
R
E
S,
its
b
en
ef
it
s
,
an
d
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
f
o
r
ad
d
iti
o
n
al
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
wer
e
all
co
v
er
ed
in
d
etail.
T
af
ilah
o
f
J
o
r
d
an
was
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
a
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
r
o
ject
in
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
s
u
g
g
ested
u
s
in
g
th
e
life
cy
cle
ass
es
s
m
en
t
(
L
C
A)
m
eth
o
d
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
win
d
p
o
wer
.
I
n
s
o
m
e
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
,
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
R
E
S to
th
e
g
r
id
will
ca
u
s
e
an
im
b
alan
ce
in
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
lo
a
d
f
lo
w
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
v
a
r
iab
le
lo
ad
s
itu
atio
n
s
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Alab
r
i
an
d
J
ay
awe
er
a
[
1
6
]
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
elec
tr
icity
i
n
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
ese
d
ay
s
,
it
is
also
n
o
ted
th
at
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
e
x
p
er
ie
n
cin
g
R
E
S
p
en
etr
atio
n
.
R
u
d
r
e
s
h
a
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
an
aly
ze
d
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
l
o
s
s
es
with
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
D
G
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Z
d
ir
i
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
an
d
Said
et
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
m
ad
e
a
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
a
n
d
p
u
t
f
o
r
th
a
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
tack
lin
g
th
e
lo
ad
f
lo
w
p
r
o
b
lem
i
n
a
r
ad
ial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
with
R
E
S
in
clu
s
io
n
.
Pre
v
iew
s
tu
d
y
[
2
0
]
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
aly
s
is
o
n
th
e
HV
tr
an
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
lin
e
is
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
in
[
2
1
]
a
n
d
[
2
2
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
r
ec
e
n
t
ad
v
an
ce
s
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
as
t
h
e
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els
ac
ce
ler
ates.
R
esear
ch
er
s
in
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
ev
alu
a
te
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
a
co
m
p
ac
t h
y
b
r
id
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
p
o
l
y
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
wh
ich
b
io
g
as f
r
o
m
an
ae
r
o
b
ic
d
i
g
esti
o
n
d
r
iv
es a
n
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
i
n
e,
w
h
ile
ele
ctr
icity
is
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
g
en
er
ated
u
s
in
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
les
an
d
a
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
in
te
n
tio
n
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
is
to
an
a
ly
ze
a
r
ea
l
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
ee
d
er
in
Sh
iv
am
o
g
g
a,
Kar
n
atak
a,
I
n
d
ia,
t
h
at
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
s
p
o
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
iles
,
h
ig
h
e
n
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
,
an
d
co
n
g
esti
o
n
,
an
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
it
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
o
p
tim
ally
p
lacin
g
an
d
s
izin
g
DG
u
n
its
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
lo
s
s
es
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els,
a
n
d
r
e
tain
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
f
ee
d
er
.
2.
P
RO
B
L
E
M
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
id
er
s
a
p
r
ac
tical
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
ee
d
er
o
r
ig
in
ati
n
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
1
1
0
/1
1
k
V
Alk
o
la
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
in
Sh
iv
am
o
g
g
a,
Ka
r
n
atak
a,
I
n
d
ia.
T
h
e
f
ee
d
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
a
p
ea
k
lo
a
d
o
f
1
.
9
8
7
MW
an
d
0
.
6
2
6
MV
AR
,
an
d
s
er
v
es
4
1
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
(
DT
C
s
)
.
W
ith
th
e
co
n
tin
u
al
r
aise
in
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
th
e
l
o
ad
d
em
a
n
d
o
n
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
also
r
is
es.
I
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
u
n
ab
le
to
m
ee
t
th
is
g
r
o
win
g
d
em
an
d
,
it
r
esu
lts
in
a
v
o
ltag
e
f
all
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
er
cu
r
r
en
t f
lo
w.
C
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
at
th
e
ex
tr
em
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
f
ee
d
er
ar
e
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
af
f
ec
ted
,
o
f
ten
ex
p
er
ie
n
cin
g
v
o
ltag
e
in
s
ta
b
ilit
y
,
wh
er
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
alls
o
u
ts
id
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
lim
its
,
th
er
eb
y
d
im
in
is
h
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
DG
u
n
its
n
ea
r
th
e
lo
ad
ce
n
t
er
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
at
th
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
en
d
,
ca
n
h
elp
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
iles
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
to
tal
s
y
s
tem
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
an
aly
ze
s
th
e
k
ey
ch
al
len
g
es
f
ac
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
i.e
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
an
d
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
f
ee
d
er
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fo
r
th
is
an
aly
s
is
,
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
v
o
ltag
e
d
ev
iatio
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
±
6
%
is
ad
o
p
ted
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
V
min
=
0
.
9
4
p
.
u
.
an
d
V
max
=
1
.
0
6
p
.
u
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
p
a
p
er
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
o
w
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
izin
g
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
lace
m
e
n
t
o
f
DG
u
n
its
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
ac
r
o
s
s
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
u
s
es
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
mp
a
ct
o
f in
teg
r
a
tin
g
s
o
la
r
a
n
d
w
in
d
DGs o
n
vo
lta
g
e
p
r
o
files
a
n
d
p
o
w
er …
(
R
u
d
r
esh
a
S
o
g
ilu
Ja
ya
p
p
a
)
1281
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Var
iatio
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
elec
ted
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
ee
d
er
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
L
SF
m
eth
o
d
is
ap
p
lied
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
ize
an
d
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
atio
n
(
DG)
u
n
its
u
s
in
g
PW
S so
f
twar
e.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
lo
wer
s
y
s
tem
lo
s
s
es a
n
d
to
g
et
a
b
etter
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
,
th
er
e
b
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
b
ett
er
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Fo
r
a
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
s
y
s
tem
,
o
n
ce
th
e
DG
s
ize
is
ch
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
P
DG
1
to
P
DG
2
,
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
t
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
p
o
wer
l
o
s
s
ch
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
P
L
1
to
P
L
2
,
th
en
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
f
ac
to
r
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
e
d
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
:
L
SF
=
P
L1
−
P
L2
P
D
G1
−
P
D
G2
T
h
is
f
ac
to
r
in
d
icate
s
th
e
r
ate
o
f
ch
an
g
e
in
p
o
we
r
lo
s
s
with
r
esp
ec
t
t
o
a
ch
an
g
e
in
DG
s
ize,
an
d
h
elp
s
t
o
id
en
tify
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
DG
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
2
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
llo
wed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Step
wis
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
2
7
9
-
1287
1282
T
o
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e,
s
en
s
itiv
ity
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
f
ir
s
t
ca
lcu
lated
f
o
r
all
b
u
s
es
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
th
e
af
o
r
em
en
ti
o
n
ed
e
q
u
atio
n
.
T
h
e
b
u
s
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
s
en
s
itiv
ity
f
ac
to
r
is
id
en
tifie
d
,
a
n
d
ad
d
itio
n
al
b
u
s
es
with
s
en
s
itiv
ity
v
alu
es
cl
o
s
e
to
t
h
is
m
ax
im
u
m
a
r
e
s
h
o
r
tlis
ted
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
ev
alu
atio
n
.
At
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
ese
ch
o
s
en
b
u
s
e
s
,
th
e
DG
s
ize
is
v
ar
ied
in
r
elativ
ely
lar
g
e
s
tep
s
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
.
T
h
e
b
u
s
th
at
r
es
u
lts
in
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
p
o
wer
l
o
s
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
DG
s
izes
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
o
s
itio
n
f
o
r
DG
p
la
ce
m
en
t,
an
d
t
h
e
ass
o
ciate
d
DG
s
ize
is
id
en
tifie
d
as
th
e
o
p
tim
al
g
en
e
r
atio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
[
1
7
]
.
4.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
f
ee
d
er
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
is
an
1
1
k
V,
4
1
-
b
u
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
with
B
u
s
-
1
as
th
e
s
lack
b
u
s
.
I
t h
as b
ee
n
m
o
d
eled
an
d
s
im
u
lated
in
PW
S
s
o
f
twar
e
to
ev
alu
ate
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
alo
n
g
with
s
y
s
tem
lo
s
s
es,
b
o
th
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
DG
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
an
aly
ze
d
u
n
d
er
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
d
if
f
er
en
t scen
ar
io
s
:
i)
C
ase
-
1
:
w
ith
o
u
t
DG
i
n
teg
r
a
tio
n
;
ii)
C
ase
-
2
:
w
i
th
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
DG
;
an
d
iii)
C
ase
-
3
:
w
ith
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
w
in
d
DG
.
−
C
ase
-
1
: Wi
th
o
u
t D
G
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
an
aly
ze
d
u
n
d
er
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
with
o
u
t
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
an
y
DG
u
n
its
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lat
io
n
r
esu
lts
s
p
ec
if
y
th
at
t
h
e
to
tal
r
ea
l
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
in
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
is
0
.
1
3
3
4
MW,
wh
ile
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
am
o
u
n
ts
to
0
.
0
9
6
MV
A
R
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
least
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
f
ee
d
er
is
0
.
8
9
6
7
p
.
u
,
wh
ich
o
cc
u
r
s
u
n
d
e
r
m
ax
im
u
m
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
−
C
ase
-
2
:
W
ith
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
DG
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
4
1
-
b
u
s
f
ee
d
er
with
a
s
o
lar
DG
i
s
m
o
d
eled
an
d
s
im
u
lated
in
PW
S
s
o
f
tw
ar
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
jecte
d
L
SF
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
b
est
DG
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
s
izin
g
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
e
d
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
DG,
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
o
n
ly
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
,
is
o
p
tim
ally
lo
ca
ted
at
B
u
s
-
1
8
with
a
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
0
.
6
3
3
M
W
,
eq
u
iv
alen
t
to
3
0
%
o
f
th
e
en
tire
g
e
n
er
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
g
r
id
.
T
ab
le
1
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
r
esu
lts
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
DG
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
R
ea
l
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
r
ed
u
ce
s
f
r
o
m
0
.
1
3
3
4
MW
to
0
.
0
7
8
3
MW,
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
d
r
o
p
s
f
r
o
m
0
.
0
9
6
MV
AR
to
0
.
0
5
8
9
MV
AR
,
an
d
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
b
u
s
v
o
lt
ag
e
im
p
r
o
v
es
f
r
o
m
0
.
8
9
7
7
p
.
u
.
to
0
.
9
4
0
1
p
.
u
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
DG
p
lace
m
en
t
r
ed
u
ce
s
r
ea
l
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
b
y
4
1
.
3
0
%
a
n
d
3
8
.
5
4
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
in
th
e
f
ee
d
er
with
in
to
ler
a
b
le
lim
its
,
th
er
eb
y
e
n
h
an
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
−
C
ase
3
: Wi
th
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
wi
n
d
DG
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e
,
win
d
DG
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
lace
o
f
s
o
lar
DG
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
wh
ic
h
s
u
p
p
lies
b
o
th
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
s
ize
o
f
DG
is
0
.
633
MW
an
d
0
.
2
1
4
MV
AR
at
b
u
s
-
1
8
,
wh
ich
is
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
l
o
s
s
s
en
s
itiv
ity
f
ac
to
r
(
L
SF
)
m
eth
o
d
.
As
in
d
icate
d
in
T
ab
le
1
,
f
o
llo
win
g
win
d
DG
in
s
tallatio
n
,
th
e
r
ea
l
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
in
th
e
s
elec
ted
f
ee
d
er
r
ed
u
ce
b
y
4
8
.
8
5
%
an
d
4
4
.
1
2
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
lo
w
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
is
en
h
an
ce
d
to
0
.
9
4
5
2
p
u
f
r
o
m
0
.
8
6
4
6
p
u
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
4
1
-
b
u
s
p
r
ac
tical
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
ee
d
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
mp
a
ct
o
f in
teg
r
a
tin
g
s
o
la
r
a
n
d
w
in
d
DGs o
n
vo
lta
g
e
p
r
o
files
a
n
d
p
o
w
er …
(
R
u
d
r
esh
a
S
o
g
ilu
Ja
ya
p
p
a
)
1283
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Pra
ctica
l sy
s
tem
is
m
o
d
elled
in
PW
S with
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
DG
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Pra
ctica
l sy
s
tem
is
s
im
u
lated
in
PW
S
with
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
win
d
DG
T
ab
le
1
.
L
o
s
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
ass
ess
m
en
t
C
a
ses
W
i
t
h
o
u
t
D
G
W
i
t
h
s
o
l
a
r
D
G
W
i
t
h
W
i
n
d
D
G
D
G
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
t
b
u
s
-
18
18
D
G
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
(
M
W
)
-
0
.
6
3
6
0
.
6
3
6
D
G
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
(
M
V
A
r
)
-
-
0
.
2
1
6
A
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
ss (M
W
)
0
.
1
3
3
4
0
.
0
7
8
3
0
.
0
7
0
1
R
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
ss (
M
V
A
r
)
0
.
0
9
6
0
.
0
5
8
9
0
.
0
5
3
2
P
Lo
ss
d
r
o
p
i
n
%
-
4
1
.
3
0
4
7
.
4
5
Q
Lo
ss
d
r
o
p
i
n
%
-
3
8
.
6
4
4
4
.
5
8
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
iles
f
o
r
t
h
e
4
1
-
b
u
s
p
r
ac
tical
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
cle
ar
ly
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ig
u
r
e
th
at
wh
en
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
-
b
ased
DG
u
n
its
ar
e
in
te
g
r
ated
at
th
eir
o
p
tim
al
l
o
ca
tio
n
s
with
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
ca
p
ac
ities
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
ac
r
o
s
s
all
b
u
s
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
es.
E
a
ch
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
r
em
ain
s
with
i
n
th
e
p
er
m
is
s
ib
le
v
o
ltag
e
lim
its
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
en
h
a
n
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fig
u
r
es
7
an
d
8
illu
s
tr
ate
r
ea
l
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
ca
s
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
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icate
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at
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g
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es
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tain
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wh
en
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d
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i
n
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th
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tiv
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an
d
r
ea
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e
p
o
w
er
,
is
p
lace
d
at
its
o
p
tim
al
lo
ca
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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4
I
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Dr
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,
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,
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2
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n
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u
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ile
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ase
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ies
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u
r
e
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.
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h
e
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ted
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ib
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if
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ases
Fig
u
r
e
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-
p
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if
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ase
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ies
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E
CO
NO
M
I
C
ANA
L
YS
I
S
T
h
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
aly
s
is
ev
alu
a
tes
th
e
co
s
t
–
b
en
ef
it
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ad
d
in
g
s
o
lar
a
n
d
win
d
DG
u
n
its
to
th
e
41
-
b
u
s
p
r
ac
tical
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
en
er
g
y
c
o
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
an
d
r
etu
r
n
o
n
in
v
estme
n
t
(
R
OI
)
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
r
ea
l p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
es d
u
e
to
o
p
tim
al
DG
p
l
ac
em
en
t.
5
.
1
.
Co
s
t
s
a
v
ing
s
du
e
t
o
lo
s
s
re
du
ct
io
n
Fro
m
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
r
ea
l
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
f
o
r
th
e
b
ase
ca
s
e
(
with
o
u
t
DG)
is
0
.
1
3
3
4
MW,
wh
ich
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
0
.
0
7
8
3
MW
with
s
o
lar
DG
an
d
0
.
0
7
0
1
MW
with
win
d
DG.
Ass
u
m
in
g
an
av
e
r
ag
e
elec
tr
icity
co
s
t
o
f
₹
6
p
er
k
W
h
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
f
o
r
8
,
7
6
0
h
o
u
r
s
p
er
y
ea
r
,
th
e
an
n
u
al
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
co
s
t
ca
n
b
e
esti
m
ated
as f
o
llo
ws:
=
8760
T
h
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
aly
s
is
with
o
u
t
DG,
with
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
DG
,
is
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
i
n
T
a
b
le
2
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
t
h
e
tab
le
,
th
e
s
av
in
g
s
in
co
s
t
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
with
th
e
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
win
d
an
d
s
o
lar
DG
d
u
e
t
o
lo
s
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t
DG
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
He
n
c
e,
in
s
tallin
g
s
o
lar
DG
at
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
lace
m
en
t
r
esu
lts
in
an
an
n
u
al
s
av
in
g
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
₹
2
9
.
0
8
lak
h
s
,
wh
ile
win
d
DG
p
r
o
v
id
es
ab
o
u
t
₹
3
3
.
4
0
la
k
h
s
p
er
y
ea
r
d
u
e
to
g
r
ea
ter
lo
s
s
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
.
T
ab
le
2
.
E
c
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
aly
s
is
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
ca
s
es
C
a
ses
R
e
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
ss
(
M
W
)
A
n
n
u
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
l
o
ss
(
M
W
h
)
A
n
n
u
a
l
c
o
s
t
(
₹
l
a
k
h
s)
S
a
v
i
n
g
s
(
₹
l
a
k
h
s
/
y
e
a
r
)
W
i
t
h
o
u
t
D
G
0
.
1
3
3
4
1
1
6
9
.
5
8
7
0
.
1
8
-
W
i
t
h
s
o
l
a
r
D
G
0
.
0
7
8
3
6
8
5
.
0
1
4
1
.
1
0
2
9
.
0
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t
h
w
i
n
d
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G
0
.
0
7
0
1
6
1
3
.
0
8
3
6
.
7
8
3
3
.
4
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
mp
a
ct
o
f in
teg
r
a
tin
g
s
o
la
r
a
n
d
w
in
d
DGs o
n
vo
lta
g
e
p
r
o
files
a
n
d
p
o
w
er …
(
R
u
d
r
esh
a
S
o
g
ilu
Ja
ya
p
p
a
)
1285
5
.
2
.
I
nv
estm
ent
a
nd
pa
y
ba
ck
a
na
ly
s
i
s
T
h
e
in
s
tallatio
n
co
s
ts
f
o
r
s
o
l
ar
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
v
ar
y
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
s
ca
le
an
d
s
ite
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
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ased
o
n
cu
r
r
en
t
I
n
d
ian
m
ar
k
et
d
ata,
th
e
in
s
talla
tio
n
co
s
t
o
f
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
is
as
f
o
llo
ws
:
i)
s
o
lar
PV in
s
tallat
io
n
co
s
t ≈
₹
5
cr
o
r
e
/ M
W
,
an
d
ii)
w
in
d
tu
r
b
in
e
i
n
s
tallatio
n
co
s
t ≈
₹
6
cr
o
r
e
/
MW
.
Fo
r
th
e
o
p
tim
al
DG
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
0
.
6
3
3
MW,
th
e
esti
m
ated
ca
p
ital
in
v
estme
n
t
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
-
b
ased
DG
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
tab
le
p
r
es
en
ts
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
in
s
tallatio
n
co
s
t,
a
n
n
u
al
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
r
e
d
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
p
ay
b
ac
k
p
er
io
d
f
o
r
ea
ch
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
clea
r
ly
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
ia
b
ilit
y
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
DG
u
n
it
s
in
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
b
o
th
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
r
ec
o
v
er
t
h
eir
in
itial
in
v
estme
n
t
wh
ile
co
n
tin
u
in
g
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
s
tain
ed
f
in
an
cial
an
d
tech
n
ical
b
en
ef
its
o
v
er
th
eir
o
p
er
atio
n
al
life
s
p
an
.
T
ab
le
3
.
I
n
v
estme
n
t
an
d
p
ay
b
ac
k
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
s
o
lar
a
n
d
win
d
DG
DG
t
y
p
e
I
n
st
a
l
l
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
(
M
W
)
I
n
st
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
s
t
(
₹
c
r
o
r
e
)
A
n
n
u
a
l
s
a
v
i
n
g
s
(
₹
l
a
k
h
s)
P
a
y
b
a
c
k
p
e
r
i
o
d
(
y
e
a
r
s)
S
o
l
a
r
D
G
0
.
6
3
3
3
.
1
6
5
2
9
.
0
8
1
0
.
9
W
i
n
d
D
G
0
.
6
3
3
3
.
7
9
8
3
3
.
4
0
1
1
.
4
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
an
aly
ze
d
a
p
r
ac
tical
4
1
-
b
u
s
r
ad
ial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
ee
d
er
u
s
in
g
an
L
SF
m
eth
o
d
to
s
elec
t
th
e
b
est
p
o
s
itio
n
a
n
d
s
izin
g
o
f
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
DG
u
n
its
.
T
wo
r
en
ewa
b
le
DG
ty
p
es
a
r
e
e
v
alu
ated
,
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
o
n
e
s
o
lar
PV
(
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
o
n
ly
ac
ti
v
e
p
o
wer
)
an
d
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
es
(
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
b
o
th
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
)
,
with
th
e
aim
o
f
m
in
im
izin
g
o
v
e
r
all
s
y
s
tem
lo
s
s
es
an
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
.
R
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
s
o
lar
DG
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
ea
l
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
b
y
4
1
%
an
d
3
8
%,
wh
ile
win
d
DG,
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
b
o
t
h
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
,
a
ch
iev
ed
g
r
ea
ter
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
s
o
f
4
7
%
an
d
4
4
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
All
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
es
r
em
ain
ed
with
in
ac
ce
p
tab
le
li
m
its
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
v
o
lta
g
e
s
tab
ilit
y
.
E
co
n
o
m
ic
a
n
aly
s
is
in
d
icate
s
an
n
u
al
s
av
in
g
s
o
f
a
b
o
u
t ₹
2
9
.
0
8
lak
h
s
f
o
r
s
o
lar
DG
an
d
₹
3
3
.
4
0
lak
h
s
f
o
r
win
d
DG,
with
a
p
ay
b
ac
k
p
e
r
io
d
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
1
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y
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r
s
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p
r
o
v
in
g
b
o
t
h
o
p
tio
n
s
to
b
e
tec
h
n
i
ca
lly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
v
iab
le.
T
h
u
s
,
o
p
tim
al
DG
in
teg
r
atio
n
e
n
h
an
c
es
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
,
v
o
lta
g
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
was
r
ec
eiv
e
d
f
o
r
th
is
wo
r
k
.
AUTHO
R
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UT
I
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h
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u
r
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s
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ip
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.