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,
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
tar
g
et
o
f
s
o
p
h
is
tica
ted
cy
b
e
r
cr
im
es,
escalatin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
o
b
u
s
t
id
en
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Desp
ite
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
'
s
r
elian
c
e
o
n
p
h
o
n
e
n
u
m
b
er
v
e
r
if
icatio
n
an
d
en
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
en
c
r
y
p
tio
n
,
co
n
ce
r
n
s
p
er
s
is
t
ab
o
u
t
its
ab
ilit
y
to
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
eter
im
p
er
s
o
n
atio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
te
ct
u
s
er
id
en
titi
es.
B
etwe
en
2
0
1
9
an
d
2
0
2
0
,
th
er
e
was
a
n
o
tab
le
s
u
r
g
e
in
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
d
ata
b
r
ea
ch
e
s
in
th
e
Un
ited
States
,
wh
i
ch
escalate
d
f
r
o
m
1
,
1
0
8
in
s
tan
ce
s
to
1
,
2
9
1
,
m
ar
k
in
g
a
n
in
c
r
ea
s
e
o
f
8
%
,
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
s
tu
d
y
b
y
th
e
I
d
en
ti
ty
T
h
ef
t
R
eso
u
r
ce
C
en
ter
(
I
T
R
C
)
.
T
h
is
esca
latio
n
h
ad
s
ev
er
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
th
an
1
5
5
.
8
m
illi
o
n
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
b
ec
am
e
v
ictim
s
o
f
th
ese
b
r
ea
c
h
es
in
2
0
2
0
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
m
ess
ag
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
W
h
atsAp
p
,
h
av
e
em
e
r
g
ed
as
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
co
n
d
u
its
f
o
r
s
u
ch
illi
cit
ac
tiv
ities
,
th
er
eb
y
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
u
r
g
e
n
cy
f
o
r
r
o
b
u
s
t
id
e
n
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
[
4
]
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
d
v
an
ce
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
lik
e
p
a
s
s
p
o
r
t
id
en
tific
atio
n
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
f
ac
ial
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
co
u
l
d
b
o
ls
ter
W
h
atsAp
p
'
s
i
d
en
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Priv
ac
y
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
(
2
0
2
2
)
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
6
5
%
o
f
u
s
er
s
ex
p
r
ess
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
wh
e
n
th
ese
tech
n
o
l
o
g
i
es
ar
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
c
h
allen
g
e
o
f
p
r
eser
v
in
g
u
s
er
tr
u
s
t
wh
ile
en
h
an
cin
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
in
tr
icate
an
d
d
em
an
d
s
ca
r
ef
u
l
ex
am
in
atio
n
an
d
ac
tio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
lim
ited
r
esear
ch
in
to
u
s
er
p
er
ce
p
ti
o
n
s
an
d
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
o
f
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
i
d
en
tity
v
er
i
f
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
in
m
e
s
s
ag
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
ap
.
As
p
er
a
r
ep
o
r
t
b
y
th
e
C
en
ter
f
o
r
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
So
ciety
(
2
0
2
3
)
,
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
u
s
er
attitu
d
es
is
ess
en
tial
to
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
7
0
%
ad
o
p
tio
n
r
ate
,
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
b
aselin
e
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
t
o
a
d
d
r
ess
th
is
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
p
r
o
b
lem
b
y
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
s
cr
u
tin
izin
g
p
o
t
en
tial
p
r
iv
ac
y
an
d
eth
ical
im
p
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
u
s
er
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
id
en
tity
v
er
i
f
icatio
n
o
n
W
h
atsAp
p
.
T
h
e
aim
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
b
ala
n
ce
d
,
u
s
er
-
ce
n
tr
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
en
h
an
ce
s
p
latf
o
r
m
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
cu
l
tiv
ates
u
s
er
tr
u
s
t,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
s
af
er
d
ig
ital
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
f
o
ll
o
win
g
is
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
h
y
p
o
th
eses
as
s
h
o
w
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
-
H1
:
u
s
er
s
wh
o
h
a
v
e
u
n
d
er
g
o
n
e
id
en
tity
v
e
r
if
icatio
n
o
n
W
h
a
ts
Ap
p
will
ex
p
er
ien
ce
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ef
f
icien
c
y
in
th
eir
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
u
s
er
s
wh
o
h
av
e
n
o
t
u
n
d
er
g
o
n
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
.
-
H2
:
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
i
d
e
n
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
n
W
h
atsAp
p
p
o
s
itiv
ely
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
s
u
s
er
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
'
s
b
r
an
d
in
g
an
d
tr
u
s
two
r
th
in
ess
.
-
H3
:
th
e
c
o
s
t
o
f
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
id
en
tity
v
er
i
f
icatio
n
o
n
W
h
atsAp
p
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
o
u
t
weig
h
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
s
ca
m
s
,
p
h
is
h
in
g
,
an
d
f
r
a
u
d
in
ci
d
en
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
Curre
nt
o
pera
t
i
o
n pro
ce
s
s
a
nd
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
env
iro
nm
ent
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t su
b
s
tan
tial sh
if
ts
in
th
e
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
m
o
b
ile
an
d
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
h
as b
ee
n
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
te
x
tin
g
to
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
-
b
ased
s
o
cial
m
ess
ag
in
g
.
Mo
b
ile
m
ess
ag
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
n
o
w
r
an
k
am
o
n
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
o
wn
l
o
ad
ed
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
u
s
ed
ap
p
s
g
l
o
b
ally
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
m
ess
ag
in
g
a
p
p
s
th
at
ar
e
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
th
e
b
est
an
d
m
o
s
t
s
ec
u
r
e
in
cl
u
d
e
Face
b
o
o
k
,
W
h
ats
A
p
p
,
T
ele
g
r
am
,
Sig
n
al,
W
eCh
at,
Sk
y
p
e
,
an
d
Vib
er
[
6
]
.
Fo
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
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2
2
5
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8
8
1
4
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4
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2
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m
o
s
t
u
s
er
s
,
Face
b
o
o
k
a
n
d
W
h
atsAp
p
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
s
y
n
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y
m
o
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s
with
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ess
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x
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h
in
a,
wh
er
e
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eCh
at
h
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ld
s
th
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m
ajo
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ity
s
h
ar
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o
v
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5
b
illi
o
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d
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id
u
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p
lo
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two
Me
ta
p
latf
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m
s
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o
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ile
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ess
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m
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ile
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k
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s
h
ar
e
in
n
u
m
er
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u
s
r
e
g
io
n
s
[
7
]
.
T
ab
le
s
1
an
d
2
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
a
n
d
p
r
iv
a
cy
f
ea
tu
r
es o
f
th
e
m
ess
ag
in
g
a
p
p
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Secu
r
ity
f
ea
tu
r
es
ap
p
s
M
e
ss
a
g
i
n
g
a
p
p
En
d
t
o
e
n
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
e
n
c
r
y
p
t
i
o
n
En
c
r
y
p
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
r
a
n
si
t
P
r
i
v
a
t
e
k
e
y
n
o
t
a
c
c
e
ssi
b
l
e
b
y
sp
D
e
l
e
t
e
messa
g
e
f
r
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serv
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f
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O
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t
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M
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a
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Tw
o
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st
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p
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i
f
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c
a
t
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o
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F
a
c
e
b
o
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k
✓
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W
h
a
t
s
A
p
p
✓
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Te
l
e
g
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m
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k
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p
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V
i
b
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r
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
T
ab
le
2
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
s
tatis
tic,
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
a
lp
h
a
’
s
s
co
r
e
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
i
t
e
ms
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
a
l
p
h
a
’
s sc
o
r
e
I
mp
r
o
v
e
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
4
0
.
8
3
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
b
r
a
n
d
i
n
g
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
4
0
.
7
9
C
o
s
t
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
c
a
ms
4
0
.
8
0
2
.
2
.
So
cia
l
m
edia
inte
g
ra
t
io
n
So
cial
m
ed
ia
in
teg
r
atio
n
(
SM
I
)
is
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
v
er
if
y
in
g
u
s
er
id
en
titi
es
o
n
p
latf
o
r
m
s
lik
e
W
h
atsAp
p
b
y
lev
er
a
g
in
g
th
eir
ex
is
tin
g
s
o
cial
m
e
d
ia
a
cc
o
u
n
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
Face
b
o
o
k
o
r
L
in
k
ed
I
n
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
s
ea
m
less
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
way
to
v
alid
ate
u
s
er
id
en
titi
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
cr
o
s
s
-
r
ef
er
en
cin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
eir
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
r
o
f
il
es.
I
n
SMI
,
u
s
er
s
ar
e
p
r
o
m
p
te
d
to
co
n
n
ec
t
th
eir
s
o
cial
m
ed
i
a
ac
co
u
n
ts
to
th
eir
W
h
atsAp
p
p
r
o
f
iles
.
Firstl
y
,
it
s
tr
ea
m
lin
es
th
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
u
s
er
s
'
ex
is
tin
g
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ac
co
u
n
ts
,
elim
in
atin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
d
d
itio
n
al
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
o
r
co
m
p
lex
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
it
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
b
y
le
v
er
ag
in
g
f
am
iliar
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
f
r
ictio
n
ass
o
ciate
d
with
tr
ad
itio
n
al
id
e
n
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Fro
m
a
b
r
an
d
i
n
g
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
i
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
SMI
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
s
a
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
a
n
d
u
s
er
-
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
Ho
we
v
er
,
S
MI
also
f
a
ce
s
ce
r
tain
lim
itatio
n
s
an
d
ch
allen
g
es.
Firstl
y
,
its
r
eliab
ilit
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
au
th
en
t
icity
o
f
u
s
er
s
'
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
a
cc
o
u
n
ts
[
8
]
.
Fals
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
r
f
ak
e
p
r
o
f
iles
ca
n
u
n
d
er
m
in
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
es
s
o
f
th
is
m
eth
o
d
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
p
r
iv
ac
y
co
n
ce
r
n
s
m
ay
ar
is
e
as
u
s
er
s
m
ay
b
e
r
elu
ctan
t
to
s
h
ar
e
th
eir
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
u
e
to
p
o
ten
tial
m
is
u
s
e
o
r
u
n
au
th
o
r
ized
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
eir
d
ata
[
9
]
.
Platfo
r
m
s
m
u
s
t
ad
d
r
e
s
s
th
ese
co
n
ce
r
n
s
an
d
im
p
lem
en
t
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
r
iv
ac
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es to
m
ain
tain
u
s
er
tr
u
s
t.
2
.
3
.
H
y
brid
a
pp
ro
a
ch
a
nd
f
uture
co
ns
idera
t
io
ns
f
o
r
ide
ntit
y
v
er
if
ica
t
i
o
n
W
h
ile
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
o
p
tio
n
s
o
f
f
e
r
im
p
r
o
v
ed
i
d
en
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
h
y
b
r
id
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
wh
ile
in
teg
r
atin
g
n
ewe
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
is
h
y
b
r
id
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
c
an
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
v
e
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
id
e
n
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
B
y
lev
er
ag
in
g
th
e
a
d
v
an
tag
es
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
u
ch
as
b
io
m
etr
ics,
a
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
,
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
,
p
lat
f
o
r
m
s
lik
e
W
h
atsAp
p
ca
n
s
tr
en
g
th
en
th
eir
i
d
en
tity
v
er
if
ica
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
en
h
an
ce
u
s
er
t
r
u
s
t.
I
n
t
h
e
p
ast
,
id
en
tity
v
er
i
f
icatio
n
o
n
p
latf
o
r
m
s
lik
e
W
h
atsAp
p
r
elied
o
n
m
an
u
al
m
eth
o
d
s
,
m
o
b
ile
v
er
if
icatio
n
,
a
n
d
u
s
er
-
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
1
0
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
wer
e
p
r
o
n
e
to
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
,
m
an
ip
u
latio
n
,
an
d
f
r
a
u
d
,
lack
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
r
eliab
i
lity
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
.
T
o
ad
d
r
es
s
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
,
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
av
e
em
er
g
ed
,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
o
cu
m
en
t
s
u
b
m
is
s
io
n
,
b
io
m
etr
ic
v
er
if
i
ca
tio
n
,
SMI
,
v
id
eo
v
er
if
icatio
n
,
a
n
d
tr
u
s
ted
t
h
ir
d
-
p
ar
ty
v
e
r
if
icatio
n
.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
e
d
to
ex
p
l
o
r
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
im
p
le
m
en
tin
g
id
en
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
n
W
h
atsAp
p
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
u
s
er
s
'
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
b
r
an
d
in
g
,
an
d
c
o
s
t
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
Po
s
itiv
is
m
is
a
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
ical
s
ch
o
o
l
th
at
ass
er
ts
th
at
g
en
u
in
e
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
is
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
a
n
d
lo
g
ica
l
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
.
I
t
r
ejec
ts
o
th
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ac
q
u
is
i
tio
n
,
s
u
ch
as
in
tu
itio
n
o
r
r
elig
io
u
s
f
aith
,
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
em
eith
er
m
ea
n
in
g
less
o
r
u
n
r
e
liab
le
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
p
o
s
itiv
is
m
will
b
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Qu
a
n
tu
m
co
m
p
u
tin
g
imp
a
ct
o
f
c
yb
erS
ec
u
r
ity
id
en
tity v
erif
ic
a
tio
n
mea
s
u
r
es o
n
…
(
J
o
s
ep
h
N
g
P
o
h
S
o
o
n
)
847
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
asp
ec
t,
s
p
ec
if
ically
u
s
in
g
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
es,
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
id
en
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
n
W
h
atsAp
p
an
d
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
in
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
r
an
d
in
g
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
,
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
s
ca
m
s
.
I
n
ter
p
r
etiv
is
m
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
r
ef
e
r
s
to
a
s
o
cio
lo
g
ical
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
wh
er
e
ac
tio
n
s
o
r
ev
e
n
ts
ar
e
an
aly
z
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
cu
ltu
r
al
b
elief
s
,
n
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
s
o
ciety
i
n
wh
ic
h
th
ey
o
cc
u
r
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
5
]
.
I
t
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
t
h
e
q
u
alitativ
e
a
s
p
ec
t
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
es
u
tili
zin
g
i
n
ter
v
iew
q
u
esti
o
n
s
to
g
ain
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
'
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
em
p
l
o
y
in
g
b
o
t
h
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
to
co
llect
d
ata,
th
er
eb
y
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
to
p
ic
[
1
6
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
s
in
g
le
s
u
r
v
ey
co
n
d
u
cte
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
G
o
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
was
u
s
ed
,
with
d
is
tin
ct
s
ec
tio
n
s
d
ed
icate
d
t
o
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
T
h
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
f
o
r
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
r
is
ed
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
ac
tiv
ely
u
s
e
W
h
atsAp
p
an
d
m
ay
h
a
v
e
e
n
co
u
n
ter
e
d
in
s
tan
ce
s
o
f
s
ca
m
s
,
p
h
is
h
in
g
,
o
r
f
r
a
u
d
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
aim
ed
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
eir
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
id
e
n
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
,
it
u
n
d
er
wen
t
a
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
A
h
ig
h
e
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
d
icate
s
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esu
lts
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
alp
h
a
i
s
a
s
tatis
tical
test
u
s
ed
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
in
te
r
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
a
co
m
p
o
s
ite
s
co
r
e
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
test
was
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es in
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
B
y
lo
o
k
in
g
at
th
e
co
llected
d
ata
s
am
p
lin
g
r
esu
lt,
C
r
o
n
b
a
ch
’
s
a
lp
h
a
s
co
r
e
will
b
e
test
ed
with
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
ass
o
ciatio
n
o
n
wh
ich
alp
h
a
co
ef
f
icien
t
r
an
g
e
w
o
u
ld
b
e
r
eliab
le
wh
en
th
e
v
alu
e
is
(
α
>0
.
7
0
)
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
tab
le,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
,
"I
m
p
r
o
v
ed
e
f
f
icien
cy
"
ac
h
iev
e
d
a
C
r
o
n
b
a
ch
'
s
alp
h
a
s
co
r
e
o
f
(
α
>0
.
8
3
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
g
o
o
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
g
ath
er
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
'
p
er
ce
iv
ed
ef
f
icie
n
cy
to
war
d
t
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
id
e
n
tity
v
e
r
if
icatio
n
o
n
W
h
atsAp
p
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
"Po
s
itiv
e
b
r
an
d
in
g
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
"
also
ex
h
ib
ited
g
o
o
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
with
a
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
alp
h
a
s
co
r
e
o
f
(
α
>
0
.
7
9
)
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
f
in
al
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
"Co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
s
ca
m
s
"
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
g
o
o
d
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
with
a
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
alp
h
a
s
co
r
e
o
f
(
α
>
0
.
8
0
)
in
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
'
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
n
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
co
s
t o
f
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
ir
s
t
h
y
p
o
th
esis
(
H1
)
p
o
s
its
th
at
u
s
er
s
w
h
o
h
av
e
u
n
d
er
g
o
n
e
id
e
n
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
n
W
h
atsAp
p
will
ex
p
er
ien
ce
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
in
th
eir
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
u
s
er
s
wh
o
h
av
e
n
o
t
u
n
d
er
g
o
n
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
i
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
s
o
m
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
is
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
p
r
ed
icto
r
v
a
r
iab
les
u
s
ed
in
th
e
m
o
d
el
(
ag
e,
g
e
n
d
er
,
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
u
s
in
g
W
h
atsAp
p
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el)
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
3
9
.
6
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
in
ef
f
icien
cy
,
wh
ile
th
e
ad
ju
s
ted
R
-
s
q
u
ar
ed
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
2
5
1
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
ese
v
ar
i
ab
les
ex
p
lain
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
5
.
1
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
in
t
h
e
ac
tu
al
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
I
m
p
o
r
ta
n
tly
,
th
e
p
-
v
al
u
e
was
0
.
0
0
6
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
s
tatis
ti
ca
lly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
id
en
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
e
f
f
i
cien
cy
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
y
p
o
th
esis
(
H2
)
s
u
g
g
ested
t
h
at
u
s
er
s
wh
o
h
a
v
e
u
n
d
er
g
o
n
e
i
d
en
tity
v
e
r
if
icatio
n
o
n
W
h
atsAp
p
will
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
'
s
b
r
an
d
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
an
d
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
tr
u
s
t
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
u
s
er
s
wh
o
h
av
e
n
o
t
u
n
d
er
g
o
n
e
v
er
i
f
icatio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
e
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
d
id
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
is
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el'
s
f
o
u
r
p
r
e
d
icto
r
v
a
r
iab
les
o
n
ly
ac
c
o
u
n
ted
f
o
r
1
7
.
6
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
i
n
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
b
r
a
n
d
in
g
an
d
tr
u
s
t,
an
d
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
was
0
.
5
6
4
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
n
o
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
id
e
n
tity
v
er
i
f
icatio
n
an
d
u
s
er
s
'
p
er
c
ep
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
'
s
b
r
an
d
in
g
an
d
tr
u
s
t.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
th
ir
d
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
(
H3
)
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
at
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
id
en
t
ity
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
n
W
h
atsAp
p
will
p
r
o
v
e
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
in
s
tan
ce
s
o
f
s
ca
m
s
,
p
h
is
h
in
g
,
an
d
f
r
a
u
d
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
d
id
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
is
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
eith
er
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
p
r
e
d
icto
r
v
a
r
iab
les
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
o
n
ly
2
6
.
2
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
in
in
s
tan
ce
s
o
f
s
ca
m
s
,
p
h
is
h
in
g
,
an
d
f
r
au
d
.
T
h
e
ad
ju
s
ted
R
-
s
q
u
ar
e
d
v
alu
e
s
u
g
g
ested
th
ese
v
ar
iab
les
ex
p
lain
e
d
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
8
.
4
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iat
io
n
in
t
h
e
ac
tu
al
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
was
0
.
1
6
5
,
in
d
icatin
g
n
o
s
tatis
tic
ally
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
id
en
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
an
d
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
s
ca
m
s
,
p
h
is
h
in
g
,
an
d
f
r
a
u
d
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
ev
id
e
n
ce
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
id
en
tity
v
e
r
if
icatio
n
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
n
W
h
atsAp
p
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
ese
f
r
au
d
u
len
t a
ctiv
ities
.
T
ab
le
3
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s
R
R²
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
R
²
R
M
S
E
F
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
H
1
:
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
0
.
6
2
9
0
.
3
9
6
0
.
2
5
1
0
.
6
0
3
2
.
7
3
4
0
.
0
0
6
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
,
u
sers w
i
t
h
v
e
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
H
2
:
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
b
r
a
n
d
i
n
g
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
0
.
4
1
9
0
.
1
7
6
-
0
.
0
2
2
0
.
6
7
9
0
.
8
8
8
0
.
5
6
4
N
o
t
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
,
n
o
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
o
f
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
v
e
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
H
3
:
c
o
s
t
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
c
a
ms
0
.
5
1
1
0
.
2
6
2
0
.
0
8
4
0
.
7
4
9
1
.
4
7
5
0
.
1
6
5
N
o
t
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
,
n
o
c
o
n
si
d
e
r
a
b
l
e
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
t
h
a
t
v
e
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
d
u
c
e
s s
c
a
ms
c
o
st
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
844
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8
53
848
4
.
1
.
Q
ua
ntit
a
t
iv
e
da
t
a
re
s
ults
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esp
o
n
s
es
r
elate
d
to
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
id
en
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
n
W
h
atsAp
p
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
x
-
ax
is
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
L
ik
e
r
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
to
5
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
)
,
an
d
th
e
y
-
ax
is
in
d
icate
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
"T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
id
e
n
tity
v
e
r
if
icatio
n
in
W
h
atsAp
p
wo
u
ld
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
m
y
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
o
n
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
,
"
m
o
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
ag
r
ee
d
.
T
o
b
e
p
r
ec
is
e,
2
0
.
6
%
(
y
=1
3
)
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
,
4
6
%
(
y
=2
9
)
ag
r
ee
,
2
5
.
4
%
(
y
=1
6
)
r
e
m
ain
n
eu
tr
al,
6
.
3
%
(
y
=4
)
d
is
ag
r
ee
,
an
d
1
.
6
%
(
y
=1
)
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
"I
b
eliev
e
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
id
e
n
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
wo
u
ld
m
a
k
e
W
h
atsAp
p
s
af
er
f
o
r
o
n
lin
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
"
a
s
izea
b
le
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ag
r
e
ed
.
Ar
o
u
n
d
3
6
.
5
%
(
y
=2
3
)
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
,
an
d
3
0
%
(
y
=
3
0
)
ag
r
ee
.
Neu
tr
al
r
esp
o
n
s
es
co
m
p
r
is
ed
8
%
(
y
=
4
)
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
wh
ile
6
.
3
5
%
(
y
=
4
)
d
is
ag
r
ee
,
an
d
1
.
6
%
(
y
=1
)
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
.
W
h
en
ask
ed
"Wi
th
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
id
en
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
in
W
h
atsAp
p
,
I
wo
u
ld
b
e
m
o
r
e
in
cl
in
ed
to
u
s
e
th
e
ap
p
f
o
r
b
u
s
in
ess
o
r
f
in
an
cial
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
3
6
.
5
%
(
y
=2
3
)
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
e
e,
an
d
3
0
%
(
y
=
3
0
)
ag
r
ee
.
Neu
t
r
al
r
esp
o
n
s
es
co
m
p
r
is
ed
8
%
(
y
=4
)
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ti
cip
an
ts
,
wh
ile
6
.
3
5
%
(
y
=4
)
d
is
ag
r
ee
,
an
d
1
.
6
%
(
y
=1
)
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
.
L
astl
y
,
f
o
r
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
"I
f
ee
l
id
en
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
co
u
ld
r
ed
u
ce
f
r
au
d
u
len
t
ac
tiv
ity
,
th
er
eb
y
en
h
an
cin
g
t
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
o
n
W
h
atsAp
p
,
"
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
co
n
cu
r
r
ed
.
Ab
o
u
t
4
0
%
(
y
=
2
5
)
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
,
4
7
.
6
%
(
y
=
3
0
)
ag
r
ee
,
6
.
3
%
(
y
=
4
)
r
em
ai
n
n
e
u
tr
al,
3
.
2
%
(
y
=2
)
d
is
ag
r
ee
,
a
n
d
3
.
1
%
(
y
=2
)
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
h
ar
t
h
y
p
o
th
esis
1
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
,
t
h
e
r
es
p
o
n
s
es
t
o
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
ct
o
f
p
o
te
n
ti
al
id
e
n
tit
y
v
er
if
i
ca
ti
o
n
o
n
W
h
atsA
p
p
ar
e
p
r
ese
n
t
e
d
.
T
h
e
x
-
a
x
is
r
e
p
r
es
en
ts
a
L
i
k
er
t
s
c
al
e
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
is
ag
r
e
e)
t
o
5
(
s
t
r
o
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
)
,
wh
i
le
t
h
e
y
-
a
x
is
r
e
p
r
ese
n
ts
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
es
p
o
n
d
en
ts
.
Ad
d
r
ess
i
n
g
th
e
s
ta
te
m
e
n
t
"
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
i
d
e
n
ti
ty
v
e
r
i
f
ic
ati
o
n
o
n
W
h
atsA
p
p
wi
ll
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
p
la
tf
o
r
m
'
s
r
e
p
u
ta
ti
o
n
an
d
t
r
u
s
tw
o
r
th
in
ess
,
"
m
o
s
t
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
co
n
c
u
r
r
e
d
.
S
p
e
cif
ic
all
y
,
4
1
.
2
%
(
y
=2
6
)
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
ag
r
ee
,
3
0
%
(
y
=3
0
)
a
g
r
ee
,
8
%
(
y
=5
)
a
r
e
n
e
u
t
r
al
,
a
n
d
n
o
n
e
d
is
a
g
r
e
e.
O
n
t
h
e
s
ta
te
m
e
n
t
"
I
b
el
ie
v
e
i
d
e
n
t
it
y
v
er
i
f
i
ca
ti
o
n
w
o
u
l
d
s
t
r
en
g
t
h
e
n
W
h
atsA
p
p
'
s
b
r
a
n
d
as
a
s
ec
u
r
e
a
n
d
r
el
ia
b
le
p
lat
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
,
"
m
o
s
t
r
es
p
o
n
d
en
ts
a
g
r
e
e
o
r
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
,
at
2
2
%
(
y
=
2
2
)
a
n
d
4
7
.
6
%
(
y
=
3
0
)
r
es
p
e
cti
v
e
ly
.
A
b
o
u
t
9
.
5
%
(
y
=6
)
ar
e
n
e
u
t
r
al
,
6
.
3
5
%
(
y
=
4
)
d
is
a
g
r
ee
,
a
n
d
1
.
6
%
(
y
=
1
)
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
is
a
g
r
e
e.
W
h
e
n
as
k
ed
"Gi
v
en
t
h
e
im
p
l
em
e
n
t
ati
o
n
o
f
i
d
e
n
t
it
y
v
e
r
i
f
ic
ati
o
n
o
n
a
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
in
s
ta
n
t
m
ess
a
g
i
n
g
p
l
at
f
o
r
m
,
wo
u
l
d
y
o
u
f
ee
l
s
a
f
e
r
a
n
d
th
u
s
,
b
e
m
o
r
e
in
cli
n
ed
t
o
u
s
e
t
h
at
p
lat
f
o
r
m
o
v
e
r
W
h
atsA
p
p
,
"
r
es
p
o
n
s
es
v
a
r
ie
d
m
o
r
e
.
Ar
o
u
n
d
1
9
%
(
y
=
1
2
)
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e,
3
5
%
(
y
=
2
2
)
a
g
r
e
e,
3
6
.
5
%
(
y
=
2
3
)
a
r
e
n
e
u
t
r
a
l,
8
%
(
y
=
5
)
d
is
a
g
r
ee
,
a
n
d
1
.
6
%
(
y
=
1
)
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
is
ag
r
e
e
.
Fin
all
y
,
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
s
t
ate
m
e
n
t
"T
h
e
im
p
l
em
e
n
ta
ti
o
n
o
f
id
e
n
ti
ty
v
er
if
ica
ti
o
n
o
n
W
h
atsA
p
p
w
o
u
ld
l
ik
el
y
r
es
u
l
t
i
n
a
d
ec
r
e
ase
i
n
m
y
c
o
n
ce
r
n
a
b
o
u
t
s
ca
m
s
,
p
h
is
h
in
g
,
a
n
d
f
r
a
u
d
,
"
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
a
g
r
ee
o
r
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e,
w
it
h
3
3
.
3
%
(
y
=
2
0
)
,
a
n
d
4
1
.
7
%
(
y
=
2
5
)
r
es
p
e
cti
v
el
y
.
Me
an
wh
ile
,
1
5
%
(
y
=
9
)
o
f
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
r
e
m
ai
n
n
eu
t
r
al,
8
.
3
%
(
y
=
5
)
d
is
a
g
r
ee
,
an
d
1
.
7
%
(
y
=
1
)
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
is
a
g
r
ee
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
'
o
p
in
io
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
id
e
n
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
n
W
h
atsAp
p
an
d
wh
eth
er
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
u
tweig
h
th
e
ass
o
ciate
d
co
s
ts
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
T
h
e
x
-
ax
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
to
5
(
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
ag
r
ee
)
,
wh
ile
th
e
y
-
ax
is
in
d
ic
ates
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
Star
tin
g
with
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
"Ve
r
if
icatio
n
is
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
p
r
ev
e
n
tin
g
f
r
a
u
d
o
n
W
h
atsAp
p
,
"
m
o
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
ag
r
ee
with
t
h
is
s
tatem
en
t.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
3
1
.
7
%
(
y
=2
0
)
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
,
5
0
.
8
%
(
y
=3
2
)
a
g
r
ee
,
1
4
.
3
%
(
y
=
9
)
r
e
m
ain
n
e
u
tr
al,
a
n
d
o
n
l
y
1
.
6
%
(
y
=1
)
d
is
ag
r
ee
o
r
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
d
is
ag
r
ee
.
M
o
v
in
g
o
n
to
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
"Co
s
ts
o
f
v
er
if
icatio
n
ar
e
j
u
s
tifie
d
b
y
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
"
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
eu
tr
a
l
r
esp
o
n
s
es
ac
co
u
n
t
Perc
en
t
a
g
e
%
L
i
k
e
r
t
S
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l
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Qu
a
n
tu
m
co
m
p
u
tin
g
imp
a
ct
o
f
c
yb
erS
ec
u
r
ity
id
en
tity v
erif
ic
a
tio
n
mea
s
u
r
es o
n
…
(
J
o
s
ep
h
N
g
P
o
h
S
o
o
n
)
849
f
o
r
2
8
.
6
%
(
y
=1
8
)
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
s
till
ag
r
ee
with
th
e
s
tatem
en
t,
with
2
8
.
6
%
(
y
=1
8
)
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
in
g
a
n
d
3
6
.
5
%
(
y
=2
3
)
ag
r
ee
in
g
.
A
s
m
all
p
er
ce
n
tag
e,
4
.
8
%
(
y
=3
)
,
d
is
ag
r
ee
s
,
an
d
1
.
6
%
(
y
=1
)
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
s
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
"Co
u
ld
v
er
if
ic
atio
n
g
iv
e
W
h
atsAp
p
a
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ad
v
an
tag
e?
"
th
er
e
is
a
m
ajo
r
ity
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
am
o
n
g
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
.
Ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
7
%
(
y
=
1
7
)
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
ag
r
ee
,
an
d
3
1
.
7
%
(
y
=2
0
)
ag
r
ee
with
th
is
s
tatem
en
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
3
3
.
3
%
(
y
=2
1
)
r
em
ain
n
eu
tr
al,
w
h
ile
6
.
3
%
(
y
=4
)
d
is
ag
r
ee
an
d
1
.
6
%
(
y
=1
)
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
.
W
h
en
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
"Wo
u
ld
b
ea
r
co
s
ts
f
o
r
v
er
if
icatio
n
to
r
ed
u
ce
r
is
k
o
n
W
h
atsAp
p
,
"
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ev
en
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
.
Ar
o
u
n
d
1
9
%
(
y
=1
2
)
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
,
2
3
.
8
%
(
y
=1
5
)
ag
r
ee
,
2
5
.
4
% (
y
=1
6
)
r
e
m
ain
n
eu
tr
al,
1
5
.
9
% (
y
=1
0
)
d
i
s
ag
r
ee
,
an
d
1
5
.
9
% (
y
=1
0
)
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
h
ar
t
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
2
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
h
ar
t
h
y
p
o
th
esi
s
3
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
4
8
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
tr
u
s
t
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
ir
id
en
tity
.
T
h
is
will
h
elp
t
o
en
h
an
ce
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
W
h
ats
A
p
p
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
wh
e
n
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
o
th
er
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
n
p
o
ten
tial
r
e
s
er
v
atio
n
s
o
r
co
n
ce
r
n
s
y
o
u
m
ig
h
t
h
a
v
e
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
id
en
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
n
W
h
atsAp
p
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ab
o
u
t
b
r
a
n
d
in
g
an
d
tr
u
s
t,
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ev
alen
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
h
eld
b
y
3
6
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
was
th
at
th
ey
h
ad
n
o
r
eser
v
atio
n
s
o
r
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
id
en
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
.
T
h
ese
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
wer
e
at
ea
s
e
with
th
e
n
o
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
s
o
m
e
e
v
en
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
s
u
ch
a
f
ea
t
u
r
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
im
m
e
d
iately
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
r
ev
ea
led
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
p
r
iv
ac
y
a
n
d
p
o
ten
tial
d
ata
leak
s
.
A
r
o
u
n
d
3
3
%
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
v
o
iced
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
eir
d
ata
b
ein
g
m
is
h
an
d
led
o
r
leak
ed
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
lev
el
o
f
m
is
tr
u
s
t
an
d
ap
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
ab
o
u
t
h
o
w
W
h
atsAp
p
,
an
d
its
p
ar
e
n
t
co
m
p
an
y
Me
ta,
h
an
d
le
u
s
er
d
ata.
Similar
ly
,
1
5
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
wo
r
r
ie
d
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
m
is
u
s
e
o
f
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
ese
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ex
p
r
ess
ed
co
n
ce
r
n
s
a
b
o
u
t
th
eir
d
ata
b
ei
n
g
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
o
t
h
er
t
h
an
id
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tity
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er
if
icatio
n
,
s
u
ch
as
t
ar
g
eted
a
d
v
er
tis
in
g
o
r
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en
id
en
tity
th
ef
t.
1
2
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
co
n
ce
r
n
e
d
ab
o
u
t
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
ey
wo
r
r
ied
th
at
ad
d
itio
n
al
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tep
s
to
v
er
if
y
th
eir
id
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co
u
ld
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
h
as
s
le
an
d
co
m
p
licate
th
e
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
T
h
er
e
w
er
e
a
f
ew
u
n
iq
u
e
co
n
ce
r
n
s
as
well:
o
n
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
t
was
wo
r
r
ied
ab
o
u
t
id
en
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th
ef
t b
y
h
ac
k
er
s
,
an
d
an
o
th
er
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
co
n
ce
r
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ab
o
u
t p
o
ten
t
ial
co
s
ts
as
s
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
n
ew
f
ea
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r
e.
Pe
rc
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n
t
a
g
e
%
L
i
k
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r
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S
c
a
l
e
Pe
rc
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a
g
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L
i
k
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r
t
S
c
a
l
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
844
-
8
53
850
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
H1
in
ter
v
iew
r
esu
lts
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
H2
in
ter
v
iew
r
esu
lts
Fo
r
th
e
co
s
ts
ass
o
ciate
d
with
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
I
D
v
e
r
if
icat
io
n
,
th
e
d
ata
s
h
o
ws
an
e
v
en
s
p
lit
b
etwe
en
th
o
s
e
wh
o
s
tated
th
e
co
s
t
wo
u
ld
n
o
t
a
f
f
ec
t
th
eir
d
ec
is
io
n
t
o
u
s
e
W
h
atsAp
p
(
3
4
%
o
f
r
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p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
)
an
d
t
h
o
s
e
wh
o
s
aid
it
co
u
ld
d
eter
th
eir
u
s
ag
e
(
3
2
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
)
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
ten
tial
im
p
ac
t
o
f
in
tr
o
d
u
ci
n
g
a
co
s
t
ass
o
ciate
d
with
i
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
an
id
en
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
W
h
atsAp
p
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wh
o
wer
e
u
n
co
n
ce
r
n
e
d
ab
o
u
t
th
e
c
o
s
t
b
eliev
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
b
e
n
ef
its
o
u
tweig
h
ed
a
n
y
p
o
ten
tial
f
in
a
n
cial
ex
p
en
s
e.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
o
s
e
d
eter
r
ed
b
y
th
e
co
s
t
r
aised
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
v
alu
e
an
d
f
air
n
ess
o
f
h
a
v
in
g
to
p
ay
f
o
r
a
f
ea
t
u
r
e
th
at
th
ey
b
eliev
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
h
er
e
n
t
to
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
'
s
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
A
s
m
aller
p
o
r
tio
n
(
1
1
%)
wer
e
u
n
d
ec
id
ed
an
d
s
aid
th
eir
d
ec
is
io
n
w
o
u
ld
d
ep
e
n
d
o
n
th
e
lev
el
o
f
c
o
s
t,
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
is
a
p
o
ten
tial
p
r
ice
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
f
o
r
th
ese
u
s
er
s
.
Ar
o
u
n
d
1
8
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
u
n
clea
r
o
r
d
id
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
clea
r
y
es
o
r
n
o
an
s
wer
5
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
b
eliev
ed
t
h
at
th
e
c
o
s
t
o
f
s
u
ch
a
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
b
o
r
n
e
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
a
n
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
t
h
at
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
a
p
ar
t o
f
t
h
e
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
an
d
n
o
t a
n
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
s
t to
u
s
er
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
ev
er
al
p
r
ac
tical
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
p
r
im
a
r
ily
in
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
n
th
e
W
h
atsAp
p
p
latf
o
r
m
.
B
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
id
en
tity
v
er
if
icat
io
n
o
n
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
b
o
o
s
t
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
en
g
a
g
in
g
in
o
n
lin
e
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
latf
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
e
n
h
an
ce
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
r
o
m
id
e
n
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
co
u
l
d
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
m
o
r
e
d
iv
e
r
s
e
u
s
es
o
f
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
,
s
u
ch
as
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
b
u
s
in
ess
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
b
e
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
b
en
ef
icia
l
to
m
a
n
ag
er
s
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
er
s
at
W
h
atsAp
p
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ca
n
h
elp
in
f
o
r
m
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
d
ec
is
io
n
to
i
m
p
lem
en
t
id
e
n
tity
v
e
r
if
icatio
n
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
p
o
ten
tial
v
alu
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
.
I
t
ad
d
s
a
n
e
w
d
im
en
s
io
n
to
o
u
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
h
o
w
u
s
er
s
p
er
ce
iv
e
b
r
an
d
tr
u
s
t
a
b
o
u
t
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
ea
tu
r
es
,
esp
ec
ially
i
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
wid
ely
u
s
ed
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
latf
o
r
m
s
[
2
2
]
–
[2
5
]
lik
e
W
h
atsAp
p
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
co
s
t
-
b
en
ef
it
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
en
r
ich
in
g
th
eo
r
etic
al
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
d
ig
ital p
latf
o
r
m
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Qu
a
n
tu
m
co
m
p
u
tin
g
imp
a
ct
o
f
c
yb
erS
ec
u
r
ity
id
en
tity v
erif
ic
a
tio
n
mea
s
u
r
es o
n
…
(
J
o
s
ep
h
N
g
P
o
h
S
o
o
n
)
851
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
H3
in
ter
v
iew
r
esu
lts
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
s
et
o
u
t
t
o
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
id
en
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
n
W
h
atsAp
p
,
with
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
em
p
h
asis
o
n
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
u
s
er
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
t
r
u
s
t,
an
d
b
r
an
d
in
g
,
as
well
as
th
e
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
is
m
ea
s
u
r
e
in
m
itig
ati
n
g
s
ca
m
s
,
p
h
is
h
in
g
,
an
d
f
r
au
d
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
ea
s
u
r
e
is
g
en
e
r
ally
f
av
o
r
ed
b
y
u
s
er
s
,
as
it
p
r
o
m
is
es
to
en
h
an
ce
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
'
s
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
is
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
ec
u
r
ity
ca
n
e
n
h
a
n
ce
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
f
o
s
ter
a
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
b
r
an
d
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
cr
itical
to
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
i
s
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
p
r
im
ar
ily
t
h
e
co
s
t
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
co
m
p
le
x
ity
.
T
h
e
m
an
ag
er
ial
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
c
h
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
an
y
d
ec
is
io
n
to
im
p
lem
en
t
id
en
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
,
b
alan
cin
g
th
e
co
s
ts
with
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
f
r
au
d
in
cid
en
ce
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
ad
e
as
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
m
ain
tain
s
its
r
ep
u
tatio
n
f
o
r
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
.
Fro
m
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
t
h
e
g
r
o
win
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
d
ig
i
tal
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
I
t
a
d
d
s
em
p
ir
ical
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J.
A
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.