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ased
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[
1
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with
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m
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[
3
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.
Vir
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n
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
f
u
zz
y
PI
co
n
tr
o
l,
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
-
b
ased
ad
a
p
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
r
o
b
u
s
t a
d
ap
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
9
]
–
[
1
3
]
.
W
h
ile
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
ac
h
iev
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
,
ea
ch
h
as
in
h
er
en
t
ch
allen
g
es,
f
u
zz
y
co
n
t
r
o
l
r
eq
u
ir
es
ex
ten
s
iv
e
r
u
le
b
ases
,
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
d
ep
en
d
o
n
lar
g
e
tr
ai
n
in
g
d
at
asets
,
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
is
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
m
o
d
el
m
is
m
atch
es a
n
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
laws
r
eq
u
ir
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
m
icr
o
g
r
id
m
o
d
ellin
g
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
an
a
d
ap
tiv
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
e
g
u
latio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
c
o
m
b
i
n
es
o
f
f
lin
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
with
r
ea
l
tim
e
le
ar
n
in
g
.
Gr
e
y
wo
lf
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
GW
O)
is
f
ir
s
t
ap
p
lied
o
f
f
li
n
e
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
PI
p
a
r
am
eter
s
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
lo
ad
a
n
d
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
ese
d
atasets
ar
e
th
e
n
u
s
ed
t
o
tr
ain
an
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
ANN)
,
wh
ich
u
p
d
ates
th
e
PI
g
ain
s
in
r
ea
l
tim
e.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
d
ea
ls
with
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
f
i
x
ed
PI
co
n
t
r
o
ller
s
wh
ile
av
o
id
in
g
th
e
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
b
u
r
d
en
o
f
r
u
n
n
in
g
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
r
ea
l tim
e.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
is
ar
r
an
g
ed
in
to
s
ev
er
al
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
Sectio
n
2
p
r
e
s
en
ts
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
eg
u
latio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
in
g
ANN
is
d
etailed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
Sectio
n
4
d
etails th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
.
L
astl
y
,
s
e
ctio
n
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
an
d
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
SYS
T
E
M
D
E
S
I
G
N
AND
M
O
D
E
L
I
NG
2
.
1
.
T
o
po
lo
g
y
o
f
m
icr
o
g
rids
T
h
e
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
r
is
es
s
ev
er
al
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
,
v
ar
io
u
s
lo
a
d
s
an
d
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
d
e
v
ices.
T
h
ese
elem
en
ts
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ates
s
af
ely
,
s
h
ar
es
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
,
an
d
r
em
ain
s
s
tab
le
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
y
i
n
g
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Mic
r
o
g
r
id
s
ca
n
g
en
er
ally
in
teg
r
ate
b
o
th
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
en
e
r
at
o
r
s
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
in
v
er
ter
s
,
lik
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
u
n
its
,
an
d
f
u
el
c
ells
.
Dep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
o
p
er
at
in
g
m
o
d
e,
th
e
y
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
in
eith
e
r
g
r
i
d
-
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
o
r
is
lan
d
m
o
d
e
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
e
r
s
tu
d
y
is
b
a
s
ed
o
n
an
is
lan
d
e
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
wh
ich
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
P
o
w
e
r
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
D
G
Wi
n
d
T
u
r
b
i
n
e
F
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
L
o
a
d
1
L
o
a
d
2
M
a
i
n
G
r
i
d
A
C
B
u
s
P
C
C
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Mic
r
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
A
d
a
p
tive
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
a
l in
teg
r
a
l c
o
n
tr
o
l u
s
in
g
n
e
u
r
a
l n
etw
o
r
ks fo
r
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
…
(
B
elka
s
em
I
mo
d
a
n
e
)
2231
2
.
2
.
Dro
o
p c
o
ntr
o
l st
ra
t
eg
y
I
n
is
lan
d
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
ato
r
s
ar
e
g
e
n
er
ally
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
alle
l
with
o
u
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
lin
k
s
,
wh
ich
f
ac
ilit
at
es
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
p
o
wer
s
h
ar
in
g
am
o
n
g
u
n
its
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
b
ased
o
n
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
d
r
o
o
p
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
,
wh
er
e
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
(
1
)
an
d
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
-
v
o
ltag
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
(
2
)
.
T
h
ese
d
r
o
o
p
eq
u
atio
n
s
allo
w
f
o
r
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
lo
a
d
s
h
ar
in
g
wh
ile
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
in
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
d
o
m
in
ated
b
y
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
2
0
]
.
Her
e
0
an
d
0
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
,
wh
ile
an
d
ar
e
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
alu
es
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
an
g
u
lar
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
T
h
e
v
a
r
iab
les
an
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
ac
t
u
al
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
1
an
d
1
r
ef
er
to
th
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
d
r
o
o
p
c
o
n
s
tan
ts
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
wh
er
ea
s
w
an
d
in
d
icate
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
o
u
tp
u
t f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
am
p
litu
d
e.
=
−
1
(
−
0
)
(
1
)
=
−
1
(
−
0
)
(
2
)
2
.
3
.
Seco
nd
a
ry
f
re
qu
ency
re
g
ula
t
io
n a
pp
ro
a
ch
in m
icro
g
rid sy
s
t
em
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
,
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
eg
u
latio
n
is
o
r
g
an
ized
in
to
two
lev
els:
p
r
im
ar
y
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
eg
u
latio
n
lev
el
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
e
n
er
ato
r
as
th
e
m
ain
s
o
u
r
ce
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
PMSG,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
a
s
t
in
er
tial
an
d
d
r
o
o
p
-
b
ased
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
lo
ad
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
eg
u
latio
n
lev
el
is
m
an
ag
ed
b
y
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
in
v
e
r
ter
,
wh
ich
r
esto
r
es
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
an
d
el
im
in
ates
th
e
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
o
f
f
s
et
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
d
r
o
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l.
I
n
th
is
s
ch
em
e,
o
n
ly
th
e
in
v
er
ter
-
s
id
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
is
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t;
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
n
o
t
m
o
d
elled
.
Seco
n
d
ar
y
co
n
tr
o
l
o
p
er
ates
in
a
d
ec
en
t
r
alize
d
m
an
n
er
,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
at
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
c
o
m
m
o
n
co
u
p
lin
g
(
PC
C
)
an
d
u
s
es
a
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
b
e
r
e
g
u
lated
u
s
in
g
a
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
tr
ateg
y
b
eg
in
s
with
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
ev
iatio
n
,
wh
ich
is
d
ef
in
e
d
in
(
3
)
as th
e
d
ev
iatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
an
d
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
PC
C
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
.
(
)
=
−
(
)
(
3
)
T
h
is
d
ev
iatio
n
is
an
aly
ze
d
b
y
a
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ich
th
e
n
g
e
n
er
ates a
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
s
ig
n
al
∆
s
h
o
wn
in
(
4
)
.
∆
=
(
)
+
∫
(
)
0
(
4
)
Her
e
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
an
d
in
teg
r
al
g
ain
s
,
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
a
d
ju
s
tm
en
t
is
ap
p
lied
as a
p
o
wer
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
to
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll d
r
o
o
p
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
(
5
)
.
(
)
=
,
0
+
(
)
−
1
(
(
)
−
)
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
(
)
=
1
∆
,
,
0
is
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll,
is
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
p
o
wer
co
r
r
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tio
n
p
r
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id
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y
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
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is
its
d
r
o
o
p
c
o
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f
ic
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t,
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d
is
th
e
co
m
m
an
d
ed
a
ctiv
e
p
o
we
r
o
u
tp
u
t.
I
n
(
3
)
an
d
(
5
)
s
h
o
w
h
o
w
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
ad
ju
s
ts
its
p
o
w
er
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jectio
n
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o
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er
to
elim
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ate
th
e
s
tead
y
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tate
er
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r
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ed
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y
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p
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ased
p
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ar
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r
e
g
u
latio
n
a
n
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to
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esto
r
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
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e
n
cy
to
its
n
o
m
in
al
v
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e.
3.
ADAP
T
I
VE
P
RO
P
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R
T
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O
N
AL
I
N
T
E
G
R
AL
CO
N
T
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L
B
AS
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D
O
N
ANN
An
ANN
-
b
ased
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
A
s
ch
em
atic
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iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
is
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
First,
th
e
g
r
ey
w
o
lf
o
p
tim
izer
is
ap
p
lied
o
f
f
lin
e
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n
d
er
v
ar
i
o
u
s
lo
a
d
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
PI
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ar
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eter
s
(
an
d
)
f
o
r
t
h
e
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ec
o
n
d
ar
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
d
atasets
ar
e
th
en
u
s
ed
to
tr
ain
an
ANN,
wh
ich
lea
r
n
s
th
e
n
o
n
-
lin
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m
ap
p
in
g
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etwe
en
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e
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y
s
tem
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
g
ain
s
.
Du
r
in
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
ANN
u
p
d
ates
th
e
PI
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
n
lin
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
r
eq
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e
n
cy
d
e
v
iatio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
at
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e
PC
C
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th
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s
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
d
ap
tiv
e
tu
n
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
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o
n
d
ar
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
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n
th
is
way
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th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
m
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lex
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o
f
o
n
lin
e
o
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izatio
n
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o
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,
w
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ile
ANN
en
s
u
r
es
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ap
id
ad
ap
t
atio
n
to
s
y
s
tem
ch
an
g
es.
T
h
e
co
r
r
ec
ted
p
o
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co
m
m
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s
g
en
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b
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e
s
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o
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d
ar
y
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en
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r
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es
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o
n
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en
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eg
u
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n
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o
r
t
h
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ad
a
p
tiv
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
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f
r
eq
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e
n
cy
co
n
tr
o
l b
l
o
ck
f
o
r
m
i
cr
o
g
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id
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ased
o
n
ANN
3
.
1
.
Art
if
ici
a
l neura
l net
wo
rk
mo
del
ANNs
ar
e
n
o
n
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lin
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r
m
o
d
els
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ab
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o
f
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r
n
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le
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ip
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ts
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n
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o
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t
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ak
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g
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itab
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o
r
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d
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tiv
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o
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o
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m
icr
o
g
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id
s
[
2
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]
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
la
y
er
h
as
th
r
ee
n
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r
o
n
s
t
h
at
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r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
f
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eq
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en
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e
r
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r
(
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er
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ė
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,
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n
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∫
(
)
0
.
T
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e
n
etwo
r
k
h
as
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lay
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as
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ile
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Fig
u
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3
.
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h
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ig
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o
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r
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c
o
m
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.
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o
u
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s
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r
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at
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o
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ain
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as sh
o
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(
6
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.
(
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=
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(
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,
(
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]
(
6
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T
h
e
f
lo
wch
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r
t
in
Fig
u
r
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4
ill
u
s
tr
ates
th
e
ap
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licatio
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o
f
th
e
g
r
ey
w
o
lf
o
p
tim
izer
f
o
r
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
tu
n
in
g
in
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
co
n
tr
o
l.
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h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
e
g
in
s
with
th
e
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itializatio
n
o
f
a
p
o
p
u
latio
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o
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ca
n
d
id
ate
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ain
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(
,
)
with
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h
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n
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id
ate
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ate
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o
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weig
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r
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T
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d
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est
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ated
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,
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th
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icien
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ated
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ile
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ate
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is
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ep
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it
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ch
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o
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t
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p
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ce
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.
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h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
th
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r
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d
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ce
s
th
e
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
o
p
tim
al
PI
g
ain
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
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I
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8
9
3
8
A
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a
p
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a
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etw
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2233
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
ANN
im
p
lem
en
ted
m
o
d
el
Fig
u
r
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4
.
GW
O
m
o
d
el
r
ec
o
g
n
i
tio
n
f
lo
wch
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t
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
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O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
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o
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s
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o
n
d
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r
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f
r
eq
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t
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o
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d
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p
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PI
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
tr
ateg
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c
o
m
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ar
is
o
n
with
e
ac
h
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th
er
.
T
h
e
aim
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
ich
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
m
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at
m
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tain
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g
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r
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ilit
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n
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er
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atin
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n
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itio
n
s
.
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wo
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ep
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e
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ce
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p
u
t
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PMSG.
T
h
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ca
s
es
ar
e
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ly
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t
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ly
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e,
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ller
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6
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ile
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,
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2
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2
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[
3
0
]
.
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C
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.
DATA AV
AI
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AB
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L
I
T
Y
Data
av
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y
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ated
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r
an
aly
z
ed
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
J.
H
e
i
d
a
r
y
,
M
.
G
h
e
i
sar
n
e
j
a
d
,
H
.
R
a
s
t
e
g
a
r
,
a
n
d
M
.
H
.
K
h
o
o
b
a
n
,
“
S
u
r
v
e
y
o
n
mi
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
s fr
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
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u
l
a
t
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:
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o
d
e
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n
g
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
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l
sy
st
e
ms,
”
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l
e
c
t
ri
c
Po
w
e
r
S
y
st
e
m
s R
e
s
e
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r
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,
v
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.
2
1
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0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
p
sr
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
8
7
1
9
.
[
2
]
S
.
S
a
h
a
,
M
.
I
.
S
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l
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m
,
a
n
d
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K
.
R
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y
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“
I
mp
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v
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,
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n
t
e
r
n
a
t
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o
n
a
l
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o
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n
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l
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l
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r &
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n
e
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m
s
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v
o
l
.
1
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5
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2
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:
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0
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0
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6
/
j
.
i
j
e
p
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s.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
8
7
0
1
.
[
3
]
G
.
S
h
a
h
g
h
o
l
i
a
n
,
M
.
M
o
r
a
d
i
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n
,
a
n
d
A
.
F
a
t
h
o
l
l
a
h
i
,
“
D
r
o
o
p
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
i
n
i
n
v
e
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t
e
r
‐
b
a
se
d
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
:
A
b
r
i
e
f
r
e
v
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e
w
o
n
a
n
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l
y
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i
s
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n
d
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p
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l
a
n
d
e
d
m
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d
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f
o
p
e
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t
i
o
n
,
”
I
ET R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
P
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r Ge
n
e
ra
t
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,
v
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.
1
9
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1
,
2
0
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o
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:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/
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p
g
2
.
1
3
1
8
6
.
[
4
]
W
.
S
a
n
g
,
W
.
G
u
o
,
S
.
D
a
i
,
C
.
T
i
a
n
,
S
.
Y
u
,
a
n
d
Y
.
Te
n
g
,
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V
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t
u
a
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s
y
n
c
h
r
o
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s
g
e
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e
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a
c
o
mp
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
o
v
e
r
v
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e
w
,
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m
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b
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r
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.
m
a
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.