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tely
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k
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d
e
s
a
u
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m
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h
e
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d
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r
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EV
s in
h
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K
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w
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s
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d
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a
m
ic
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p
tim
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C
o
m
p
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tatio
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f
lu
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am
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Fin
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elem
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C
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itio
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ad
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p
tio
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f
elec
tr
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v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs)
as
a
v
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alter
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to
co
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
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I
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J
E
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n
g
&
C
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m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
26
:
6
4
9
-
6
6
5
650
f
o
s
s
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-
f
u
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-
g
en
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ated
elec
tr
icit
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in
m
an
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r
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g
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s
.
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attr
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life
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ca
r
b
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is
s
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s
[
1
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.
Ad
v
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s
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tweig
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t
P
V
tech
n
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lo
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m
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a
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lties
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
s
h
ad
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
,
a
n
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
in
d
u
ce
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
.
I
n
p
a
r
ticu
lar
,
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
d
r
ag
p
lay
s
a
c
r
itical
r
o
le
in
o
v
er
al
l
v
eh
icle
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
wh
er
e
ev
en
s
m
all
in
cr
ea
s
es
in
d
r
a
g
co
e
f
f
icien
t
ca
n
o
f
f
s
et
th
e
en
er
g
y
g
ai
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
.
E
x
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
lig
h
twei
g
h
t
m
ater
ials
,
a
n
d
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
tl
y
[
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
f
ewe
r
w
o
r
k
s
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
c
o
u
p
led
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
teg
r
ity
,
an
d
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
with
in
a
u
n
if
ied
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
is
g
ap
m
o
tiv
a
tes
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ic
h
ev
alu
ates
h
o
w
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
d
esig
n
ch
o
ices in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
all
E
V
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
im
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
d
esig
n
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
b
etwe
en
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ef
f
ici
en
cy
an
d
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
C
FD
-
b
ased
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
an
aly
s
is
,
FEA
-
b
ased
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
ev
alu
atio
n
,
a
n
d
PV
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w
m
o
d
elin
g
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
id
en
tify
d
esig
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
a
t
en
h
an
ce
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
af
ety
an
d
v
eh
icle
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Gr
ee
n
m
o
b
ilit
y
is
g
ain
in
g
a
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
:
lo
ts
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es
o
f
elec
tr
ic,
h
y
b
r
id
v
eh
icles
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
.
also
,
atten
tio
n
o
n
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
PV
p
a
n
els
in
r
o
ad
v
eh
icles,
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
elec
tr
icity
,
h
as
b
ee
n
g
iv
e
n
d
u
e
t
o
m
an
y
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
v
eh
icle
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
in
c
r
e
ase
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
th
e
co
m
in
g
y
ea
r
s
as
EV
s
o
cc
u
p
y
a
lar
g
e
r
s
h
ar
e
o
f
g
l
o
b
al
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
f
leets.
C
o
n
s
id
er
a
b
le
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
s
o
lar
p
an
el
ef
f
icien
c
y
h
as
b
ee
n
attain
ed
.
Sig
n
if
ican
t
r
ed
u
cti
o
n
in
th
eir
co
s
ts
h
as
b
ee
n
ac
h
iev
ed
,
d
u
e
to
th
ei
r
f
ast
-
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ak
es th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
cien
tific
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
:
a)
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
an
in
teg
r
ate
d
C
FD
–
FEA
–
PV
s
im
u
latio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
e
v
alu
atin
g
s
o
l
ar
-
ass
is
ted
E
V
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
b)
I
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
b
in
e
d
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
n
PV
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
.
c)
Qu
an
titativ
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t stra
teg
ies f
o
r
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
PV
ef
f
icien
c
y
lo
s
s
es.
d)
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tatis
tical
an
al
y
s
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
d
r
ag
co
ef
f
icien
t,
s
o
lar
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
d
aily
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
,
an
d
d
r
iv
in
g
r
a
n
g
e.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
l
ies
in
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
u
n
if
ied
m
u
ltid
is
cip
lin
ar
y
s
im
u
latio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
s
im
u
ltan
e
o
u
s
ly
ev
alu
ates
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
d
r
ag
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
PV
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
th
er
m
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
f
lo
w
m
an
ag
em
en
t
f
o
r
s
o
lar
-
ass
is
ted
E
Vs
.
Un
lik
e
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
i
e
s
th
at
an
aly
ze
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
tly
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
q
u
a
n
tifie
s
th
eir
co
m
b
in
ed
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
,
v
eh
icl
e
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
d
r
iv
in
g
-
r
a
n
g
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t.
T
h
is
in
te
g
r
ated
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
r
o
v
id
es a
m
o
r
e
r
ea
lis
tic
b
asis
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
f
u
tu
r
e
s
o
lar
-
ass
is
ted
E
V
ar
ch
itectu
r
es.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
o
lar
-
a
s
s
is
ted
E
Vs
h
as
attr
ac
ted
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esear
ch
i
n
ter
est
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
P
V
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
e
ls
in
to
E
V
p
latf
o
r
m
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
an
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
s
u
p
p
lem
e
n
t
b
att
er
y
en
er
g
y
,
ex
ten
d
d
r
i
v
in
g
r
a
n
g
e,
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
o
n
ch
a
r
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
v
eh
icle
-
in
teg
r
ated
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
m
u
lti
p
le
in
ter
ac
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
in
clu
d
in
g
ae
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
t
h
er
m
al
b
eh
av
i
o
r
,
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
r
ev
iews
ex
i
s
tin
g
s
t
u
d
ies
r
elate
d
to
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
id
en
tifie
s
th
e
r
esear
ch
g
ap
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
in
t
h
is
wo
r
k
.
2
.
1
.
So
la
r
-
a
s
s
is
t
ed
E
V
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
ies
So
lar
-
ass
is
ted
E
Vs
co
m
b
in
e
PV
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
with
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
atte
r
y
-
p
o
we
r
ed
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
v
er
all
en
e
r
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
v
eh
icle
au
to
n
o
m
y
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
in
v
o
lv
es
m
o
u
n
tin
g
s
o
lar
p
an
els
o
n
v
eh
i
cle
s
u
r
f
ac
es
s
u
ch
as
r
o
o
f
s
,
h
o
o
d
s
,
tr
u
n
k
s
,
an
d
s
id
e
p
an
els,
wh
er
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
ca
n
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
elec
t
r
ical
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
s
to
r
e
d
in
o
n
b
o
a
r
d
b
atter
ies
[
6
]
.
R
ec
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
in
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
tallin
e
s
ilico
n
,
th
in
-
f
ilm
,
an
d
f
le
x
ib
le
PV
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
h
av
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
e
p
r
ac
ticality
o
f
v
eh
icle
-
in
teg
r
ated
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Mo
n
o
cr
y
s
tallin
e
s
ilico
n
p
a
n
els
r
e
m
ain
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
a
d
o
p
te
d
d
u
e
to
th
eir
h
ig
h
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cies
ex
ce
ed
in
g
2
2
%,
wh
ile
f
lex
ib
le
th
i
n
-
f
ilm
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
o
f
f
er
ad
v
an
tag
es
in
weig
h
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f a
ero
d
y
n
a
mic
a
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
a
l d
esig
n
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
o
la
r
… (
Mo
h
a
med
A
b
u
b
a
kr Ma
h
g
o
u
b
Ha
s
s
a
n
)
651
r
ed
u
ctio
n
an
d
g
eo
m
etr
ic
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
[
7
]
.
E
m
er
g
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
p
er
o
v
s
k
it
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
ef
f
ici
en
cies a
b
o
v
e
2
5
% a
n
d
ar
e
b
ei
n
g
in
v
esti
g
ated
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
au
t
o
m
o
tiv
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
eir
lig
h
tweig
h
t c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
.
Sev
er
al
co
m
m
er
cial
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
lar
-
ass
is
ted
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
.
Veh
icles
s
u
ch
a
s
th
e
lig
h
ty
ea
r
o
n
e,
s
o
n
o
s
io
n
,
a
n
d
a
p
ter
a
u
tili
ze
in
teg
r
ated
PV
m
o
d
u
les
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tar
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
v
eh
icle
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
p
ar
k
i
n
g
p
er
i
o
d
s
[
8
]
.
Stu
d
ies
in
d
i
ca
t
e
th
at
s
o
lar
-
ass
is
ted
E
Vs
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
d
aily
en
e
r
g
y
g
ain
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
0
k
m
to
7
0
k
m
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
av
ailab
le
p
an
el
ar
ea
,
an
d
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
lev
els.
Desp
ite
th
e
s
e
ad
v
an
ce
s
,
t
h
e
lim
ited
s
u
r
f
a
ce
ar
ea
a
v
ailab
le
o
n
p
ass
en
g
er
v
eh
icles
r
e
m
ain
s
a
m
ajo
r
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
o
n
to
tal
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
[
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
p
ath
w
ay
with
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lar
-
ass
is
ted
E
V.
So
lar
en
e
r
g
y
h
a
r
v
ested
b
y
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
les is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
d
is
tr
i
b
u
ted
to
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
an
d
au
x
iliar
y
v
eh
icle
l
o
ad
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
o
f
s
o
lar
-
ass
is
ted
EV
2
.
2
.
Aer
o
dy
na
m
ic
des
ig
n o
ptim
iza
t
io
n in
E
Vs
Aer
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
in
E
Vs
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
at
m
ed
iu
m
an
d
h
i
g
h
d
r
iv
in
g
s
p
ee
d
s
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
d
r
ag
f
o
r
ce
ex
p
e
r
ie
n
ce
d
b
y
a
v
eh
icle
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
t
o
th
e
d
r
a
g
co
e
f
f
icien
t,
f
r
o
n
tal
ar
ea
,
a
n
d
s
q
u
ar
e
o
f
v
e
h
icle
v
elo
city
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
s
m
all
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
in
d
r
ag
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
v
eh
icle
r
a
n
g
e
an
d
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
R
esear
ch
u
s
in
g
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
f
lu
id
d
y
n
am
ics
(
C
FD)
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
d
b
o
d
y
g
e
o
m
etr
i
es,
o
p
tim
ized
r
o
o
f
cu
r
v
atu
r
e,
r
e
d
u
ce
d
f
lo
w
s
ep
ar
atio
n
,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
lled
wak
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
d
r
ag
.
Mo
d
er
n
E
Vs
co
m
m
o
n
ly
ac
h
iev
e
d
r
a
g
co
ef
f
icien
ts
b
etwe
en
0
.
2
0
an
d
0
.
3
0
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
ten
s
iv
e
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
[
1
1
]
.
Fo
r
s
o
lar
-
ass
is
ted
E
Vs,
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
d
esig
n
p
r
esen
ts
ad
d
itio
n
al
ch
allen
g
es
b
ec
au
s
e
PV
m
o
d
u
les
m
ay
alter
air
f
lo
w
p
atter
n
s
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
o
u
g
h
n
ess
.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
p
o
o
r
ly
in
te
g
r
ated
s
o
lar
p
an
els
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
r
a
g
b
y
c
r
ea
tin
g
lo
ca
lized
tu
r
b
u
len
ce
an
d
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
lay
er
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
el
y
,
f
lu
s
h
-
m
o
u
n
ted
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
in
teg
r
ated
d
ir
ec
tly
in
to
th
e
v
eh
icle
b
o
d
y
ca
n
m
in
im
ize
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
p
e
n
alties
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
Activ
e
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
s
u
ch
as
ad
ju
s
tab
le
s
p
o
iler
s
,
ad
ap
tiv
e
v
e
n
ts
,
an
d
v
a
r
iab
le
g
eo
m
etr
y
p
an
els
h
av
e
also
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
t
o
d
y
n
am
ically
o
p
tim
ize
air
f
lo
w
u
n
d
er
ch
an
g
in
g
d
r
i
v
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ca
n
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
im
p
r
o
v
e
v
eh
icle
s
tab
ilit
y
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
ag
,
a
n
d
e
n
h
an
ce
c
o
o
lin
g
air
f
lo
w
ar
o
u
n
d
PV
s
u
r
f
ac
es [
1
2
]
.
2
.
3
.
Str
uct
ura
l
inte
g
r
a
t
io
n o
f
PV
m
o
du
les
T
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
-
ass
is
ted
E
Vs
d
ep
en
d
s
n
o
t
o
n
ly
o
n
e
n
er
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
b
u
t a
ls
o
o
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les with
in
th
e
v
eh
icle
b
o
d
y
.
T
r
a
d
itio
n
al
r
ig
id
PV
p
an
els
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
ad
d
itio
n
al
m
ass
an
d
m
ay
a
f
f
ec
t
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
al
in
teg
r
ity
if
n
o
t
p
r
o
p
er
ly
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
i
n
to
v
eh
icle
d
esig
n
.
T
o
a
d
d
r
ess
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
lig
h
tweig
h
t
co
m
p
o
s
ite
m
ater
ials
s
u
ch
as
ca
r
b
o
n
f
i
b
er
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
p
o
l
y
m
er
s
(
C
FR
P),
g
las
s
f
ib
er
co
m
p
o
s
ites
,
alu
m
in
u
m
h
o
n
ey
co
m
b
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
an
d
s
an
d
wich
p
a
n
el
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
tio
n
s
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
ese
m
ater
ials
o
f
f
er
h
ig
h
s
tr
en
g
th
-
to
-
weig
h
t
r
a
tio
s
an
d
en
ab
le
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
les
with
o
u
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
v
eh
icle
m
ass
.
Flex
ib
le
PV
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
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2
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I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
26
:
6
4
9
-
6
6
5
652
f
u
r
th
er
ex
p
an
d
e
d
in
te
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r
atio
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p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
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b
y
allo
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g
s
o
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p
a
n
els
to
c
o
n
f
o
r
m
to
cu
r
v
e
d
v
e
h
icle
s
u
r
f
ac
es.
T
h
is
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
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s
o
lar
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llectio
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ile
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tain
in
g
d
esi
r
ab
le
ae
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o
d
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n
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ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
Stru
ctu
r
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p
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r
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m
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en
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tr
ated
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p
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esig
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o
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p
o
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ite
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tr
u
ctu
r
es
ca
n
with
s
tan
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
l
o
ad
s
in
clu
d
in
g
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
i
c
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
v
ib
r
atio
n
,
th
er
m
al
ex
p
an
s
io
n
,
an
d
im
p
ac
t
f
o
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
an
d
o
p
tim
ized
m
o
u
n
tin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
f
u
r
th
er
e
n
h
an
ce
s
d
u
r
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
r
e
al
-
wo
r
ld
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
ab
le
1
co
m
p
ar
es
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
ater
ials
f
o
r
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
a
n
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
eir
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
lig
h
tweig
h
t
E
Vs
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
m
ater
ials
u
s
ed
f
o
r
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
D
e
n
si
t
y
(
k
g
/
m³
)
S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
-
to
-
w
e
i
g
h
t
r
a
t
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t
a
b
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A
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u
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w
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r
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G
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Ex
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Ex
c
e
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l
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n
t
2
.
4
.
PV
ener
g
y
co
nv
er
s
io
n
a
nd
M
P
P
T
t
ec
hn
iq
ues
E
f
f
icien
t
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
in
E
V
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
d
e
p
en
d
s
h
ea
v
ily
o
n
PV
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
ti
o
n
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les
v
a
r
ies
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
with
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
s
h
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
p
an
el
o
r
ien
tatio
n
[
1
5
]
.
Ma
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
th
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
m
ax
im
ize
en
er
g
y
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
f
r
o
m
PV
ar
r
ay
s
.
C
o
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
clu
d
e
p
er
t
u
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O)
,
in
c
r
e
m
en
tal
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
(
I
NC
)
,
f
r
a
ctio
n
al
o
p
en
ci
r
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese,
P&
O
an
d
I
NC
r
em
ain
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
th
eir
s
im
p
licity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
h
as
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
tellig
en
t
MPPT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
b
ased
o
n
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic,
ar
tifi
cial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
p
ar
ticl
e
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
a
n
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
f
er
im
p
r
o
v
ed
t
r
ac
k
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
u
n
d
e
r
r
a
p
id
ly
ch
an
g
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
I
n
s
o
lar
-
ass
is
ted
E
V
s
y
s
tem
s
,
MP
PT
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
o
v
er
all
v
eh
icl
e
en
er
g
y
g
ai
n
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
MPPT
s
tr
ateg
ies ar
e
ess
en
tial f
o
r
m
ax
im
izin
g
th
e
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
v
eh
icle
-
m
o
u
n
te
d
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
7
]
.
2
.
5
.
T
herm
a
l
e
f
f
ec
t
s
o
n v
ehi
cle
-
inte
g
ra
t
ed
P
V
s
y
s
t
em
s
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
is
a
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
PV
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
As
PV
ce
ll
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
es,
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
ch
an
g
e,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
r
ed
u
ce
d
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t.
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
th
at
PV
ef
f
icien
cy
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
s
b
y
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
0
.
3
%
–
0
.
5
%
f
o
r
ev
er
y
1
°C
in
cr
ea
s
e
ab
o
v
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Veh
icle
-
m
o
u
n
ted
s
o
lar
p
an
e
ls
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
th
er
m
al
ef
f
ec
t
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
b
o
th
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
h
ea
t
g
en
er
ated
b
y
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
v
eh
icle
s
u
r
f
ac
es.
Du
r
in
g
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
in
h
o
t
clim
ates,
p
an
el
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es
m
ay
ex
ce
ed
7
0
°C
,
lead
in
g
to
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ef
f
i
cien
cy
lo
s
s
es.
Var
io
u
s
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
m
itig
ate
th
ese
ef
f
ec
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
ass
iv
e
air
f
lo
w
co
o
lin
g
,
v
en
tilated
m
o
u
n
tin
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
,
h
ea
t
s
p
r
ea
d
er
s
,
p
h
ase
-
ch
an
g
e
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
a
ctiv
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
,
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
air
f
lo
w
m
an
ag
em
en
t
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
attr
ac
tiv
e
b
ec
au
s
e
it
s
im
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
ly
r
e
d
u
ce
s
d
r
ag
a
n
d
en
h
an
ce
s
PV
co
o
lin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
8
]
.
2
.
6
.
CF
D
a
nd
F
E
A
a
pp
lica
t
i
o
ns
in s
o
la
r
v
ehicle
des
ig
n
C
FD
an
d
FEA
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
in
d
is
p
en
s
ab
le
to
o
ls
in
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
s
o
l
ar
-
ass
is
te
d
E
Vs
[
1
9
]
.
C
FD
en
ab
les
d
etailed
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
air
f
lo
w
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
p
r
ess
u
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
tu
r
b
u
len
ce
i
n
ten
s
ity
,
d
r
ag
f
o
r
ce
s
,
an
d
th
er
m
al
f
lo
w
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
o
u
n
d
v
eh
icl
e
b
o
d
ies.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
C
FD
to
ev
alu
ate
alter
n
ativ
e
b
o
d
y
g
eo
m
etr
ies,
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
attac
h
m
en
ts
,
co
o
lin
g
c
h
an
n
els,
an
d
s
o
lar
p
an
el
p
lace
m
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
ese
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ef
f
icien
cy
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
air
f
l
o
w
p
atter
n
s
an
d
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
w
ak
e
r
eg
io
n
s
.
Similar
ly
,
FE
A
is
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
teg
r
ity
,
s
tr
ess
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
d
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
f
atig
u
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
v
ib
r
atio
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
v
e
h
icle
-
in
teg
r
ated
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Stru
ctu
r
al
s
im
u
latio
n
s
allo
w
d
esi
g
n
er
s
to
ass
es
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
ae
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
lo
a
d
in
g
,
th
e
r
m
al
ex
p
an
s
io
n
,
r
o
ad
v
ib
r
atio
n
s
,
a
n
d
im
p
ac
t
f
o
r
c
es
b
ef
o
r
e
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
t
o
t
y
p
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
C
F
D
a
n
d
F
E
A
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
m
u
l
t
i
d
i
s
ci
p
l
i
n
a
r
y
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
c
a
p
a
b
l
e
o
f
s
i
m
u
l
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
l
y
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
i
n
g
a
e
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
,
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
,
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
,
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
is
i
n
c
r
e
as
in
g
l
y
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
z
e
d
a
s
es
s
e
n
ti
a
l
f
o
r
n
e
x
t
-
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
l
a
r
v
e
h
i
cl
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
[
2
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f a
ero
d
y
n
a
mic
a
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
a
l d
esig
n
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
o
la
r
… (
Mo
h
a
med
A
b
u
b
a
kr Ma
h
g
o
u
b
Ha
s
s
a
n
)
653
2
.
7
.
Resea
rc
h
g
a
p a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
PV
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
lig
h
twe
ig
h
tin
g
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
m
al
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
f
o
r
E
Vs
.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
o
s
t
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
tly
r
ath
er
th
an
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
eir
co
m
b
i
n
ed
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
a
n
d
o
v
er
all
v
eh
icle
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Aer
o
d
y
n
am
ic
s
tu
d
ies
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
d
r
ag
r
ed
u
ctio
n
with
o
u
t
ex
p
licitly
ev
alu
atin
g
h
o
w
air
f
lo
w
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
PV
en
er
g
y
g
en
e
r
atio
n
an
d
th
e
r
m
al
b
eh
av
io
r
[
2
2
]
.
Simi
lar
ly
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
em
p
h
asize
m
ec
h
an
ica
l
in
teg
r
ity
an
d
weig
h
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
wh
ile
o
f
ten
n
eg
lectin
g
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
im
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
[
2
3
]
.
R
esear
ch
o
n
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
g
en
er
ally
co
n
ce
n
tr
ates
o
n
M
PP
T
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
p
an
el
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
es
with
o
u
t
f
u
lly
ac
c
o
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
v
eh
icle
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
an
d
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
[
2
4
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
lim
ited
s
tu
d
ies
e
m
p
lo
y
an
i
n
teg
r
ated
C
FD
–
FEA
–
PV
s
im
u
latio
n
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
ev
alu
atin
g
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
eliab
i
lity
,
th
er
m
al
ef
f
ec
ts
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
e
f
f
icien
cy
with
in
a
u
n
if
ied
d
esig
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
r
esear
ch
g
ap
b
y
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
a
m
u
ltid
is
cip
lin
ar
y
s
im
u
latio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
ae
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
an
aly
s
is
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
ass
ess
m
en
t,
PV
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w
m
o
d
elin
g
,
an
d
t
h
er
m
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
e
v
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
ab
les
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
iv
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
h
o
w
co
o
r
d
in
ated
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
a
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
in
E
Vs
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
m
ec
h
an
ica
l
s
af
ety
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ts
a
m
u
ltid
is
cip
lin
ar
y
s
im
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
d
esig
n
o
n
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
in
E
Vs
.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
teg
r
ates
C
FD
,
FEA
,
PV
en
er
g
y
m
o
d
elin
g
,
th
er
m
al
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w
m
an
ag
em
en
t
to
ass
ess
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
o
lar
-
ass
is
ted
E
Vs.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
is
d
esig
n
e
d
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
e
twee
n
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
ef
f
icien
cy
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
i
n
t
e
g
r
i
ty
,
P
V
e
n
e
r
g
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
an
d
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
r
e
a
l
i
s
t
i
c
o
p
e
r
at
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
o
u
r
m
ajo
r
s
tag
es.
First,
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
a
n
aly
ze
a
ir
f
lo
w
b
eh
a
v
io
r
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
v
eh
icle
b
o
d
y
an
d
d
ete
r
m
i
n
e
d
r
a
g
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
Seco
n
d
,
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
PV
m
o
d
u
les
in
to
v
eh
icle
s
u
r
f
ac
es.
T
h
ir
d
,
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w
m
o
d
elin
g
is
im
p
lem
en
te
d
to
q
u
an
tify
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
,
s
to
r
ag
e
,
an
d
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
Fin
ally
,
th
er
m
al
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t to
e
x
am
in
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
in
d
u
ce
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
a
n
d
co
o
lin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
p
r
esen
t
s
th
e
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
ac
tiv
ities
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
in
te
g
r
ates
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
an
aly
s
is
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
ev
alu
atio
n
,
PV
en
er
g
y
m
o
d
e
lin
g
,
a
n
d
t
h
er
m
al
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
im
p
ac
t
o
f
d
esig
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
n
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
a
n
d
v
e
h
icle
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
l
ar
-
ass
is
ted
EV
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
26
:
6
4
9
-
6
6
5
654
3
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n
env
iro
nm
en
t
a
nd
des
ig
n a
s
s
um
ptio
n
s
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lar
-
ass
is
ted
E
V
m
o
d
el
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
s
in
g
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
C
FD,
FEA,
an
d
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
s
im
u
latio
n
to
o
ls
.
A
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
p
ass
en
g
er
EV
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
r
o
o
f
-
m
o
u
n
te
d
PV
m
o
d
u
les
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
b
aselin
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
t
o
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icien
cy
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
tallin
e
s
ilico
n
ce
lls
d
u
e
to
th
eir
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
v
eh
icle
-
in
te
g
r
ated
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
a
r
e
ad
o
p
ted
as
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
W
in
d
ef
f
ec
ts
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
s
tead
y
-
s
tate.
T
h
ese
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
en
ab
le
r
ea
lis
tic
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
v
e
h
icle
o
p
e
r
atio
n
in
u
r
b
a
n
a
n
d
h
ig
h
way
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Simu
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
p
e
e
d
30
–
1
0
0
k
m
/
h
S
o
l
a
r
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
6
0
0
–
1
0
0
0
W
/
m²
A
mb
i
e
n
t
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
25
–
45
°C
A
i
r
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
1
.
2
2
5
k
g
/
m³
P
V
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
2
2
%
P
a
n
e
l
a
r
e
a
2
m²
3
.
2
.
Aer
o
dy
na
m
ic
f
lo
w
a
na
l
y
s
is
us
i
ng
CF
D
Aer
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
v
e
h
icle
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
in
f
l
u
en
c
es
air
f
lo
w
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
v
e
r
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
les.
C
FD
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
e
v
alu
ate
air
f
lo
w
b
eh
av
io
r
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
v
eh
icle
b
o
d
y
an
d
d
eter
m
in
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
d
r
a
g
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
in
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
th
e
in
co
m
p
r
ess
ib
le
r
ey
n
o
ld
s
-
a
v
er
ag
e
d
n
av
ier
–
s
to
k
es
(
R
ANS)
th
e
co
n
tin
u
ity
eq
u
atio
n
is
g
iv
en
b
y
:
∇
.
ν
−
0
Mo
m
en
tu
m
e
q
u
atio
n
is
p
r
esen
ted
as in
(
1
)
.
ρ
(
ν
.
∇
)
ν
−
Δ
P
+
μΔ
+
ρ
g
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
ρ
=
air
d
en
s
ity
,
ν
=
v
el
o
city
v
ec
to
r
,
P
=
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
a
n
d
μ
=
d
y
n
am
ic
v
is
co
s
ity
.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
k
-
∊
tu
r
b
u
len
ce
m
o
d
el
is
a
d
o
p
ted
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
p
r
o
v
e
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
ex
ter
n
al
v
eh
icle
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ics.
T
h
e
d
r
ag
co
ef
f
icien
t is d
eter
m
in
e
d
u
s
in
g
(
2
)
.
−
ℎ
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
=
d
r
ag
f
o
r
ce
,
A
=
f
r
o
n
t
al
ar
ea
an
d
V=
v
eh
icle
v
elo
city
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
lift
co
ef
f
icien
t
is
co
m
p
u
ted
as
in
(
3
).
−
2
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
=
lift
f
o
r
ce
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
air
f
lo
w
s
im
u
latio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
e
C
FD
an
aly
s
is
.
B
o
u
n
d
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
i
n
clu
d
e
v
elo
city
in
let,
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
u
tlet,
an
d
n
o
-
s
lip
wall
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
to
ac
cu
r
ately
e
v
alu
ate
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
d
r
a
g
an
d
f
lo
w
s
e
p
ar
atio
n
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
Aer
o
dy
na
m
ic
des
ig
n c
o
nfig
ura
t
io
ns
T
h
r
ee
v
e
h
icle
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
a
r
e
an
aly
ze
d
:
−
B
aselin
e
E
V
with
o
u
t PV
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
−
E
V
with
r
o
o
f
-
m
o
u
n
ted
PV in
t
eg
r
atio
n
.
−
Aer
o
d
y
n
a
m
ically
o
p
tim
ized
s
o
lar
-
ass
is
ted
E
V.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
ized
d
esig
n
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ates
s
tr
ea
m
lin
ed
r
o
o
f
g
e
o
m
etr
y
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
n
tal
s
tag
n
atio
n
r
eg
io
n
s
,
in
teg
r
ated
r
ea
r
d
if
f
u
s
er
,
an
d
s
m
o
o
th
PV
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
m
in
im
ize
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
d
r
ag
wh
ile
m
ax
im
izin
g
s
o
lar
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e.
3
.
3
.
Str
uct
ura
l a
na
l
y
s
i
s
us
i
n
g
F
E
A
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
e
v
alu
atio
n
in
v
e
s
tig
ates
th
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
im
p
ac
t
o
f
in
te
g
r
atin
g
PV
m
o
d
u
les
in
to
th
e
E
V
b
o
d
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
L
ig
h
tweig
h
t
co
m
p
o
s
ite
m
ater
ials
s
u
ch
as
ca
r
b
o
n
f
ib
er
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
p
o
l
y
m
er
(
C
FR
P)
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f a
ero
d
y
n
a
mic
a
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
a
l d
esig
n
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
o
la
r
… (
Mo
h
a
med
A
b
u
b
a
kr Ma
h
g
o
u
b
Ha
s
s
a
n
)
655
alu
m
in
u
m
allo
y
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
d
u
e
to
th
eir
f
av
o
r
ab
le
s
tr
en
g
th
-
to
-
weig
h
t
r
atio
s
.
T
h
e
s
tr
es
s
-
s
tr
ain
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
f
o
llo
ws Ho
o
k
e'
s
L
aw
as in
(
4
)
.
−
∊
(
4
)
wh
er
e
σ
=
s
tr
ess
,
E
=
y
o
u
n
g
’
s
m
o
d
u
lu
s
an
d
∊
=
s
tr
ain
.
T
h
e
v
o
n
Mises
s
tr
ess
cr
iter
io
n
is
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
s
af
ety
:
σ
−
√
(
σ
1
−
σ
2
)
2
+
√
(
σ
2
−
σ
3
)
2
+
√
(
σ
3
−
σ
1
)
2
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
σ
1
,
σ
2
,
σ
3
ar
e
p
r
in
cip
al
s
tr
ess
es.
Fig
u
r
e
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
a
d
o
p
ted
f
o
r
FEA
.
Me
ch
an
ical
lo
ad
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
p
an
el
weig
h
t,
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
v
ib
r
ati
o
n
is
ap
p
lied
to
ev
alu
ate
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
in
teg
r
ity
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
FD
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
d
o
m
ain
a
n
d
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
an
aly
s
is
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fin
ite
elem
en
t m
o
d
e
l sh
o
win
g
PV
m
o
d
u
le
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
an
d
ap
p
lied
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
lo
ad
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
3
.
3
.
1
.
Str
uct
ura
l
perf
o
rma
nce
m
et
rics
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
etr
i
cs a
r
e
ev
alu
ated
b
ased
o
n
T
a
b
l
e
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
26
:
6
4
9
-
6
6
5
656
T
ab
le
3
.
Stru
ctu
r
al
ev
alu
atio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
V
o
n
mi
s
e
s s
t
r
e
ss
F
a
i
l
u
r
e
a
sses
sme
n
t
To
t
a
l
d
e
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
d
i
sp
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
F
a
c
t
o
r
o
f
s
a
f
e
t
y
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
N
a
t
u
r
a
l
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
V
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
i
st
a
n
c
e
A
d
d
e
d
m
a
ss
W
e
i
g
h
t
i
mp
a
c
t
3
.
4
.
PV
ener
g
y
f
lo
w
m
o
delin
g
T
h
e
PV
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
co
n
v
er
ts
i
n
cid
en
t
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
in
to
el
ec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
u
s
ed
to
c
h
ar
g
e
th
e
E
V
b
atter
y
an
d
s
u
p
p
ly
au
x
iliar
y
l
o
ad
s
.
T
h
e
g
e
n
er
ated
s
o
lar
p
o
we
r
is
ca
lcu
lated
as in
(
6
)
.
−
η
GA
(
6
)
W
h
er
e
η
=
PV e
f
f
icien
cy
,
G=
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
a
n
d
A
is
p
an
el
a
r
ea
.
T
h
e
d
aily
h
ar
v
ested
en
e
r
g
y
is
esti
m
ated
as
in
(
7
)
:
−
−
X
t
(
7
)
w
h
er
e
t
=
o
p
e
r
atin
g
tim
e.
T
h
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
l
y
tr
ac
k
s
th
e
o
p
tim
al
o
p
e
r
atin
g
p
o
in
t
to
m
a
x
im
ize
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
elec
tr
ical
e
n
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
PV
g
en
er
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
an
d
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
tag
es
to
th
e
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
en
a
b
les
ef
f
icien
t
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
h
ar
v
ested
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
PV
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w
an
d
p
o
wer
m
an
a
g
em
en
t a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
3
.
5
.
B
a
t
t
er
y
a
nd
ener
g
y
m
a
na
g
em
ent
m
o
delin
g
T
h
e
g
e
n
er
ated
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
i
s
r
o
u
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
b
atter
y
m
an
a
g
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
(
B
MS)
,
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
,
a
n
d
elec
tr
ic
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
b
a
tter
y
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
is
ca
lcu
lated
as in
(
8
).
−
0
+
1
∫
(
)
(
8
)
W
h
er
e
0
=
in
itial
SOC
,
C
=
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
(
)
=
ch
ar
g
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
en
a
b
les
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
to
o
v
er
all
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
3
.
6
.
T
herm
a
l
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
v
eh
icle
-
inte
g
ra
t
ed
PV
m
o
du
les
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
a
f
f
ec
ts
PV
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
ec
au
s
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ce
ll
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
r
ed
u
ce
s
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
.
PV e
f
f
i
cien
cy
v
ar
iatio
n
with
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as in
(
9
)
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f a
ero
d
y
n
a
mic
a
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
a
l d
esig
n
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
o
la
r
… (
Mo
h
a
med
A
b
u
b
a
kr Ma
h
g
o
u
b
Ha
s
s
a
n
)
657
r
-
[1
-
β(T
-
)
]
(
9
)
w
h
er
e
r
=
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
e
f
f
iciec
n
cy
,
=
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
ef
f
icien
cy
,
β
=te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
c
o
ef
f
icien
t,
T
=
o
p
er
atin
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e.
T
h
er
m
al
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ex
am
in
e
th
e
s
u
r
f
a
ce
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
an
d
its
air
f
lo
w
co
o
lin
g
ef
f
ec
t
s
.
I
t
also
ex
am
in
es
th
e
h
ea
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
u
n
d
er
s
o
lar
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
d
u
e
to
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e
r
is
e.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
e
PV
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
E
lev
a
ted
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
ce
n
tr
al
p
an
el
r
eg
io
n
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
r
m
al
m
an
a
g
em
en
t stra
teg
ies f
o
r
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
PV
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Simu
lated
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
v
eh
ic
le
-
in
teg
r
ated
PV
s
u
r
f
ac
e
u
n
d
e
r
p
ea
k
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
3
.
7
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
ev
a
lua
t
io
n m
et
rics
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lar
-
ass
is
ted
EV
d
esig
n
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
a
s
et
o
f
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al,
PV
,
b
atter
y
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
m
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
.
Aer
o
d
y
n
am
i
c
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
was
ass
es
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
r
ag
an
d
lif
t
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
wh
ich
d
eter
m
in
e
v
eh
ic
le
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
s
ta
b
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Stru
ctu
r
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
v
o
n
Mises
s
tr
ess
,
m
ax
im
u
m
d
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
f
ac
t
o
r
o
f
s
af
ety
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
-
i
n
teg
r
ated
v
eh
icle
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
PV
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
was
q
u
an
tifie
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
g
en
e
r
ated
p
o
we
r
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
h
a
r
v
ested
d
aily
en
e
r
g
y
,
wh
ile
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
w
a
s
as
s
ess
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
t
at
e
-
of
-
c
h
a
r
g
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
io
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
s
o
l
a
r
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
er
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
was
ev
alu
ated
b
y
a
n
aly
zin
g
PV
c
ell
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
l
o
s
s
d
u
e
t
o
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
is
e.
T
h
ese
m
etr
ics
co
ll
ec
tiv
ely
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
en
e
r
g
y
h
ar
v
est
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
th
er
m
al
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
o
n
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lar
-
ass
is
ted
E
V.
T
ab
l
e
4
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
k
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ev
alu
ati
o
n
m
etr
ics ad
o
p
ted
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
ati
o
n
m
etr
ics
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
P
u
r
p
o
se
A
e
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
D
r
a
g
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
e
a
e
r
o
d
y
n
a
mi
c
r
e
s
i
st
a
n
c
e
Li
f
t
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
A
ssess
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
st
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
V
o
n
mi
s
e
s s
t
r
e
ss
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
safe
t
y
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
d
e
f
o
r
ma
t
i
on
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
e
p
a
n
e
l
d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
me
n
t
F
a
c
t
o
r
o
f
S
a
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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:
2
5
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2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
26
:
6
4
9
-
6
6
5
658
s
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EVs
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4.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
T
h
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p
r
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izatio
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ass
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h
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f
o
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.
4
.
1
.
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o
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m
ic
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o
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m
a
nce
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na
ly
s
is
T
h
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ae
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d
y
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ic
p
e
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an
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ated
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/h
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ig
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ate
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les,
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ied
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etr
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u
m
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ical
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Fig
u
r
e
7
illu
s
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ates
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tr
ib
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tio
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latio
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e
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u
lts
in
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icate
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at
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d
r
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g
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icien
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m
0
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2
3
6
,
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ep
r
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im
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ately
2
3
.
7
%.
T
h
e
r
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ctio
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r
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g
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ily
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ted
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s
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f
l
o
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en
t a
lo
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lin
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icle.
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ly
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e
lift
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ef
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icien
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0
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8
4
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r
r
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i
n
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ed
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ctio
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o
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ately
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%.
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o
we
r
lift
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alu
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n
tr
ib
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te
t
o
im
p
r
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v
e
d
v
e
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ilit
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a
r
ticu
lar
ly
at
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g
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er
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atin
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s
p
ee
d
s
.
T
h
e
f
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n
tal
ar
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also
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lig
h
tly
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ed
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ce
d
f
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o
m
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m
²
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ized
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n
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r
s
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a
b
le
5
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
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e
ae
r
o
d
y
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am
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
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m
p
ar
is
o
n
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etwe
en
t
h
e
b
aselin
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an
d
o
p
tim
ized
co
n
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ig
u
r
atio
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s
.
T
h
e
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
d
r
ag
ar
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d
ir
ec
t
ly
tr
a
n
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lates
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to
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wer
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r
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p
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ls
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y
d
em
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d
.
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o
n
s
eq
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en
tly
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e
e
n
er
g
y
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n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
th
e
tr
ac
tio
n
m
o
t
o
r
d
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r
ea
s
es,
allo
win
g
a
g
r
e
ater
p
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p
o
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tio
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o
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ar
v
ested
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y
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o
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e
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p
e
r
atio
n
an
d
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
FD
v
elo
city
co
n
to
u
r
an
d
air
f
lo
w
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tr
ea
m
lin
es sh
o
win
g
f
lo
w
s
ep
ar
atio
n
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ar
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te
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is
tics
ar
o
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n
d
th
e
o
p
tim
ized
s
o
lar
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ass
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ted
EV
T
ab
le
5
.
Aer
o
d
y
n
am
ic
p
er
f
o
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m
an
ce
co
m
p
ar
is
o
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P
a
r
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me
t
e
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se
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.