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15
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3
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J
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20
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6
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2218
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te
ac
h
er
,
”
cu
ltiv
atin
g
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
ae
s
th
etic
s
en
s
itiv
ity
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Pre
s
ch
o
o
l
p
r
ac
tices
s
u
ch
as
g
ar
d
en
in
g
,
n
atu
r
e
walk
s
,
an
d
o
u
td
o
o
r
p
lay
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
en
h
an
ce
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
th
eir
s
en
s
e
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
n
atu
r
e
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
th
is
c
o
n
tex
t,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
ec
o
lo
g
ical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
s
m
all
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
-
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
b
u
g
s
-
b
ec
o
m
es
c
r
itically
im
p
o
r
tan
t
with
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
[
2
4
]
.
B
u
g
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
f
u
n
d
am
en
tally
to
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
b
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
p
o
llin
atio
n
,
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
s
o
il
h
ea
lth
,
b
io
lo
g
ical
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
co
n
tin
u
ity
with
in
f
o
o
d
web
s
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
ese
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
er
v
ices
s
u
s
tain
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
b
alan
ce
an
d
b
e
n
ef
it
d
iv
e
r
s
e
s
ec
to
r
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
ag
r
ic
u
ltu
r
e
to
m
e
d
icin
e
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
cien
ce
s
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
Desp
ite
th
is
,
s
o
cieta
l
aw
ar
en
ess
r
em
ain
s
lim
ited
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
wid
ely
r
eg
ar
d
e
d
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
g
ap
[
2
9
]
.
Pre
s
en
tly
,
h
ab
itat
lo
s
s
,
p
esti
cid
e
u
s
e,
an
d
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
th
r
ea
ten
b
u
g
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
[
3
0
]
,
d
im
in
is
h
in
g
e
co
s
y
s
tem
s
er
v
ices
an
d
u
n
d
er
m
in
in
g
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
[
3
1
]
–
[
3
3
]
.
E
d
u
ca
tin
g
ch
ild
r
e
n
ab
o
u
t
th
ese
ec
o
lo
g
ical
r
o
les
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
ath
way
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tal
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
c
o
n
s
er
v
atio
n
awa
r
e
n
ess
.
I
n
s
ec
t
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
h
elp
ch
ild
r
en
r
ec
o
g
n
iz
e
th
e
in
ter
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
o
f
liv
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
4
]
an
d
s
tim
u
late
cu
r
io
s
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ir
ec
t
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
ac
tiv
ities
s
u
ch
as
g
ar
d
en
in
g
an
d
n
atu
r
e
walk
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
E
a
r
ly
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
at
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
t
h
e
ec
o
lo
g
ical
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
b
u
g
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
liter
ac
y
an
d
en
co
u
r
ag
e
s
u
s
tain
ed
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
in
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
-
r
elate
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
[
2
3
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
m
an
y
c
h
ild
r
en
d
is
p
lay
f
ea
r
o
r
a
v
o
id
a
n
ce
to
war
d
in
s
ec
ts
-
p
atter
n
s
o
f
te
n
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
ad
u
lt
m
o
d
elin
g
a
n
d
u
r
b
an
life
s
ty
les
[
3
4
]
.
C
u
ltu
r
al
m
is
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
lim
ited
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
ten
s
if
y
th
ese
r
ea
ctio
n
s
[
9
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
Pro
g
r
am
s
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ati
n
g
g
u
id
ed
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
an
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
lear
n
in
g
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
en
h
an
ce
cu
r
io
s
ity
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
in
s
ec
ts
[
3
6
]
,
wh
ile
d
ir
ec
t,
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
f
o
s
ter
m
o
r
e
f
a
v
o
r
a
b
le
attitu
d
es
an
d
h
eig
h
ten
e
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
a
war
en
ess
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
.
As
f
am
iliar
ity
in
cr
ea
s
es,
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
attitu
d
es to
war
d
i
n
s
ec
ts
ten
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
[
9
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
v
is
u
al
m
ater
ia
ls
,
s
to
r
y
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
an
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
m
o
d
els
ca
n
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
ely
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
w
ith
b
u
g
s
[
2
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
Activ
ities
s
u
ch
as
n
atu
r
e
wal
k
s
,
b
u
g
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
,
an
d
m
u
s
eu
m
v
is
its
r
ed
u
ce
n
eg
ativ
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
wh
ile
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
en
ess
[
3
4
]
–
[
3
6
]
,
[
4
0
]
;
n
ar
r
ativ
es
an
d
an
im
ated
c
o
n
te
n
t
f
u
r
th
er
s
tim
u
late
cu
r
io
s
ity
an
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
en
g
ag
em
en
t
with
th
e
n
atu
r
al
wo
r
ld
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
aim
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
n
at
u
r
e
-
b
ased
p
r
o
g
r
am
b
u
g
s
af
ar
i,
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
p
r
esch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
en
,
in
s
h
ap
in
g
th
eir
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
attitu
d
es,
a
n
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
to
war
d
b
u
g
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
o
f
f
er
s
r
ic
h
s
en
s
o
r
y
a
n
d
e
x
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
th
at
cu
ltiv
ate
e
co
lo
g
ical
awa
r
en
ess
f
r
o
m
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
an
d
d
r
aws
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ch
ild
-
ce
n
ter
ed
,
n
atu
r
e
-
in
teg
r
at
ed
R
eg
g
io
E
m
ilia
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
m
o
d
el
,
ch
ild
r
en
ar
e
en
co
u
r
ag
ed
to
b
u
ild
h
o
lis
tic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
liv
in
g
b
ein
g
s
a
n
d
p
ar
ti
cip
ate
ac
tiv
ely
in
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l,
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
-
d
r
i
v
en
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
lear
n
in
g
,
th
er
e
b
y
clar
i
f
y
in
g
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
n
atu
r
e
-
b
ased
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
e
co
lo
g
ical
awa
r
e
n
ess
an
d
co
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
in
ea
r
ly
ch
i
ld
h
o
o
d
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
p
r
etest
–
p
o
s
ttes
t
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
d
esig
n
to
e
x
a
m
in
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
n
at
u
r
e
-
b
ased
b
u
g
s
af
a
r
i
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ed
f
o
r
p
r
esch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
en
ag
e
d
4
-
6
.
Gr
o
u
n
d
e
d
i
n
ch
il
d
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
a
n
d
n
atu
r
e
-
in
te
g
r
ated
p
r
in
cip
le
s
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
th
e
R
eg
g
io
E
m
ilia
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ed
aim
e
d
to
en
h
an
ce
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
att
itu
d
es,
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
to
war
d
s
m
all
cr
ea
tu
r
es
in
n
atu
r
e,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
b
u
g
s
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
en
s
o
r
y
an
d
ex
p
e
r
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
with
an
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
wh
ile
a
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
f
o
llo
wed
th
e
r
eg
u
lar
p
r
e
s
ch
o
o
l
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
Data
wer
e
co
llected
b
ef
o
r
e
a
n
d
af
ter
t
h
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
u
s
in
g
a
r
esear
ch
er
-
d
ev
elo
p
ed
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
en
a
b
lin
g
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
ch
a
n
g
es
o
v
er
tim
e
an
d
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
2
.
1
.
Dev
el
o
pm
ent
o
f
na
t
ure
-
ba
s
ed
lea
rning
a
ct
iv
it
ies
T
h
e
b
u
g
s
af
ar
i
tr
ain
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
wh
ich
co
m
p
r
is
es
n
atu
r
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
allo
w
ch
ild
r
en
to
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
n
atu
r
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
eir
s
en
s
es
an
d
in
ter
ac
t
d
ir
ec
tly
with
b
u
g
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
g
r
am
f
o
s
ter
s
awa
r
en
ess
,
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
an
d
e
m
p
ath
y
t
o
war
d
s
th
e
s
m
all
cr
ea
tu
r
es
th
at
in
h
a
b
it
o
u
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
I
t
aim
s
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
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8
8
2
2
B
u
g
s
a
fa
r
i:
p
r
o
mo
tin
g
ec
o
lo
g
ica
l a
w
a
r
en
ess
in
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
a
tu
r
e
-
b
a
s
ed
…
(
K
a
z
ım
B
ib
er
)
2219
cu
ltiv
ate
s
cien
tific
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
cr
ea
tiv
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
wh
ile
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
a
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
liv
in
g
in
h
ar
m
o
n
y
with
n
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
ities
ar
e
in
te
g
r
at
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
m
eth
o
d
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
d
r
am
atic
p
la
y
,
cr
ea
tiv
e
wr
itin
g
,
d
r
awin
g
,
d
esig
n
,
an
d
em
p
ath
y
.
T
h
e
T
u
r
k
e
y
ce
n
t
u
r
y
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
m
o
d
el
p
r
es
ch
o
o
l
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
d
ad
o
p
ts
a
m
u
lt
id
im
en
s
io
n
al
,
n
at
u
r
e
att
u
n
e
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
f
o
s
te
r
ea
r
l
y
s
cie
n
t
if
ic
lit
er
ac
y
a
n
d
h
o
lis
ti
c
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
[
3
8
]
.
B
y
p
r
i
o
r
i
tizi
n
g
o
b
s
e
r
v
ati
o
n
-
b
as
ed
p
r
e
d
ic
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
at
io
n
al
d
e
f
i
n
iti
o
n
o
f
s
c
ie
n
ti
f
i
c
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
,
t
h
e
cu
r
r
ic
u
l
u
m
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
es
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
to
e
n
g
a
g
e
wi
th
t
h
eir
i
m
m
e
d
ia
te
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
f
iel
d
tr
ip
s
a
n
d
o
u
t
d
o
o
r
l
ea
r
n
in
g
ce
n
t
er
s
.
T
h
es
e
ex
p
e
r
i
en
tia
l
s
etti
n
g
s
-
f
ac
i
lit
ate
d
b
y
in
iti
ati
v
es
s
u
c
h
as
b
u
tt
er
f
l
y
g
ar
d
e
n
s
a
n
d
b
u
g
h
o
tels
-
e
n
a
b
l
e
ch
il
d
r
e
n
t
o
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ti
ate
b
etw
ee
n
li
v
i
n
g
an
d
n
o
n
-
l
i
v
i
n
g
e
n
t
ities
w
h
i
le
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
s
ci
en
ti
f
ic
i
n
q
u
ir
y
a
n
d
c
lass
i
f
ic
ati
o
n
s
k
i
lls
.
B
ey
o
n
d
s
cien
tific
co
m
p
eten
cies,
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
te
g
r
at
es
s
ev
en
co
r
e
s
k
ill
d
o
m
ain
s
:
T
u
r
k
is
h
lan
g
u
ag
e,
m
ath
em
atics,
s
cien
c
e,
s
o
cial,
m
o
v
em
en
t
a
n
d
h
ea
lth
,
ar
t,
an
d
m
u
s
ic
.
Natu
r
e
-
b
ased
ac
tiv
ities
s
er
v
e
as
a
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
r
r
icu
lar
v
eh
icle
to
e
n
h
an
ce
[
4
1
]
:
−
C
o
g
n
itiv
e
s
k
ills
: e
ar
ly
liter
ac
y
,
s
cien
tific
d
ata
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
,
an
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
t
h
in
k
in
g
.
−
Ps
y
ch
o
m
o
to
r
a
n
d
ae
s
th
etic
s
k
i
lls
: a
ctiv
e
liv
in
g
an
d
ar
tis
tic
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
.
−
So
cial
-
em
o
tio
n
al
co
m
p
eten
cie
s
: self
-
m
an
ag
em
en
t
,
s
o
cial
aw
ar
en
ess
,
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
.
Ultim
ately
,
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
d
s
ee
k
s
to
cu
ltiv
ate
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
co
o
p
er
atio
n
b
y
em
b
e
d
d
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
s
o
cial
-
em
o
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
with
in
au
th
e
n
tic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
tex
ts
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
b
u
g
s
af
ar
i
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ed
is
f
am
ily
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
Fam
ilies
ar
e
ac
tiv
ely
en
g
a
g
ed
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tag
es
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
n
atu
r
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
,
p
h
o
to
ex
h
i
b
itio
n
s
,
an
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
ac
tiv
ities
co
n
d
u
cted
at
h
o
m
e,
as
well
as
em
o
tio
n
ally
s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
v
e
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
n
atu
r
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
ex
ten
d
s
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
an
d
is
in
teg
r
ate
d
i
n
to
th
eir
h
o
m
e
life
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
o
f
th
is
lear
n
in
g
in
to
b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
o
f
f
am
ilies
allo
ws
ch
ild
r
en
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
t
h
eir
lo
v
e
f
o
r
n
at
u
r
e
with
in
a
s
o
cial
co
n
tex
t.
Six
d
is
tin
ct
an
d
co
m
p
le
m
en
t
ar
y
n
at
u
r
e
-
b
ased
ac
tiv
ities
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
b
u
g
s
af
a
r
i
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
im
ag
es
o
f
th
e
s
ix
d
if
f
er
en
t
an
d
co
m
p
lem
en
t
ar
y
n
atu
r
e
-
th
em
e
d
ac
tiv
ities
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
in
s
ec
t
s
af
ar
i
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
in
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
(a
)
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
eir
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
an
d
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
in
s
ec
ts
th
ey
e
n
co
u
n
ter
as
p
ar
t o
f
ac
tiv
ity
1
(
b
u
g
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
ad
v
en
tu
r
e
)
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
,
t
h
ey
d
esig
n
s
af
e
s
p
ac
es
f
o
r
in
s
ec
ts
u
s
in
g
r
ec
y
clab
le
an
d
n
atu
r
al
m
ater
ials
as
p
ar
t
o
f
ac
tiv
ity
3
(
d
esig
n
in
g
a
s
af
e
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
b
u
g
s
)
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
c
)
,
d
u
r
in
g
ac
tiv
it
y
4
: I
am
a
b
u
g
(
d
r
a
m
atic
em
p
ath
y
)
,
c
h
ild
r
e
n
ass
u
m
e
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
a
b
u
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
an
d
ac
t
o
u
t
s
i
tu
atio
n
s
th
ey
en
co
u
n
ter
in
d
ai
ly
life
.
T
h
ese
ac
tiv
ities
,
ea
ch
d
esig
n
ed
to
f
o
s
ter
v
ar
io
u
s
s
k
ills
,
ar
e
s
ch
ed
u
led
t
o
tak
e
p
lace
o
n
ce
a
wee
k
.
D
etailed
p
lan
s
f
o
r
th
e
ac
ti
v
ities
,
wh
ich
ar
e
b
r
ief
ly
d
escr
ib
ed
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Six
d
if
f
er
en
t
an
d
c
o
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
n
atu
r
e
-
t
h
em
ed
a
ctiv
ities
:
(
a)
p
h
o
to
s
o
f
b
u
g
ex
h
ib
itio
n
,
(
b
)
d
esig
n
i
n
g
a
s
af
e
s
p
ac
e,
an
d
(
c
)
b
u
g
d
r
am
a
ac
tiv
ities
2
.
1
.
1
.
Act
iv
it
y
1
:
bu
g
o
bs
er
v
a
t
io
n
Ad
v
en
tu
r
e
,
in
th
is
in
tr
o
d
u
cto
r
y
ac
tiv
ity
,
ch
ild
r
e
n
id
e
n
tify
an
d
n
am
e
th
e
b
u
g
s
th
ey
o
b
s
er
v
e
at
s
ch
o
o
l,
at
h
o
m
e,
an
d
in
th
eir
n
atu
r
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
an
d
c
r
ea
te
an
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
lis
t
o
f
th
ese
b
u
g
s
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
is
s
h
ar
ed
in
class
an
d
u
s
ed
t
o
cr
ea
te
an
‘
b
u
g
ex
h
ib
itio
n
’
.
T
h
is
ac
tiv
ity
en
h
a
n
ce
s
ch
ild
r
e
n
’
s
s
k
ills
in
ca
r
ef
u
l
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
,
class
if
icatio
n
,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
s
th
eir
in
te
r
est in
n
atu
r
e.
2
.
1
.
2
.
Act
iv
it
y
2
:
bu
g
dia
ry
C
h
ild
r
en
p
lace
th
em
s
elv
es
in
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
a
b
u
g
th
ey
h
a
v
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
an
d
cr
ea
te
a
d
iar
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
bug
’
s
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
ey
em
p
l
o
y
th
eir
cr
ea
tiv
ity
in
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as,
“
I
a
m
a
la
d
y
b
u
g
,
I
w
o
ke
u
p
o
n
a
lea
f
th
is
mo
r
n
in
g
.
.
.
”
B
y
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
eir
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
al
d
ata
i
n
to
p
er
s
o
n
al
n
ar
r
ativ
es,
th
ey
cu
ltiv
ate
em
p
ath
y
,
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
s
eq
u
en
tial n
a
r
r
at
io
n
ab
ilit
ies,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
eir
ex
p
r
ess
iv
e
s
k
ills
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
2
2
1
7
-
2
2
2
7
2220
2
.
1
.
3
.
Act
iv
it
y
3
:
des
ig
nin
g
a
s
a
f
e
s
pa
ce
f
o
r
bu
g
s
I
n
th
is
ac
tiv
ity
,
ch
ild
r
e
n
d
esi
g
n
b
u
g
h
o
u
s
es
u
s
in
g
r
ec
y
cle
d
an
d
n
atu
r
al
m
ater
ials
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
s
h
elter
n
ee
d
s
o
f
b
u
g
s
in
th
eir
n
atu
r
al
h
ab
itats
.
T
h
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
co
o
p
er
atio
n
,
cr
ea
tiv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
ar
e
ce
n
tr
al
to
th
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
let
ed
b
u
g
h
o
u
s
es
ar
e
p
lace
d
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
g
ar
d
e
n
to
f
o
s
ter
a
d
ir
ec
t c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
n
atu
r
e.
2
.
1
.
4
.
Act
iv
it
y
4
:
I
a
m
a
bu
g
(
dra
m
a
t
ic
e
m
pa
t
hy
)
C
h
ild
r
en
ass
u
m
e
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
a
b
u
g
c
h
ar
ac
ter
o
f
th
eir
ch
o
i
ce
an
d
en
ac
t
a
d
ay
in
its
life
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
d
r
am
atic
p
lay
,
th
e
y
co
n
v
ey
t
h
e
ev
en
ts
t
h
e
b
u
g
en
co
u
n
ter
s
,
th
e
th
r
ea
ts
it
f
ac
es,
an
d
its
n
ee
d
s
in
th
e
n
atu
r
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
R
o
le
-
p
lay
i
n
g
,
f
ac
ial
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
,
b
o
d
y
lan
g
u
ag
e,
an
d
e
m
o
tio
n
al
awa
r
e
n
ess
ar
e
ce
n
tr
al
to
th
is
ac
tiv
ity
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
th
e
n
atu
r
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
e
m
p
ath
y
.
2
.
1
.
5
.
Act
iv
it
y
5
:
liv
ing
wit
h
bu
g
s
I
n
th
is
a
ctiv
ity
,
c
h
ild
r
en
id
e
n
tify
th
e
g
u
i
d
elin
es
th
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
ad
h
er
e
to
w
h
ile
co
e
x
is
tin
g
with
b
u
g
s
d
u
r
in
g
a
n
atu
r
e
walk
.
A
p
o
s
ter
is
cr
ea
ted
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
p
h
r
ases
s
u
ch
as
“
d
o
n
o
t
h
a
r
m
b
u
g
s
”
a
n
d
“
d
o
n
o
t
litt
er
in
n
a
tu
r
e
”
.
Awa
r
en
ess
o
f
liv
in
g
h
ar
m
o
n
io
u
s
ly
with
n
atu
r
e,
s
o
cial
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
ad
h
er
en
c
e
to
r
u
les,
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
s
k
ills
.
2
.
1
.
6
.
Act
iv
it
y
6
:
t
he
s
t
o
r
y
o
f
na
t
ure:
m
y
bu
g
is
t
a
lk
ing
I
n
th
e
f
in
al
ac
tiv
it
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
d
,
ea
c
h
ch
ild
cr
ea
te
s
a
s
h
o
r
t
s
to
r
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
a
b
u
g
,
d
r
awin
g
o
n
th
ei
r
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
e
s
to
r
ies
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
o
r
ally
o
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
r
awin
g
s
an
d
ar
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
s
h
a
r
ed
with
f
r
ien
d
s
an
d
f
a
m
ily
.
T
h
is
ac
tiv
it
y
f
o
s
ter
s
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
s
k
ills
,
p
r
esen
tatio
n
ab
ilit
ies,
ec
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
awa
r
en
ess
,
an
d
s
elf
-
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
in
ch
ild
r
en
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ed
,
f
am
ilies
o
b
s
er
v
e
a
n
d
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
th
e
b
u
g
s
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
c
h
o
s
e
n
in
n
atu
r
e
alo
n
g
s
id
e
th
eir
ch
i
ld
r
en
.
T
h
ey
en
g
a
g
e
in
a
‘
s
ilen
t
walk
,
lis
ten
in
g
to
n
atu
r
e
’
ac
tiv
ity
d
u
r
in
g
th
ese
n
atu
r
e
walk
s
,
a
n
d
a
n
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
al
letter
is
s
en
t
to
th
e
f
am
ily
ea
ch
wee
k
.
2
.
2
.
T
ea
cher
t
r
a
ini
ng
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
e
d
a
to
tal
o
f
4
0
p
r
esch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
e
n
d
r
aw
n
f
r
o
m
two
p
r
esch
o
o
l
class
r
o
o
m
s
in
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
d
is
tr
icts
o
f
Altıey
lü
l
a
n
d
Kar
esi
in
B
alık
esir,
T
ü
r
k
i
y
e,
with
2
0
ch
ild
r
e
n
ass
ig
n
ed
to
a
n
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
2
0
to
a
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
a
n
d
class
r
o
o
m
s
in
wh
ich
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
wo
u
ld
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
d
is
s
em
in
a
ted
to
o
f
f
icial
k
in
d
er
g
ar
ten
s
af
f
iliated
with
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Natio
n
al
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
as
well
as
to
p
r
iv
ate
p
r
esch
o
o
l
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
a
n
d
v
o
lu
n
teer
teac
h
er
s
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
a
p
p
lican
ts
,
two
teac
h
er
s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
b
ased
o
n
p
r
e
d
ef
in
e
d
cr
iter
ia,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
o
l
d
in
g
a
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
d
e
g
r
ee
in
ea
r
ly
c
h
ild
h
o
o
d
(
p
r
esch
o
o
l)
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
h
av
in
g
at
least
1
0
y
ea
r
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
h
y
s
ic
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
s
o
f
th
eir
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
class
r
o
o
m
s
,
an
d
th
e
s
im
ilar
i
ty
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
o
cio
-
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
.
O
n
e
class
r
o
o
m
was
d
esig
n
ated
as
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
th
e
s
ix
-
we
ek
b
u
g
s
af
ar
i
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
,
wh
ile
th
e
o
th
e
r
class
r
o
o
m
s
er
v
ed
as
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
co
n
tin
u
ed
with
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
p
r
esch
o
o
l
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
Data
wer
e
co
llected
u
s
in
g
th
e
2
2
-
item
b
u
g
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
ec
o
l
o
g
i
ca
l
awa
r
en
ess
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
c
o
n
d
u
cted
a
teac
h
in
g
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
tio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
,
o
u
tlin
i
n
g
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
r
esear
c
h
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
s
h
ar
in
g
ac
tiv
ity
p
lan
s
.
Af
t
er
s
ix
teen
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
,
th
e
ac
tiv
ity
p
lan
s
wer
e
r
ev
iewe
d
o
n
ce
m
o
r
e
with
th
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
a
n
d
f
in
alize
d
.
2
.
3
.
P
a
re
nt
t
ra
ini
ng
Af
t
er
t
h
e
cl
ass
es in
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
t
r
ai
n
i
n
g
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
ed
we
r
e
i
d
e
n
ti
f
i
ed
,
in
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
al
m
e
eti
n
g
s
wer
e
h
el
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
ar
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
D
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
es
e
m
ee
t
in
g
s
,
d
eta
ils
w
er
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
r
e
g
ar
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
es
ea
r
c
h
a
n
d
t
r
ai
n
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
a
cti
v
i
ties
t
o
b
e
co
n
d
u
ct
e
d
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
a
r
e
n
ts
i
n
th
e
tr
ai
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
2
.
4
.
I
m
ple
m
ent
a
t
io
n
o
f
t
he
t
ra
ini
ng
On
e
o
f
th
e
two
teac
h
er
s
ch
o
s
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
o
o
l
o
f
v
o
lu
n
t
ee
r
teac
h
er
s
was
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
to
im
p
lem
en
t
th
e
p
lan
n
e
d
ac
tiv
ities
,
wh
ile
th
e
o
th
er
teac
h
er
co
n
tin
u
ed
to
d
eliv
er
th
e
ac
tiv
ities
o
u
tlin
ed
in
th
e
Pre
s
ch
o
o
l
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Pro
g
r
am
m
ed
with
in
th
eir
class
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
d
u
r
in
g
Ap
r
il
an
d
Ma
y
o
f
th
e
2
0
2
5
Sp
r
in
g
ter
m
.
T
h
e
b
u
g
s
af
ar
i
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ed
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
v
er
s
ix
s
ess
io
n
s
,
h
eld
o
n
ce
a
wee
k
f
o
r
s
ix
wee
k
s
.
E
ac
h
s
ess
io
n
last
ed
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
4
0
m
in
u
tes
an
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
o
u
td
o
o
r
ac
tiv
ities
,
b
u
g
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
g
ar
d
e
n
in
g
task
s
,
s
to
r
y
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
,
a
r
t,
an
d
d
r
am
atic
p
lay
,
as seen
in
T
ab
l
e
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
u
g
s
a
fa
r
i:
p
r
o
mo
tin
g
ec
o
lo
g
ica
l a
w
a
r
en
ess
in
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
a
tu
r
e
-
b
a
s
ed
…
(
K
a
z
ım
B
ib
er
)
2221
T
ab
le
1
.
B
u
g
s
af
ar
i w
ee
k
ly
p
r
o
g
r
am
W
e
e
k
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
n
a
me
Th
e
m
a
t
i
c
f
o
c
u
s
P
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
me
n
t
1
B
u
g
o
b
serv
a
t
i
o
n
a
d
v
e
n
t
u
r
e
O
b
serv
a
t
i
o
n
,
c
l
a
ss
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
n
a
t
u
r
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
P
h
o
t
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
,
e
x
h
i
b
i
t
i
o
n
2
Th
e
b
u
g
’
s
d
i
a
r
y
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
o
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
e
m
p
a
t
h
y
,
se
q
u
e
n
t
i
a
l
n
a
r
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
b
serv
a
t
i
o
n
w
a
l
k
s
3
D
e
si
g
n
i
n
g
a
saf
e
s
p
a
c
e
f
o
r
b
u
g
D
e
si
g
n
,
r
e
c
y
c
l
i
n
g
,
r
e
sp
o
n
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
P
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
4
I
a
m a
b
u
g
–
d
r
a
m
a
t
i
c
e
m
p
a
t
h
y
R
o
l
e
-
p
l
a
y
i
n
g
,
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
x
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
,
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
C
o
s
t
u
me
p
r
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
5
Li
v
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
b
u
g
s
R
e
s
p
e
c
t
f
o
r
h
a
b
i
t
a
t
s
,
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
so
l
v
i
n
g
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
b
o
a
r
d
s
h
a
r
i
n
g
6
N
a
t
u
r
e
’
s st
o
r
y
:
t
o
l
d
b
y
my
b
u
g
Ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
sh
a
r
i
n
g
,
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
so
c
i
a
l
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
P
r
e
sen
t
a
t
i
o
n
d
a
y
,
b
o
a
r
d
e
x
h
i
b
i
t
i
o
n
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
ch
ild
r
en
wer
e
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
ed
to
en
g
a
g
e
d
ir
ec
tly
with
n
atu
r
e
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
b
u
g
s
in
th
eir
n
atu
r
al
h
ab
itats
[
1
0
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
d
i
d
n
o
t
r
ec
eiv
e
an
y
n
atu
r
e
-
b
ased
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
;
o
n
ly
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
le
s
s
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
e
x
is
tin
g
p
r
esc
h
o
o
l
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ed
wer
e
co
n
tin
u
ed
.
T
h
is
s
itu
atio
n
was r
eg
ar
d
ed
as a
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t c
o
n
tr
o
l
v
ar
iab
le
to
is
o
late
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
im
p
ac
t [
4
3
]
.
2
.
5
.
Q
ues
t
io
nn
a
ire
prepa
ra
t
io
n
T
h
e
b
u
g
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
awa
r
en
ess
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
b
u
g
s
af
ar
i
ac
tiv
ity
o
n
c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
b
u
g
s
,
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
r
o
les
b
u
g
s
p
lay
in
n
atu
r
e,
th
eir
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
b
u
g
s
,
an
d
th
eir
lev
el
o
f
ec
o
lo
g
ical
awa
r
e
n
ess
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
test
,
s
cien
tific
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
to
o
ls
aim
ed
at
f
o
s
ter
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
awa
r
en
ess
in
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
te
x
t,
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
n
ten
t
v
a
lid
ity
o
f
th
e
test
,
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
n
atu
r
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
awa
r
en
ess
s
ca
les in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
wer
e
tak
e
n
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t [
9
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
er
v
es
as
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
to
o
l
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
ev
al
u
ate
s
ev
er
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
b
u
g
s
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
it
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
v
ar
io
u
s
b
u
g
s
p
ec
ies
an
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiate
th
eir
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
ass
e
s
s
es
th
eir
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
e
ec
o
lo
g
ical
r
o
les
b
u
g
s
p
lay
,
g
a
u
g
es
th
eir
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
b
u
g
s
,
an
d
ev
alu
ates
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
aim
ed
at
f
o
s
ter
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
en
ess
d
u
r
in
g
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
test
co
n
ten
t
was
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
i
n
s
ch
o
lar
ly
liter
atu
r
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
ield
s
o
f
ch
ild
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
a
n
d
en
to
m
o
lo
g
y
[
6
]
,
[
4
5
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
s
cien
tific
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
ec
o
lo
g
ical
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
o
f
b
u
g
s
[
2
3
]
,
[4
6
]
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
cien
tific
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
test
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
b
u
g
s
in
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
s
o
il
h
ea
lth
,
an
d
th
eir
v
ital
r
o
le
as
p
o
llin
ato
r
s
,
all
o
f
wh
ich
in
f
o
r
m
ed
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
test
item
s
[
2
5
]
,
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
tak
es
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
at
titu
d
es
to
war
d
b
u
g
s
an
d
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
ese
attitu
d
es,
d
r
awin
g
u
p
o
n
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
an
d
ch
ild
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
[
8
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
E
m
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
s
en
s
o
r
y
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
with
n
atu
r
e
an
d
d
ir
ec
t in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
b
u
g
s
ar
e
cr
itical
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
ec
o
lo
g
ical
awa
r
en
ess
in
ch
ild
r
en
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was d
e
v
elo
p
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
“c
h
ild
r
e
n
’
s
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
n
atu
r
e
s
ca
le”
cr
e
ated
b
y
C
h
en
g
an
d
Mo
n
r
o
e
[
1
2
]
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
m
o
d
els
estab
lis
h
ed
b
y
Palm
er
[
6
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
item
s
p
er
tain
in
g
t
o
ec
o
lo
g
ical
awa
r
en
ess
wer
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
‘
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
attit
u
d
es
an
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
s
ca
le’
[
42
]
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
On
ce
th
e
item
s
wer
e
f
i
n
alize
d
,
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
was
s
o
licited
f
r
o
m
ex
p
e
r
ts
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
te
n
t
v
alid
ity
.
A
p
ilo
t
test
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
a
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
(
n
=4
0
)
,
lead
i
n
g
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
f
in
al
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
r
e
liab
ilit
y
o
f
th
is
2
2
-
item
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
ec
o
c
o
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
α
=0
.
7
2
2
(
f
ac
to
r
s
;
b
u
g
awa
r
en
ess
=
0
.
7
0
5
,
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
b
u
g
s
i
n
th
e
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
=
0
.
7
4
5
,
ec
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
an
d
attitu
d
e
=
0
.
7
3
7
)
a
n
d
ω
=0
.
7
1
5
(
f
ac
t
o
r
s
;
b
u
g
awa
r
en
ess
=
0
.
6
8
9
,
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
b
u
g
s
in
th
e
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
=
0
.
7
3
6
,
ec
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
an
d
attitu
d
e=
0
.
7
2
9
)
with
α
an
d
ω
>0
.
7
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ac
ce
p
ta
b
le
[
4
8
]
,
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
ad
m
i
n
is
ter
ed
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
to
t
h
e
ch
ild
r
e
n
as
b
o
th
a
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
a
p
o
s
t
-
t
est
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
Giv
e
n
th
e
p
r
esch
o
o
l
ag
e
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
th
e
ch
ild
r
e
n
d
id
n
o
t
co
m
p
lete
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
tly
;
in
s
tead
,
d
ata
wer
e
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
e
-
on
-
o
n
e,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
i
n
ter
v
iews
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
.
Du
r
in
g
ea
ch
in
ter
v
iew,
th
e
item
s
wer
e
r
ea
d
alo
u
d
in
a
cl
ea
r
an
d
ag
e
-
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
an
n
er
,
an
d
a
v
is
u
al
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
y
s
tem
was
u
s
ed
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t.
E
a
ch
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
p
tio
n
was
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
a
co
l
o
r
ed
cir
cle:
g
r
ee
n
f
o
r
“
y
es
”
,
r
ed
f
o
r
“
no
”
,
an
d
y
ello
w
f
o
r
“
I
d
o
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
”
.
Af
ter
ea
ch
item
was p
r
esen
ted
,
th
e
ch
ild
in
d
icate
d
th
eir
r
esp
o
n
s
e
b
y
p
o
in
tin
g
to
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
-
c
o
l
o
r
ed
cir
cle,
an
d
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
n
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
f
o
r
m
.
Prio
r
to
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
c
h
ild
r
en
we
r
e
b
r
ief
ly
f
am
iliar
ized
with
th
e
co
lo
r
-
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
m
atch
in
g
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
iews
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
in
f
am
iliar
class
r
o
o
m
s
ettin
g
s
o
r
d
esig
n
ated
p
lay
a
r
ea
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
t
h
e
c
h
ild
r
en
f
elt
c
o
m
f
o
r
tab
le
an
d
s
af
e,
an
d
ea
ch
in
ter
v
iew
last
ed
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
0
to
1
5
m
in
u
tes,
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
th
e
ch
ild
r
e
n
’
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
atten
tio
n
s
p
an
s
.
T
h
is
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
in
te
r
v
iew
-
b
ased
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
was
ap
p
lied
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
th
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l g
r
o
u
p
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
p
h
ases
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
2
2
1
7
-
2
2
2
7
2222
T
ab
le
2
.
B
u
g
s
af
ar
i
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
item
s
I
t
e
ms
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
S
o
u
r
c
e
1
.
B
e
e
s
h
e
l
p
f
l
o
w
e
r
s t
o
g
r
o
w
.
B
u
g
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
C
h
e
n
g
a
n
d
M
o
n
r
o
e
[
1
2
]
–
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
n
e
ss
t
o
n
a
t
u
r
e
(
e
mo
t
i
o
n
a
l
b
o
n
d
,
e
n
j
o
y
m
e
n
t
i
n
n
a
t
u
r
e
)
2
.
A
n
t
s
a
e
r
a
t
e
t
h
e
s
o
i
l
.
P
a
l
mer
[
6
]
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
a
l
l
y
e
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
n
sc
i
o
u
s
n
e
ss
s
c
a
l
e
(
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
)
3
.
B
u
t
t
e
r
f
l
i
e
s
h
a
v
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
o
l
o
r
s
a
n
d
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s.
P
a
l
mer [
6
]
(
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
)
4
.
I
a
m
n
o
t
a
f
r
a
i
d
w
h
e
n
I
see
b
u
g
s.
P
a
l
mer
[
6
]
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
a
l
l
y
C
h
e
n
g
a
n
d
M
o
n
r
o
e
[
1
2
]
(
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
i
n
n
a
t
u
r
e
/
a
e
s
t
h
e
t
i
c
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss)
5
.
W
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
n
o
t
h
u
r
t
b
u
g
s.
C
h
e
n
g
a
n
d
M
o
n
r
o
e
[
1
2
]
(
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
n
a
t
u
r
e
)
6
.
B
u
g
s
n
e
e
d
n
a
t
u
r
e
t
o
l
i
v
e
.
K
a
i
ser
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
2
]
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
n
s
c
i
o
u
s
n
e
ss
sc
a
l
e
(
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
)
7
.
A
r
e
b
u
g
s
b
a
d
?
(
R
)
P
a
l
mer
[
6
]
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
n
sc
i
o
u
s
n
e
s
s
sc
a
l
e
(
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
a
l
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss)
8
.
B
u
g
s
h
e
l
p
p
l
a
n
t
s
t
o
g
r
o
w
.
Th
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
b
u
g
s
i
n
t
h
e
e
c
o
s
y
st
e
m
C
h
e
n
g
a
n
d
M
o
n
r
o
e
[
1
2
]
a
n
d
K
a
i
se
r
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
2
]
(
r
e
v
e
r
se
-
sco
r
e
d
i
t
e
m m
e
a
s
u
r
i
n
g
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
;
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
)
9
.
B
u
g
s
a
r
e
f
o
o
d
f
o
r
s
o
me
a
n
i
mal
s
.
P
a
l
mer [
6
]
(
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
)
1
0
.
E
a
r
t
h
w
o
r
ms
l
i
v
e
i
n
t
h
e
s
o
i
l
a
n
d
h
e
l
p
i
t
.
P
a
l
mer [
6
]
(
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
f
o
o
d
c
h
a
i
n
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss)
1
1
.
M
o
s
q
u
i
t
o
e
s a
r
e
f
o
o
d
f
o
r
so
m
e
b
i
r
d
s
a
n
d
f
r
o
g
s.
P
a
l
mer [
6
]
(
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
)
1
2
.
S
o
me
a
n
i
m
a
l
s
c
a
n
n
o
t
l
i
v
e
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
b
u
g
s
.
P
a
l
mer [
6
]
(
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
f
o
o
d
c
h
a
i
n
)
1
3
.
B
e
e
s
a
n
d
b
u
t
t
e
r
f
l
i
e
s
h
e
l
p
f
r
u
i
t
s
a
n
d
v
e
g
e
t
a
b
l
e
s
g
r
o
w
.
P
a
l
mer
[
6
]
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
n
sc
i
o
u
s
n
e
s
s
sc
a
l
e
(
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
a
l
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
)
1
4
.
N
a
t
u
r
e
n
e
e
d
s
b
u
g
s t
o
b
e
h
a
p
p
y
.
P
a
l
mer
[
6
]
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
n
sc
i
o
u
s
n
e
s
s
sc
a
l
e
(
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
e
c
o
s
y
st
e
m
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
g
)
1
5
.
I
f
b
u
g
s
a
r
e
g
o
n
e
,
n
a
t
u
r
e
i
s
n
o
t
h
a
p
p
y
.
P
a
l
mer
[
6
]
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
n
sc
i
o
u
s
n
e
s
s
sc
a
l
e
(
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
a
l
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss)
1
6
.
W
e
m
u
st
t
a
k
e
c
a
r
e
o
f
b
u
g
h
o
mes.
Ec
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
sc
i
o
u
s
n
e
ss
a
n
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
P
a
l
mer
[
6
]
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
n
sc
i
o
u
s
n
e
s
s
sc
a
l
e
(
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
)
1
7
.
D
o
n
ot
p
i
c
k
f
l
o
w
e
r
s wi
t
h
b
u
g
s.
K
a
i
ser
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
2
]
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
n
s
c
i
o
u
s
n
e
ss
sc
a
l
e
(
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
)
1
8
.
D
o
n
o
t
h
u
r
t
b
e
e
h
o
m
e
s.
K
a
i
ser
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
2
]
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
n
s
c
i
o
u
s
n
e
ss
sc
a
l
e
(
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
)
1
9
.
L
e
t
’
s
l
e
a
r
n
a
b
o
u
t
b
u
g
s t
o
h
e
l
p
n
a
t
u
r
e
.
K
a
i
ser
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
2
]
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
n
s
c
i
o
u
s
n
e
ss
sc
a
l
e
(
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
)
2
0
.
W
h
e
n
w
e
se
e
b
u
g
s,
w
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
k
i
n
d
.
P
a
l
mer
[
6
]
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
n
sc
i
o
u
s
n
e
s
s
sc
a
l
e
(
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
a
l
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss)
2
1
.
B
u
g
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
s
c
a
r
y
.
K
a
i
ser
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
2
]
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
n
s
c
i
o
u
s
n
e
ss
sc
a
l
e
(
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
)
2
2
.
N
a
t
u
r
e
n
e
e
d
s
b
u
g
s
t
o
s
t
a
y
c
l
e
a
n
a
n
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
y
.
C
h
e
n
g
a
n
d
M
o
n
r
o
e
[
1
2
]
(
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
n
a
t
u
r
e
,
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
n
e
ss
t
o
n
a
t
u
r
e
)
2
.
6
.
Ana
ly
ze
A
2
2
-
item
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
en
ess
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
to
4
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
ex
p
er
im
en
tal:
n
=2
0
;
co
n
t
r
o
l:
n
=2
0
)
u
s
in
g
a
p
r
e
-
test
/p
o
s
t
-
test
d
esig
n
.
Pre
lim
in
ar
y
an
aly
s
es
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
all
v
ar
iab
les
s
atis
f
ied
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
o
f
n
o
r
m
ality
an
d
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
s
.
T
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
’
s
ef
f
icac
y
,
a
2
x
2
(
g
r
o
u
p
x
tim
e)
m
i
x
ed
-
d
esig
n
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
a
r
ian
ce
(
ANOV
A)
(
s
p
lit
-
p
lo
t
ANOV
A
)
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
an
aly
ze
with
in
-
s
u
b
jects,
b
etwe
en
-
s
u
b
jects,
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
.
Statis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
m
ain
ef
f
ec
ts
f
o
r
tim
e
wer
e
f
u
r
th
er
s
cr
u
tin
ize
d
u
s
in
g
B
o
n
f
er
r
o
n
i
-
ad
ju
s
ted
p
air
wis
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
,
wh
ile
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
ter
ac
tio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
wer
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
v
ia
f
o
ll
o
w
-
u
p
s
im
p
le
ef
f
ec
ts
an
al
y
s
es.
All
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
we
r
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
I
B
M
SP
SS
s
tati
s
tics
2
5
.
0
.
2
.
7
.
E
t
hic
a
l principles
E
th
ical
co
m
m
ittee
ap
p
r
o
v
al
w
as
o
b
tain
ed
p
r
io
r
to
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
an
d
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
p
e
r
m
is
s
io
n
s
g
r
an
ted
b
y
th
e
r
ele
v
an
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
(
E
-
1
9
9
2
8
3
2
2
-
0
5
0
.
0
4
-
5
1
6
8
7
6
)
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
wr
itte
n
co
n
s
en
t
f
o
r
m
s
wer
e
s
ec
u
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
a
r
en
ts
o
f
th
e
ch
i
ld
r
en
f
o
r
v
o
l
u
n
tar
y
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
en
tire
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
ac
tio
n
s
wer
e
ta
k
en
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
r
ig
h
ts
,
et
h
ical
p
r
in
cip
les,
an
d
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
5
0
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
Descript
iv
e
s
t
a
t
is
t
ics
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
b
y
g
r
o
u
p
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
A
t
b
aselin
e,
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
eq
u
iv
alen
ce
in
to
tal
s
co
r
es
(
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
M=
1
3
.
3
0
;
c
o
n
tr
o
l
M=
1
3
.
2
0
)
.
Po
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
o
wed
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
to
tal
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
(
M=
2
0
.
9
0
)
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
u
g
s
a
fa
r
i:
p
r
o
mo
tin
g
ec
o
lo
g
ica
l a
w
a
r
en
ess
in
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
a
tu
r
e
-
b
a
s
ed
…
(
K
a
z
ım
B
ib
er
)
2223
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
r
em
ain
ed
n
ea
r
l
y
s
tab
le
(
M=
1
3
.
4
0
)
.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
was
co
n
s
is
ten
t
ac
r
o
s
s
all
s
u
b
-
d
o
m
ain
s
:
b
u
g
awa
r
en
ess
,
ec
o
lo
g
ical
r
o
les,
an
d
c
o
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
.
No
tab
ly
,
wh
ile
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
o
we
d
n
o
g
r
o
wth
i
n
“r
o
le
in
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
”
o
r
“e
co
-
c
o
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
,
”
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
ac
h
iev
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
ain
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es.
T
ab
le
3
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es b
y
g
r
o
u
p
M
e
a
su
r
e
me
n
t
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
M
(
S
D
)
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
M
(
S
D
)
Pre
-
t
e
st
1
3
.
3
0
(
0
.
2
0
)
1
3
.
2
0
(
0
.
2
0
)
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
2
0
.
9
0
(
0
.
0
6
)
1
3
.
4
0
(
0
.
1
8
)
Pre
-
b
u
g
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
3
.
5
0
(
0
.
2
1
)
4
.
2
0
(
0
.
2
6
)
Pre
-
t
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
b
u
g
s
i
n
t
h
e
e
c
o
sy
s
t
e
m
5
.
2
5
(
0
.
2
3
)
5
.
2
5
(
0
.
2
1
)
Pre
-
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
s
c
i
o
u
s
n
e
s
s a
n
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
4
.
5
5
(
0
.
2
3
)
3
.
7
5
(
0
.
2
6
)
P
o
st
-
b
u
g
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
6
.
0
0
(
0
.
2
5
)
4
.
4
0
(
0
.
2
5
)
P
o
st
-
t
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
b
u
g
s
i
n
t
h
e
e
c
o
sy
s
t
e
m
7
.
9
5
(
0
.
0
5
)
5
.
2
5
(
0
.
2
1
)
P
o
st
-
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
sc
i
o
u
s
n
e
s
s a
n
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
6
.
9
5
(
0
.
0
5
)
3
.
7
5
(
0
.
2
6
)
3
.
2
.
M
ultiv
a
ria
t
e
a
na
ly
s
is
A
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ai
n
e
f
f
ec
t o
f
ti
m
e
was
f
o
u
n
d
,
F(1
,
3
8
)
=1
0
5
0
.
8
7
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
,
p
a
r
tial
η
²=
0
.
9
6
5
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
lar
g
e
o
v
er
all
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
s
co
r
es
ac
r
o
s
s
tim
e.
A
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
tim
e
×
g
r
o
u
p
in
ter
ac
tio
n
was
also
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
F(1
,
3
8
)
=9
4
5
.
8
6
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
,
p
a
r
tial
η
²=
0
.
9
6
1
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
a
t
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
ch
a
n
g
e
d
i
f
f
er
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
ex
h
i
b
ited
a
g
r
ea
ter
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
v
er
tim
e
th
an
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
Ad
d
i
tio
n
ally
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
m
ain
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
was
d
etec
ted
,
F(1
,
3
8
)
=3
1
3
.
5
5
,
p<
0
.
0
0
1
,
p
ar
tial
η
²=
0
.
8
9
2
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
if
f
er
ed
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
th
tim
e
p
o
in
ts
.
3
.
3
.
P
a
irwise
co
m
pa
riso
ns
Pair
wis
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
with
B
o
n
f
er
r
o
n
i
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
b
etwe
en
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
was
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
,
wit
h
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
b
y
an
av
e
r
ag
e
o
f
3
.
8
0
p
o
i
n
ts
(
9
5
%
C
I
[
3
.
3
7
,
4
.
2
3
]
)
.
No
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
was
f
o
u
n
d
at
p
r
e
-
t
est.
E
s
tim
ated
m
ar
g
in
al
m
ea
n
s
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
em
ain
ed
r
elativ
ely
s
tab
le
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
-
test
(
M=
1
3
.
2
0
)
to
p
o
s
t
-
test
(
M=
1
3
.
4
0
)
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
o
wed
a
n
o
ta
b
le
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t f
r
o
m
M=
1
3
.
3
0
to
M=
2
0
.
9
0
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
a
s
tr
o
n
g
an
d
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
g
ain
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
-
test
to
p
o
s
t
-
test
,
wh
ile
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
d
id
n
o
t.
T
h
e
lar
g
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
izes
(
p
ar
tial
η
²>
0
.
8
9
)
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
eir
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
s
tim
ated
m
a
r
g
in
al
m
ea
n
s
b
y
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
tim
e
p
o
i
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
2
2
1
7
-
2
2
2
7
2224
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
ex
am
in
e
d
t
h
e
ef
f
e
ct
o
f
a
n
at
u
r
e
-
b
as
e
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
al
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ed
ca
ll
e
d
b
u
g
s
af
ar
i
,
w
h
i
c
h
was
d
ev
el
o
p
e
d
b
as
ed
o
n
t
h
e
R
e
g
g
i
o
E
m
il
ia
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
o
n
t
h
e
att
it
u
d
es
o
f
c
h
il
d
r
e
n
a
g
ed
4
to
6
to
w
ar
d
s
b
u
g
s
an
d
t
h
ei
r
le
v
el
o
f
e
co
lo
g
i
ca
l
a
wa
r
e
n
ess
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
d
i
n
cl
u
d
es
d
i
r
e
ct
n
at
u
r
e
e
x
p
e
r
ie
n
ce
s
,
d
is
c
o
v
e
r
y
-
b
ase
d
le
ar
n
i
n
g
,
c
h
il
d
-
ce
n
t
er
e
d
ac
ti
v
iti
es,
an
d
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
ed
ap
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
th
at
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
u
lti
p
l
e
s
e
n
s
es
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
in
d
icat
e
d
th
at
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
al
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
d
wit
h
t
h
ese
c
h
a
r
a
cte
r
is
tics
p
o
s
iti
v
e
ly
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
y
o
u
n
g
c
h
il
d
r
e
n
’
s
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
wi
th
t
h
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
i
n
b
o
t
h
c
o
g
n
iti
v
e
a
n
d
e
m
o
ti
o
n
al
te
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
in
d
icate
d
th
at
f
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
to
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
ex
p
er
ien
tia
l
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
th
at
allo
w
ch
ild
r
en
to
in
ter
ac
t
d
ir
ec
tly
with
n
a
tu
r
e
ar
e
ess
en
tial.
At
th
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
ch
ild
r
e
n
i
n
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
ex
h
ib
ited
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
b
u
g
s
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
eir
l
ev
els
o
f
ec
o
l
o
g
ical
awa
r
en
ess
,
wh
er
ea
s
n
o
n
o
ta
b
le
ch
an
g
e
w
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
illu
s
tr
ates
th
at
k
n
o
wled
g
e
-
b
ased
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
alo
n
e
is
in
ad
eq
u
ate,
an
d
th
at
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
er
s
wh
ich
en
a
b
le
ch
ild
r
en
to
estab
lis
h
d
ir
ec
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
ac
tiv
ely
p
ar
ticip
ate,
an
d
en
g
a
g
e
with
n
atu
r
e
in
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l c
o
n
te
x
t
ar
e
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
[
3
5
]
,
[
4
3
]
,
[
5
1
]
.
T
h
e
R
eg
g
io
E
m
ilia
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
a
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
p
o
s
itio
n
s
th
e
ch
ild
as
an
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
th
eir
cu
r
i
o
s
ity
an
d
d
esire
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
wh
ile
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
m
o
d
es
o
f
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
,
o
f
ten
r
ef
er
r
e
d
to
a
s
th
e
“h
u
n
d
r
e
d
lan
g
u
ag
es
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
”
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
b
u
g
s
af
ar
i
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ed
,
w
h
ich
is
in
teg
r
ated
with
th
is
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
,
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
u
p
p
lied
ch
ild
r
en
with
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
u
t
also
cr
ea
ted
a
lea
r
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
wh
er
e
th
ey
co
u
l
d
f
o
r
m
em
o
tio
n
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
eir
o
wn
m
ea
n
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
d
ir
ec
t o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
o
f
b
u
g
s
in
th
eir
n
atu
r
al
h
ab
itats
en
ab
led
t
h
em
to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
th
e
b
io
lo
g
ical
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
r
o
les
o
f
th
ese
cr
ea
tu
r
es,
wh
ic
h
,
in
tu
r
n
,
h
elp
ed
th
e
m
d
ev
el
o
p
em
p
ath
y
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
n
a
tu
r
e
as
a
v
alu
ab
le
s
y
s
tem
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
es p
r
o
tectio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
L
o
u
v
’
s
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
‘
n
atu
r
e
d
ef
icit
d
is
o
r
d
er
’
[
10
]
.
L
o
u
v
a
r
g
u
es
th
at
m
o
d
er
n
life
d
is
tan
ce
s
ch
ild
r
e
n
f
r
o
m
n
atu
r
e,
wh
ich
n
eg
ativ
ely
im
p
ac
ts
th
eir
p
h
y
s
ical,
e
m
o
tio
n
al,
a
n
d
s
o
cial
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
th
at
ch
ild
r
en
wh
o
p
ar
ticip
at
ed
in
a
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
teg
r
ated
with
n
atu
r
e
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
a
v
e
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
ed
th
eir
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t a
lig
n
s
with
th
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
b
u
g
s
as
‘
u
n
wan
ted
’
o
r
‘
d
an
g
er
o
u
s
’
c
r
ea
tu
r
es
with
in
s
o
ciety
ca
n
lea
d
ch
ild
r
en
to
d
e
v
elo
p
n
e
g
ativ
e
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
th
em
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
at
es
th
at
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
n
atu
r
e
-
b
ased
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ed
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
s
u
ch
p
r
eju
d
ices.
So
m
e
ch
ild
r
en
i
n
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
id
en
tifie
d
with
t
h
e
b
u
g
s
,
f
o
r
m
e
d
em
o
tio
n
al
b
o
n
d
s
with
th
em
b
y
n
am
in
g
t
h
em
,
an
d
g
ain
e
d
a
b
ette
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
eir
r
o
les
in
n
atu
r
e.
T
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
C
u
tter
-
Ma
ck
e
n
zie
an
d
E
d
war
d
s
[
1
4
]
,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
p
la
y
-
b
ased
,
h
o
lis
tic,
an
d
m
u
lti
-
s
en
s
o
r
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes to
e
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
lear
n
in
g
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
d
ica
ted
th
at
ch
ild
r
en
i
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
wh
o
d
id
n
o
t r
ec
eiv
e
a
n
y
f
o
r
m
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
eith
er
m
ain
tain
ed
o
r
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ce
d
th
eir
n
eg
ativ
e
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
b
u
g
s
.
T
h
is
o
u
tco
m
e
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
o
tio
n
th
at
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
attitu
d
es
ar
e
s
h
ap
ed
n
o
t
s
o
lely
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
lear
n
in
g
,
b
u
t
also
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ir
ec
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
em
o
tio
n
a
lly
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
with
n
atu
r
e
[
2
4
]
,
[
4
3
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
it is
im
p
er
ativ
e
t
h
at
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
eg
in
s
at
an
ea
r
ly
ag
e
an
d
is
in
teg
r
ated
h
o
lis
tically
with
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
s
o
cial,
em
o
tio
n
al,
an
d
m
o
r
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
5
2
]
.
As
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
b
y
Vec
ch
i
[
5
3
]
,
s
u
s
tain
in
g
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
lear
n
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
o
r
e
th
an
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
I
t
n
ec
ess
itates
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
co
n
ce
p
ts
with
ae
s
th
etic
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
eth
ical
awa
r
en
ess
,
an
d
em
p
ath
etic
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
b
u
g
s
af
ar
i
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ed
ex
em
p
lifie
d
s
u
ch
a
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
ch
ild
r
e
n
n
o
t
o
n
ly
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
n
atu
r
e
b
u
t
also
to
c
u
ltiv
ate
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
ca
r
e
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
to
war
d
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
n
atu
r
e
-
b
ased
,
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
in
to
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
f
o
s
ter
ea
r
ly
ec
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
e
m
o
tio
n
a
l
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
th
at
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
f
ac
ilit
ate
o
u
td
o
o
r
s
en
s
o
r
y
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
wh
ile
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
ev
el
o
p
er
s
a
d
o
p
t
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
th
at
em
b
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
s
cien
ce
,
ar
ts
,
an
d
eth
ics.
A
c
r
itical
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
s
h
if
t
is
also
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
r
ef
r
am
e
n
eg
ativ
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
“
non
-
c
h
ar
is
m
a
tic
”
s
p
ec
ies,
s
u
ch
as
in
s
ec
ts
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
an
d
p
lay
-
b
ased
in
q
u
ir
y
.
B
y
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
ch
ild
r
en
as
ac
tiv
e
ag
en
ts
-
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
R
eg
g
io
E
m
ilia
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
-
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ca
n
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
r
eju
d
ic
es a
n
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
h
o
lis
tic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
At
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ic
lev
el,
p
o
licy
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
m
u
s
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
aliza
tio
n
o
f
th
ese
p
r
ac
tices
b
y
allo
ca
tin
g
f
u
n
d
in
g
f
o
r
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
s
u
ch
as
o
u
td
o
o
r
lear
n
in
g
s
p
ac
es
an
d
ec
o
-
g
ar
d
en
s
,
an
d
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
th
at
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
teac
h
er
tr
ai
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
k
n
o
wled
g
e
-
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
o
d
els
to
ex
p
er
ien
tial
f
ac
ilit
atio
n
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
m
itig
atin
g
“
n
atu
r
e
d
ef
icit
d
is
o
r
d
er
”
[
2
6
]
,
[
5
4
]
r
eq
u
ir
es
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
with
f
am
ilies
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ities
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
tin
u
ity
b
etwe
en
class
r
o
o
m
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
an
d
a
ch
ild
’
s
b
r
o
ad
e
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
in
ter
a
ctio
n
s
.
Fin
ally
,
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
an
d
p
o
licy
in
itiativ
es
s
h
o
u
ld
ad
o
p
t
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
m
e
asu
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S
[
1
]
U
.
B
r
o
n
f
e
n
b
r
e
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n
e
r
,
T
h
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[
2
]
J.
Er
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st
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K
.
M
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A
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P
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S
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[
3
]
H
.
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[
4
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.
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.
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[
5
]
J.
D
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.
[
6
]
J.
A
.
P
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mer
,
“
En
v
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r
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me
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l
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man
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.
[
7
]
R
.
M
.
P
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l
e
,
“
Ed
e
n
i
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a
v
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n
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sp
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p
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s
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s
p
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f
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,
”
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C
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d
re
n
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n
d
N
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t
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Psy
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S
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c
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n
d
Ev
o
l
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t
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.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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J
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.
3
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2226
[
8
]
L.
C
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w
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a
,
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