I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
,
p
p
.
8
9
1
~
89
9
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v
1
3
.
i
4
.
pp
891
-
89
9
891
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
a
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Prepara
tion a
nd
cha
ra
cter
iza
tion
o
f
cellulo
se a
ce
tat
e propio
na
te
memb
ra
ne
M
a
ry
ud
i Ma
ry
ud
i,
Dhia
s
Ca
hy
a
H
a
k
ik
a
,
F
irda
M
a
hira
Alf
ia
t
a
Chus
na
,
Am
illi
a
Am
illi
a
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
C
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s A
h
ma
d
D
a
h
l
a
n
,
Y
o
g
y
a
k
a
r
t
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ap
r
2
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
l 1
5
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
Sep
3
,
2
0
2
4
M
e
m
b
ra
n
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
is
a
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
i
n
wa
ter
a
n
d
wa
ste
wa
ter
trea
tme
n
t
th
a
t
h
a
s
m
a
n
y
a
d
v
a
n
ta
g
e
s.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
se
s
o
n
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
fa
c
tu
re
a
n
d
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
c
e
ll
u
l
o
se
a
c
e
tate
p
ro
p
i
o
n
a
te
(CAP)
m
e
m
b
ra
n
e
s
u
sin
g
th
e
p
h
a
se
i
n
v
e
rsio
n
m
e
th
o
d
.
Th
e
CA
P
is
p
re
fe
ra
b
le
si
n
c
e
it
is
a
b
i
o
p
o
l
y
m
e
r
th
a
t
is
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tall
y
frien
d
ly
a
n
d
c
h
e
a
p
.
Th
e
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
CAP
m
e
m
b
ra
n
e
wa
s
c
a
rried
o
u
t
u
sin
g
p
h
a
se
i
n
v
e
rsio
n
m
e
th
o
d
,
a
n
d
v
a
ried
i
n
3
d
iffere
n
t
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
s
o
f
CAP
i
.
e
.
,
1
3
,
1
4
,
a
n
d
1
5
%
wt.
,
with
a
d
d
it
io
n
a
l
m
a
teria
l
o
f
p
o
l
y
e
th
y
len
e
g
ly
c
o
l
(P
EG
).
Th
e
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
wa
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
u
si
n
g
sc
a
n
n
in
g
e
lec
tro
n
m
i
c
ro
sc
o
p
y
(
S
EM
)
a
n
d
F
o
u
rier
tran
sf
o
rm
in
fra
r
e
d
(
F
TIR
)
a
n
a
ly
sis
t
o
d
e
term
in
e
it
s
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
,
p
o
re
s,
a
n
d
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
m
e
m
b
ra
n
e
c
o
n
tain
in
g
1
3
%
wt.
CAP
e
x
h
i
b
it
s
h
i
g
h
e
r
p
o
r
o
sity
wit
h
m
o
re
m
a
c
ro
p
o
re
s
th
a
n
a
m
e
m
b
ra
n
e
with
1
4
a
n
d
1
5
%
wt.
CAP.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
m
e
m
b
ra
n
e
s
with
h
ig
h
e
r
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
s
o
f
CAP
sh
o
w
m
o
re
u
n
if
o
rm
p
o
re
s
a
n
d
fe
we
r
m
a
c
ro
p
o
re
s.
F
TIR
a
n
a
ly
sis
c
o
n
firme
d
t
h
e
p
re
se
n
c
e
o
f
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
in
t
h
e
m
e
m
b
ra
n
e
su
c
h
a
s
C
-
O,
-
CH
3
,
C=
O,
C
-
H,
a
n
d
–
OH
.
It
is
a
lso
fo
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
re
is
a
sh
ift
in
Wav
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
c
re
a
se
in
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
e
n
trati
o
n
o
f
CAP
in
e
a
c
h
m
e
m
b
ra
n
e
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Me
m
b
r
an
es
C
ellu
lo
s
e
ac
etate
p
r
o
p
io
n
ate
Ph
ase
in
v
er
s
io
n
C
h
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
FTI
R
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ma
r
y
u
d
i
Ma
r
y
u
d
i
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
C
h
em
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Un
i
v
er
s
itas
Ah
m
ad
Dah
lan
A.
Yan
i
St.
,
Kr
ag
ilan
,
T
am
a
n
a
n
,
B
an
g
u
n
ta
p
an
,
B
an
tu
l,
D.
I
.
Yo
g
y
ak
ar
ta,
5
5
1
9
1
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
m
ar
y
u
d
i@
ch
e.
u
a
d
.
ac
.
i
d
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
A
th
in
s
em
ip
er
m
ea
b
le
lay
er
th
at
ca
n
is
o
late
two
lev
els
b
y
r
etai
n
in
g
ce
r
tain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tin
g
o
th
er
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
o
r
es
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
m
em
b
r
an
e
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
h
ap
e
o
f
th
e
m
em
b
r
an
e
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ti
es
o
f
th
e
lay
e
r
s
u
ch
as
p
o
r
o
s
ity
an
d
wate
r
-
b
as
e
th
ick
n
ess
,
s
k
eleta
l
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as th
e
weig
h
t o
f
a
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
p
ass
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
lay
er
,
f
iltra
tio
n
tim
e,
n
u
tr
ien
t c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
an
d
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
p
o
ly
m
er
s
u
s
ed
t
o
m
ak
e
th
e
lay
er
.
Mo
s
t
m
em
b
r
an
es
ar
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
d
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
p
o
ly
m
er
co
m
p
o
s
ite
m
em
b
r
an
es.
B
io
p
o
ly
m
er
-
b
ased
m
em
b
r
an
es
ar
e
wid
ely
d
ev
elo
p
ed
s
u
ch
a
s
ce
llu
lo
s
e
ac
etate
m
em
b
r
an
es.
C
ellu
lo
s
e
ac
etate
m
em
b
r
an
es
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
e
d
in
r
ev
er
s
e
o
s
m
o
s
is
(
R
O)
,
m
i
cr
o
f
iltra
tio
n
(
MF)
,
an
d
g
as
s
ep
ar
atio
n
,
an
d
h
av
e
h
i
g
h
s
tr
en
g
th
,
h
ig
h
b
i
o
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
,
h
ig
h
d
esalin
atio
n
c
ap
ac
ity
,
h
ig
h
f
l
o
w
p
o
ten
tial,
an
d
m
o
d
er
ate
s
tab
ilit
y
[
3
]
–
[
6
]
.
T
h
ese
m
em
b
r
an
es
ar
e
also
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
f
ield
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
p
last
ics,
co
atin
g
s
,
m
ed
ical,
a
n
d
o
p
tical
f
ilm
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
,
as
well
as
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
ep
ar
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
,
e.
g
.
f
iltra
tio
n
,
d
ialy
s
is
,
r
ev
e
r
s
e
o
s
m
o
s
is
,
g
as
s
ep
ar
atio
n
,
a
n
d
e
v
ap
o
r
atio
n
[
7
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
e
r
s
ep
ar
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
m
em
b
r
a
n
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
h
as
s
ev
er
al
a
d
v
an
tag
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
em
b
r
a
n
es
th
at
d
o
n
o
t
ch
a
n
g
e
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
r
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
ep
ar
ated
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
,
ca
n
b
e
o
p
er
ated
at
r
o
o
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
o
th
at
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
r
elativ
ely
lo
w
,
an
d
n
o
n
-
t
o
x
ic
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
o
th
er
c
h
em
ical
ad
d
iti
v
es,
an
d
is
a
clea
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
b
ec
au
s
e
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
cr
ea
te
n
ew
waste
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
3
]
.
Min
im
al
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
ar
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
891
-
89
9
892
m
em
b
r
an
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
d
u
e
to
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
in
iti
al
in
v
estme
n
t
co
s
ts
ar
e
lo
wer
t
h
an
in
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
,
n
o
ad
d
itio
n
al
c
h
em
ic
als
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
d
u
r
in
g
o
p
er
ati
o
n
,
s
o
n
o
f
u
r
th
er
waste
is
g
en
er
ated
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
tr
ea
tm
en
t
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
v
ar
io
u
s
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
,
o
n
e
o
f
wh
ich
is
th
e
r
em
o
v
al
an
d
r
e
co
v
er
y
o
f
h
az
a
r
d
o
u
s
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
f
r
o
m
tex
tile
waste
wate
r
[
2
]
,
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
7
]
.
Me
m
b
r
an
e
-
b
ased
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ca
n
b
e
class
if
ied
b
ased
o
n
p
r
ess
u
r
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
n
a
m
ely
:
m
icr
o
f
iltra
tio
n
[
1
8
]
,
u
ltra
f
ilt
r
atio
n
[
1
9
]
,
an
d
n
an
o
f
iltra
tio
n
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
ar
e
r
eten
tate
an
d
p
er
m
ea
te.
T
h
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
ca
n
b
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
o
r
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
an
d
ca
n
b
e
s
o
lid
,
liq
u
id
,
o
r
g
as
[
1
2
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
m
ater
ial
o
f
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
,
m
em
b
r
an
es
c
an
b
e
d
iv
id
e
d
i
n
to
o
r
g
an
ic
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
es a
n
d
in
o
r
g
an
ic
m
em
b
r
a
n
es
[
8
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
2
]
–
[
2
4
]
.
A
m
eth
o
d
in
m
em
b
r
an
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
in
wh
ich
a
p
o
l
y
m
e
r
is
co
n
v
er
ted
f
r
o
m
a
liq
u
id
p
h
ase
to
a
s
o
lid
p
h
ase
b
y
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
is
ca
lled
p
h
ase
in
v
er
s
io
n
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
p
h
ase
in
v
er
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
cc
u
r
s
b
y
e
v
ap
o
r
atin
g
th
e
p
r
ec
ip
itatin
g
s
o
lv
en
t,
s
o
th
at
th
e
ev
ap
o
r
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
p
h
ase
in
v
er
s
io
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
em
b
r
an
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
h
ich
in
clu
d
es
two
p
h
ases
,
n
am
ely
liq
u
id
p
h
ase
an
d
s
o
lid
p
h
ase
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
h
ase
s
ep
ar
ati
o
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
th
at
o
cc
u
r
s
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
e
d
b
y
a
t
h
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
d
iag
r
am
with
th
r
ee
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
n
am
ely
p
o
ly
m
er
,
s
o
lv
en
t,
an
d
non
-
s
o
lv
e
n
t
[
3
0
]
.
C
ellu
lo
s
e
ac
etate
(
C
A)
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ials
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
as
r
aw
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
a
m
em
b
r
an
e.
T
h
e
C
A
m
ater
ial
h
as
m
an
y
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
as
m
em
b
r
a
n
e
r
aw
m
ate
r
ial
s
u
ch
as
b
ei
n
g
b
io
d
eg
r
a
d
ab
le,
f
lex
i
b
le,
an
d
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
6
]
.
W
h
ile
ce
llu
lo
s
e
ac
etate
p
r
o
p
io
n
at
e
(
C
AP)
is
an
o
th
er
m
ater
ial
th
at
h
as
s
im
ilar
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
to
ce
llu
lo
s
e
ac
etate
b
u
t
h
as
a
ch
ea
p
e
r
u
n
it
p
r
ice
th
an
C
A.
T
h
e
C
AP
m
ater
ial
is
a
b
io
p
o
ly
m
er
with
th
e
ch
em
ical
f
o
r
m
u
la
C
7
6
H1
4
O4
9
[
3
1
]
t
h
at
h
as
g
r
ea
t
p
o
te
n
tial
to
b
e
a
p
p
lied
i
n
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
o
f
b
io
p
la
s
tics
.
I
t
h
as
ex
ce
llen
t
b
io
d
eg
r
a
d
a
b
ilit
y
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
T
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
p
i
o
n
y
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
g
iv
es
C
AP
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
wate
r
r
esis
tan
ce
,
s
o
lu
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
c
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
o
th
er
p
o
ly
m
er
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
3
2
]
–
[
3
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
C
AP.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Stru
ctu
r
e
o
f
C
AP
[
3
4
]
C
AP
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
-
d
er
iv
ed
p
o
ly
m
er
s
o
f
o
r
g
a
n
ic
ac
id
s
,
an
d
th
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
ester
is
o
f
co
m
m
er
cial
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
[
7
]
.
C
AP
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
as
a
m
o
r
e
u
s
ef
u
l
m
ater
ial
th
a
t
ex
h
ib
its
en
h
an
ce
d
p
r
o
p
er
ties
f
o
r
s
p
ec
ialized
ap
p
l
icatio
n
s
w
h
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
its
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
I
t
h
as
an
asy
m
m
etr
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
a
v
er
y
th
in
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
,
ca
n
h
o
ld
s
o
lu
tes
in
a
r
o
u
g
h
b
u
f
f
e
r
lay
er
,
is
r
esis
tan
t
to
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
b
alan
ce
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
ilic
an
d
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
ar
e
th
e
a
d
v
an
tag
es
o
f
C
AP
[
3
]
,
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
Var
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
m
em
b
r
a
n
e
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
with
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
a
d
d
itiv
es
to
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
m
em
b
r
an
e
b
ase
m
ater
ials
[
3
3
]
.
Op
tim
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
c
o
s
t
o
f
a
m
em
b
r
a
n
e
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
s
tu
d
ie
d
[
1
2
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
C
A
m
ater
ial
h
as
m
a
n
y
a
d
v
an
tag
es
as
a
m
em
b
r
an
e
m
ater
ial;
h
o
wev
er
,
it
h
as
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
in
th
e
u
n
i
t
p
r
ice.
W
h
ile
th
e
C
AP
m
ater
ial
h
a
s
a
lo
wer
p
r
ice
t
h
an
th
e
C
A
m
ater
ial,
it
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
m
em
b
r
an
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
ies
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
o
f
C
AP
b
io
p
o
ly
m
er
m
em
b
r
an
es a
n
d
th
eir
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
at
v
ar
io
u
s
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
with
p
h
ase
in
v
er
s
io
n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
M
em
bra
ne
f
a
brica
t
io
n
T
h
e
m
ater
ials
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
em
b
r
an
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
ar
e
C
AP
r
esin
f
r
o
m
Sig
m
a
-
Ald
r
ich
,
p
o
ly
eth
y
len
e
g
ly
co
l
(
PEG)
4
0
0
0
,
ac
eto
n
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
g
r
ad
e
as
a
s
o
lv
en
t,
a
n
d
co
m
m
e
r
cial
ly
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
.
T
h
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
b
eg
in
s
with
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
a
d
o
p
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
with
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
1
3
(
b
y
weig
h
t)
,
1
4
,
an
d
1
5
% wt.
o
f
C
AP a
n
d
PEG
4
0
0
0
with
a
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
3
%
wt.
T
h
e
C
AP a
n
d
PEG
wer
e
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
in
ac
eto
n
e.
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
d
o
p
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
f
o
r
f
a
b
r
icatin
g
C
AP
m
em
b
r
an
es
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
h
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
o
f
C
AP
-
PEG
-
ac
eto
n
e
was
s
tirr
ed
at
2
0
0
r
p
m
f
o
r
4
h
o
u
r
s
.
Af
ter
s
tirr
in
g
f
o
r
4
h
o
u
r
s
,
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
was
let
to
s
tan
d
f
o
r
1
2
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
wa
s
th
en
p
r
in
ted
o
n
a
g
lass
p
lat
e
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
a
p
r
in
tin
g
k
n
if
e
with
a
th
ick
n
ess
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
P
r
ep
a
r
a
tio
n
a
n
d
ch
a
r
a
cteriz
a
t
io
n
o
f c
ellu
lo
s
e
a
ce
ta
te
p
r
o
p
io
n
a
te
mem
b
r
a
n
e
(
Ma
r
yu
d
i Ma
r
yu
d
i
)
893
o
f
2
0
0
m
.
T
h
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
an
e
s
h
ee
t
was
im
m
er
s
ed
in
t
h
e
co
ag
u
latio
n
b
ath
co
n
tain
in
g
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
f
o
r
5
m
in
u
tes
f
o
r
th
e
cu
r
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
m
em
b
r
an
e
s
h
ee
t
was
t
ak
en
o
u
t
f
r
o
m
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
an
d
th
en
im
m
er
s
ed
in
th
e
1
%
f
o
r
m
ald
e
h
y
d
e
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
f
o
r
1
h
o
u
r
f
o
r
p
r
eser
v
atio
n
.
Af
ter
th
e
p
r
eser
v
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
co
m
p
leted
,
th
e
m
em
b
r
an
e
was
tak
e
n
o
u
t
a
n
d
d
r
ied
n
atu
r
ally
at
th
e
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
an
d
r
ea
d
y
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
an
aly
s
is
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
AP/P
E
G/Ace
to
n
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
f
o
r
d
o
p
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
C
o
m
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
Ta
r
g
e
t
o
f
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
M
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
t
h
i
c
k
n
e
ss
(
μm)
C
A
P
(
%wt
.
)
P
EG
4
0
0
0
(
%wt.
)
A
c
e
t
o
n
e
(
%w
t
.
)
13
3
84
M
i
c
r
o
f
i
l
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
2
0
0
14
3
83
M
i
c
r
o
f
i
l
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
2
0
0
15
3
82
M
i
c
r
o
f
i
l
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
2
0
0
2
.
2
.
Cha
ra
c
t
er
iza
t
io
n o
f
CA
P
m
em
bra
ne
2
.
2
.
1
.
Sca
nn
ing
elec
t
ro
n m
ic
ro
s
co
py
(
SE
M
)
a
na
ly
s
is
C
h
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
u
s
in
g
SEM
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
p
o
r
es
an
d
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
an
e.
T
h
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
a
l
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
d
ata
an
d
p
o
r
es
o
n
th
e
m
em
b
r
a
n
e
with
a
ce
r
tain
m
ag
n
if
icatio
n
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
th
is
SEM
test
[
3
7
]
.
SEM
test
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
J
SM
-
6
5
1
0
L
A
wi
th
a
m
a
g
n
if
icatio
n
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
10
-
3
0
0
,
0
0
0
,
a
n
d
r
eso
l
u
tio
n
o
f
1
-
1
0
n
m
.
T
h
is
test
was c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t a
t m
ag
n
if
icatio
n
o
f
3
,
0
0
0
an
d
1
0
,
0
0
0
tim
es.
2
.
2
.
2
.
F
o
urier
t
ra
ns
f
o
r
m
infr
a
re
d
(
F
T
I
R)
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
FTI
R
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
test
aim
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
c
o
n
tain
ed
in
th
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
an
e
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
f
a
b
r
i
ca
ted
.
T
h
is
test
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
s
ee
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
e
p
r
es
en
ce
o
r
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
C
AP,
ac
eto
n
e,
an
d
PEG
co
n
tain
ed
in
th
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
a
n
e.
T
h
e
test
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
a
Sh
im
ad
zu
QAT
R
1
0
s
in
g
le
-
r
ef
lectio
n
AT
R
a
cc
ess
o
r
y
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
P
re
pa
r
a
t
io
n o
f
CAP
m
e
m
bra
ne
T
h
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
an
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
p
r
ep
ar
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
th
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
an
e
with
th
e
p
h
ase
in
v
er
s
io
n
m
eth
o
d
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
ap
p
ea
r
a
n
ce
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
m
em
b
r
an
es is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
o
f
th
e
m
em
b
r
a
n
e
with
a
C
A
P
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
1
3
%
wt.
,
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
f
o
r
th
e
m
em
b
r
an
e
with
1
4
%
wt.
C
AP
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
c)
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
em
b
r
a
n
e
with
15%
wt.
C
AP
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
Me
m
b
r
an
es
with
C
AP
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
1
3
,
1
4
,
an
d
1
5
%
wt.
,
s
h
o
w
a
s
im
ilar
p
h
y
s
ical
ap
p
ea
r
a
n
ce
.
No
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
o
f
th
e
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
C
AP
i
s
13
-
15%
wt.
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
o
f
th
e
C
AP m
em
b
r
an
e.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Prin
ted
C
AP m
em
b
r
an
es with
C
AP c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
(
a)
1
3
%
wt.
,
(
b
)
1
4
%
wt.
,
a
n
d
(
c)
15%
wt
T
ab
le
2
.
Ph
y
s
ical
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
C
AP m
em
b
r
an
es
C
A
P
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
(
%w
t
.
)
Th
i
c
k
n
e
ss (μm
)
C
o
l
o
r
S
h
a
p
e
13
2
0
0
M
i
l
k
y
w
h
i
t
e
P
o
l
y
mer s
o
l
i
d
s
14
2
0
0
M
i
l
k
y
w
h
i
t
e
P
o
l
y
mer s
o
l
i
d
s
15
2
0
0
M
i
l
k
y
w
h
i
t
e
P
o
l
y
mer s
o
l
i
d
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
891
-
89
9
894
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
at
C
A
P
m
e
m
b
r
an
es
h
av
e
s
im
ilar
p
h
y
s
ic
al
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
p
r
o
p
er
ties
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
m
ilk
y
wh
ite
p
o
ly
m
er
s
o
lid
s
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
C
AP
co
n
ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
a
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
[
2
9
]
th
at
u
s
es
two
m
em
b
r
an
e
r
aw
m
ater
ials
,
n
am
ely
C
A
an
d
p
o
ly
s
u
lf
o
n
e
i
n
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
al
s
o
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
m
em
b
r
an
es
with
a
m
ilk
y
wh
ite
co
lo
r
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ey
h
av
e
s
lig
h
t d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
o
u
g
h
n
ess
.
T
h
e
lo
wer
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
C
AP g
iv
es a
s
lig
h
tly
r
o
u
g
h
er
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
m
em
b
r
an
e.
T
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
i
n
m
em
b
r
an
e
r
o
u
g
h
n
ess
p
r
o
p
er
ties
at
v
ar
io
u
s
C
AP
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
in
th
e
p
o
ly
m
er
b
len
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
T
h
e
m
em
b
r
an
e
in
t
h
e
co
ag
u
latio
n
b
ath
u
n
d
e
r
g
o
es a
liq
u
id
-
liq
u
id
d
e
-
m
ix
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
c
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
C
AP,
PEG,
an
d
ac
et
o
n
e
in
th
e
p
o
ly
m
er
m
ix
tu
r
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
W
h
en
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
to
th
e
co
ag
u
latio
n
b
ath
,
it
ca
u
s
es
p
h
ase
s
ep
ar
atio
n
[
3
8
]
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
also
r
ep
o
r
te
d
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
[
3
9
]
th
at
m
o
r
e
m
ac
r
o
-
v
o
id
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
at
lo
w
er
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
p
o
l
y
m
er
in
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
o
f
p
o
ly
s
u
lf
o
n
e
m
em
b
r
an
es.
Mo
r
e
m
ac
r
o
-
v
o
id
s
r
esu
lt in
a
r
o
u
g
h
e
r
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
m
em
b
r
an
e
.
3
.
2
.
T
est
re
s
ult
o
f
SE
M
a
na
ly
s
is
SEM
an
aly
s
is
is
u
s
ef
u
l
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
p
o
r
es
o
f
th
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
an
e
[
3
6
]
,
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
SEM
test
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
an
e
at
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
1
3
%
wt.
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
)
,
14
%
wt.
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
)
,
an
d
1
5
%
wt.
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c)
)
,
with
a
m
ag
n
if
icatio
n
o
f
m
em
b
r
a
n
e
p
o
r
es
o
f
3
,
0
0
0
tim
es
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
SEM
test
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
an
e
at
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
1
3
%
wt.
(
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
)
,
1
4
%
wt.
(
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
)
,
an
d
1
5
%
wt.
(
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
c)
)
with
a
m
ag
n
if
icati
o
n
o
f
1
0
,
0
0
0
tim
es
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fig
u
r
es
3
an
d
4
illu
s
tr
ate
t
h
e
SEM
im
a
g
es
o
f
th
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
a
n
e
wh
ic
h
is
a
n
a
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
m
em
b
r
an
e.
I
t
ca
n
also
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
p
o
r
es
in
th
e
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
with
a
C
AP
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
1
3
%
wt.
ar
e
m
o
r
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
co
m
p
a
r
ed
t
o
th
e
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
with
a
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
1
4
an
d
1
5
%
wt.
C
AP.
I
t
als
o
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
C
AP
ad
d
ed
to
p
r
e
p
ar
e
th
e
m
em
b
r
an
e,
th
e
s
m
aller
th
e
p
o
r
es
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
es
3
(
c)
a
n
d
4
(
c)
s
h
o
w
th
at
h
ig
h
ly
p
o
r
o
u
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
m
o
r
e
d
en
s
e
p
o
r
e
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
im
ilar
to
th
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
3
0
]
,
wh
ich
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
SEM
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
m
em
b
r
an
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
r
aw
m
ater
ials
u
s
ed
in
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
,
th
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
p
o
r
es
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
will
b
e
s
m
aller
.
Me
a
n
wh
ile
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
[
4
2
]
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
SEM
test
o
n
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
ad
d
itiv
es
u
s
ed
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
p
o
r
es
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
t
h
e
m
em
b
r
an
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
lo
wer
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
o
f
C
AP
r
esu
lts
in
a
m
o
r
e
m
ac
r
o
p
o
r
o
u
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
in
th
e
m
em
b
r
an
e
,
wh
ile
a
h
ig
h
er
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
C
AP
g
iv
es
f
ewe
r
m
ac
r
o
p
o
r
o
u
s
an
d
m
o
r
e
m
icr
o
p
o
r
o
u
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
C
AP
als
o
g
iv
es
a
m
o
r
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
m
ac
r
o
p
o
r
o
u
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
C
AP m
em
b
r
an
e.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
SEM
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
C
AP
m
em
b
r
an
e
with
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
of
(
a
)
1
3
% wt.
,
(
b
)
1
4
% wt.
,
an
d
(
c)
1
5
% wt.
at
a
m
ag
n
if
icatio
n
o
f
3
,
0
0
0
ti
m
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
P
r
ep
a
r
a
tio
n
a
n
d
ch
a
r
a
cteriz
a
t
io
n
o
f c
ellu
lo
s
e
a
ce
ta
te
p
r
o
p
io
n
a
te
mem
b
r
a
n
e
(
Ma
r
yu
d
i Ma
r
yu
d
i
)
895
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
SEM
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
C
AP m
em
b
r
an
e
with
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
of
(
a
)
1
3
%
wt.
,
(
b
)
1
4
%
wt.
,
an
d
(
c)
1
5
%
wt.
at
a
m
ag
n
if
icatio
n
o
f
1
0
,
0
0
0
ti
m
es
3
.
3
.
T
est
re
s
ult
o
f
F
T
I
R
Ana
ly
s
is
FTI
R
an
aly
s
is
o
n
th
e
m
em
b
r
a
n
e
h
as
th
e
aim
o
f
k
n
o
win
g
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
n
tain
ed
in
th
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
an
e
o
r
id
en
tify
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
th
at
ex
is
t
in
th
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
a
n
e
[
3
6
]
,
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
FTI
R
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
C
AP
m
em
b
r
an
es
f
o
r
t
h
e
C
AP
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
1
3
%
wt.
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
)
,
14
%
wt.
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
)
,
an
d
1
5
%
wt.
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
c)
)
r
esp
ec
ti
v
ely
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
n
tain
ed
in
th
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
an
es a
r
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
FTI
R
an
aly
s
is
i
s
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
r
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
PEG
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
(
ad
d
itiv
es)
an
d
ac
eto
n
e
s
o
lv
en
ts
in
th
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
an
e.
I
f
th
er
e
ar
e
b
o
th
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
in
th
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
an
e,
th
er
e
ar
e
n
ew
p
ea
k
s
in
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
FTI
R
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
n
ew
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
th
e
b
o
n
d
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
C
AP
m
ater
ial
with
ac
eto
n
e
s
o
lv
e
n
t
an
d
ad
d
itiv
es
(
PEG
4
0
0
0
)
o
r
with
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
will
p
r
o
d
u
ce
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
p
ea
k
s
in
d
i
f
f
er
en
t s
p
ec
tr
a.
Fig
u
r
e
s
5
(
a)
-
(
c)
s
h
o
w
s
ev
er
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
th
at
ar
e
d
e
tecte
d
,
n
am
ely
C
-
O,
-
C
H3
,
C
=O
,
C
-
H,
an
d
–
OH
in
th
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
a
n
e.
I
n
th
e
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
with
a
C
AP
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
1
3
%
wt.
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
)
,
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
at
th
e
p
ea
k
s
o
f
1
0
6
0
.
2
;
1
3
7
7
.
1
5
;
1
7
4
8
.
2
5
;
2
9
5
0
.
8
;
an
d
3
4
9
8
.
5
cm
-
1.
W
h
ile
th
e
FTI
R
r
esu
lts
o
f
m
e
m
b
r
an
es
with
a
C
AP
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
1
4
%
wt.
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
)
a
n
d
1
5
%
wt.
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
c
)
)
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
lig
h
t
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
p
ea
k
s
an
d
th
e
ir
in
ten
s
ities
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
m
em
b
r
an
e
with
a
C
AP
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
1
3
%
wt.
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
)
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
t
h
ey
ar
e
s
till
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
s
am
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
T
h
ese
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
in
th
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
an
e,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
C
AP
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
b
u
t
th
er
e
ar
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
o
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
b
o
n
d
s
f
r
o
m
PEG
4
0
0
0
an
d
ac
eto
n
e
s
o
lv
e
n
ts
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
4
5
]
th
at
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
FTI
R
an
aly
s
is
o
n
ce
llu
lo
s
e
ac
etate
b
u
ty
r
ate
m
e
m
b
r
an
es,
th
er
e
ar
e
C
-
H,
C
=O
,
an
d
-
OH
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
W
h
er
e
th
ese
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
in
d
icate
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
s
o
lv
en
ts
,
n
am
ely
ac
eto
n
e
s
o
lv
en
t.
W
h
il
e
th
er
e
is
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
o
n
C
A
m
em
b
r
an
e
[
4
2
]
,
r
e
v
ea
ls
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
clu
d
in
g
:
-
OH;
-
C
H3
;
-
C
OOH
;
C
-
C
;
an
d
-
C
H.
T
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
m
em
b
r
an
e
r
e
p
o
r
ted
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
4
2
]
,
in
d
icate
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
r
aw
m
ater
ial,
s
o
lv
en
t,
an
d
ad
d
itiv
e
in
th
e
f
ab
r
icat
e
d
m
e
m
b
r
an
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
FTI
R
an
aly
s
is
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
also
s
h
o
w
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
th
at
ar
e
in
ac
co
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
m
ater
ials
u
s
ed
i.e
.
,
C
AP,
PEG,
an
d
ac
eto
n
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
891
-
89
9
896
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
FTI
R
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
C
AP m
em
b
r
an
e
with
C
AP c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
(
a)
1
3
%
wt.
,
(
b
)
1
4
%
wt.
,
an
d
(
c)
1
5
%
wt.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
P
r
ep
a
r
a
tio
n
a
n
d
ch
a
r
a
cteriz
a
t
io
n
o
f c
ellu
lo
s
e
a
ce
ta
te
p
r
o
p
io
n
a
te
mem
b
r
a
n
e
(
Ma
r
yu
d
i Ma
r
yu
d
i
)
897
T
ab
le
3
.
Fu
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
C
AP m
em
b
r
an
es f
o
r
v
a
r
io
u
s
C
AP c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
f
r
o
m
FTI
R
an
aly
s
is
No
.
W
av
en
u
m
b
er
(
cm
-
1
)
Fu
n
ctio
n
al
Gr
o
u
p
C
AP 1
3
%wt.
C
AP 1
4
%wt.
C
AP 1
5
%wt.
1
1060
.
20
1060
.
50
1060
.
70
C
-
O
2
1377
.
15
1377
.
17
1377
.
19
-
CH
3
3
1748
.
25
1748
.
27
1748
.
29
C
=O
4
2950
.
80
2950
.
89
2950
.
91
C
-
H
5
3498
.
50
3498
.
80
3499
.
01
-
OH
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
an
e
with
PE
G
ad
d
itiv
e
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
f
ab
r
icate
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
h
ase
in
v
er
s
io
n
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
C
AP
in
th
e
m
em
b
r
an
e
was
v
ar
ied
at
1
3
,
1
4
,
a
n
d
1
5
%wt.
T
h
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
an
es
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
av
e
a
m
ilk
y
wh
ite
co
lo
r
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
s
o
f
t
p
o
ly
m
er
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
SEM
an
aly
s
i
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
an
es
ar
e
asy
m
m
e
tr
ic
with
p
o
r
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
clar
ity
th
at
v
ar
y
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
C
AP.
T
h
e
C
AP
m
em
b
r
an
es
with
1
3
%
wt.
s
h
o
w
a
m
o
r
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
clea
r
er
p
o
r
es
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
o
s
e
with
1
4
an
d
1
5
%
wt.
FTI
R
an
aly
s
is
h
as
r
ev
ea
led
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
C
-
O,
-
C
H3
,
C
=O
,
C
-
H,
an
d
–
OH,
with
wav
e
s
h
if
ts
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
C
AP
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
s
ig
h
t in
to
th
e
f
a
b
r
ic
atio
n
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
o
f
C
AP m
em
b
r
an
es f
o
r
p
o
ten
tial a
p
p
licatio
n
s
in
m
icr
o
f
iltra
tio
n
f
o
r
wat
er
an
d
waste
wate
r
tr
ea
tm
en
t.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
th
an
k
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Ah
m
ad
Dah
lan
,
Yo
g
y
ak
a
r
ta
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
f
in
an
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ese
ar
ch
f
u
n
d
in
g
with
co
n
tr
ac
t
n
u
m
b
er
: PD
-
2
5
0
/SP
3
/LPPM
-
UAD/VI
I
I
/2
0
2
3
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
D
.
D
o
n
g
,
X
.
Li
u
,
a
n
d
H
.
W
a
n
g
,
“
I
o
n
-
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
n
g
c
e
r
a
mi
c
mem
b
r
a
n
e
s
f
o
r
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
”
A
d
v
.
Me
m
b
r
.
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
p
.
1
0
0
0
6
6
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
d
v
me
m
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
0
0
6
6
.
[
2
]
P
.
Ji
n
,
C
.
H
u
a
n
g
,
Y
.
L
i
,
J.
L
i
,
a
n
d
L.
W
a
n
g
,
“
F
a
b
r
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
s
u
p
e
r
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
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