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J
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Vo
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42
,
No
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3
,
J
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20
2
6
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6
3
7
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6
48
638
elec
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[
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6
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n
h
as
b
ee
n
id
en
tifie
d
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
.
E
x
p
e
r
im
en
tal
an
d
f
ield
s
tu
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
t
th
at
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
u
s
t
lay
er
s
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
s
o
lar
tr
an
s
m
ittan
ce
an
d
elec
tr
ical
o
u
t
p
u
t
b
y
1
0
–
3
0
%,
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
p
ar
ticu
late
c
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
d
en
s
ity
,
an
d
am
b
i
en
t
cli
m
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
ev
er
e
f
o
r
E
V
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
er
e
th
e
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
p
an
el
ar
ea
am
p
lifie
s
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ev
e
n
m
in
o
r
s
u
r
f
ac
e
c
o
n
tam
in
atio
n
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
d
u
s
t
m
itig
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
an
u
al
clea
n
in
g
,
wate
r
-
b
ased
was
h
in
g
,
an
d
m
ec
h
an
ical
wip
er
s
,
ar
e
p
r
im
a
r
ily
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
s
tatio
n
ar
y
PV
in
s
tallatio
n
s
an
d
ar
e
p
o
o
r
ly
s
u
ited
to
m
o
b
ile
E
V
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
p
r
ac
tical
lim
itatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
d
elay
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
an
d
u
s
er
i
n
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
[
9
]
.
Mo
r
e
r
ec
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
an
d
AI
-
b
ased
d
ete
ctio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
a
u
to
m
atio
n
b
u
t
o
f
ten
r
el
y
o
n
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
ally
in
ten
s
iv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
r
h
ar
d
war
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
th
at
a
r
e
n
o
t
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
v
e
h
icu
lar
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
,
s
en
s
o
r
-
d
r
iv
e
n
,
au
to
m
ated
d
u
s
t
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
clea
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
tailo
r
ed
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
ag
g
r
e
g
ated
s
o
lar
p
an
els
in
teg
r
ated
i
n
to
E
V
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
em
p
lo
y
s
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
d
u
s
t
s
en
s
in
g
to
d
etec
t
d
ielec
tr
ic
v
ar
iatio
n
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
p
ar
ti
cu
late
b
u
ild
u
p
an
d
ac
tiv
ates
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t c
lean
in
g
ac
tu
ato
r
s
o
n
ly
wh
en
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
ex
ce
e
d
s
a
d
ef
in
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
er
ies
–
p
ar
allel
p
an
el
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
t
o
m
in
im
ize
m
is
m
atch
lo
s
s
es a
n
d
m
ain
tain
s
tab
le
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
u
n
d
er
n
o
n
-
u
n
if
o
r
m
d
u
s
t d
ep
o
s
itio
n
an
d
p
a
r
tial sh
ad
in
g
.
Ma
in
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
th
is
wo
r
k
m
ak
es th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
cien
tific
an
d
tech
n
ical
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
:
−
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
en
er
g
y
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
m
o
d
el
th
at
lin
k
s
d
u
s
t
d
e
n
s
ity
,
s
en
s
o
r
r
es
p
o
n
s
e,
clea
n
in
g
en
er
g
y
c
o
s
t,
an
d
n
et
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
en
er
g
y
in
E
V
-
m
o
u
n
ted
PV sy
s
tem
s
.
−
Desig
n
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
er
ies
–
p
a
r
allel
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
o
p
ti
m
ized
f
o
r
m
itig
atin
g
d
u
s
t
-
in
d
u
ce
d
m
is
m
atch
an
d
p
ar
tial sh
ad
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
ts
in
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
v
e
h
icu
lar
p
a
n
el
lay
o
u
ts
.
−
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
-
ba
s
ed
em
u
latio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
l
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
clea
n
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
s
tatic,
d
y
n
a
m
ic,
an
d
m
ix
ed
v
eh
icu
lar
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
−
Statis
t
ical
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
u
s
tain
ed
p
a
n
el
ef
f
icien
c
y
(
9
5
–
9
8
%
o
f
b
aselin
e
o
u
tp
u
t
)
with
p
o
s
itiv
e
n
et
en
e
r
g
y
g
ain
u
n
d
er
r
ea
lis
tic
d
u
s
t e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
r
ev
iews
p
r
io
r
w
o
r
k
o
n
d
u
s
t
-
in
d
u
ce
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
,
s
en
s
o
r
-
b
ased
d
etec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
,
a
n
d
p
an
el
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
s
o
lar
-
ass
is
ted
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles.
I
t
id
en
tifie
s
lim
itatio
n
s
in
ex
is
tin
g
au
to
m
ated
clea
n
in
g
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
-
awa
r
e
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
d
ef
i
n
es
th
e
r
esear
ch
g
ap
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
2
.
1
.
I
m
pa
c
t
o
f
du
s
t
o
n pho
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
perf
o
r
m
a
nce
a
nd
cle
a
nin
g
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
s
Du
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
is
a
d
o
m
in
an
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
t
o
r
af
f
ec
tin
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
p
r
im
ar
ily
b
y
atten
u
atin
g
in
ci
d
en
t
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
lo
s
s
es.
E
m
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
th
at
d
u
s
t
co
v
er
a
g
e
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
1
0
%
to
o
v
er
4
0
%,
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
ch
em
ical
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
h
u
m
id
ity
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
d
u
r
atio
n
[
8
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
i
es
in
clu
d
e
m
an
u
al
clea
n
in
g
a
n
d
wate
r
-
ba
s
ed
wash
in
g
,
wh
ich
,
alth
o
u
g
h
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
r
esto
r
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
ar
e
im
p
r
ac
tical
f
o
r
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
r
m
o
b
ile
a
p
p
licat
io
n
s
d
u
e
t
o
wate
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
lab
o
r
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
an
d
lim
ited
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
to
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
.
Au
to
m
ated
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
r
o
b
o
tic
wi
p
er
s
,
co
m
p
r
ess
ed
-
air
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
d
u
s
t
r
e
m
o
v
a
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
s
tatio
n
ar
y
in
s
tallatio
n
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
f
ten
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ec
h
an
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ed
en
er
g
y
i
n
p
u
t,
lim
itin
g
t
h
eir
s
u
ita
b
ilit
y
f
o
r
co
m
p
ac
t
an
d
en
er
gy
-
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ed
E
V
p
l
atf
o
r
m
s
.
2
.
2
.
Sens
o
r
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
ies f
o
r
du
s
t
det
ec
t
io
n o
n so
la
r
pa
nel
s
Sen
s
o
r
-
b
ased
d
u
s
t
d
etec
tio
n
en
ab
les
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
an
d
co
n
d
it
io
n
-
b
ased
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Op
tical
s
en
s
o
r
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
tr
a
n
s
m
ittan
ce
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
,
wh
il
e
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
d
etec
t
ch
an
g
es
in
s
u
r
f
ac
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
E
mu
la
tio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f d
u
s
t
-
a
w
a
r
e
a
u
to
ma
ted
cle
a
n
i
n
g
…
(
Mo
h
a
med
A
b
u
b
a
kr Ma
h
g
o
u
b
Ha
s
s
a
n
)
639
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
p
ar
ticu
late
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
.
R
e
s
i
s
tiv
e
an
d
h
u
m
id
ity
-
b
ased
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
also
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
in
f
e
r
d
u
s
t p
r
esen
ce
in
d
ir
ec
tly
th
r
o
u
g
h
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
E
V
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
s
en
s
o
r
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
i
s
ch
allen
g
ed
b
y
v
ib
r
atio
n
,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
iatio
n
,
lim
ited
in
s
tallatio
n
s
p
ac
e,
an
d
s
tr
in
g
en
t
p
o
wer
b
u
d
g
ets.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
m
o
tio
n
-
in
d
u
ce
d
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
an
d
ca
n
b
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
te
g
r
ated
with
em
b
ed
d
ed
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
u
s
t
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
ac
tu
atio
n
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
m
ak
e
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
s
en
s
in
g
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
s
.
2
.
3
.
P
a
nel int
eg
ra
t
io
n in e
le
ct
ric
v
ehicles
So
lar
-
ass
is
ted
E
V
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
ty
p
ically
lim
ited
to
r
o
o
f
to
p
an
d
b
o
n
n
et
in
s
tallatio
n
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
a
n
el
ar
ea
s
o
f
les
s
th
an
1
.
5
–
2
.
0
m
²
in
m
o
s
t
v
eh
icle
d
esig
n
s
[
7
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
p
o
ten
tial
is
h
i
g
h
ly
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
l
o
s
s
es
an
d
elec
tr
ical
m
is
m
atch
ef
f
ec
ts
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
i
n
g
an
d
n
o
n
-
u
n
if
o
r
m
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
.
Stu
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
t
th
at
o
p
tim
ized
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
a
n
d
p
o
wer
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
u
s
ab
le
en
er
g
y
y
ield
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
h
ig
h
-
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
r
eg
i
o
n
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d
lo
w
-
s
p
ee
d
u
r
b
a
n
d
r
iv
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
f
u
r
th
er
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x
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er
b
ates
th
ese
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m
itatio
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d
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in
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ce
d
atten
u
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n
d
is
p
r
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p
o
r
tio
n
ately
im
p
ac
ts
s
m
all
-
ar
ea
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
is
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
tellig
en
t
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
an
d
a
d
ap
tiv
e
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
t
io
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
to
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h
an
ce
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
lar
-
ass
is
ted
E
Vs
[
9
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
r
o
le
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
im
p
ac
t
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els
in
E
V
p
latf
o
r
m
s
u
n
d
er
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
m
p
ac
t o
f
s
o
lar
p
a
n
e
l in
E
V
2
.
4
.
Rela
t
ed
wo
rk
a
nd
re
s
ea
rc
h g
a
ps
Pre
v
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u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
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p
lo
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ed
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to
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ated
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s
t
m
itig
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f
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r
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
in
g
co
m
p
r
ess
ed
-
air
clea
n
in
g
m
ec
h
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n
is
m
s
[
1
0
]
,
s
en
s
o
r
less
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
at
eg
ies
[
1
3
]
,
a
n
d
p
ass
iv
e
s
elf
-
clea
n
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
atin
g
s
[
1
2
]
.
W
h
ile
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
ef
f
ec
tiv
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ess
in
s
tatio
n
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y
s
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lar
in
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s
,
th
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d
ir
ec
t
ap
p
licab
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to
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V
p
latf
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s
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em
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tr
ain
ts
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er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
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tio
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,
m
ec
h
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m
p
lex
ity
,
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
r
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p
o
n
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iv
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ess
.
AI
-
b
ased
d
etec
tio
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y
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tem
s
f
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r
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
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ta
m
in
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av
e
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ee
n
p
r
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p
o
s
ed
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
y
et
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
ty
p
ically
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
d
etec
tio
n
r
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er
th
an
i
n
teg
r
ated
d
etec
tio
n
-
clea
n
in
g
-
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
a
r
ch
itectu
r
es.
A
k
ey
g
ap
in
ex
is
tin
g
liter
a
tu
r
e
is
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e,
E
V
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
lo
w
-
p
o
we
r
d
u
s
t
s
en
s
in
g
,
h
y
b
r
i
d
p
an
el
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
,
en
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
clea
n
in
g
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
en
er
g
y
tr
a
d
e
-
o
f
f
m
o
d
elin
g
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
is
g
ap
b
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
an
in
teg
r
ated
em
u
lati
on
-
b
ased
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
ex
p
licitly
e
v
alu
ates
n
et
en
er
g
y
g
ain
,
s
y
s
t
em
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
a
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
a
l
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
r
ea
lis
tic
v
eh
icu
lar
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
a
b
le
1
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
an
d
c
o
n
tr
ast
ex
is
tin
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
with
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
in
ter
m
s
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
/
ap
p
l
icab
ilit
y
,
r
esu
lt
,
a
n
d
tech
n
ical
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
r
elate
d
wo
r
k
A
u
t
h
o
r
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
R
e
s
u
l
t
O
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
[
1
0
]
C
o
m
p
r
e
ss
e
d
a
i
r
c
l
e
a
n
e
r
f
o
r
P
V
p
a
n
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s
Ef
f
e
c
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i
v
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f
o
r
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i
x
e
d
p
a
n
e
l
s;
n
o
t
mo
b
i
l
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-
f
r
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e
n
d
l
y
P
r
o
p
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ses
mo
b
i
l
e
-
o
p
t
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mi
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e
d
c
l
e
a
n
i
n
g
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
[
1
3
]
S
e
n
s
o
r
l
e
s
s d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
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t
r
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l
sy
s
t
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m
R
e
d
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c
e
d
s
e
n
s
o
r
c
o
s
t
;
l
i
mi
t
e
d
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
U
ses
c
a
p
a
c
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t
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v
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se
n
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r
s fo
r
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
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d
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t
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c
t
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n
[
1
2
]
S
e
l
f
-
c
l
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a
n
i
n
g
c
o
a
t
i
n
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s
W
o
r
k
s
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n
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r
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s
;
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f
f
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l
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a
n
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h
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m
[
2
0
]
A
I
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
b
i
r
d
d
r
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p
p
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s
N
o
v
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l
d
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t
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c
t
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n
;
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t
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n
w
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t
h
a
c
t
i
v
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
se
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
6
3
7
-
6
48
640
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
an
d
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
em
u
latio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
u
s
ed
t
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
u
s
t
-
awa
r
e
au
to
m
ated
clea
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
ag
g
r
e
g
ated
E
V
-
m
o
u
n
ted
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els.
I
t
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
p
an
el
ag
g
r
e
g
atio
n
,
th
r
esh
o
ld
-
b
ased
co
n
t
r
o
l,
an
d
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
-
lev
el
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies ap
p
lied
to
ass
es
s
en
er
g
y
r
ec
o
v
er
y
an
d
n
et
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
.
3
.
1
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
a
rc
hite
ct
ure
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
was
m
o
d
eled
a
n
d
e
m
u
lated
i
n
MA
T
L
AB
/
S
im
u
lin
k
an
d
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
PV
s
u
b
-
p
an
els,
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
d
u
s
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
a
m
icr
o
co
n
t
r
o
ller
u
n
it
(
MCU)
,
au
to
m
ated
d
u
s
t
b
lo
wer
s
,
an
d
a
p
o
wer
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
u
n
it
(
PMU)
.
T
h
e
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
,
en
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
d
u
s
t
m
itig
atio
n
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
tr
ig
g
er
e
d
o
n
ly
wh
en
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
e
n
er
g
y
r
ec
o
v
er
y
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
clea
n
in
g
en
er
g
y
c
o
s
t.
E
ac
h
s
u
b
-
p
an
el
in
teg
r
ates
a
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
s
en
s
o
r
th
at
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
m
o
n
ito
r
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
v
ar
iatio
n
ass
o
ciate
d
with
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
l
atio
n
.
Sen
s
o
r
o
u
t
p
u
ts
ar
e
p
r
o
c
ess
ed
b
y
th
e
MCU,
wh
ich
ex
ec
u
tes
a
th
r
esh
o
l
d
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
lin
k
e
d
to
an
en
er
g
y
tr
a
d
e
-
o
f
f
m
o
d
e
l.
T
h
e
PMU
an
d
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
im
p
lem
e
n
t
a
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
s
ch
em
e
to
m
ain
tain
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
an
d
af
te
r
clea
n
in
g
ev
e
n
ts
[
2
2
]
–
[
2
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
in
te
r
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
s
en
s
in
g
,
co
n
tr
o
l,
clea
n
in
g
ac
tu
atio
n
,
an
d
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t su
b
s
y
s
tem
s
.
3.
1
.
1
.
Sy
s
t
em
o
pera
t
io
na
l f
lo
w
s
ub
s
ub
s
ec
t
io
n 1
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
f
o
llo
ws a
clo
s
ed
-
l
o
o
p
au
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
as
d
escr
ib
ed
b
elo
w
:
−
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
:
d
u
s
t a
cc
u
m
u
latio
n
is
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
i
n
r
e
al
tim
e
b
y
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
−
T
h
r
esh
o
ld
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
:
s
en
s
o
r
o
u
tp
u
t is co
m
p
ar
ed
ag
ain
s
t a
p
r
e
-
d
ef
i
n
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
with
in
t
h
e
MCU lo
g
ic.
−
C
lean
in
g
ac
tiv
atio
n
:
i
f
th
e
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
is
ex
ce
ed
ed
,
b
lo
wer
s
ar
e
tr
ig
g
er
ed
to
r
em
o
v
e
d
u
s
t.
−
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
e
-
ev
alu
atio
n
:
p
o
s
t
-
clea
n
in
g
,
th
e
MCU r
ec
h
ec
k
s
p
an
el
o
u
tp
u
t to
ass
ess
en
er
g
y
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
.
−
Feed
b
ac
k
lo
o
p
:
i
f
ef
f
icien
cy
is
r
esto
r
ed
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
esets
to
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
m
o
d
e;
o
th
er
w
is
e,
th
e
cy
cle
is
r
ep
ea
ted
.
T
h
is
lo
o
p
o
p
er
ates
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
ay
t
o
m
ain
tain
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
at
o
p
tim
al
clea
n
lin
ess
with
o
u
t m
an
u
al
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
a
l f
lo
w
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
u
s
t d
et
ec
tio
n
an
d
clea
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sy
s
tem
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Flo
w
d
ia
g
r
am
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
E
mu
la
tio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f d
u
s
t
-
a
w
a
r
e
a
u
to
ma
ted
cle
a
n
i
n
g
…
(
Mo
h
a
med
A
b
u
b
a
kr Ma
h
g
o
u
b
Ha
s
s
a
n
)
641
3.
1
.
2
.
Ag
g
re
g
a
t
ed
pa
nel c
o
nc
ept
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ts
a
m
o
d
u
lar
P
V
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
f
o
u
r
s
u
b
-
p
an
els,
co
llectiv
ely
r
e
f
er
r
ed
to
as a
n
ag
g
r
eg
ated
p
a
n
el
.
T
h
e
PV
u
n
its
ar
e
d
esig
n
e
d
u
s
in
g
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
tallin
e
s
ilico
n
ce
lls
f
o
r
th
eir
h
ig
h
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
ac
t
f
o
r
m
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
ag
g
r
eg
ated
p
a
n
els
ar
e
m
o
u
n
ted
o
n
th
e
E
V’
s
r
o
o
f
,
h
o
o
d
,
an
d
tr
u
n
k
,
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
v
eh
icle’
s
u
p
p
er
s
u
r
f
ac
e
a
r
ea
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
E
ac
h
s
u
b
-
p
a
n
el
h
as
id
en
tical
elec
tr
ical
r
atin
g
s
an
d
is
ar
r
an
g
ed
i
n
a
s
er
ies
-
p
ar
allel
h
y
b
r
id
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
to
en
s
u
r
e
b
o
th
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tab
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
y
in
g
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
lev
els.
T
h
is
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
e
n
h
an
ce
s
f
au
lt
t
o
ler
an
ce
,
f
ac
ilit
ates
m
o
d
u
lar
p
o
wer
tr
ac
k
in
g
,
an
d
m
ax
im
izes e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
d
u
r
in
g
n
o
n
-
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
s
u
n
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e.
3.
1
.
3
.
Clea
nin
g
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
an
in
te
g
r
ated
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
e
d
to
e
n
h
an
ce
en
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
f
r
o
m
a
g
g
r
eg
ated
s
o
lar
p
an
els o
n
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icl
es b
y
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
-
b
ased
d
u
s
t d
etec
tio
n
with
au
to
m
ated
clea
n
in
g
.
3
.
2
.
P
a
nel c
o
nn
ec
t
io
n str
a
t
e
g
y
a
t
v
a
r
y
ing
irra
dia
nce
lev
e
ls
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
u
n
d
e
r
f
l
u
ctu
atin
g
s
o
lar
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
,
th
e
f
o
u
r
s
u
b
-
p
an
els
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
a
2
×2
s
er
ies
-
p
ar
allel
h
y
b
r
id
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
wo
s
ets
o
f
p
an
els
ar
e
f
ir
s
t
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
e
two
s
er
ies
s
tr
in
g
s
ar
e
th
en
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
allel
to
m
ain
tain
a
s
tead
y
cu
r
r
en
t
lev
el.
T
h
is
s
tr
ateg
y
s
tab
ilizes
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
u
n
d
e
r
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
o
r
n
o
n
-
u
n
if
o
r
m
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
E
ac
h
s
u
b
-
p
an
el'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
is
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
u
s
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
f
ed
to
a
lo
ca
l
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
b
r
an
c
h
is
ex
tr
ac
ted
ef
f
icien
tly
[
2
3
]
.
D
u
r
in
g
ea
r
ly
m
o
r
n
i
n
g
(
lo
w
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
)
o
r
clo
u
d
y
wea
th
er
(
m
ed
iu
m
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
)
,
th
e
s
er
ies
-
p
ar
allel
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
h
elp
s
m
ain
tain
s
u
f
f
icien
t
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wh
ile
av
o
id
in
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
is
m
atch
lo
s
s
e
s
.
T
h
is
en
h
an
ce
s
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
en
s
u
r
es
co
n
s
is
ten
t
o
p
er
atio
n
ev
e
n
wh
en
s
o
m
e
p
a
n
els ar
e
p
ar
tiall
y
s
h
ad
ed
.
3
.
3
.
I
rr
a
dia
nce
-
lev
el
-
ba
s
ed
ex
t
ra
ct
io
n str
a
t
eg
y
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
o
p
tim
ize
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
tin
g
f
ewe
r
th
an
th
r
ee
m
ajo
r
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
lev
els:
−
L
o
w
i
r
r
ad
ia
n
ce
(
~2
0
0
–
4
0
0
W
/m
²)
is
ty
p
ical
o
f
ea
r
ly
m
o
r
n
i
n
g
o
r
d
u
s
ty
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
MPPT
ad
ju
s
ts
to
ex
tr
ac
t
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
ev
en
wh
en
v
o
ltag
e
is
lo
w
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
p
a
n
el
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
e
n
s
u
r
es
s
u
f
f
icien
t
v
o
ltag
e
b
u
ild
-
u
p
ac
r
o
s
s
s
er
ies ele
m
en
ts
.
−
Me
d
iu
m
i
r
r
ad
ia
n
ce
(
~4
0
0
–
7
0
0
W
/m
²)
o
f
ten
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
clo
u
d
y
o
r
o
v
er
ca
s
t
s
k
ies.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
u
tili
ze
s
in
ter
m
ed
iate
MPPT
s
ettin
g
s
to
b
alan
ce
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
s
m
o
o
th
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
−
No
r
m
al
i
r
r
ad
ian
ce
(
~
8
0
0
–
1
0
0
0
W
/m
²)
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
m
id
-
d
ay
o
r
f
all
s
ea
s
o
n
s
with
clea
r
s
k
ies.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
ex
tr
ac
ts
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
as
p
an
els
o
p
er
ate
cl
o
s
e
to
th
eir
r
ated
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
C
lean
in
g
is
tr
ig
g
er
ed
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
in
t
h
is
m
o
d
e
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
er
d
u
s
t im
p
ac
t u
n
d
er
s
tr
o
n
g
er
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
.
T
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ad
ap
tiv
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
j
u
s
ts
th
e
P
W
M
d
u
ty
cy
cle
in
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
lev
e
r
ag
es
lo
o
k
u
p
tab
le
s
f
o
r
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic,
en
h
an
ci
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
r
ec
o
v
er
y
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
y
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
3
.
4
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
ca
lib
ra
t
io
n a
nd
t
hresh
o
ld det
er
m
ina
t
io
n
T
h
r
esh
o
ld
ca
lib
r
atio
n
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
p
r
ec
is
e
clea
n
in
g
ac
tiv
atio
n
.
MA
T
L
AB
-
b
ased
em
u
latio
n
was
u
s
ed
to
s
im
u
late
v
ar
i
o
u
s
d
u
s
t
d
e
n
s
ities
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
eir
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
s
o
lar
p
an
el
o
u
tp
u
t
[
2
5
]
.
Du
s
t
-
in
d
u
ce
d
atten
u
atio
n
was m
o
d
eled
u
s
in
g
:
P
d
−
P
o
∗
−
(
1
)
wh
er
e
P
d
is
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
u
n
d
er
d
u
s
ty
co
n
d
itio
n
s
;
P
o
is
t
h
e
clea
n
p
an
el
p
o
we
r
o
u
tp
u
t;
is
th
e
d
u
s
t
atten
u
atio
n
co
ee
f
icien
t (
ex
p
a
r
em
en
tally
d
ef
in
e
d
)
; a
n
d
is
th
e
d
u
s
t d
en
s
ity
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
th
e
cr
itical
d
u
s
t
d
en
s
ity
th
at
ca
u
s
es
a
1
0
%
d
r
o
p
in
p
an
el
o
u
tp
u
t
was
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
clea
n
in
g
ac
tiv
atio
n
th
r
es
h
o
ld
.
Sen
s
o
r
s
en
s
itiv
ity
was
ca
lib
r
ated
to
d
etec
t
th
is
p
o
in
t
r
eliab
ly
u
s
in
g
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ty
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
T
o
a
v
o
id
f
alse
tr
ig
g
er
s
,
h
y
s
ter
esis
was
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
;
en
s
u
r
in
g
clea
n
i
n
g
o
n
ly
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
s
u
s
tain
ed
d
u
s
t
b
u
ild
u
p
is
d
etec
ted
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
we
ex
am
in
e
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
u
s
in
g
two
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
:
−
Gr
av
im
etr
ic
cr
o
s
s
-
v
alid
atio
n
:
MA
T
L
AB
em
u
lated
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
u
s
in
g
g
r
av
im
etr
ic
p
r
o
f
iles
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
liter
atu
r
e.
Vir
tu
al
s
en
s
o
r
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
ca
lib
r
ate
d
to
m
atch
th
is
d
ataset,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
r
ea
lis
ti
c
em
u
latio
n
.
−
Ou
tp
u
t
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
:
e
m
u
lated
p
an
el
o
u
tp
u
t
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
d
u
e
to
d
u
s
t
was
co
m
p
a
r
ed
ag
ain
s
t
th
eo
r
etica
l
s
o
lar
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
lo
s
s
cu
r
v
es.
Sen
s
o
r
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
m
atch
e
d
t
h
ese
c
u
r
v
es
with
a
m
ea
n
a
b
s
o
lu
te
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
e
r
r
o
r
(M
APE)
o
f
less
th
an
3
%.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
6
3
7
-
6
48
642
Scen
ar
io
s
in
clu
d
in
g
r
ap
id
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
,
p
ar
tial
s
h
a
d
in
g
,
an
d
win
d
b
o
r
n
e
d
u
s
t
wer
e
te
s
ted
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
m
ain
tain
ed
r
eliab
le
d
e
tectio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
en
er
g
y
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
u
n
d
er
all
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
was a
n
al
y
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
m
o
d
el:
E
n
et
−
E
r
eco
v
er
ed
−
E
cl
ean
i
n
g
(
2
)
wh
er
e
E
n
et
is
th
e
n
et
en
er
g
y
g
ain
;
E
r
eco
v
e
r
ed
is
th
e
en
er
g
y
r
ec
o
r
v
er
ed
d
u
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
a
n
el
ef
f
icien
cy
p
o
s
t
-
clea
n
in
g
; a
n
d
E
cl
ean
i
n
g
is
th
e
to
tal
en
er
g
y
s
p
en
t b
y
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
MCU a
n
d
b
lo
wer
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
er
e
a
r
e
f
ew
b
asic
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
MA
T
L
AB
em
u
l
atio
n
co
n
d
u
cted
.
T
h
ese
ar
e:
−
Sen
s
o
r
an
d
MCU c
o
n
s
u
m
e
d
<
0
.
5
W
h
/d
ay
.
−
B
lo
wer
s
co
n
s
u
m
ed
1
.
2
–
2
.
5
W
h
p
er
clea
n
i
n
g
cy
cle
.
−
E
n
er
g
y
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
p
o
s
t
-
clea
n
in
g
av
er
ag
ed
1
2
–
1
8
W
h
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
p
o
s
itiv
e
en
e
r
g
y
b
alan
ce
.
t
h
is
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
s
elf
-
s
u
s
tain
s
an
d
th
at
clea
n
in
g
c
y
cles
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
c
r
ea
s
e
n
et
h
ar
v
ested
en
er
g
y
.
3
.
5
.
M
a
t
hema
t
ica
l
m
o
dels
Du
s
t
-
in
d
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
atten
u
ati
o
n
is
m
o
d
eled
as
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
in
(
1
)
.
P
d
−
P
o
−
(
3
)
S
en
s
o
r
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
m
o
d
eled
as:
−
v
o
+
(
4
)
wh
er
e
is
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
v
o
is
th
e
b
aselin
e
v
o
ltag
e,
is
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
en
s
itiv
ity
co
ef
f
icien
t,
an
d
is
th
e
d
u
s
t d
esn
tity
.
Net
en
er
g
y
g
ain
is
co
m
p
u
ted
as:
E
n
et
−
E
r
eco
v
er
ed
−
E
cl
ean
i
n
g
(
5
)
with
r
ec
o
v
er
e
d
en
er
g
y
esti
m
ated
as:
E
r
eco
v
er
ed
−
∗
T
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
(
6
)
th
ese
m
o
d
els f
o
r
m
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
th
r
esh
o
ld
ca
lib
r
atio
n
a
n
d
en
e
r
g
y
-
awa
r
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l lo
g
ic.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
M
AT
L
AB
-
b
ased
em
u
latio
n
o
u
t
co
m
es
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
u
s
t
-
s
en
s
in
g
an
d
au
to
m
ated
clea
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
E
V
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
em
p
h
asize
en
er
g
y
l
o
s
s
es
d
u
e
to
d
u
s
t
ac
c
u
m
u
latio
n
,
clea
n
i
n
g
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
,
s
y
s
tem
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
s
tatic,
d
y
n
am
ic,
a
n
d
m
i
x
ed
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
4
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n
pa
ra
m
e
t
er
s
a
nd
t
est
s
ce
na
rio
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
e
m
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
-
b
ased
d
u
s
t
d
etec
t
io
n
an
d
a
u
to
m
ated
clea
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
f
ix
ed
-
s
ize
s
o
lar
p
an
els
o
n
E
Vs
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
wer
e
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
e
d
to
r
e
p
licate
r
e
al
-
wo
r
ld
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
th
e
o
p
er
ati
o
n
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
E
Vs.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
ar
ea
was
f
ix
ed
at
1
.
5
s
q
u
ar
e
m
eter
s
to
r
ef
lect
a
ty
p
ical
E
V
r
o
o
f
to
p
in
s
tallatio
n
.
T
h
e
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
l
atio
n
r
ate
was
m
o
d
eled
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
a
t
an
av
e
r
a
g
e
o
f
0
.
3
%
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
v
er
ag
e
p
er
h
o
u
r
,
s
im
u
latin
g
d
u
s
ty
u
r
b
an
a
n
d
s
em
i
-
u
r
b
an
d
r
iv
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
as
well
as
s
tatio
n
ar
y
p
ar
k
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
clea
n
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
was
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
d
to
ac
tiv
at
e
wh
en
th
e
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lted
in
a
1
0
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
t
h
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t,
as
r
ef
er
en
ce
d
f
r
o
m
b
aselin
e
clea
n
p
an
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
E
ac
h
clea
n
in
g
cy
cle
was
s
et
to
last
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
ately
f
iv
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
alig
n
ed
with
en
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
b
lo
wer
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
th
at
m
in
im
ize
p
o
wer
u
s
ag
e
wh
ile
a
ch
iev
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
clea
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
am
p
lin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
was
co
n
f
ig
u
r
e
d
at
o
n
e
r
ea
d
in
g
p
er
m
in
u
te
to
en
s
u
r
e
tim
ely
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
d
u
s
t
lev
els.
I
t
was
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
ea
c
h
clea
n
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
wo
u
ld
r
esto
r
e
u
p
to
9
0
%
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el’
s
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t,
co
n
s
is
t
en
t
with
r
ec
o
v
er
y
r
ates
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
in
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
d
u
s
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
wa
s
m
o
d
eled
at
0
.
0
1
watts,
wh
ich
is
n
eg
lig
ib
le
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
th
e
to
tal
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
ested
b
y
t
h
e
p
an
els.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
ea
ch
d
u
s
t
b
lo
wer
d
u
r
in
g
ac
tiv
e
clea
n
in
g
was
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
E
mu
la
tio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f d
u
s
t
-
a
w
a
r
e
a
u
to
ma
ted
cle
a
n
i
n
g
…
(
Mo
h
a
med
A
b
u
b
a
kr Ma
h
g
o
u
b
Ha
s
s
a
n
)
643
s
im
u
lated
at
f
iv
e
watts
p
er
cle
an
in
g
cy
cle.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
was
t
ested
u
n
d
er
th
r
ee
p
r
im
ar
y
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
was e
v
alu
ated
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
u
s
e
ca
s
es:
−
Scen
ar
io
1
: Static
p
ar
k
in
g
is
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
u
s
t e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
with
n
o
air
f
l
o
w.
−
Scen
ar
io
2
: U
r
b
a
n
d
r
i
v
in
g
is
i
n
ter
m
itten
t d
u
s
t a
cc
u
m
u
latio
n
with
win
d
-
in
d
u
ce
d
s
elf
-
clea
n
i
n
g
.
−
Scen
ar
io
3
: M
ix
ed
co
n
d
itio
n
s
is
alter
n
atin
g
b
etwe
en
d
r
i
v
in
g
an
d
p
ar
k
in
g
.
E
ac
h
s
im
u
latio
n
r
an
o
v
er
a
1
2
-
h
o
u
r
d
ay
tim
e
cy
cle
with
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
at
1
-
m
in
u
te
in
ter
v
als.
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
test
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Sch
em
atic
test
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
i
n
MA
T
L
AB
/
S
im
u
lin
k
4
.
2
.
Dus
t
a
cc
um
ula
t
i
o
n t
re
nd
a
nd
s
en
s
o
r
re
s
po
ns
e
E
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
d
is
tin
ct
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
p
atter
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
s
tatic,
u
r
b
an
,
an
d
m
ix
ed
-
u
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
I
n
s
tatic
p
ar
k
in
g
,
d
u
s
t
lev
els
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
tead
ily
,
an
d
th
e
ca
p
a
citiv
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
ac
c
u
r
ately
tr
ac
k
ed
th
is
r
is
e,
tr
ig
g
er
in
g
clea
n
in
g
wh
en
th
e
ca
lib
r
ated
1
0
%
en
e
r
g
y
-
lo
s
s
th
r
esh
o
ld
was
r
ea
c
h
ed
.
Un
d
er
u
r
b
an
d
r
iv
in
g
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
d
u
e
to
air
f
lo
w
s
lo
wed
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
,
y
et
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
m
ain
tain
ed
r
eli
ab
le
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
av
o
id
ed
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
ac
tiv
atio
n
s
.
I
n
m
ix
e
d
-
u
s
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
ad
a
p
ted
to
f
lu
ctu
ati
n
g
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
r
ates,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
r
o
b
u
s
t a
n
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t th
r
esh
o
ld
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
y
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
tates
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
d
u
s
t
a
cc
u
m
u
latio
n
tr
en
d
s
v
ar
ied
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
I
n
s
tatic
p
ar
k
in
g
,
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
v
er
ag
e
r
ea
c
h
ed
th
e
1
0
%
th
r
esh
o
ld
with
in
3
3
–
3
4
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
clea
n
in
g
.
Ur
b
an
d
r
iv
in
g
s
lo
wed
th
is
r
ate
d
u
e
to
n
atu
r
al
air
f
lo
w,
ex
ten
d
in
g
t
h
e
clea
n
in
g
in
ter
v
al
to
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
4
5
h
o
u
r
s
.
Mix
ed
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
ex
h
ib
ite
d
in
ter
m
ed
iate
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
an
d
clea
n
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cies.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
h
ig
h
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
ac
cu
r
ate
r
ea
d
in
g
s
ac
r
o
s
s
all
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
C
lea
n
in
g
was
ac
tiv
ated
p
r
ec
is
ely
wh
en
o
u
tp
u
t
d
r
o
p
p
ed
b
y
1
0
%,
v
er
if
y
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
ca
lib
r
atio
n
an
d
av
o
id
i
n
g
p
r
em
atu
r
e
o
r
d
elay
e
d
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
g
r
ap
h
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
lates
o
n
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
v
e
r
a
1
2
-
h
o
u
r
p
er
i
o
d
u
n
d
er
t
h
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t scen
ar
i
o
s
:
−
Static p
ar
k
in
g
:
f
astes
t d
u
s
t a
cc
u
m
u
latio
n
d
u
e
to
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e.
−
Ur
b
an
d
r
i
v
in
g
:
s
lo
west a
cc
u
m
u
latio
n
,
p
ar
tially
clea
n
ed
b
y
w
in
d
.
−
Mix
ed
-
u
s
e
:
m
o
d
e
r
ate
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
,
co
m
b
in
in
g
b
o
th
p
ar
k
in
g
an
d
d
r
iv
in
g
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e.
T
h
e
clea
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
is
s
et
to
ac
tiv
ate
wh
en
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
r
ea
c
h
es
1
0
%,
w
h
ich
is
m
ar
k
ed
b
y
a
r
ed
d
ash
ed
lin
e.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
clea
n
in
g
is
ac
tiv
ated
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
g
r
a
p
h
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
o
v
er
tim
e:
−
Static p
ar
k
in
g
: E
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
e
h
ig
h
est en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
d
u
e
t
o
r
a
p
id
d
u
s
t a
cc
u
m
u
latio
n
.
−
Ur
b
an
d
r
i
v
in
g
: H
as th
e
least e
n
er
g
y
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
b
e
n
ef
itti
n
g
f
r
o
m
n
atu
r
al
win
d
clea
n
in
g
.
−
Mix
e
d
-
u
s
e:
Sh
o
ws a
b
alan
ce
d
en
er
g
y
d
ec
lin
e.
T
h
ese
g
r
ap
h
s
co
llectiv
ely
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
au
to
m
ated
clea
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
in
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
o
lar
p
an
el
ef
f
icien
c
y
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
y
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
4
.
2
.
1
.
E
nerg
y
o
utput
bef
o
re
a
nd
a
f
t
er
clea
nin
g
As
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
lated
,
s
o
lar
p
an
el
o
u
tp
u
t
d
ec
lin
ed
b
y
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
0
%
f
r
o
m
b
aselin
e,
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
u
n
d
er
s
tatic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Up
o
n
th
r
esh
o
ld
d
ete
ctio
n
,
au
to
m
ate
d
clea
n
in
g
r
esto
r
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
1
2
–
1
5
%,
r
et
u
r
n
in
g
o
u
tp
u
t
to
n
ea
r
-
b
aselin
e
lev
els.
I
n
n
o
-
clea
n
in
g
s
c
en
ar
io
s
,
p
r
o
l
o
n
g
e
d
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
led
to
ef
f
icien
c
y
lo
s
s
es
o
f
u
p
to
2
0
%,
wh
ile
m
an
u
al
clea
n
in
g
ac
h
iev
ed
s
im
ilar
r
ec
o
v
er
y
b
u
t
with
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
6
3
7
-
6
48
644
d
elay
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
ad
d
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
al
o
v
e
r
h
ea
d
.
Net
en
er
g
y
an
aly
s
is
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
th
e
en
er
g
y
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
af
ter
ea
ch
au
to
m
ated
c
y
cle
ex
ce
ed
ed
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
en
er
g
y
b
alan
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
all
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Du
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
tr
en
d
s
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
E
n
er
g
y
o
u
t
p
u
t b
e
f
o
r
e
clea
n
in
g
4
.
2
.
2
.
E
nerg
y
co
ns
um
ptio
n o
f
t
he
clea
nin
g
s
y
s
t
em
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
a
n
d
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
co
n
s
u
m
ed
less
th
an
0
.
5
%
o
f
th
e
d
aily
h
ar
v
ested
en
er
g
y
d
u
r
in
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
d
u
s
t
b
l
o
wer
s
,
ac
tiv
ated
o
n
ly
u
p
o
n
th
r
esh
o
ld
ex
ce
ed
an
ce
,
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
0
.
7
%
o
f
d
aily
en
er
g
y
p
e
r
clea
n
i
n
g
ev
e
n
t.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
to
tal
e
n
er
g
y
co
s
t
r
em
ain
e
d
b
elo
w
1
.
5
%
o
f
d
aily
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
wh
ile
p
o
s
t
-
clea
n
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
r
ec
o
v
er
y
av
e
r
ag
ed
1
2
–
1
5
%,
c
o
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
h
i
g
h
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
au
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
o
p
e
r
atio
n
.
4
.
3
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
perf
o
r
m
a
nce
wi
t
h m
a
nu
a
l a
nd
no
clea
nin
g
s
ce
na
rio
s
A
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
:
au
to
m
ated
clea
n
in
g
,
m
an
u
al
clea
n
in
g
,
an
d
n
o
clea
n
i
n
g
.
I
n
t
h
e
n
o
-
c
lean
in
g
ca
s
e,
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
ca
u
s
ed
a
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
d
ec
lin
e
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
o
u
tp
u
t
,
with
e
f
f
icien
cy
lo
s
s
es
r
ea
ch
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
0
%
u
n
d
e
r
s
tatic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ma
n
u
al
clea
n
in
g
r
esto
r
ed
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
n
ea
r
b
aselin
e
af
ter
ea
ch
s
ch
ed
u
led
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
b
u
t
allo
wed
in
ter
im
lo
s
s
es
o
f
u
p
to
1
0
% d
u
e
t
o
d
elay
e
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
r
elia
n
ce
o
n
f
ix
ed
cle
an
in
g
in
ter
v
als.
T
h
e
au
t
o
m
ated
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
o
th
alter
n
ativ
es
b
y
tr
ig
g
e
r
in
g
clea
n
in
g
o
n
ly
w
h
en
d
u
s
t
lev
els
ex
ce
ed
ed
a
d
ef
in
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
p
a
n
el
ef
f
icien
cy
with
in
9
5
%
–
9
8
%
o
f
b
aselin
e.
Net
en
er
g
y
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
e
d
b
y
au
t
o
m
ated
clea
n
in
g
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
en
er
g
y
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
tim
ely
d
u
s
t
r
em
o
v
al.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
au
to
m
ated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e,
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
,
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
r
a
ctica
lity
f
o
r
E
V
-
m
o
u
n
ted
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
d
u
s
t
-
p
r
o
n
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
T
ab
le
2
s
u
m
m
a
r
izes
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
clea
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t o
p
er
atin
g
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
E
mu
la
tio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f d
u
s
t
-
a
w
a
r
e
a
u
to
ma
ted
cle
a
n
i
n
g
…
(
Mo
h
a
med
A
b
u
b
a
kr Ma
h
g
o
u
b
Ha
s
s
a
n
)
645
T
ab
le
2
.
Scen
er
i
o
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
S
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
En
e
r
g
y
l
o
ss (
n
o
c
l
e
a
n
i
n
g
)
En
e
r
g
y
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
(
ma
n
u
a
l
)
En
e
r
g
y
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
(
a
u
t
o
m
a
t
e
d
)
S
t
a
t
i
c
p
a
r
k
i
n
g
U
p
t
o
2
0
%
~
1
2
–
1
4
%
~
1
2
–
1
5
%
U
r
b
a
n
d
r
i
v
i
n
g
~8
–
1
0
%
~9
–
1
0
%
~
1
2
%
M
i
x
e
d
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
~
1
0
–
1
2
%
~
1
0
–
1
1
%
~
1
2
–
1
3
%
Au
to
m
ated
clea
n
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
o
f
f
er
ed
f
aster
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
es,
b
etter
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
,
an
d
ze
r
o
h
u
m
an
ef
f
o
r
t,
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
m
an
u
a
l
clea
n
in
g
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
9
5
–
9
8
%
o
f
b
aselin
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
o
p
er
atio
n
.
4
.
3
.
1
.
Sta
t
is
t
ica
l
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
r
esu
lt
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
co
m
p
u
tes
th
e
b
asic
s
tatis
tical
s
u
m
m
ar
ies
b
ased
o
n
th
e
em
u
latio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
an
d
th
e
MA
T
L
AB
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
T
h
e
s
tatis
tical
s
u
m
m
ar
y
T
ab
le
3
is
p
r
esen
ted
b
elo
w
as f
o
llo
ws
:
T
ab
le
3
.
Statis
tical
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
r
elativ
e
v
alu
es
M
e
t
r
i
c
V
a
l
u
e
D
u
st
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
e
0
.
3
%
p
e
r
h
o
u
r
C
l
e
a
n
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
1
0
%
e
n
e
r
g
y
l
o
ss
En
e
r
g
y
l
o
ss
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
1
0
%
b
e
f
o
r
e
e
a
c
h
c
l
e
a
n
i
n
g
C
l
e
a
n
i
n
g
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
~
5
se
c
o
n
d
s
p
e
r
c
y
c
l
e
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
c
l
e
a
n
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
~
1
c
y
c
l
e
p
e
r
3
3
–
3
8
h
o
u
r
s
S
e
n
s
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
0
.
0
1
W
(
n
e
g
l
i
g
i
b
l
e
)
B
l
o
w
e
r
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
t
i
o
n
5
W
p
e
r
c
l
e
a
n
i
n
g
c
y
c
l
e
En
e
r
g
y
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
p
e
r
c
y
c
l
e
~
9
%
o
f
p
a
n
e
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
l
o
s
s
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
b
ef
o
r
e
clea
n
in
g
,
we
m
ea
s
u
r
e
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
is
lo
s
t
d
u
e
to
d
u
s
t a
cc
u
m
u
latio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
ea
ch
clea
n
in
g
c
y
cle
is
ac
tiv
ated
u
s
in
g
in
(
7
)
.
%
−
(
−
)
∗
1
00
(
7
)
Giv
en
th
at
th
e
I
n
itial Ou
tp
u
t =
1
0
0
% a
n
d
th
e
Ou
tp
u
t a
t Cl
ea
n
in
g
Activ
atio
n
=
9
0
%.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
%
−
(
100
−
90
100
)
∗
100
−
10%
Als
o
,
b
y
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
av
er
ag
e
clea
n
in
g
cy
cle
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
clea
n
in
g
is
ac
tiv
ated
wh
en
th
e
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
ca
u
s
es
a
1
0
%
d
r
o
p
in
s
o
lar
o
u
tp
u
t.
Giv
en
th
at
th
e
Du
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
r
ate:
0
.
3
%
p
er
h
o
u
r
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
ed
d
r
o
p
is
10%
.
−
(
10%
0
.
3%
/
ℎ
)
−
33
.
33
ℎ
(
8
)
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
is
u
n
d
e
r
co
n
s
tan
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
,
th
e
s
im
u
l
ated
r
esu
lt
f
o
r
s
tatic
p
a
r
k
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
p
r
esen
ted
.
Fo
r
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
la
tes
at
0
.
3
%
p
er
h
o
u
r
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
→
clea
n
i
n
g
h
ap
p
en
s
r
o
u
g
h
ly
o
n
ce
ev
er
y
3
3
h
o
u
r
s
.
Fo
r
u
r
b
a
n
d
r
iv
in
g
s
c
en
ar
io
:
w
in
d
r
e
d
u
ce
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
,
s
o
clea
n
i
n
g
m
ay
o
cc
u
r
less
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
e.
g
.
,
ev
e
r
y
4
0
–
4
5
h
o
u
r
s
.
Fin
ally
,
f
o
r
m
ix
ed
s
ce
n
ar
io
:
a
v
er
a
g
e
b
etwe
en
p
ar
k
in
g
an
d
d
r
iv
i
n
g
→
c
lean
in
g
m
ay
o
cc
u
r
ev
er
y
~3
5
–
3
8
h
o
u
r
s
.
I
n
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
to
tal
d
aily
en
er
g
y
r
ec
o
v
er
y
is
co
m
p
u
ted
if
th
e
p
an
el
lo
s
es
1
0
%
ef
f
icien
cy
b
e
f
o
r
e
ea
ch
clea
n
i
n
g
an
d
r
ec
o
v
e
r
s
9
0
%
ef
f
icien
cy
af
ter
ea
c
h
c
lean
in
g
cy
cle;
th
e
d
aily
en
er
g
y
r
ec
o
v
er
e
d
ca
n
b
e
esti
m
ated
as
if
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ac
tiv
ates
o
n
e
clea
n
in
g
p
er
d
a
y
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
lo
s
t
en
er
g
y
with
o
u
t
clea
n
in
g
is
1
0
%
o
f
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
lar
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
en
e
r
g
y
a
f
ter
clea
n
in
g
:
~9
%
o
f
th
e
lo
s
t
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
n
et
d
aily
en
er
g
y
r
ec
o
v
er
y
is
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
9
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
p
an
el
ca
p
ac
ity
p
er
clea
n
in
g
e
v
en
t.
T
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
ical
r
esu
lt
f
o
r
em
u
latio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
el
d
u
s
t
clea
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
b
ase
d
o
n
s
tatis
tical
s
u
m
m
ar
y
tab
le
is
p
r
esen
ted
b
e
lo
w
as
f
o
llo
ws
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
p
r
ese
n
ts
th
e
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
tr
en
d
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
s
tatic
p
ar
k
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
d
u
e
t
o
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
u
s
t a
cc
u
m
u
latio
n
.
4
.
4
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
e
em
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
ev
al
u
at
io
n
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
en
s
o
r
-
d
r
iv
e
n
d
u
s
t
d
ete
ctio
n
an
d
au
to
m
ated
clea
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
itig
ates
PV
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
s
tatic,
u
r
b
an
,
an
d
m
ix
ed
-
u
s
e
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
all
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
p
an
el
o
u
tp
u
t
was
m
ain
tain
ed
with
in
9
0
–
9
8
%
o
f
th
e
clea
n
b
aselin
e,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
r
eliab
le
co
n
t
r
o
l
a
n
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
es
p
o
n
s
e.
Static
co
n
d
itio
n
s
r
esu
lted
in
h
ig
h
e
r
d
u
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
6
3
7
-
6
48
646
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
an
d
m
o
r
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
t
clea
n
in
g
,
wh
ile
u
r
b
an
d
r
i
v
in
g
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
an
d
ex
ten
d
ed
clea
n
in
g
in
ter
v
als.
Pre
-
clea
n
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
lo
s
s
es
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
9
.
5
–
1
2
.
5
%,
an
d
ea
ch
clea
n
in
g
cy
cle
r
ec
o
v
er
e
d
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
2
–
1
5
%
o
f
lo
s
t
o
u
tp
u
t,
r
esto
r
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
to
th
e
9
5
–
9
8
%
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
r
an
g
e.
Net
en
er
g
y
an
aly
s
is
v
er
if
ied
th
at
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
s
en
s
in
g
,
co
n
t
r
o
l,
an
d
a
ctu
atio
n
r
em
ai
n
ed
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
en
er
g
y
r
ec
o
v
er
e
d
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
e
f
e
asib
ilit
y
o
f
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
n
e
n
er
g
y
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
E
V
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
r
esh
o
ld
ca
lib
r
atio
n
an
d
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
th
e
s
elf
-
p
o
wer
ed
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
y
s
tem
au
to
n
o
m
y
.
R
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t,
h
o
wev
er
,
m
u
s
t
co
n
s
id
er
m
ec
h
an
ical
wea
r
an
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tal
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Scen
ar
i
o
1
: static p
ar
k
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
l
o
s
s
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ted
a
MA
T
L
AB
-
b
ased
em
u
latio
n
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
a
s
en
s
o
r
-
d
r
i
v
en
au
to
m
ated
d
u
s
t
clea
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
s
o
lar
-
ass
is
ted
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e
in
teg
r
ates
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
-
b
ased
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
a
war
e
clea
n
in
g
to
e
n
ab
le
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
,
co
n
d
itio
n
-
b
ased
m
ain
ten
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