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Vo
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15
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20
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Ethno
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t
reat
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mea
sles
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Philippin
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R
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r
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to
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ic
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ti
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l
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re
v
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fi
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e
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o
2
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fa
m
il
ies
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re
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to
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d
in
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h
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1
1
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ts
p
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ten
ti
a
l
lo
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a
lt
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a
ti
v
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s
to
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th
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p
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m
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ies
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h
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n
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e
t
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e
ir
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teg
ra
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t
o
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u
b
li
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e
a
lt
h
stra
teg
ies
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
th
n
o
m
ed
icin
e
Me
asles
Me
d
icin
al
p
lan
ts
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
m
ed
icin
e
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
An
g
el
Ma
e
Fria
s
L
u
g
a
No
r
th
E
aster
n
Min
d
a
n
ao
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
–
C
an
tilan
C
an
tilan
,
Su
r
ig
ao
d
el
Su
r
,
8
3
1
7
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
E
m
ail:
am
lu
g
a@
n
em
s
u
.
ed
u
.
p
h
,
an
g
elm
ae
.
lu
g
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g
.
m
s
u
iit.ed
u
.
p
h
,
a
n
g
elm
ae
.
l
u
g
a@
g
m
ail.
c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Me
asles
is
a
h
ig
h
ly
co
n
tag
i
o
u
s
in
f
ec
tio
n
th
at
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
a
v
ir
u
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
Mo
r
b
illi
viru
s
g
en
u
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
o
n
s
et
o
f
th
is
illn
ess
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
co
ld
-
lik
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s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
r
ash
–
a
s
y
m
p
to
m
th
at
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
as
s
o
ciate
d
with
m
ea
s
les
-
a
f
ew
d
ay
s
af
ter
t
h
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
is
in
f
ec
ted
with
th
e
v
ir
u
s
[
3
]
.
Nev
er
t
h
eless
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
r
ash
an
d
co
l
d
-
lik
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s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
s
o
m
e
in
f
ec
ted
in
d
iv
id
u
als
m
ay
ex
p
er
ien
ce
co
u
g
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
th
e
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
o
f
s
m
all
wh
ite
p
atch
es
i
n
s
id
e
th
eir
ch
ee
k
s
,
o
r
w
o
r
s
e
,
s
er
io
u
s
co
m
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
s
eizu
r
es,
b
lin
d
n
ess
,
en
ce
p
h
alitis
,
s
ev
er
e
d
iar
r
h
ea
,
ea
r
in
f
e
ctio
n
s
,
o
r
p
n
e
u
m
o
n
ia
[
1
]
,
[
3
]
.
W
ith
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
co
m
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
o
n
e
co
u
ld
g
et
f
r
o
m
b
ein
g
in
f
ec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
v
ir
u
s
,
it
is
ev
i
d
en
t
h
o
w
m
ea
s
les
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
h
ea
l
th
co
n
ce
r
n
.
Nev
er
t
h
el
ess
,
it
is
g
o
o
d
t
o
n
o
te
t
h
a
t
im
m
u
n
iza
ti
o
n
s
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
p
o
t
en
tia
l
to
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
t
h
e
o
n
s
et
o
f
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
il
ln
ess
es
,
s
u
c
h
as
m
ea
s
les
,
as
a
r
es
u
lt
o
f
t
h
e
ac
c
ele
r
at
e
d
a
d
v
a
n
c
em
en
ts
i
n
s
c
ie
n
c
e
[
1
]
,
[
4
]
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
wit
h
t
h
e
c
o
l
le
cti
v
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
W
o
r
ld
Hea
lt
h
O
r
g
an
iz
ati
o
n
(
W
HO
)
,
t
h
e
m
e
asles
&
r
u
b
ell
a
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
h
ip
(
f
o
r
m
er
ly
t
h
e
m
e
asles
&
r
u
b
ell
a
i
n
iti
ati
v
e
)
,
o
t
h
er
i
n
t
e
r
n
ati
o
n
a
l
p
a
r
t
n
e
r
s
,
as
wel
l
as
t
h
e
ac
c
el
er
ate
d
im
m
u
n
i
za
t
io
n
ac
t
iv
iti
es
b
y
c
o
u
n
tr
i
es,
d
ea
t
h
s
f
r
o
m
th
is
d
i
s
ea
s
e
h
av
e
j
o
i
n
t
ly
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
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d
t
o
a
s
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n
if
ic
an
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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b
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Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
26
:
5
9
3
-
6
0
4
594
r
e
d
u
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i
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t
h
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n
u
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b
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r
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f
d
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[
1
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B
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at
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d
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a
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t
ca
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s
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f
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in
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ev
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p
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la
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ly
am
o
n
g
n
o
n
-
im
m
u
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ized
ch
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n
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
Facto
r
s
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
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is
b
u
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d
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n
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th
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ig
h
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u
m
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o
f
m
o
r
b
id
ity
an
d
m
o
r
ta
lity
f
r
o
m
m
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asles
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in
clu
d
e
p
o
o
r
im
m
u
n
izatio
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c
o
v
er
a
g
e,
m
aln
u
tr
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,
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
r
elig
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u
s
b
elief
s
th
at
ca
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s
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s
o
m
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in
d
iv
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d
u
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to
ch
o
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n
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to
g
et
v
ac
cin
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s
o
m
e
p
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h
av
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ac
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e
h
esit
an
cy
d
u
e
to
m
is
in
f
o
r
m
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n
[
7
]
,
an
d
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v
en
h
ea
lth
r
estra
in
ts
lik
e
s
ev
er
e
aller
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to
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p
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t
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f
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h
is
to
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ea
ctio
n
s
to
n
eo
m
y
ci
n
,
as
well
as
s
ev
er
e
im
m
u
n
o
s
u
p
p
r
e
s
s
io
n
o
r
alter
ed
im
m
u
n
o
co
m
p
eten
ce
d
u
e
to
s
er
io
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es
lik
e
HI
V,
wh
ich
p
r
ev
en
ts
m
an
y
in
d
i
v
id
u
als f
r
o
m
b
ein
g
v
ac
cin
ated
[
8]
.
Asi
d
e
f
r
o
m
r
ely
in
g
o
n
h
er
d
i
m
m
u
n
ity
to
p
r
o
tect
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
wh
o
ar
e
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
to
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e
an
d
h
av
e
n
o
ac
ce
s
s
to
m
ain
s
tr
ea
m
o
r
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
h
ar
m
ac
e
u
ticals an
d
v
ac
cin
es,
th
ey
m
u
s
t h
a
v
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
r
ea
d
ily
av
ailab
le,
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
an
d
s
af
e
alter
n
ativ
e
s
f
o
r
th
e
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
o
f
m
ea
s
les
in
ca
s
e
o
f
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
t
h
e
v
ir
u
s
.
Su
ch
alter
n
ativ
es
ar
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e
am
o
n
g
a
f
f
ec
ted
in
d
i
v
id
u
als.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
in
t
h
e
m
a
n
if
estatio
n
o
f
m
e
asles
in
in
f
ec
ted
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
tr
ea
tm
en
t
is
m
ain
l
y
ce
n
ter
ed
o
n
th
e
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e’
s
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
an
d
s
eq
u
elae
[
9
]
.
I
t
is
cr
u
cial
t
o
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
at
an
tim
icr
o
b
ials
,
an
alg
esics
,
an
d
v
itam
in
A
ar
e
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
em
p
lo
y
ed
m
ed
icatio
n
s
to
allev
iate
an
d
r
eso
lv
e
t
h
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
an
d
co
m
p
licatio
n
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
m
ea
s
les
[
1
]
,
an
d
o
n
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
n
o
te,
th
er
e
ar
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
p
o
t
en
tial
alter
n
ativ
es
to
th
ese
m
e
d
icatio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
ed
icin
al
p
la
n
ts
.
Me
d
icin
al
p
lan
ts
ar
e
al
r
ea
d
y
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
d
as
a
v
alu
a
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
d
r
u
g
s
d
u
e
to
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
af
f
o
r
d
a
b
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
m
in
im
al
s
id
e
ef
f
ec
ts
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e,
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
co
n
d
u
ct
an
et
h
n
o
b
o
ta
n
ical
r
ev
iew
o
f
t
h
e
m
ed
icin
al
p
lan
ts
u
s
ed
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
f
o
r
m
ea
s
les
tr
ea
tm
en
t.
T
h
is
r
ev
iew
will
in
clu
d
e
th
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
n
p
la
n
t
s
p
ec
ies,
f
am
ilies
,
p
lan
t
p
ar
ts
,
m
o
d
es
o
f
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
an
d
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
,
as
well
as
s
o
m
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
claim
an
ts
f
r
o
m
wh
o
m
th
e
d
ata
was
g
ath
er
ed
.
T
h
is
u
n
if
ied
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ca
n
b
e
em
p
l
o
y
ed
as
a
v
alid
c
o
llectiv
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
an
d
lo
w
-
co
s
t
alter
n
ativ
e
r
em
ed
ies
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
an
d
s
ev
er
e
co
m
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
m
ea
s
les,
a
s
er
io
u
s
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Da
t
a
e
x
t
ra
ct
i
o
n a
nd
m
a
na
g
em
ent
Pre
v
io
u
s
ly
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
d
ata
i
n
liter
atu
r
e
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
d
atab
ases
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
Go
o
g
l
e
Sch
o
lar
,
Scien
ce
Dir
ec
t,
an
d
Pu
b
Me
d
,
wer
e
m
in
ed
f
o
r
eth
n
o
m
ed
ic
in
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
m
ed
i
cin
al
p
lan
ts
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
ally
tr
ea
t
Me
asles
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
n
ec
ess
ar
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
:
m
ed
icin
al
p
lan
t
s
p
ec
ies,
f
am
i
lies
,
p
lan
t
p
ar
t
u
s
ed
,
m
o
d
e
o
f
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
,
m
o
d
e
o
f
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
,
an
d
th
e
claim
an
ts
wer
e
g
ath
er
ed
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
ea
r
ch
ter
m
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
atab
ase
ar
e
p
r
esen
te
d
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
was
d
o
n
e
with
in
th
e
wh
o
le
m
o
n
t
h
o
f
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
4
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
with
en
o
u
g
h
tim
e
to
co
llect
all
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
d
ata
f
o
r
th
is
r
ev
iew.
Mo
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
eth
n
o
m
e
d
icin
al
d
ata
wer
e
co
llected
b
ased
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
clu
s
io
n
-
ex
clu
s
io
n
c
r
iter
ia
th
at
wer
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
tai
lo
r
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
,
wh
ich
b
est
s
u
ited
th
e
aim
an
d
o
b
jectiv
es o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sp
ec
if
ic
s
ea
r
ch
ter
m
s
o
r
s
ea
r
ch
q
u
er
ies th
at
wer
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
d
atab
ases
D
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
S
e
a
r
c
h
t
e
r
m
o
r
se
a
r
c
h
q
u
e
r
y
G
o
o
g
l
e
S
c
h
o
l
a
r
(
mea
sl
e
s)
A
N
D
(
"
d
a
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
"
O
R
su
r
v
e
y
)
A
N
D
(
e
t
h
n
o
m
e
d
i
c
i
n
a
l
O
R
e
t
h
n
o
b
o
t
a
n
i
c
a
l
O
R
"
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
me
d
i
c
i
n
e
"
O
R
"
f
o
l
k
me
d
i
c
i
n
e
"
)
A
N
D
(
P
h
i
l
i
p
p
i
n
e
s)
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
D
i
r
e
c
t
(
"
mea
sl
e
s"
)
A
N
D
(
"
e
t
h
n
o
me
d
i
c
i
n
a
l
"
O
R
"
e
t
h
n
o
b
o
t
a
n
i
c
a
l
"
)
A
N
D
(
"
P
h
i
l
i
p
p
i
n
e
s"
)
P
u
b
M
e
d
(
"
mea
sl
e
s"
)
A
N
D
(
"
e
t
h
n
o
me
d
i
c
i
n
a
l
"
O
R
"
e
t
h
n
o
b
o
t
a
n
i
c
a
l
"
)
A
N
D
(
"
P
h
i
l
i
p
p
i
n
e
s"
)
2
.
2
.
I
nclus
io
n/
ex
clus
io
n c
rit
er
ia
T
h
e
d
ata
t
h
at
wer
e
c
o
llected
an
d
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
is
r
e
v
iew
we
r
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
d
ata
f
r
o
m
p
u
b
lis
h
e
d
o
r
ig
i
n
al
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
is
r
e
v
iew
s
p
ec
if
i
ca
lly
ex
clu
d
e
d
b
o
o
k
s
,
h
an
d
b
o
o
k
s
,
an
d
r
e
v
iew
ar
ticles.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
d
ata
wer
e
co
llected
with
o
u
t
r
eg
ar
d
to
th
e
y
ea
r
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
is
r
e
v
iew
will
i
m
m
ed
iately
ex
cl
u
d
e
ar
ticles
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
f
u
lly
av
ailab
le
o
r
p
ap
e
r
s
th
at
d
o
n
o
t
co
n
t
ain
all
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
is
r
ev
iew,
r
esear
ch
th
at
is
ir
r
elev
an
t
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
(
i.e
.
,
n
o
t
an
eth
n
o
b
o
tan
ical
s
tu
d
y
)
,
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
d
o
n
o
t
co
n
tain
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
eth
n
o
b
o
tan
ical
d
ata,
d
u
p
licates,
an
d
,
last
ly
,
th
o
s
e
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
wr
itten
in
E
n
g
l
is
h
.
T
h
e
s
tep
s
th
at
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
in
th
e
f
iltra
t
io
n
o
f
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
in
clu
d
e/ex
clu
d
e
in
th
is
r
ev
iew
ar
e
v
is
u
ally
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
E
th
n
o
med
icin
a
l
p
la
n
ts
tr
a
d
itio
n
a
lly
u
s
ed
in
tr
ea
tin
g
mea
s
les in
th
e
…
(
A
n
g
el
Ma
e
F
r
ia
s
Lu
g
a
)
595
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
L
iter
atu
r
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t in
ac
c
o
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
On
y
an
c
h
a
et
a
l
.
[
1
1
]
r
ev
ie
w
ar
ticle
with
n
ec
ess
ar
y
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
2
.
3
.
E
t
hn
o
bo
t
a
nica
l
da
t
a
a
n
a
ly
s
is
Af
ter
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
all
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
is
r
e
v
iew,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
th
en
g
en
er
ated
a
tab
u
lated
r
e
co
r
d
o
f
all
th
e
m
ed
icin
al
p
lan
ts
in
th
e
Ph
il
ip
p
in
es
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
tr
ad
itio
n
ally
u
s
ed
to
tr
ea
t m
ea
s
les w
ith
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
p
r
ea
d
s
h
ee
t so
f
twar
e,
s
p
ec
if
ically
th
e
Nu
m
b
er
s
v
er
s
io
n
1
4
.
1
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
,
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
an
d
/o
r
p
er
ce
n
tag
e,
wer
e
th
en
em
p
lo
y
ed
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
s
o
f
twar
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
o
f
u
r
th
er
q
u
a
n
titativ
ely
an
al
y
ze
th
e
e
th
n
o
b
o
ta
n
ical
d
ata
g
ath
er
e
d
,
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
u
s
ed
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
in
d
e
x
(
FI)
–
an
eth
n
o
b
o
tan
ical
in
d
ex
th
at
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
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la
=
×
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0
0
,
wh
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e
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th
e
n
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m
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er
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f
claim
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n
ts
wh
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ad
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d
th
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th
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tal
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m
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claim
an
ts
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
eth
n
o
b
o
tan
ical
i
n
d
ex
aid
s
i
n
th
e
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
ly
cited
m
e
d
icin
al
p
lan
ts
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
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es th
at
h
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ee
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s
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to
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r
e
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ad
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.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
M
edicina
l
pla
nts c
ha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics
T
ab
le
2
(
s
ee
Ap
p
en
d
ix
)
p
r
ese
n
ts
all
th
e
d
ata
co
llected
,
wh
ich
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
clu
d
es
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
m
ed
icin
al
p
lan
t
s
p
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ies,
f
am
ily
,
p
lan
t
p
ar
ts
,
m
o
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o
f
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
,
m
o
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f
ad
m
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is
tr
atio
n
,
claim
an
ts
,
as
wel
l
as
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
[
1
3
]
-
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
r
ev
iew
i
d
en
tifie
d
4
5
m
ed
icin
al
p
lan
t
s
p
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ies
a
cr
o
s
s
2
5
f
am
ilies
,
tr
ad
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n
ally
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tili
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d
in
v
ar
io
u
s
r
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io
n
s
o
f
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
f
o
r
m
ea
s
les
tr
ea
tm
en
t.
Sp
ec
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ically
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
2
D
b
ar
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s
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ates
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ib
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o
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m
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al
p
lan
t
f
am
ilies
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th
e
Ph
ilip
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y
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ies
co
u
n
t
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m
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ch
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e
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e
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m
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ies th
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e
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ee
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s
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r
m
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les tr
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t.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
m
ed
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cin
al
p
lan
t f
am
ilies
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th
e
Ph
il
ip
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ies co
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t
R
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Am
o
n
g
th
e
2
5
f
am
ilies
,
th
e
Po
ac
ea
e
f
am
ily
,
w
h
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is
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g
r
a
s
s
f
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h
as
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h
ig
h
est
r
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esen
tatio
n
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co
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n
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o
r
1
1
.
1
1
%
o
f
th
e
m
ed
icin
al
p
lan
t
s
p
ec
ies
wi
th
th
er
ap
eu
tic
p
o
ten
tial
ag
ain
s
t
m
ea
s
les.
I
t
i
s
th
en
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
Fab
ac
ea
e
a
n
d
Ma
lv
ac
ea
e
f
am
ilies
,
ea
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
8
.
8
9
%
o
f
th
e
s
p
e
cies.
Nex
t
ar
e
th
e
A
s
tera
ce
a
e,
C
yp
era
ce
a
e,
an
d
E
u
p
h
o
r
b
ia
c
ea
e
f
a
m
ilies
,
ea
ch
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
6
.
6
7
%
o
f
th
e
s
p
e
cies.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
Aca
n
th
ac
ea
e,
Ap
iace
ae
,
A
r
ec
ac
ea
e,
an
d
L
am
iace
ae
f
a
m
ilies
r
ep
r
esen
t
4
.
4
4
%
ea
ch
.
L
a
s
tly
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
am
ilies
ea
ch
h
av
e
o
n
e
m
ed
i
ci
n
al
p
lan
t
s
p
ec
ies
(
2
.
2
2
%)
with
th
er
ap
eu
tic
p
o
ten
tial
ag
ain
s
t
m
ea
s
les:
Al
liace
ae
,
Am
ar
y
llid
ac
ea
e,
An
ac
ar
d
ia
ce
ae
,
B
r
o
m
eliac
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C
asu
ar
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ac
ea
e,
C
o
m
m
elin
ac
ea
e,
C
o
n
v
o
lv
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lace
ae
,
C
u
cu
r
b
itace
ae
,
L
y
th
r
ac
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e
,
My
r
tace
ae
,
Ox
alid
ac
ea
e,
Ph
y
llan
th
ac
ea
e,
Pip
er
ac
ea
e,
Pla
n
tag
in
ac
ea
e,
an
d
Sap
o
tace
ae
.
I
n
th
e
f
am
ily
Po
ac
ea
e,
t
h
e
f
iv
e
p
lan
t
s
p
ec
ies
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
tr
ad
itio
n
ally
u
s
ed
to
cu
r
e
m
e
asles
th
at
wer
e
m
en
tio
n
e
d
in
clu
d
e
C
ymb
o
p
o
g
o
n
citr
a
tu
s
(
DC
.
)
Stap
f
,
E
leu
s
in
e
p
o
lyd
a
ctyla
,
I
mp
er
a
ta
cy
lin
d
r
ica
(
L
.
)
R
ae
u
s
ch
,
S
eta
r
ia
ita
lic
a
(
L
.
)
,
an
d
Zea
ma
ys
(
L
.
)
.
T
h
ese
p
lan
t
s
p
ec
ies'
p
o
ten
tial
to
cu
r
e
m
ea
s
les
is
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
liter
atu
r
e,
as
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
o
u
r
ce
s
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
at
th
ese
p
lan
t
s
p
ec
ies
h
av
e
p
h
y
to
c
o
n
s
titu
en
ts
with
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
b
io
lo
g
ical
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
aid
in
th
e
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
o
f
m
e
asles
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
C
ymb
o
p
o
g
o
n
citr
a
tu
s
(
DC
.
)
Stap
f
,
co
m
m
o
n
ly
k
n
o
wn
as
L
em
o
n
g
r
ass
o
r
"
Ta
n
g
la
d
,
"
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
av
e
an
ti
-
f
ev
er
o
r
a
n
alg
esic,
an
titu
s
s
iv
e
[
3
4
]
,
an
d
a
n
tim
icr
o
b
ial
ac
tiv
ity
[
3
5
]
-
[
3
7
]
,
wh
ich
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
tr
ea
tm
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
n
eu
m
o
n
ia
[
3
7
]
,
th
at
th
e
s
aid
d
is
ea
s
e
h
as b
ee
n
k
n
o
wn
to
p
o
s
e
to
in
f
ec
ted
in
d
iv
id
u
als.
As
f
o
r
E
leu
s
in
e
p
o
lyd
a
ctyla
,
o
r
W
ir
e
g
r
ass
,
o
r
"
B
u
s
ika
d
,
"
m
u
ch
k
n
o
wn
f
o
r
its
h
eter
o
ty
p
ic
s
y
n
o
n
y
m
E
leu
s
in
e
in
d
ica
[
3
8
]
,
h
as
b
ee
n
d
is
co
v
er
ed
to
p
o
s
s
ess
th
er
a
p
eu
tic
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
th
at
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
o
f
m
ea
s
les.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
in
clu
d
e
an
al
g
esic,
a
n
tim
icr
o
b
ial,
a
n
d
a
n
tiv
ir
al
ac
tiv
ities
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
af
o
r
e
m
en
tio
n
e
d
ac
tiv
ities
wer
e
also
o
b
s
er
v
ed
a
n
d
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
in
o
th
er
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
4
0
]
-
[
4
2
]
.
As
f
o
r
I
mp
era
ta
cy
lin
d
r
ica
(
L
.
)
R
ae
u
s
ch
,
also
r
e
f
er
r
ed
to
as
C
o
g
o
n
g
r
ass
o
r
s
im
p
ly
as
"
K
o
g
o
n
,
"
h
as
b
ee
n
d
is
co
v
e
r
ed
to
p
o
s
s
ess
an
tim
icr
o
b
ial
[
4
3
]
an
d
an
tib
ac
ter
ial
[
4
4
]
p
r
o
p
er
ties
in
its
ex
tr
ac
t.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
p
er
ties
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
e
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
cu
r
e
o
f
m
ea
s
les
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
as
an
tib
io
tics
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
m
ea
s
les
co
m
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
ea
r
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
,
to
n
s
illi
tis
,
o
r
p
n
eu
m
o
n
ia
[
4
5
]
,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
life
-
th
r
ea
t
en
in
g
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
S
eta
r
ia
it
a
lica
(
L
.
)
,
in
s
tead
o
f
th
e
u
s
u
al
b
io
lo
g
ical
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
o
n
all
th
e
m
ed
icin
al
p
lan
ts
th
at
we
r
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
,
a
s
tu
d
y
h
as
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
is
p
la
n
t
is
ac
tu
ally
r
ich
in
v
itam
in
s
s
u
ch
as
v
itam
in
B
1
,
v
ita
m
in
B
2
,
v
itam
in
E
,
a
n
d
v
it
am
in
A
[
4
6
]
,
wh
ich
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
s
er
io
u
s
co
m
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
d
ea
th
f
r
o
m
m
ea
s
les in
th
o
s
e
wh
o
ar
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
t
h
e
v
ir
u
s
[
4
7
]
.
L
astl
y
,
as
f
o
r
Zea
ma
ys
L
.
,
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
is
p
lan
t
ac
tu
ally
p
o
s
s
ess
es
v
ar
i
o
u
s
h
ea
lth
b
en
ef
its
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
v
itam
in
A
[
4
8
]
,
wh
ich
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
u
r
e
o
f
m
ea
s
les,
as
well
as
an
tib
ac
ter
ial
p
o
ten
tial
[
4
9
]
,
an
d
with
th
at,
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
a
m
ily
Po
ac
ea
e
alo
n
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
d
ed
u
ce
d
t
h
at
m
ed
icin
al
p
lan
ts
ar
e
a
r
eliab
le
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
o
f
m
ea
s
les
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
As
f
o
r
th
e
h
ig
h
ly
cited
s
p
ec
ies
(
≥
10
)
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
,
wh
ich
h
a
s
b
ee
n
tr
ad
itio
n
ally
u
s
ed
to
tr
ea
t
m
ea
s
les
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
eir
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
in
d
ex
,
d
ata
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
o
s
e
m
ed
icin
al
p
lan
ts
ar
e
C
en
tella
a
s
ia
tica
(
L
.
)
Ur
b
.
=
1
9
,
V
ig
n
a
r
a
d
ia
t
a
(
L
.
)
R
.
W
ilcze
k
=
1
4
,
A
lliu
m
ce
p
a
L
.
=
1
0
,
A
n
tid
esma
b
u
n
iu
s
(
L
.
)
Sp
r
en
g
=
1
0
,
C
yp
eru
s
ky
llin
g
ia
E
n
d
l.
=
1
0
,
I
mp
era
ta
cy
lin
d
r
ica
(
L
.
)
R
ae
u
s
ch
=
1
0
,
an
d
S
p
o
n
d
ia
s
p
in
n
a
t
a
(
L
.
f
.
)
Ku
r
z.
=
1
0
.
T
h
is
d
ata
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
th
ese
s
p
ec
ies,
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
4
5
m
e
d
icin
al
p
la
n
t
s
p
ec
ies
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
tr
ad
itio
n
ally
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
ea
s
les
tr
ea
tm
en
t
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
ar
e
th
e
o
n
es th
at
wer
e
m
o
s
t f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
tili
ze
d
b
y
v
ar
i
o
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
.
3
.
2
.
P
l
a
nt
pa
rt
us
ed,
m
o
de
o
f
prepa
ra
t
io
n,
a
nd
mo
de
o
f
a
dm
ini
s
t
ra
t
io
n
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
2
D
b
a
r
g
r
a
p
h
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
lan
t
p
ar
ts
th
at
ar
e
tr
ad
itio
n
ally
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
ea
s
les
tr
ea
tm
en
t,
ca
teg
o
r
ized
b
y
s
p
ec
ies
co
u
n
t
,
f
r
o
m
wh
ich
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
t
h
at,
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
twelv
e
(
1
2
)
d
is
tin
ct
p
lan
t
p
ar
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
tr
ad
it
io
n
ally
tr
ea
t
m
ea
s
les.
T
h
e
leav
es
wer
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
s
ed
p
lan
t
p
ar
t
f
o
r
th
e
cu
r
e
a
n
d
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
m
ea
s
les,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
a
to
t
al
o
f
2
3
o
u
t
o
f
4
5
(
5
1
.
1
1
%
)
p
lan
t
s
p
ec
ies.
A
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
o
u
tco
m
e
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
a
s
im
ilar
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
co
n
d
u
cted
in
No
r
th
e
r
n
Ni
g
er
ia
[
5
0
]
an
d
in
C
en
tr
al
-
So
u
th
er
n
Ap
en
n
i
n
e,
I
taly
[
5
1
]
.
L
ea
v
es
wer
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
em
p
l
o
y
ed
p
lan
t
p
ar
t
in
t
h
ese
co
u
n
tr
ies,
as th
ey
wer
e
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
f
o
r
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
o
f
m
ea
s
les.
So
m
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
tat
e
th
at
it is
b
ec
au
s
e
i
t
is
m
o
r
e
r
ea
d
ily
av
ailab
le
in
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
t
h
an
o
th
er
p
lan
t p
ar
ts
[
3
1
]
,
[
5
0
]
,
[
5
2
]
,
an
d
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
th
em
is
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
b
ec
au
s
e
it
r
eg
e
n
er
ates
an
d
g
r
o
ws
ea
s
ily
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
a
n
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
ass
er
ts
th
at
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
its
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
ce
is
th
at
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
p
h
y
s
ician
s
u
s
e
it
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
co
n
tain
s
ac
tiv
e
co
n
s
titu
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
alk
alo
id
s
an
d
tan
n
in
s
[
5
2
]
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ac
tu
ally
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
f
o
r
th
e
ir
p
h
ar
m
ac
o
lo
g
ical
ac
tiv
ities
[
5
3
]
,
[
5
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
ti
lized
p
lan
t
p
ar
ts
ar
e
t
h
e
r
o
o
t a
n
d
wh
o
le
p
lan
t,
ea
c
h
u
s
ed
i
n
o
v
er
eig
h
t
(
1
7
.
7
8
%)
m
ed
icin
al
p
la
n
t
s
p
ec
ies.
T
h
is
is
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
b
ar
k
,
b
r
an
c
h
,
o
r
s
tem
,
wh
ich
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
6
(
1
3
.
3
3
%)
s
p
ec
ies,
th
e
f
lo
wer
in
3
(
6
.
6
7
%)
s
p
ec
ies,
an
d
th
e
f
r
u
it
an
d
p
ee
l
in
2
(
4
.
4
4
%)
s
p
ec
ies
ea
ch
.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
ae
r
ial
p
ar
t,
b
u
lb
,
s
ee
d
,
s
h
o
o
t,
an
d
s
ilk
ar
e
ea
ch
u
s
ed
i
n
1
(
2
.
2
2
%)
s
p
ec
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
E
th
n
o
med
icin
a
l
p
la
n
ts
tr
a
d
itio
n
a
lly
u
s
ed
in
tr
ea
tin
g
mea
s
les in
th
e
…
(
A
n
g
el
Ma
e
F
r
ia
s
Lu
g
a
)
597
I
n
F
ig
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
2
D
b
a
r
g
r
a
p
h
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
o
d
es
o
f
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
icin
al
p
lan
t
s
th
at
ar
e
tr
ad
itio
n
ally
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
ea
s
les
tr
ea
tm
en
t,
ca
teg
o
r
ized
b
y
s
p
ec
ies
co
u
n
t.
I
n
h
er
e,
b
o
ili
n
g
(
A)
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
em
p
lo
y
e
d
m
eth
o
d
,
with
it
m
ak
in
g
u
p
1
6
o
u
t
o
f
4
5
(
3
5
.
5
6
%)
p
lan
t
s
p
ec
ies
th
at
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
tr
ea
tin
g
m
ea
s
les.
T
h
is
is
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
in
f
u
s
io
n
(
B
)
with
8
(
1
7
.
7
8
%)
s
p
ec
ies,
p
o
u
n
d
in
g
(
C
)
with
5
(
1
1
.
1
1
%)
s
p
ec
ies,
an
d
b
u
r
n
i
n
g
(
Gr
o
u
p
D)
with
3
(
6
.
6
7
%)
s
p
ec
ies.
Oth
er
m
eth
o
d
s
i
n
clu
d
e
b
o
i
lin
g
with
s
p
ec
if
ic
ad
d
itiv
es
o
r
u
s
in
g
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
tech
n
iq
u
es
(
E
)
with
2
(
4
.
4
4
%)
s
p
ec
ies,
an
d
a
v
a
r
iety
o
f
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
b
lan
c
h
in
g
,
wr
ap
p
in
g
th
e
m
ed
icin
al
p
la
n
t
in
b
an
an
a
lea
v
es,
an
d
e
v
en
u
n
iq
u
e
m
o
d
es
o
f
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
th
at
in
clu
d
e
m
ix
i
n
g
m
e
d
icin
al
p
lan
ts
with
s
a
wa
g
allb
lad
d
e
r
o
r
r
o
asted
g
o
at
s
to
o
l
(
F),
with
1
(
2
.
2
2
%)
s
p
ec
ies ea
ch
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
n
o
te,
h
o
wev
er
,
th
at
wh
ile
th
ese
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
r
e
f
lect
th
e
r
ic
h
cu
ltu
r
al
p
r
ac
tices
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
i
n
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
s
awa
g
allb
la
d
d
er
an
d
an
im
al
f
e
ce
s
lik
e
g
o
at
s
to
o
ls
,
p
o
s
es
p
o
ten
tial
h
ea
lth
r
is
k
s
in
clu
d
in
g
m
icr
o
b
ial
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
,
z
o
o
n
o
tic
in
f
ec
t
io
n
[
5
5
]
,
an
d
e
v
en
in
to
x
icatio
n
lik
e
in
th
e
ca
s
e
i
n
C
h
in
a
w
h
er
e
a
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
u
f
f
er
ed
f
r
o
m
ac
u
te
h
e
p
atic
i
n
ju
r
y
an
d
d
elay
e
d
-
o
n
s
et
r
en
al
f
ailu
r
e
af
ter
in
g
e
s
tin
g
s
n
ak
e
g
allb
lad
d
er
s
[
5
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
b
ef
o
r
e
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
b
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
o
r
i
n
teg
r
ated
in
to
b
r
o
ad
er
th
er
a
p
eu
tic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
m
ea
s
les
tr
ea
tm
en
t,
th
ey
m
u
s
t
u
n
d
er
g
o
cr
itical
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
b
e
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
s
tr
ict
s
af
ety
ass
ess
m
e
n
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Plan
t p
a
r
ts
u
s
ed
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es f
o
r
tr
ea
tin
g
m
ea
s
les
,
with
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
ed
icin
al
p
lan
t sp
ec
ies
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Mo
d
e
o
f
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
ea
s
les tr
ea
tm
en
t i
n
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
,
with
th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
ed
icin
al
p
lan
t
s
p
ec
ies
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
it
s
h
o
ws
a
2
D
b
ar
g
r
a
p
h
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
es
o
f
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
icin
al
p
lan
ts
th
at
ar
e
tr
ad
itio
n
ally
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
ea
s
les
tr
ea
tm
en
t,
ca
te
g
o
r
ized
b
y
s
p
e
cies
co
u
n
t.
R
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
A
(
tak
en
o
r
ally
)
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
eth
er
th
e
p
lan
t
is
b
o
iled
,
p
o
u
n
d
ed
,
co
n
s
u
m
e
d
r
aw,
o
r
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
26
:
5
9
3
-
6
0
4
598
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
th
er
m
ea
n
s
,
ac
c
o
u
n
t
in
g
f
o
r
3
2
o
u
t
o
f
4
5
s
p
ec
ies.
I
t
is
th
en
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
B
(
u
s
e
as
a
b
ath
)
with
8
s
p
ec
ies,
an
d
C
(
ap
p
ly
d
ir
ec
tly
to
th
e
af
f
ec
ted
ar
ea
)
with
5
s
p
ec
ies.
L
ess
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
s
in
clu
d
e
D
(
s
n
if
f
)
with
3
s
p
ec
ies,
E
(
u
s
e
as
in
ce
n
s
e)
with
2
s
p
ec
ies,
an
d
F
(
ap
p
ly
as
h
o
t
c
o
m
p
r
ess
,
p
o
u
ltice,
o
r
o
n
th
e
ey
es)
with
o
n
ly
1
s
p
ec
ies.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Mo
d
e
o
f
ad
m
in
is
tr
at
io
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
ea
s
les tr
ea
tm
en
t
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
,
with
th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
ed
icin
al
p
lan
t sp
e
cies.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ata
g
ath
er
ed
,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
m
ed
icin
al
p
lan
ts
p
r
ep
ar
ed
b
y
b
o
ilin
g
a
n
d
a
d
m
in
is
ter
ed
o
r
ally
wer
e
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
tly
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
ea
s
les
tr
ea
tm
en
t
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
a
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
No
r
th
er
n
Ken
y
a.
I
n
b
o
t
h
s
tu
d
ies,
b
o
ilin
g
an
d
o
r
al
a
d
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
p
r
ep
a
r
in
g
a
n
d
ad
m
in
is
ter
in
g
b
o
ta
n
icals
f
o
r
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
tr
ea
tm
en
t o
f
m
ea
s
les [
5
0
]
.
3
.
3
.
Cla
i
m
a
nt
s
Fig
u
r
e
6
p
r
esen
ts
a
2
D
b
ar
g
r
ap
h
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
ed
icin
al
p
lan
t
s
p
ec
ies
u
s
ed
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
f
o
r
th
e
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
tr
ea
tm
en
t
o
f
m
ea
s
les.
E
ac
h
letter
in
t
h
e
l
eg
en
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
claim
an
ts
.
Gr
o
u
p
s
s
ep
ar
ated
b
y
lo
n
g
lin
es
with
in
th
e
s
am
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letter
in
d
i
ca
te
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
n
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m
b
er
o
f
m
e
d
icin
al
p
la
n
t sp
ec
ies f
o
r
m
ea
s
les tr
ea
tm
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
laim
an
ts
wh
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
t
h
e
m
ed
ici
n
al
p
lan
t f
o
r
m
ea
s
les tr
ea
tm
en
t in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
with
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
e
d
icin
al
p
lan
t
s
p
ec
ies,
it
u
tili
ze
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
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lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
E
th
n
o
med
icin
a
l
p
la
n
ts
tr
a
d
itio
n
a
lly
u
s
ed
in
tr
ea
tin
g
mea
s
les in
th
e
…
(
A
n
g
el
Ma
e
F
r
ia
s
Lu
g
a
)
599
Gr
o
u
p
A,
w
h
ich
in
clu
d
es
th
e
Peo
p
le
f
r
o
m
Sam
ar
I
s
lan
d
Natu
r
al
Par
k
[
1
4
]
,
u
tili
ze
s
th
e
g
r
ea
test
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
e
d
icin
al
p
lan
t
s
p
ec
ies
f
o
r
m
ea
s
les
tr
ea
tm
en
t,
m
ak
in
g
u
s
e
o
f
a
to
tal
o
f
1
2
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
4
5
(
2
6
.
6
7
%
)
m
ed
icin
al
p
lan
t
s
p
ec
ies
f
o
r
m
ea
s
les
tr
ea
tm
en
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
d
ata
also
s
h
o
w
th
at
p
ar
ticu
lar
m
ed
icin
al
p
lan
t
s
p
ec
ies
(
i.e
.,
A
r
ec
a
ca
tec
h
u
L
.
)
ar
e
e
x
clu
s
iv
ely
u
s
ed
b
y
th
i
s
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
p
eo
p
le
in
th
e
Ph
ili
p
p
in
es
f
o
r
m
ea
s
les
tr
ea
tm
en
t,
r
ef
lectin
g
u
n
iq
u
e
eth
n
o
p
h
ar
m
ac
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
ac
t
ices.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
ile
A
.
c
a
tech
u
is
cu
ltu
r
ally
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
;
th
er
e
ar
e
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
s
h
o
w
th
at
it
is
ac
tu
ally
a
ca
r
cin
o
g
en
ic
a
g
en
t
[
5
7
]
,
wh
i
ch
r
aises
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t its
s
af
ety
.
As
f
o
r
Gr
o
u
p
B
,
w
h
ich
is
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
Ati
Ne
g
r
ito
i
n
d
ig
en
o
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
in
G
u
im
ar
as
I
s
lan
d
,
it
u
s
es
6
(
1
3
.
3
3
%)
s
p
ec
ies,
wh
ile
Gr
o
u
p
C
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
th
e
Ay
ta
co
m
m
u
n
ities
in
Din
alu
p
i
h
an
,
B
ataa
n
,
claim
s
4
(
8
.
8
9
%)
s
p
ec
ies.
Gr
o
u
p
D
in
clu
d
es v
ar
io
u
s
eth
n
o
lin
g
u
is
tic
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
tr
ib
es,
s
u
ch
as th
e
Ati tr
ib
e
in
Ma
lay
,
Ak
lan
,
an
d
o
th
er
s
,
ea
ch
u
s
in
g
3
(
6
.
6
7
%)
s
p
ec
ies.
Gr
o
u
p
E
e
n
co
m
p
ass
es
claim
an
ts
lik
e
th
e
E
s
k
ay
a
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
Hea
ler
s
o
f
B
o
h
o
l
an
d
r
u
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
ities
in
Min
a,
I
lo
ilo
,
with
2
(
4
.
4
4
%)
s
p
ec
ies
ea
c
h
.
L
astl
y
,
Gr
o
u
p
F
co
m
p
r
is
es
tr
ib
es
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
s
u
ch
as
th
e
Ati
in
T
o
b
ias
Fo
r
n
ier
,
An
tiq
u
e,
an
d
o
th
er
s
,
ea
ch
o
f
wh
ic
h
u
tili
ze
s
1
(
2
.
2
2
%)
s
p
ec
ies.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
t
f
o
r
g
u
id
in
g
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
l
th
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
,
as
co
m
m
u
n
ities
with
ex
ten
s
iv
e
eth
n
o
b
o
tan
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
m
ea
s
les tr
ea
tm
en
t m
ay
s
er
v
e
a
s
im
p
o
r
tan
t p
ar
tn
e
r
s
in
b
io
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tin
g
an
d
d
r
u
g
d
is
co
v
er
y
in
itiativ
es.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
r
esu
lts
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
i
g
o
r
o
u
s
p
h
ar
m
ac
o
l
o
g
ical,
as
well
as
to
x
ico
lo
g
ical
,
ass
ess
m
en
ts
f
o
r
all
th
ese
m
ed
icin
al
p
lan
ts
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
tr
ad
itio
n
ally
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
ea
s
les
tr
ea
tm
en
t
b
y
v
a
r
io
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
as
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
ese
p
lan
ts
m
ay
p
o
s
e
m
o
r
e
h
ar
m
th
a
n
g
o
o
d
d
esp
ite
th
eir
lo
n
g
-
s
tan
d
in
g
u
s
e
in
f
o
lk
m
ed
icin
e
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Giv
en
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
n
e
g
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
m
ea
s
les
o
n
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
o
s
e
th
at
ar
e
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
to
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
h
as
a
p
leth
o
r
a
o
f
m
ed
icin
al
p
l
an
t
s
p
ec
ies
th
at
ar
e
o
f
g
r
ea
t
p
o
ten
tial
to
s
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
liv
es
,
wh
ich
ar
e
awa
itin
g
f
u
r
t
h
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
an
d
ut
ilizatio
n
.
W
ith
th
e
4
5
m
ed
i
cin
al
p
lan
t
s
p
ec
ies
b
elo
n
g
in
g
to
2
5
f
am
ilies
th
at
wer
e
n
o
w
n
o
ted
to
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
as
tr
ad
itio
n
al
tr
ea
tm
en
t
f
o
r
m
ea
s
les
in
th
e
Ph
il
ip
p
in
es,
th
is
co
llect
iv
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
h
o
u
ld
s
er
v
e
as
a
r
eliab
le
eth
n
o
p
h
ar
m
ac
o
lo
g
ical
b
asis
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
d
r
u
g
r
esear
c
h
d
is
co
v
er
y
f
o
r
an
in
ex
p
e
n
s
iv
e
an
d
s
af
e
m
ea
s
les
tr
ea
tm
en
t
alter
n
ativ
e,
th
o
u
g
h
ex
ten
s
iv
e
p
h
ar
m
ac
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
to
x
ic
o
lo
g
ical
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
ese
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
s
af
e
ly
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
f
o
r
b
r
o
a
d
er
t
h
er
ap
eu
tic
u
s
e.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
ex
p
r
ess
s
in
ce
r
e
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
th
e
C
en
ter
f
o
r
I
n
teg
r
ativ
e
Hea
lth
L
a
b
o
r
ato
r
y
o
f
th
e
Pre
m
ier
R
esear
ch
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
Scien
ce
an
d
Ma
th
em
at
ics
at
th
e
Min
d
an
ao
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
–
I
lig
a
n
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
in
clu
d
in
g
ass
is
tan
ce
in
r
esear
ch
ac
tiv
ities
,
b
r
ain
s
to
r
m
in
g
,
an
d
d
ata
m
i
n
in
g
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
lik
e
t
o
e
x
p
r
ess
th
eir
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
th
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
Scien
ce
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
DOST
)
o
f
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es f
o
r
th
e
f
in
an
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t th
at
it
h
a
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
f
o
r
th
e
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
en
t o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS
ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
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6]
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[
39
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E.
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