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Pre
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Ps
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CC B
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C
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s
p
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A
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r
:
Ali Rach
m
an
Facu
lty
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f
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Ma
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k
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Un
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B
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m
asin
,
I
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d
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esia
E
m
ail: a
li.b
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lm
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ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Hu
m
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esen
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a
m
u
ltifa
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ter
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co
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with
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i
m
p
licatio
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s
f
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r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
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n
tex
ts
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Af
f
iliativ
e
h
u
m
o
r
f
o
s
ter
s
p
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s
itiv
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class
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t,
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alad
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p
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h
u
m
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s
ty
les
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p
air
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
c
lass
r
o
o
m
d
y
n
am
ics
[1
]
–
[
3
]
.
Ass
ess
in
g
p
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e
-
s
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v
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teac
h
er
s
’
h
u
m
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s
ty
les
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,
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
ess
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tial
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r
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ltiv
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g
th
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ter
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m
p
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eq
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ir
ed
f
o
r
ef
f
e
ctiv
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teac
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in
g
[
2
]
,
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
(
HSQ)
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
esig
n
e
d
to
ass
ess
f
o
u
r
d
is
tin
ct
ty
p
es
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f
h
u
m
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r
,
o
r
h
u
m
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r
s
ty
les:
af
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s
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lf
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g
,
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d
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h
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b
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elf
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r
tar
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et
(
s
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th
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r
s
)
[
6
]
–
[
8
]
.
Ad
a
p
tiv
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h
u
m
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s
ty
les
(
af
f
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co
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elate
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ag
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e
ass
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ciate
d
with
in
t
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p
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s
o
n
al
d
if
f
icu
lties
[
9
]
–
[
1
3
]
.
C
r
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
v
alid
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n
s
af
f
ir
m
HSQ
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ap
p
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ilit
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ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
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s
e
p
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p
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la
tio
n
s
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
C
r
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s
s
-
n
atio
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al
r
esear
ch
ex
am
i
n
in
g
h
u
m
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r
s
ty
les
ac
r
o
s
s
2
8
c
o
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n
tr
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h
as
r
ev
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led
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y
s
tem
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cu
ltu
r
al
v
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s
in
h
u
m
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r
s
ty
le
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
[
3
]
.
No
tab
ly
,
I
n
d
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esia
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an
k
s
am
o
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g
th
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h
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est
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elf
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en
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a
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d
s
elf
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d
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g
h
u
m
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r
s
co
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alo
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g
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id
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Ma
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s
ev
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W
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s
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at
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f
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r
ac
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r
ate
ass
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m
en
t
o
f
h
u
m
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r
s
ty
les
in
I
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d
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p
o
p
u
latio
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s
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
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.
R
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wo
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th
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s
tr
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th
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u
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I
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J
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15
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ass
o
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with
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t
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o
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tex
ts
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ch
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s
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tr
ai
n
in
g
p
r
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r
am
s
.
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n
d
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s
tu
d
en
t
well
-
b
ein
g
[
2
]
,
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
;
an
d
iii
)
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
u
s
e
h
u
m
o
r
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
f
ield
s
ca
n
in
f
o
r
m
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
tr
ain
in
g
a
n
d
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
esig
n
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Hu
m
o
r
s
ty
le
p
r
o
f
iles
m
ay
v
a
r
y
b
y
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
c
u
ltu
r
e
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
r
o
le
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
as
s
u
g
g
es
ted
b
y
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
ac
r
o
s
s
ad
o
lescen
t,
ad
u
lt,
clin
i
ca
l,
an
d
m
ar
ital
s
am
p
les
in
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
y
et
th
i
s
v
ar
iatio
n
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
ex
am
in
ed
in
I
n
d
o
n
esian
teac
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fro
m
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
v
alu
at
io
n
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
v
alid
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
n
o
n
-
co
g
n
itiv
e
teac
h
er
c
o
m
p
eten
cies.
Hu
m
o
r
,
d
esp
ite
its
r
ele
v
an
c
e
to
class
r
o
o
m
clim
ate
a
n
d
tea
ch
er
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
r
em
ain
s
u
n
d
e
r
-
ev
alu
ate
d
in
I
n
d
o
n
esian
teac
h
er
p
r
ep
ar
ati
o
n
.
T
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
(
HSQ
-
ID
)
v
alid
atio
n
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
is
cr
itical
g
ap
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
th
e
f
ir
s
t
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
etr
ic
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
HSQ
-
I
D
am
o
n
g
7
2
9
I
n
d
o
n
esian
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
ac
r
o
s
s
10
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
s
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
f
o
u
r
aim
s
:
−
T
o
ex
am
in
e
wh
eth
er
th
e
f
o
u
r
-
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
HSQ
r
e
p
licates
in
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
p
o
p
u
latio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
an
d
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
es.
−
T
o
ass
es
s
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a)
an
d
s
u
b
s
ca
le
r
eliab
ilit
y
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
HSQ
-
I
D
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates a
d
eq
u
at
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
.
−
T
o
d
escr
ib
e
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
le
p
r
o
f
iles
ac
r
o
s
s
10
teac
h
er
s
p
ec
iali
za
tio
n
f
ield
s
t
o
id
e
n
tify
wh
et
h
er
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
co
n
tex
ts
s
h
ap
e
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
le
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
.
−
T
o
ex
am
in
e
wh
eth
er
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
le
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
v
ar
y
b
y
g
en
d
er
,
an
d
wh
eth
er
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
al
p
atter
n
s
am
o
n
g
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les d
if
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
o
s
e
r
ep
o
r
te
d
in
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
am
p
les.
T
h
ese
aim
s
es
tab
lis
h
th
e
H
SQ
-
I
D
as a
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
ev
alu
ati
o
n
to
o
l f
o
r
I
n
d
o
n
esian
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
f
illi
n
g
a
cr
itical
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
v
o
id
alig
n
ed
with
n
atio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
s
em
p
h
asizin
g
s
o
cio
-
em
o
tio
n
al
co
m
p
eten
cies.
W
h
ile
m
o
s
t
HSQ
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
o
n
li
n
g
u
is
tic
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
r
cu
ltu
r
al
r
e
p
licatio
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
v
alu
atio
n
r
esear
ch
b
y
ex
am
i
n
in
g
h
o
w
r
o
le
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
a
n
o
n
-
co
g
n
itiv
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
B
y
v
alid
atin
g
th
e
HSQ
-
I
D
with
in
t
ea
ch
er
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
co
h
er
e
n
ce
ca
n
b
e
en
h
an
ce
d
wh
en
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
ev
alu
ate
th
em
s
elv
es
ag
ain
s
t
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
in
ter
ac
tio
n
n
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ex
ten
d
s
b
ey
o
n
d
m
er
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
c
o
n
tex
t
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
elev
an
t f
o
r
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Study
des
ig
n
a
nd
s
et
t
ing
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
d
esig
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
etwe
en
J
u
ly
an
d
A
u
g
u
s
t
2
0
2
4
in
a
lar
g
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
p
u
b
lic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
PP
G
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
to
co
l
r
ec
eiv
ed
eth
ical
ap
p
r
o
v
al
f
r
o
m
th
e
I
n
s
titu
te
f
o
r
R
esear
ch
an
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
Ser
v
i
ce
(
r
ef
er
en
ce
:
1
2
2
3
/UN8
.
2
/PG/2
0
2
4
)
,
a
n
d
d
ata
co
llectio
n
f
o
llo
wed
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
eth
ical
g
u
id
elin
es
f
o
r
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esear
c
h
with
ad
u
lt
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
[
2
2
]
.
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
r
o
v
id
ed
wr
itten
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t
a
n
d
wer
e
as
s
u
r
ed
o
f
a
n
o
n
y
m
ity
an
d
co
n
f
i
d
en
tiality
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
u
m
m
ar
izes th
e
s
ix
-
s
tep
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
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.
R
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d
esig
n
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2113
2
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P
a
rt
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nts a
nd
s
a
m
pli
ng
T
h
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
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m
p
r
is
ed
p
r
e
-
s
er
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ice
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h
er
s
en
r
o
lled
in
PP
G
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
ac
r
o
s
s
10
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
f
ield
s
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
wer
e:
i
)
cu
r
r
en
tly
e
n
r
o
lled
in
a
n
ac
tiv
e
PP
G
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
;
ii
)
ag
ed
1
8
y
ea
r
s
o
r
o
ld
er
;
a
n
d
iii
)
ab
le
t
o
co
m
p
lete
a
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
t
q
u
es
tio
n
n
air
e
in
I
n
d
o
n
esian
.
E
x
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
in
co
m
p
lete
HSQ
-
I
D
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
o
r
with
d
r
awa
l
f
r
o
m
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
A
to
tal
o
f
9
2
0
p
r
e
-
s
er
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ice
teac
h
er
s
wer
e
in
v
ited
;
7
2
9
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
co
m
p
lete
d
ata
an
d
wer
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
an
aly
s
es
(
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ate
7
9
.
2
%).
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
was
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
f
em
ale
(
7
6
.
7
%
f
em
ale,
2
3
.
3
%
m
ale)
,
wh
ic
h
r
ef
lects
ty
p
ical
g
en
d
er
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esian
PPG
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
’
m
e
a
n
a
g
e
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as
2
1
.
4
y
e
ar
s
(
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
(
SD
)
=
2
.
1
; r
an
g
e
=
18
–
2
8
)
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
r
ep
r
esen
ted
10
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
f
ield
s
:
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l te
ac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
m
ath
em
atics
ed
u
c
atio
n
,
g
u
id
an
ce
an
d
co
u
n
s
elin
g
,
s
cien
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
h
y
s
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
h
ea
lth
,
civ
ics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
ar
ts
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atics/t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
is
m
u
lti
-
f
ield
s
am
p
lin
g
allo
wed
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
le
p
r
o
f
ile
s
,
as
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
lin
k
i
n
g
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
s
o
cial
r
o
les [
1
8
]
–
[
2
0
]
.
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
:
H
SQ
T
h
e
HSQ
is
a
3
2
-
item
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
t
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
esig
n
e
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
ac
r
o
s
s
f
o
u
r
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
:
af
f
iliativ
e,
s
elf
-
en
h
a
n
cin
g
,
a
g
g
r
ess
iv
e,
an
d
s
elf
-
d
ef
ea
tin
g
[
6
]
.
E
ac
h
s
u
b
s
ca
le
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
eig
h
t
item
s
an
s
we
r
ed
o
n
a
7
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
a
g
r
ee
)
to
7
(
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
ag
r
ee
)
.
Su
b
s
ca
le
s
co
r
es
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
8
t
o
5
6
,
with
h
ig
h
e
r
s
co
r
es
in
d
icatin
g
g
r
ea
ter
e
n
d
o
r
s
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
at
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
le.
T
h
e
HSQ
h
as b
ee
n
wid
e
ly
u
s
ed
an
d
v
alid
ated
in
ter
n
atio
n
ally
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
ac
ce
p
ta
b
le
to
g
o
o
d
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
f
ac
to
r
ial
v
alid
ity
,
an
d
th
eo
r
etica
lly
co
n
s
is
ten
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
with
p
er
s
o
n
a
lity
tr
aits
,
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
well
-
b
ein
g
,
an
d
s
o
c
ial
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
[
6
]
,
[
16
]
,
[
19
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
ex
ten
d
ed
HSQ
u
s
e
to
non
-
W
ester
n
an
d
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
a
l
co
n
tex
ts
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
Ar
a
b
ic,
Ar
m
en
ian
,
Me
x
ican
,
Ar
g
en
t
in
ian
,
an
d
B
elg
ian
s
am
p
les,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
its
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
[
1
0
]
,
[
12
]
,
[
14
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
2
.
4
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
t
ra
ns
la
t
io
n
a
nd
cult
ura
l a
da
pta
t
io
n
T
h
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
a
d
ap
tatio
n
o
f
HSQ
in
t
o
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ian
f
o
llo
wed
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
g
u
id
elin
es
f
o
r
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
s
e
lf
-
r
ep
o
r
t m
ea
s
u
r
es [
2
1]
–
[
2
3
]
.
−
Step
1
(
f
o
r
war
d
tr
an
s
latio
n
):
t
wo
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
b
ilin
g
u
al
tr
an
s
lato
r
s
(
o
n
e
E
n
g
lis
h
–
I
n
d
o
n
esian
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
p
ec
ialis
t
an
d
o
n
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
is
t
f
lu
en
t
in
b
o
th
la
n
g
u
ag
es)
tr
a
n
s
lated
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
E
n
g
lis
h
HSQ
in
to
I
n
d
o
n
esian
,
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
tw
o
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
v
er
s
io
n
s
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
−
Step
2
(
r
ec
o
n
ciliatio
n
):
t
h
e
two
tr
an
s
lato
r
s
an
d
a
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
co
m
p
ar
ed
th
e
f
o
r
war
d
tr
an
s
latio
n
s
,
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies,
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
s
in
g
le
r
ec
o
n
ciled
I
n
d
o
n
esian
v
er
s
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
[
2
3
]
.
−
Step
3
(
b
ac
k
-
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
):
a
n
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
n
ativ
e
E
n
g
lis
h
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
tr
an
s
lato
r
,
wh
o
was
u
n
f
am
iliar
with
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
HSQ
an
d
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
,
b
ac
k
-
tr
an
s
lated
th
e
r
ec
o
n
ciled
I
n
d
o
n
esian
v
er
s
io
n
in
to
E
n
g
lis
h
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
team
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
th
is
b
ac
k
-
tr
an
s
latio
n
with
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
HSQ
to
ass
ess
s
em
an
tic
eq
u
iv
alen
ce
a
n
d
d
etec
t p
o
ten
tial d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
−
Step
4
(
ex
p
er
t
p
a
n
el
r
e
v
iew
):
a
m
u
ltid
is
cip
lin
ar
y
ex
p
e
r
t
p
a
n
el
(
n
=
3
:
o
n
e
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
p
ec
ialis
t,
o
n
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
p
ec
iali
s
t,
an
d
o
n
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
r
esear
ch
er
)
r
ev
iewe
d
all
v
er
s
io
n
s
(
o
r
ig
in
al
E
n
g
lis
h
,
f
o
r
war
d
tr
an
s
latio
n
s
,
b
ac
k
tr
an
s
latio
n
s
,
an
d
r
ec
o
n
ciled
I
n
d
o
n
esian
v
er
s
io
n
)
.
E
x
p
er
ts
ev
alu
ated
item
clar
ity
,
s
em
an
tic
eq
u
iv
alen
ce
,
cu
ltu
r
al
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
n
ess
,
an
d
r
elev
an
ce
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
co
n
tex
ts
[
2
2
]
–
[
2
4
]
.
E
ac
h
ex
p
er
t
r
ated
item
r
ele
v
an
ce
o
n
a
4
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le
(
1
=
n
o
t
r
ele
v
an
t
t
o
4
=
h
ig
h
ly
r
elev
an
t)
,
an
d
an
it
em
-
lev
el
co
n
te
n
t
v
alid
ity
i
n
d
ex
(
C
VI
)
was
ca
lcu
lated
as
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
r
atin
g
th
e
item
3
o
r
4
[
2
2
]
.
I
tem
s
with
C
VI
<0
.
7
8
wo
u
ld
b
e
r
ev
is
ed
o
r
r
em
o
v
e
d
;
all
3
2
item
s
ac
h
iev
ed
C
VI
≥
0
.
7
8
,
in
d
icatin
g
ad
eq
u
ate
ex
p
er
t a
g
r
ee
m
e
n
t.
−
Step
5
(
co
g
n
itiv
e
d
eb
r
ief
i
n
g
/
p
ilo
t
test
in
g
):
a
p
ilo
t
s
am
p
le
o
f
3
0
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
f
ield
s
co
m
p
leted
th
e
d
r
a
f
t
HSQ
-
I
D
an
d
p
a
r
ticip
ated
in
b
r
ief
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
in
ter
v
iews.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
ask
ed
wh
at
ea
ch
item
m
ea
n
t,
an
d
wh
eth
er
an
y
ter
m
s
wer
e
co
n
f
u
s
in
g
o
r
cu
ltu
r
ally
in
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
[
2
2
]
.
Feed
b
ac
k
in
d
icate
d
o
v
e
r
all
g
o
o
d
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
ib
ilit
y
; m
in
o
r
wo
r
d
in
g
r
ev
is
io
n
s
wer
e
m
ad
e
to
th
r
ee
item
s
f
o
r
clar
ity
.
−
Step
6
(
f
i
n
al
r
ef
i
n
em
en
t
):
t
h
e
ex
p
er
t
p
an
el
r
ev
iewe
d
p
ilo
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
f
in
al
HSQ
-
I
D
v
er
s
io
n
,
r
etain
in
g
all
3
2
item
s
.
T
h
is
f
in
al
v
er
s
io
n
was u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
m
ain
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
.
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n pro
ce
du
re
s
Data
co
llectio
n
to
o
k
p
lace
d
u
r
in
g
s
ch
ed
u
led
class
s
ess
io
n
s
.
Af
ter
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
wh
o
p
r
o
v
id
ed
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
co
m
p
leted
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
p
ap
er
-
b
ased
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
HSQ
-
I
D
an
d
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
item
s
.
Av
er
ag
e
co
m
p
letio
n
tim
e
was
ap
p
r
o
x
im
at
ely
1
0
–
1
2
m
in
u
tes.
C
o
m
p
leted
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
d
o
u
b
le
-
en
ter
e
d
in
t
o
an
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ata
b
ase
b
y
two
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
ass
is
tan
ts
,
an
d
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies w
er
e
r
eso
lv
ed
b
y
ch
ec
k
in
g
ag
ain
s
t th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
p
ap
er
f
o
r
m
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
2
1
1
1
-
2
1
2
0
2114
2
.
6
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
An
aly
s
es
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
J
ef
f
r
ey
s
’
s
Am
az
in
g
Statis
tics
Pro
g
r
am
(
J
ASP)
0
.
1
9
.
0
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
g
u
id
elin
es
[
6
]
,
[
23
]
,
[
25
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
Pre
lim
in
ar
y
an
aly
s
es.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tati
s
tics
(
m
ea
n
s
,
SD
,
s
k
ewn
ess
,
k
u
r
to
s
is
)
wer
e
co
m
p
u
ted
f
o
r
all
item
s
an
d
s
u
b
s
ca
les.
Mis
s
in
g
d
ata
o
n
HSQ
-
I
D
it
em
s
wer
e<
1
%
an
d
h
an
d
led
u
s
in
g
lis
twis
e
d
ele
tio
n
.
No
r
m
ality
was
ass
e
s
s
ed
d
escr
ip
tiv
ely
an
d
v
ia
Sh
ap
ir
o
–
W
ilk
test
s
.
E
x
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
t
o
r
an
al
y
s
is
(
E
FA)
.
E
FA
was
u
s
ed
to
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
f
ac
t
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
HSQ
-
I
D.
Sam
p
lin
g
ad
eq
u
ac
y
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
Kaiser
‐
Me
y
er
‐
Olk
in
(
KM
O)
in
d
e
x
an
d
B
ar
tlett’s
test
o
f
s
p
h
er
icity
[
2
3
]
,
[
25
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
Pr
in
cip
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
with
v
ar
im
ax
r
o
tatio
n
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
,
r
etain
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
with
eig
en
v
alu
es>1
.
0
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
u
s
in
g
lo
a
d
in
g
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
s
≥
0
.
4
0
,
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
item
-
lev
el
E
FA in
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
r
esear
ch
[
2
6
]
–
[
2
8
]
.
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
test
ed
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
f
o
u
r
-
f
ac
t
o
r
m
o
d
el.
Mo
d
el
f
it
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
in
d
i
ce
s
:
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
(
χ²)
,
co
m
p
a
r
a
tiv
e
f
it
in
d
ex
(
C
FI)
,
T
u
c
k
er
–
L
ewis
in
d
ex
(
T
L
I
)
,
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
(
R
MSE
A)
,
an
d
9
0
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
al,
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
r
esid
u
al
(
SR
MR)
[
2
3
]
,
[
26
]
–
[
2
8
]
.
E
s
tab
lis
h
ed
cu
t
-
o
f
f
s
wer
e
ap
p
lied
(
C
FI/T
L
I
≥
0
.
9
5
f
o
r
e
x
ce
llen
t
f
it;
R
MSE
A≤
0
.
0
6
a
n
d
SR
MR
≤
0
.
0
8
f
o
r
g
o
o
d
f
it)
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
C
FA
m
o
d
el
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
wer
e
esti
m
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
lik
elih
o
o
d
(
ML
)
esti
m
ato
r
[
2
9
]
–
[
3
1
]
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
:
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
was
ev
alu
ate
d
with
C
r
o
n
b
a
ch
’
s
alp
h
a
f
o
r
ea
c
h
s
u
b
s
ca
le
a
n
d
f
o
r
th
e
to
tal
s
ca
le.
Valu
es
≥
0
.
7
0
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
ac
ce
p
tab
le,
≥
0
.
8
0
g
o
o
d
,
an
d
≥
0
.
9
0
ex
ce
llen
t [
6
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
al
an
aly
s
es:
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
f
o
u
r
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
wer
e
ex
a
m
in
ed
to
ass
ess
wh
eth
er
ad
a
p
tiv
e
a
n
d
m
alad
ap
tiv
e
s
ty
les
ex
h
ib
ited
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
p
atter
n
o
f
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Gr
o
u
p
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
:
one
-
way
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
ANOVA
)
ex
am
in
ed
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
ce
s
in
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
ac
r
o
s
s
ten
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
f
ield
s
,
an
d
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
-
s
am
p
l
es
t
-
test
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
b
y
g
en
d
e
r
.
Po
s
t
h
o
c
T
u
k
ey
HSD
test
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
ai
r
wis
e
f
ield
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
.
E
f
f
ec
t
s
izes
(
C
o
h
en
’
s
d
)
wer
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
f
o
r
g
e
n
d
e
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
f
o
llo
we
d
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
s
(
0
.
2
0
s
m
a
ll,
0
.
5
0
m
ed
iu
m
,
an
d
0
.
8
0
lar
g
e)
[
2
5
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
Of
9
2
0
elig
ib
le
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
tea
ch
er
s
,
7
2
9
c
o
m
p
leted
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
with
n
o
m
is
s
in
g
d
ata
o
n
HSQ
-
I
D
item
s
(
7
9
.
2
%
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ate)
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
ap
p
ea
r
s
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
was
p
r
ed
o
m
in
a
n
tly
f
em
ale
(
7
6
.
7
%),
co
n
s
is
ten
t
wi
th
th
e
g
en
d
er
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
I
n
d
o
n
esian
teac
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
Me
an
ag
e
was
2
1
.
4
y
ea
r
s
(
SD
=
2
.
1
,
r
a
n
g
e
=
18
–
2
8
)
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
n
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%
)
G
e
n
d
e
r
F
e
mal
e
5
5
9
7
6
.
7
M
a
l
e
1
7
0
2
3
.
3
S
p
e
c
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
f
i
e
l
d
P
r
i
mary
S
c
h
o
o
l
Te
a
c
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
3
5
0
4
8
.
0
En
g
l
i
sh
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
87
1
1
.
9
M
a
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
s E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
64
8
.
8
G
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
C
o
u
n
sel
i
n
g
56
7
.
7
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
45
6
.
2
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
34
4
.
7
C
i
v
i
c
s E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
29
4
.
0
A
r
t
s E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
23
3
.
2
Ea
r
l
y
C
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
23
3
.
2
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
c
s/
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
18
2
.
5
To
t
a
l
7
2
9
1
0
0
.
0
R
e
s
p
o
n
se
r
a
t
e
:
7
2
9
/
9
2
0
(
7
9
.
2
%).
1
9
1
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s w
e
r
e
e
x
c
l
u
d
e
d
d
u
e
t
o
i
n
c
o
mp
l
e
t
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
s
o
r
w
i
t
h
d
r
a
w
a
l
.
E
FA
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
all
3
2
HSQ
-
I
D
item
s
.
KM
O
m
ea
s
u
r
e
was
0
.
8
9
(
ex
ce
llen
t;
Kai
s
er
,
1
9
7
4
:
“m
ar
v
elo
u
s
”
ad
eq
u
ac
y
wh
e
n
KM
O≥
0
.
8
0
)
.
B
ar
tlett’s
t
est
o
f
Sp
h
er
icity
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
χ²
=
6
8
4
7
.
3
2
,
p<
0
.
0
0
1
)
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
am
o
n
g
item
s
wer
e
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
s
tr
o
n
g
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
.
Prin
cip
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
an
aly
s
is
with
v
ar
im
ax
r
o
tatio
n
y
ield
ed
f
o
u
r
f
ac
to
r
s
with
eig
en
v
alu
es
>1
.
0
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
f
ac
to
r
s
ex
p
lain
ed
7
2
.
4
4
%
o
f
cu
m
u
lativ
e
v
ar
ian
ce
:
i)
f
ac
to
r
1
(
af
f
iliativ
e
)
:
eig
en
v
alu
e
=
8
.
3
1
(
2
6
.
0
%
v
a
r
ian
ce
)
;
ii)
f
ac
to
r
2
(
s
elf
-
en
h
a
n
c
in
g
)
:
eig
en
v
alu
e
=
6
.
8
4
(
2
1
.
4
%
v
ar
i
an
ce
)
;
iii)
f
ac
to
r
3
(
ag
g
r
ess
iv
e
)
:
eig
en
v
al
u
e
=
5
.
1
7
(
1
6
.
2
% v
a
r
ian
ce
)
; a
n
d
iv
)
f
ac
t
o
r
4
(
s
elf
-
d
ef
ea
tin
g
)
:
eig
en
v
al
u
e
=
4
.
5
3
(
1
4
.
2
% v
ar
ia
n
ce
)
.
All
3
2
item
s
l
o
ad
ed
≥
0
.
4
0
o
n
th
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h
y
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th
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ac
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g
s
r
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g
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m
0
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4
8
t
o
0
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8
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.
N
o
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o
s
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>0
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4
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o
n
m
u
ltip
le
f
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s
,
co
n
f
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m
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f
o
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r
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m
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Fit
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d
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it:
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=
1
2
4
7
.
2
4
(
d
f
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4
5
8
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ican
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0
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0
0
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,
r
an
g
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g
f
r
o
m
0
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to
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9
2
.
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d
el
f
it
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
ex
ce
ed
e
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
HSQ
-
I
D
v
alid
at
io
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
I
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
i
s
ten
cy
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
r
o
n
b
a
ch
’
s
alp
h
a)
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
u
b
s
ca
le
an
d
to
tal
s
ca
le
is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
f
o
u
r
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
le
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
3
.
On
e
-
way
ANOV
A
ex
am
in
ed
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
le
m
ea
n
s
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o
s
s
1
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s
p
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ializat
io
n
f
ield
s
.
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ican
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f
ield
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f
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ce
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em
e
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o
r
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o
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r
h
u
m
o
r
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
4
.
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n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
-
s
am
p
les
t
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test
s
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am
in
e
d
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
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y
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en
d
er
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5
9
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ale
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0
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,
as sh
o
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in
T
ab
le
5
.
T
ab
le
2
.
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ter
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al
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S
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b
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l
e
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l
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h
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I
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t
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t
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n
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a
t
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v
e
h
u
m
o
r
0
.
9
3
[
0
.
9
2
–
0
.
9
4
]
Ex
c
e
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l
e
n
t
S
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n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
h
u
m
o
r
0
.
9
1
[
0
.
9
0
–
0
.
9
2
]
Ex
c
e
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l
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n
t
A
g
g
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e
ss
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v
e
h
u
m
o
r
0
.
9
4
[
0
.
9
3
–
0
.
9
5
]
Ex
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
S
e
l
f
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d
e
f
e
a
t
i
n
g
h
u
m
o
r
0
.
9
6
[
0
.
9
5
–
0
.
9
7
]
Ex
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
To
t
a
l
H
S
Q
-
ID
0
.
8
5
[
0
.
8
4
–
0
.
8
6
]
Ex
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
A
l
l
a
l
p
h
a
v
a
l
u
e
s
≥
0
.
9
0
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
e
x
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
c
o
n
s
i
st
e
n
c
y
.
S
u
b
s
c
a
l
e
a
l
p
h
a
s
su
b
s
t
a
n
t
i
a
l
l
y
e
x
c
e
e
d
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
b
e
n
c
h
m
a
r
k
s (
t
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also
r
ef
lect
item
r
ed
u
n
d
an
cy
[
2
5
]
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
a
m
in
e
HSQ
-
I
D
item
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
u
s
in
g
it
em
-
r
esp
o
n
s
e
m
o
d
els
an
d
ev
a
lu
ate
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
I
n
d
o
n
esian
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
21
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
3
.
3
.
Uniq
ue
co
rr
ela
t
io
n pa
t
t
er
n a
m
o
ng
hu
m
o
r
s
t
y
les
HSQ
-
I
D
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
a
n
e
ar
-
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
,
with
o
n
ly
a
s
m
all
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elati
o
n
b
etwe
en
s
elf
-
en
h
an
cin
g
an
d
s
elf
-
d
ef
ea
t
in
g
h
u
m
o
r
(
r
=
0
.
1
1
7
,
p
=
0
.
0
0
2
)
,
wh
ile
o
t
h
er
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
we
r
e
n
eg
lig
i
b
le.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
co
n
tr
asts
with
p
r
io
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
in
C
an
ad
ian
,
C
h
in
ese,
B
elg
ian
,
L
eb
an
ese,
Ar
m
en
ian
,
an
d
o
th
e
r
s
am
p
les,
wh
er
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
ten
d
ed
to
co
r
r
elate
p
o
s
itiv
ely
an
d
m
alad
ap
tiv
e
s
ty
les
s
h
o
wed
m
o
d
er
ate
a
s
s
o
ci
a
t
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
e
a
c
h
o
t
h
e
r
an
d
w
i
t
h
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
it
y
t
r
ai
ts
[
6
]
,
[
23
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
s
t
b
u
t
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
ass
o
c
i
a
ti
o
n
b
etwe
en
s
elf
-
en
h
an
cin
g
an
d
s
elf
-
d
ef
ea
tin
g
h
u
m
o
r
s
u
g
g
ests
a
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
tea
ch
er
s
wh
o
co
m
b
in
e
m
o
d
est
s
elf
-
r
id
icu
le
with
o
p
tim
is
m
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
—
wh
at
m
ay
b
e
ter
m
ed
a
“h
u
m
b
le
r
esil
ien
ce
”
h
u
m
o
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
[
8
]
,
[
17
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
b
len
d
m
ay
r
e
f
lect
I
n
d
o
n
esian
cu
ltu
r
al
n
o
r
m
s
em
p
h
asizin
g
h
u
m
ilit
y
,
s
o
cial
h
a
r
m
o
n
y
,
a
n
d
s
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
a
c
i
n
g
b
eh
a
v
i
o
r
i
n
i
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
i
n
t
e
r
a
ct
i
o
n
s
,
al
o
n
g
s
i
d
e
v
a
l
u
i
n
g
p
o
s
i
tiv
e
r
e
a
p
p
r
a
i
s
al
a
n
d
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
n
d
u
r
a
n
c
e
[
1
7
]
–
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
o
f
o
t
h
e
r
h
u
m
o
r
s
t
y
l
e
p
a
i
r
s
i
m
p
l
i
es
t
h
a
t
p
r
e
-
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
d
o
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
c
o
-
ex
p
r
ess
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
ty
les
o
r
ac
cu
m
u
late
m
alad
ap
tiv
e
s
ty
les
in
th
e
way
p
r
ed
icted
b
y
s
o
m
e
tr
ait
-
b
ased
m
o
d
els
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
s
tead
,
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
m
ay
b
e
s
elec
tiv
ely
ac
tiv
ated
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
co
n
tex
t,
class
r
o
o
m
r
o
le,
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
ed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
ad
d
s
to
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
d
eb
ates
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
an
d
th
e
ad
eq
u
ac
y
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
-
f
ac
to
r
HSQ
-
I
D
m
o
d
el,
wh
ich
s
o
m
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
s
u
g
g
ested
r
eq
u
ir
es
r
ef
in
em
e
n
t
o
r
e
x
ten
s
io
n
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
HSQ
-
I
D
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
o
u
r
-
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
b
u
t
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
t
h
at
p
a
t
te
r
n
i
n
g
a
m
o
n
g
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
m
a
y
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
o
n
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
[
1
7
]
,
[
18
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
3
.
4
.
G
ender
equity
in
hu
m
o
r
s
t
y
les
C
o
n
tr
ar
y
to
m
an
y
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
wh
er
e
m
ales
ty
p
ically
s
co
r
ed
h
ig
h
er
o
n
ag
g
r
ess
iv
e
an
d
s
elf
-
d
ef
ea
tin
g
h
u
m
o
r
a
n
d
f
e
m
ales
h
ig
h
er
o
n
af
f
iliativ
e
h
u
m
o
r
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
,
[
15
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
en
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
ap
p
ea
r
ed
i
n
HSQ
-
I
D
s
co
r
es.
E
f
f
ec
t
s
izes
wer
e
n
eg
lig
ib
le
f
o
r
all
f
o
u
r
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les.
Sev
e
r
al
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
ar
e
p
lau
s
ib
le.
First,
co
n
tem
p
o
r
a
r
y
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
em
p
h
asize
g
en
d
e
r
-
eq
u
itab
le,
in
clu
s
iv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
cla
s
s
r
o
o
m
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
r
e
latio
n
al
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
m
ay
c
o
n
v
er
g
e
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
u
m
o
r
u
s
e
to
war
d
s
h
ar
ed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
n
o
r
m
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
,
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
f
em
al
e
m
ajo
r
ity
in
th
e
s
am
p
le
(
7
6
.
7
%)
m
ay
f
o
s
ter
g
r
o
u
p
n
o
r
m
s
th
at
s
h
ap
e
b
o
th
m
ale
an
d
f
e
m
ale
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les,
atten
u
atin
g
g
en
d
e
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
m
o
r
e
g
en
d
e
r
-
b
alan
ce
d
o
r
m
ale
-
d
o
m
in
ated
c
o
n
tex
ts
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
ir
d
,
i
f
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
ar
e
s
h
a
p
ed
b
y
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
r
o
le
an
d
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
cu
ltu
r
e
at
least
as
m
u
ch
as
b
y
g
en
d
e
r
-
lin
k
ed
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
,
th
en
th
e
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
te
x
t
m
ay
o
v
er
r
i
d
e
g
en
d
e
r
-
b
ased
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
b
r
o
ad
er
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
[
4
]
,
[
17
]
,
[
18
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
alig
n
with
r
ec
en
t c
r
o
s
s
-
n
atio
n
al
wo
r
k
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
ar
e
f
lex
ib
le
an
d
co
n
tex
t
-
s
en
s
itiv
e,
v
ar
y
in
g
with
s
o
cial
r
o
les,
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
t
y
p
es,
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
18
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Fu
tu
r
e
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
in
v
esti
g
ate
w
h
eth
er
th
is
g
en
d
er
eq
u
ity
p
er
s
is
ts
wh
en
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
tr
an
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
tr
ain
i
n
g
to
in
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
in
g
r
o
les.
3
.
5
.
H
u
m
o
r
s
t
y
le
pro
f
iles
a
cr
o
s
s
s
pecia
liza
t
io
n f
ield
s
Sig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ten
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
f
ield
s
i
n
d
icate
th
at
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
ar
e
n
o
t
p
u
r
ely
in
d
iv
id
u
al
tr
aits
b
u
t
ar
e
e
m
b
e
d
d
ed
in
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
cu
ltu
r
es
an
d
r
o
le
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
19
]
–
[
2
1
]
.
Gu
id
an
ce
an
d
co
u
n
s
elin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
s
h
o
w
ed
th
e
h
ig
h
est
af
f
iliativ
e
h
u
m
o
r
an
d
lo
west
ag
g
r
ess
iv
e
h
u
m
o
r
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
eir
tr
ain
in
g
in
em
p
ath
etic
l
is
ten
in
g
,
n
o
n
-
ju
d
g
m
e
n
tal
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
s
af
e
r
elatio
n
al
clim
ates
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Ph
y
s
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
h
ea
lth
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
is
p
lay
ed
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
ag
g
r
ess
iv
e
h
u
m
o
r
a
n
d
elev
ated
s
elf
-
d
ef
ea
tin
g
h
u
m
o
r
,
wh
ich
m
ay
r
e
f
lect
th
e
co
m
p
etitiv
e,
p
h
y
s
ically
in
ten
s
iv
e,
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
-
o
r
ien
te
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
o
f
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
wh
er
e
p
lay
f
u
l
teasin
g
,
b
an
ter
,
an
d
s
elf
-
d
ep
r
ec
atio
n
ca
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
b
o
n
d
in
g
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
o
ls
[
4
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
Prim
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
th
e
lar
g
est
g
r
o
u
p
)
s
h
o
wed
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
s
elf
-
d
ef
ea
tin
g
h
u
m
o
r
,
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
elf
-
d
e
p
r
ec
ato
r
y
h
u
m
o
r
to
d
e
-
escalate
ten
s
io
n
s
,
m
ain
tain
r
a
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
m
o
d
el
em
o
tio
n
al
r
e
g
u
latio
n
f
o
r
y
o
u
n
g
ch
ild
r
e
n
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
9
]
.
Ma
th
em
atics
an
d
s
cien
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
h
ib
ited
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
P
s
yc
h
o
metric v
a
lid
a
tio
n
o
f th
e
h
u
mo
r
s
tyles q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
a
mo
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
p
r
e
-
s
ervice
…
(
A
li R
a
ch
ma
n
)
2117
in
ter
m
ed
iate
h
u
m
o
r
p
r
o
f
iles
,
b
alan
cin
g
s
o
cio
-
r
elatio
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
with
co
n
ten
t
-
f
o
c
u
s
ed
teac
h
in
g
r
o
les
[4
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
17
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
ese
p
a
tter
n
s
ec
h
o
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
wo
r
k
li
n
k
in
g
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
to
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
f
am
ily
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
,
m
ar
ital
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
a
n
d
lo
n
elin
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
cu
lt
u
r
es
an
d
r
o
les
[
4
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
20
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
ak
en
to
g
eth
er
,
f
ield
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
iewin
g
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
as
s
o
cially
s
itu
ated
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
b
eh
av
io
r
s
r
at
h
er
t
h
an
f
ix
ed
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
.
T
ea
ch
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
m
ay
th
er
ef
o
r
e
b
e
n
ef
it
f
r
o
m
d
is
cip
lin
e
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
tr
ain
in
g
o
n
h
u
m
o
r
u
s
e,
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
in
g
th
at
o
p
tim
al
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
d
if
f
er
ac
r
o
s
s
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
f
ield
s
r
ath
er
th
a
n
ap
p
ly
in
g
a
o
n
e
-
s
ize
-
f
its
-
all
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
19
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
3
.
6
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n wit
h pre
v
io
us
v
a
lid
a
t
io
n studies
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t v
alid
atio
n
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
r
ep
licated
th
e
f
o
u
r
-
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
HSQ
b
u
t a
ls
o
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
s
tr
o
n
g
er
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
th
an
th
o
s
e
ty
p
ically
r
ep
o
r
ted
i
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
f
it
in
d
ices
(
C
FI
=
0
.
9
5
;
R
MSE
A
=
0
.
0
6
6
;
SR
MR
=
0
.
0
5
2
)
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Ma
r
tin
et
a
l.
[
6
]
,
wh
ic
h
co
n
ce
p
t
u
alize
s
h
u
m
o
r
as
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
a
n
d
in
tr
ap
s
y
ch
ic
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
Similar
f
ac
to
r
ial
s
tab
ilit
y
h
as
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
Ar
g
en
tin
ian
an
d
T
u
r
k
is
h
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
HSQ
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
d
if
f
er
s
cr
itically
in
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
l
o
ad
in
g
s
tr
en
g
th
.
Su
b
s
ca
le
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
(
α
=
0
.
9
1
–
0
.
9
6
)
a
n
d
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
(
0
.
5
2
–
0
.
9
2
)
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
ex
ce
ed
th
e
ty
p
ical
r
eliab
ilit
y
r
an
g
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
o
r
ig
in
al
a
n
d
c
r
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
v
alid
atio
n
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
c
o
n
s
tr
u
c
t
v
alid
ity
a
n
aly
s
es
in
d
icate
d
o
n
ly
p
ar
tial
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
b
etwe
en
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
an
d
HSQ
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
[
1
3
]
,
an
d
item
-
lev
el
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
r
ev
ea
led
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
wea
k
n
ess
es
in
s
ev
er
al
item
s
[
3
5
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
am
p
le
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
u
n
u
s
u
ally
co
h
er
e
n
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
atter
n
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
in
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
co
n
t
ex
ts
o
p
er
ate
less
as
d
if
f
u
s
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
ten
d
en
cies
an
d
m
o
r
e
as
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
s
o
cio
-
em
o
tio
n
al
b
eh
av
io
r
al
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
im
p
lies
a
co
n
tex
tu
al
am
p
lific
atio
n
ef
f
ec
t:
wh
e
n
h
u
m
o
r
is
em
b
ed
d
ed
i
n
r
o
le
-
r
eg
u
lated
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
(
e.
g
.
,
teac
h
i
n
g
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
)
,
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
n
o
r
m
s
co
n
s
tr
ain
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
,
th
er
eb
y
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
co
h
er
en
ce
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
th
e
HSQ
in
th
is
p
o
p
u
latio
n
ap
p
ea
r
s
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
n
o
t
m
er
ely
as
a
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
ait
in
v
en
to
r
y
b
u
t
as
an
in
d
icato
r
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
T
h
is
ex
ten
d
s
p
r
ev
io
u
s
v
alid
atio
n
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
b
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
s
tr
en
g
th
m
a
y
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
v
ar
y
b
y
r
o
le
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
r
at
h
er
th
an
b
y
c
u
ltu
r
e
alo
n
e.
3
.
7
.
I
m
pli
ca
t
i
o
ns
f
o
r
educa
t
io
na
l e
v
a
lua
t
io
n
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
av
e
s
ev
er
al
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t im
p
licatio
n
s
b
ey
o
n
d
p
r
ac
tical
ass
es
s
m
en
t a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
First,
th
e
n
ea
r
-
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
am
o
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
esian
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
r
elativ
ely
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
ten
d
e
n
cies
r
ath
er
th
a
n
a
h
i
g
h
er
-
o
r
d
e
r
ad
ap
tiv
e
–
m
alad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tin
u
u
m
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
co
m
p
o
s
ite
to
tal
s
co
r
es
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
as
a
g
lo
b
al
h
u
m
o
r
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
d
ex
;
in
te
r
p
r
etatio
n
s
m
u
s
t
r
e
m
ain
at
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
ca
le
le
v
el.
Se
co
n
d
,
th
e
ex
ce
p
tio
n
ally
h
ig
h
in
ter
n
al
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
co
ef
f
icien
ts
(
α
=
0
.
9
1
–
0
.
9
6
)
in
d
icate
h
ig
h
s
co
r
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
b
u
t
also
r
aise
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
i
tem
r
ed
u
n
d
an
cy
o
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
v
e
r
-
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
izatio
n
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
r
elia
b
ilit
y
-
b
ased
s
co
r
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
m
a
y
o
v
e
r
esti
m
ate
tr
u
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
ca
le
r
ef
in
em
en
t
u
s
in
g
item
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
th
eo
r
y
is
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
ev
alu
ate
item
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
lat
en
t tr
ait
r
an
g
e.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
in
ter
-
s
ty
le
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
an
d
s
p
ec
ializ
atio
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
ea
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
c
es
s
u
g
g
ests
co
n
tex
t
-
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
.
T
h
is
ch
allen
g
es
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
o
p
er
ate
s
o
lely
as
s
tab
le
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
an
d
im
p
lies
p
ar
tial
s
itu
atio
n
al
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
v
ar
ian
ce
.
W
ith
o
u
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
test
in
g
ac
r
o
s
s
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
f
ield
s
an
d
g
en
d
er
,
m
ea
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
as
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
al
r
at
h
er
th
an
s
tr
ictly
co
m
p
ar
a
b
le
g
r
o
u
p
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
.
Fo
u
r
th
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
r
elies
o
n
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
e
v
alu
atio
n
s
o
f
s
o
cially
r
eg
u
lated
b
eh
av
i
o
r
,
s
y
s
tem
atic
s
o
cial
d
esira
b
ilit
y
b
ias
m
ay
atten
u
ate
m
alad
ap
tiv
e
h
u
m
o
r
s
co
r
es,
th
e
r
eb
y
af
f
ec
tin
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
i
ty
at
lo
wer
laten
t le
v
els.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
th
e
HSQ
-
I
D
s
h
o
u
ld
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
b
e
in
te
r
p
r
eted
a
s
a
d
o
m
ain
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
r
o
f
ilin
g
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
r
ath
er
th
a
n
a
u
n
iv
er
s
al
n
o
r
m
ativ
e
s
ca
le.
I
t
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
with
in
-
p
o
p
u
latio
n
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
ev
alu
atio
n
,
b
u
t
cr
o
s
s
-
p
o
p
u
la
tio
n
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
s
an
d
s
elec
tio
n
d
ec
is
io
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
d
d
it
io
n
al
ev
id
en
ce
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
,
d
if
f
er
en
tial
item
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
,
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
b
ias
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
ese
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
r
ep
o
s
itio
n
th
e
HSQ
-
I
D
f
r
o
m
a
p
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r
ely
d
iag
n
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s
tic
to
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an
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lv
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m
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el
wh
o
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d
ep
en
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o
n
co
n
tex
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-
s
en
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lib
r
atio
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.
3
.
8
.
L
im
it
a
t
io
ns
a
nd
f
uture
direct
io
ns
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
ev
er
al
lim
itati
o
n
s
.
First,
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
am
p
le
lim
its
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
to
o
th
er
I
n
d
o
n
esian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
an
d
teac
h
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ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
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d
esig
n
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o
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clu
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io
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s
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
r
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
o
v
er
tim
e
[
9
]
,
[
19
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
f
e
m
ale
m
ajo
r
ity
m
ay
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n
s
tr
ain
th
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ab
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to
d
etec
t
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u
b
tle
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er
d
if
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er
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ce
s
.
F
o
u
r
th
,
all
d
ata
wer
e
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
,
wh
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m
ay
in
tr
o
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u
ce
s
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cial
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esira
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b
ias,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
m
alad
a
p
tiv
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h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
2
2
I
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J
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c
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Vo
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15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
2
1
1
1
-
2
1
2
0
2118
[4
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Fin
ally
,
alth
o
u
g
h
E
FA
an
d
C
FA
s
tr
o
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g
ly
s
u
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ted
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o
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f
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u
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y
d
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test
m
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en
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ield
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Fu
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r
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o
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ld
r
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licate
HSQ
-
I
D
v
alid
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in
m
o
r
e
d
i
v
er
s
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
am
p
les,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
,
o
th
e
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
an
d
non
-
teac
h
i
n
g
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
[
1
7
]
–
[
19
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
L
o
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
e
s
ig
n
s
co
u
ld
ex
am
in
e
h
o
w
h
u
m
o
r
s
ty
les
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o
lv
e
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r
o
s
s
PP
G
tr
ain
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g
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d
ea
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ly
teac
h
in
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ca
r
ee
r
s
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d
wh
eth
e
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tar
g
eted
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ter
v
en
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n
s
ca
n
s
h
ap
e
h
u
m
o
r
u
s
e
in
p
ed
ag
o
g
ically
b
en
e
f
icial
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
19
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
C
r
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
with
o
th
er
HSQ
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
(
e.
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Ar
g
en
tin
ian
,
an
d
Ser
b
ian
)
wo
u
ld
f
u
r
th
e
r
illu
m
in
ate
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e
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ltu
r
al
s
p
ec
if
icity
o
f
h
u
m
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r
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ty
le
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es a
n
d
co
r
r
elate
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
14
]
,
[
15]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cte
d
a
co
m
p
r
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en
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s
y
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h
o
m
etr
ic
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
HSQ
-
I
D
a
m
o
n
g
7
2
9
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
ac
r
o
s
s
ten
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
s
.
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-
I
D
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
r
eliab
i
lity
(
α
=0
.
9
1
–
0
.
9
6
)
,
ex
ce
llen
t
C
FA
f
it
(
C
FI=
0
.
9
7
)
,
an
d
u
n
i
q
u
e
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
h
u
m
o
r
p
r
o
f
iles
.
T
h
e
HSQ
-
I
D
en
ab
les
ev
id
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ce
-
b
ased
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
h
u
m
o
r
as
a
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
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d
s
o
cio
-
e
m
o
tio
n
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
I
n
d
o
n
esian
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
Me
r
d
e
k
a
B
elaja
r
co
m
p
eten
cy
r
ef
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
HSQ
-
I
D
is
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
ten
d
en
cies d
u
r
i
n
g
tr
ain
in
g
th
an
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
s
u
m
m
ativ
e
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
i
n
g
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ex
ten
d
th
eir
a
p
p
r
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n
to
th
e
T
ea
ch
er
Pr
o
f
ess
io
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al
E
d
u
ca
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d
y
Pro
g
r
am
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d
th
e
Facu
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o
f
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ch
er
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r
ain
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a
n
d
E
d
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f
o
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g
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m
is
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io
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i
n
s
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n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
F
UNDING
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NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
r
ec
eiv
e
d
a
r
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ch
g
r
an
t
f
r
o
m
L
am
b
u
n
g
Ma
n
g
k
u
r
at
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
B
an
jar
m
asin
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
with
th
e
Dec
r
ee
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f
th
e
R
ec
to
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o
f
L
am
b
u
n
g
Ma
n
g
k
u
r
at
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
No
.
1
3
7
4
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8
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2
4
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
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B
UT
I
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NS ST
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T
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M
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N
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h
is
jo
u
r
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s
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th
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C
o
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u
to
r
R
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les
T
a
x
o
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y
(
C
R
ed
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to
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o
g
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ize
in
d
iv
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d
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al
au
th
o
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tr
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s
,
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ed
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th
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r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
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tes,
an
d
f
ac
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llab
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atio
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.
Na
m
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f
Aut
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Fu
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h
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h
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Yo
g
i Pr
ih
an
d
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k
o
✓
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Nah
d
ia
Fit
r
i Rah
m
an
iah
✓
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C
:
C
o
n
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p
t
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M
:
M
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:
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f
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in
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h
e
wo
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k
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ep
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is
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ticle.
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h
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a
u
th
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r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
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f
lict o
f
in
ter
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s
t.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
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f
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g
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v
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le
f
r
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m
th
e
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r
esp
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n
d
in
g
au
t
h
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r
,
[
AR
]
,
u
p
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n
r
ea
s
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n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
T
h
e
d
ataset
co
n
tain
s
in
f
o
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atio
n
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co
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ld
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tially
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m
p
r
o
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p
ar
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t
p
r
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n
d
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
co
n
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tiality
;
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er
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o
r
e,
it
is
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o
t
p
u
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av
ailab
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n
d
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n
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ly
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ar
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d
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an
o
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ized
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d
ag
g
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eg
ated
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
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(
A
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a
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)
2119
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
J.
M
.
D
a
v
i
s
a
n
d
J.
H
o
f
m
a
n
n
,
“
T
h
e
h
u
mo
r
t
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
sc
h
e
m
a
:
a
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
a
t
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r
e
a
n
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
h
u
m
o
r
,
”
H
u
m
o
r
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
2
3
–
3
5
3
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
1
5
/
h
u
m
o
r
-
2
0
2
0
-
0
1
4
3
.
[
2
]
L.
A
.
J
a
mes
a
n
d
C
.
L.
F
o
x
,
“
H
u
m
o
r
st
y
l
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
c
l
a
ssr
o
o
m
:
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t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
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o
n
s
o
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c
t
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r
e
r
h
u
m
o
r
,
”
H
u
m
o
r
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
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–
1
2
3
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
1
5
/
h
u
m
o
r
-
2
0
2
3
-
0
0
6
1
.
[
3
]
N
.
A
n
t
o
n
i
a
d
o
u
a
n
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