I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
,
p
p
.
9
2
0
~
93
5
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v
1
3
.
i
4
.
pp
920
-
93
5
920
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ur
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ttp
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Ins
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s:
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brie
f
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ir
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tri
c
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te
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v
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s
e
x
h
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it
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d
by
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c
ru
d
e
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g
e
ls.
Th
e
se
b
e
h
a
v
io
rs
i
n
c
lu
d
e
v
isc
o
e
las
ti
c
it
y
,
y
i
e
ld
stre
ss
,
a
n
d
th
i
x
o
tr
o
p
y
,
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ti
n
g
to
issu
e
s
li
k
e
f
lo
w
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
ip
e
li
n
e
o
b
stru
c
t
io
n
,
a
d
v
e
rse
ly
a
ffe
c
ti
n
g
o
v
e
ra
ll
p
ip
e
li
n
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
M
it
i
g
a
ti
n
g
th
is
p
ro
b
lem
re
q
u
ires
a
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
of
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
a
n
d
c
h
e
m
ica
l
p
r
o
c
e
ss
e
s,
with
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
e
p
re
ss
a
n
ts
(P
P
Ds
)
e
m
e
rg
in
g
as
an
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
c
h
e
m
ica
l
so
lu
ti
o
n
.
P
P
Ds
o
p
e
ra
te
by
i
n
tera
c
ti
n
g
wit
h
wa
x
c
ry
sta
ls
in
th
e
o
il
,
d
isru
p
ti
n
g
t
h
e
ir
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
in
to
a
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
n
e
tw
o
rk
a
n
d
p
re
v
e
n
ti
n
g
flo
w
b
lo
c
k
a
g
e
at
lo
we
r
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
s.
Th
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
of
P
P
Ds
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
on
fa
c
to
rs
s
u
c
h
as
b
a
se
o
il
ty
p
e
,
PPD
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
,
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
.
Re
c
e
n
t
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
in
P
P
Ds
f
o
c
u
s
on
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
n
e
w
p
o
ly
m
e
rs
wit
h
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
re
d
u
c
e
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
imp
a
c
t,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
th
o
se
d
e
ri
v
e
d
fro
m
r
e
n
e
wa
b
le
re
so
u
rc
e
s,
b
i
o
d
e
g
ra
d
a
b
le
P
P
Ds
,
n
a
n
o
-
stru
c
t
u
re
d
P
P
Ds
,
or
h
y
b
rid
P
P
Ds
.
Po
ly
m
e
ric
a
d
d
it
i
v
e
s,
s
u
c
h
as
c
r
y
sta
ll
in
e
-
a
m
o
rp
h
o
u
s
c
o
p
o
ly
m
e
rs,
e
th
y
len
e
-
v
in
y
l
a
c
e
tate
c
o
p
o
ly
m
e
rs,
c
o
m
b
p
o
ly
m
e
rs,
a
n
d
n
a
n
o
h
y
b
rid
s,
a
re
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
to
m
o
d
ify
wa
x
c
ry
sta
ll
iza
ti
o
n
b
e
h
a
v
io
r.
Un
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
th
e
m
o
lec
u
lar
stru
c
tu
re
of
t
h
e
se
a
d
d
it
i
v
e
s,
fl
u
i
d
c
o
m
p
o
si
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
p
ip
e
li
n
e
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s
is
c
ru
c
ial
fo
r
o
p
ti
m
izi
n
g
f
o
rm
u
lati
o
n
s
tailo
re
d
to
s
p
e
c
ifi
c
p
e
tr
o
leu
m
fl
u
id
c
o
m
p
o
siti
o
n
s
a
n
d
tran
s
p
o
rt
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s,
e
n
su
ri
n
g
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
wa
x
d
e
p
o
siti
o
n
m
it
i
g
a
ti
o
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
r
u
d
e
o
il
Flo
w
im
p
r
o
v
er
Po
u
r
p
o
i
n
t
d
ep
r
ess
an
t
R
h
eo
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
W
ax
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
T
h
is
is
an
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
CC
BY
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Pra
s
en
jit
T
alu
k
d
ar
,
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Petr
o
leu
m
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
Scien
ce
a
n
d
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
Dib
r
u
g
ar
h
Un
iv
er
s
ity
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Dib
r
u
g
ar
h
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Dib
r
u
g
ar
h
,
Ass
am
7
8
6
0
0
4
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
p
r
asen
jit_
d
u
iet@
d
ib
r
u
.
ac
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Millio
n
s
of
y
ea
r
s
ag
o
,
th
e
o
r
g
an
ic
m
ater
ials
of
liv
in
g
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
an
d
p
lan
ts
m
ix
ed
with
o
th
er
s
ed
im
en
ts
wer
e
b
u
r
ied
a
n
d
s
u
n
k
to
th
e
s
ea
f
lo
o
r
a
f
ter
d
y
in
g
.
Un
d
er
h
i
g
h
p
r
ess
u
r
e
an
d
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
r
em
ain
s
of
th
e
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
in
t
o
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els
s
u
ch
as
co
al,
n
atu
r
al
g
as,
an
d
p
etr
o
leu
m
.
Petr
o
leu
m
is
m
ad
e
up
of
a
co
m
p
lex
b
len
d
of
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
th
at
d
ev
el
o
p
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
e
p
o
s
itio
n
a
n
d
b
r
e
ak
d
o
wn
of
o
r
g
an
ic
s
tu
f
f
.
Mic
r
o
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
an
d
p
h
y
to
p
lan
k
to
n
ic
alg
ae
ar
e
th
e
m
ain
co
n
s
titu
en
ts
of
th
is
m
ix
tu
r
e,
wh
ich
ar
e
co
m
b
in
ed
with
in
o
r
g
a
n
ic
se
d
i
m
en
ts
to
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
m
ajo
r
co
n
s
titu
en
ts
of
th
e
o
il
co
n
te
n
t
[
1
]
.
Petr
o
leu
m
is
not
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
an
d
its
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
v
ar
ies
d
ep
e
n
d
i
n
g
on
t
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
ag
e
of
t
h
e
o
il
f
ield
,
as
well
as
its
d
ep
th
.
E
ac
h
Petr
o
le
u
m
v
ar
iety
d
e
r
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
wells
or
lo
ca
tio
n
s
h
as
a
d
is
tin
ct
m
ix
of
m
o
lecu
les
th
at
d
eter
m
in
e
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
c
h
em
ical
attr
ib
u
tes
lik
e
v
is
co
s
ity
,
f
lu
id
ity
,
clo
u
d
p
o
in
t,
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t,
an
d
o
th
er
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
ep
r
e
s
s
a
n
ts
:
a
b
r
ief
r
ev
iew
o
f th
eir i
mp
a
ct
o
n
…
(
Ga
u
r
a
v
Hima
n
ta
K
h
a
kla
r
i
)
921
T
o
d
ay
,
p
etr
o
leu
m
r
eser
v
o
ir
s
can
be
f
o
u
n
d
on
lan
d
an
d
b
en
e
ath
th
e
o
ce
an
'
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
Gian
t
d
r
illi
n
g
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
is
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tain
p
etr
o
leu
m
cr
u
d
e
o
il.
C
o
lo
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
ch
em
ic
al
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
of
d
if
f
er
en
t
cr
u
d
e
o
il
s
u
p
p
lier
s
[
2
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
hue
of
th
is
cr
u
d
e
o
il
is
ty
p
ically
b
lack
or
d
ar
k
b
r
o
wn
,
it
can
also
lo
o
k
y
ello
wis
h
,
r
ed
d
is
h
,
tan
,
or
e
v
e
n
g
r
ee
n
is
h
.
Hy
d
r
o
ca
r
b
o
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
ar
a
f
f
in
,
n
ap
h
th
en
e,
an
d
ar
o
m
atics,
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
cr
u
d
e
o
il
an
d
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
i
z
ed
in
to
s
ev
er
al
ca
teg
o
r
ies
b
ased
on
th
e
s
o
r
ts
of
m
o
lecu
les.
Hy
d
r
o
ca
r
b
o
n
s
m
ak
e
up
ar
o
u
n
d
50
to
97%
of
o
il,
with
n
itro
g
en
,
o
x
y
g
en
,
a
n
d
s
u
l
f
ur
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
6
to
1
0
%,
an
d
m
etals
s
u
ch
as
co
p
p
er
,
n
ick
el,
v
a
n
ad
iu
m
,
a
n
d
ir
o
n
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
less
th
an
1%
[
3
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
wax
b
lo
ck
ag
es
in
s
u
b
s
ea
p
ip
elin
es
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
wh
en
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il
s
o
lid
if
ies
due
to
lo
w
tem
p
er
atu
r
es,
o
b
s
tr
u
ctin
g
f
l
o
w,
an
d
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
me
asu
r
es
.
W
ax
y
cr
u
d
e
o
il
is
m
ad
e
up
of
p
ar
af
f
in
ic
h
y
d
r
o
ca
r
b
o
n
s
(C
18
-
C
36
),
o
f
ten
k
n
o
wn
as
p
ar
af
f
in
i
c
wax
,
as
well
as
s
o
m
e
n
ap
h
t
h
en
ic
h
y
d
r
o
ca
r
b
o
n
s
(C
30
-
C
60
)
[
4
]
.
Hig
h
p
r
ess
u
r
e
an
d
tem
p
er
at
u
re
in
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
o
ck
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
m
ak
e
c
r
u
d
e
o
il
en
tire
ly
liq
u
ef
iab
le.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
en
th
e
o
il
is
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
lo
wer
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
or
p
r
ess
u
r
es,
th
e
wax
m
o
lecu
les
b
ec
o
m
e
less
s
o
lu
b
le
an
d
h
a
v
e
a
g
r
ea
ter
ch
a
n
ce
of
c
r
y
s
talli
z
in
g
,
s
ep
ar
atin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
il
p
h
ase,
a
n
d
p
ac
k
in
g
on
p
ip
elin
e
walls
[
1
]
.
T
h
ese
w
ax
y
cr
u
d
es
can
p
r
ec
ip
itate
in
co
ld
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es,
m
ak
in
g
c
r
u
d
e
o
il
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
,
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
ch
a
llen
g
in
g
.
T
h
r
ee
s
tep
s
n
am
ely
n
u
clea
tio
n
,
g
r
o
wth
,
an
d
a
g
g
lo
m
e
r
atio
n
lead
to
th
e
cr
y
s
talli
z
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
of
p
a
r
af
f
in
wax
f
r
o
m
cr
u
d
e
o
il
[
5
]
.
A
d
is
o
r
d
er
e
d
p
h
ase
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
i
n
to
a
s
o
lid
o
r
d
in
ate
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
by
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
of
cr
y
s
talli
z
atio
n
.
Du
e
to
th
e
o
v
er
s
atu
r
atio
n
of
p
ar
af
f
in
wax
es
in
th
e
o
il
p
h
ase,
n
u
clei
d
ev
elo
p
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
.
W
ax
m
o
lecu
les
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
lu
id
b
u
lk
ar
e
tr
an
s
f
e
r
r
ed
to
th
e
n
u
cleu
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
cr
y
s
tallite
s
ize.
W
ax
cr
y
s
tals
th
at
h
av
e
f
o
r
m
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ag
g
l
o
m
er
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
ter
ac
t
with
one
an
o
th
er
a
n
d
cr
ea
te
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Oth
er
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
h
y
d
r
ates,
s
lu
g
s
,
an
d
e
m
u
ls
io
n
s
can
also
l
ea
d
to
f
lo
w
ass
u
r
an
ce
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
lo
w
ass
u
r
an
ce
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
s
u
b
s
ea
p
ip
elin
es
wh
ich
ca
n
ar
is
e
due
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
is
th
e
lo
west
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
at
wh
ich
a
liq
u
id
,
h
er
e
cr
u
d
e
o
i
l
will
s
to
p
f
lo
win
g
.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
of
cr
u
d
e
o
i
l
is
b
lo
ck
e
d
by
wax
p
r
ec
ip
itat
io
n
cr
ea
tin
g
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
f
o
r
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
s
af
ety
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ex
p
e
n
s
es,
as
well
as
s
ev
er
al
ch
allen
g
es
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
r
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tar
tin
g
of
m
ac
h
in
er
y
in
co
l
d
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
m
ig
h
t
be
d
if
f
icu
lt
or
im
p
o
s
s
ib
le
due
to
th
e
h
ig
h
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
of
th
ese
o
il
s
[
6
]
.
So
lid
wax
d
ep
o
s
its
with
ca
r
b
o
n
n
u
m
b
er
s
b
etwe
en
18
to
75,
an
d
h
a
v
in
g
m
eltin
g
p
o
in
ts
b
etwe
en
40
to
70
°C
ar
e
a
co
m
m
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
of
h
ig
h
m
o
lec
u
lar
weig
h
t
p
a
r
af
f
in
.
T
h
e
wax
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
can
be
m
an
ag
ed
an
d
p
r
e
v
en
ted
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
m
ec
h
an
ical
(
b
y
p
ig
g
in
g
)
,
th
e
r
m
al
(
b
y
hot
wate
r
or
o
il)
,
a
n
d
c
h
em
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Fo
r
th
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
m
eth
o
d
,
p
ig
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
a
lo
n
g
tim
e
s
in
ce
it
is
les
s
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
th
an
r
ep
lacin
g
p
ip
es.
It
is
also
one
of
th
e
m
o
s
t
u
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
to
e
v
alu
at
e
th
e
in
ter
n
al
h
ea
lth
of
a
p
i
p
el
in
e.
R
ec
en
tly
,
h
ig
h
c
h
em
ical
r
esis
tan
ce
th
ick
f
ilm
g
lass
-
f
illed
m
ater
ials
h
av
e
b
e
en
u
s
ed
in
p
ig
g
in
g
.
Her
e,
p
ig
s
ar
e
f
ir
ed
f
r
o
m
one
en
d
an
d
th
en
r
etr
iev
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
th
er
en
d
eith
er
by
u
s
in
g
co
m
p
r
ess
ed
air
,
wate
r
,
or
p
r
o
ce
s
s
liq
u
id
s
[
7
]
.
An
o
th
e
r
w
ax
p
r
ev
e
n
tiv
e
an
d
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
e
is
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
of
h
ea
t.
Fo
r
cr
u
d
e
o
il
p
ip
eli
n
es
in
co
ld
er
ar
ea
s
,
v
ar
io
u
s
th
er
m
al
tr
ea
tm
en
t
s
f
o
r
elim
in
atin
g
w
ax
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
e
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
Du
e
to
th
e
b
en
ef
its
of
r
aisi
n
g
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ab
o
v
e
t
h
e
wax
a
p
p
ea
r
an
ce
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
ac
tiv
e
h
ea
tin
g
h
as
b
ee
n
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
r
ec
o
g
n
i
z
ed
as
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
lo
w
ass
u
r
a
n
ce
m
eth
o
d
ag
ai
n
s
t
th
is
wax
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
m
ay
in
clu
d
e
th
e
in
s
tallatio
n
of
d
o
wn
h
o
l
e
h
ea
ter
s
,
an
d
r
a
d
io
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
h
ea
ter
s
or
in
s
u
latio
n
[
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1.
W
ax
b
l
o
ck
ag
e
in
s
u
b
s
ea
p
ip
elin
e
[
9
]
T
h
e
ch
e
m
ical
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
t
h
e
s
im
p
lest
an
d
m
o
s
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
of
all
of
th
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
ese
a
r
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
s
u
g
g
ested
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
in
ce
th
ey
ar
e
less
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
th
an
o
th
er
way
s
to
p
r
ev
en
t
wax
b
u
ild
-
up.
C
h
em
icals
of
d
if
f
er
en
t
k
i
n
d
s
,
lik
e
s
o
lv
en
ts
,
d
is
p
er
s
an
ts
,
wax
cr
y
s
tal
m
o
d
if
ier
s
,
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
ep
r
ess
an
ts
,
or
p
ar
af
f
in
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
in
h
i
b
ito
r
s
,
can
be
u
tili
z
ed
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
due
to
wax
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
can
be
m
itig
ated
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
920
-
93
5
922
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
he
ap
p
licatio
n
of
lo
w
q
u
an
titi
es
of
p
o
ly
m
e
r
ic
ad
d
itiv
es.
T
h
ese
p
o
ly
m
er
ic
wax
in
h
ib
ito
r
s
(
W
I
s
)
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
e
p
ip
e
lin
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
of
wax
y
c
r
u
d
e
o
ils
to
ad
d
r
ess
wax
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
is
s
u
es.
T
h
ese
in
h
ib
ito
r
s
o
f
ten
s
er
v
e
d
u
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
as
wax
in
h
ib
ito
r
s
b
u
t
also
as
p
o
u
r
p
o
i
n
t
d
ep
r
ess
an
ts
(
PP
Ds)
or
f
lo
w
im
p
r
o
v
er
s
f
o
r
wax
y
cr
u
d
e
o
ils
.
T
h
is
d
u
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
e
n
h
an
ce
s
s
af
ety
a
n
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
r
ev
i
ews
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
ty
p
es,
an
d
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
p
o
ly
m
er
ic
wax
in
h
ib
ito
r
s
an
d
PP
Ds.
Fig
u
r
e
2.
Facto
r
s
of
f
lo
w
ass
u
r
an
ce
p
r
o
b
lem
s
2.
RH
E
O
L
O
G
I
CA
L
B
E
H
AV
I
O
UR
OF
WAXY
CRUD
E
O
I
L
C
r
u
d
e
o
il
is
a
liq
u
id
th
at
ex
is
ts
n
atu
r
ally
an
d
is
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
It
h
as
a
h
ig
h
v
is
co
s
ity
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
it
h
as
a
h
ig
h
am
o
u
n
t
of
f
r
ictio
n
,
a
n
d
it
is
ty
p
ically
d
ar
k
er
in
c
o
lo
r
th
a
n
r
ef
in
e
d
o
il.
T
h
e
v
is
co
s
ity
of
cr
u
d
e
o
il
can
v
ar
y
d
ep
e
n
d
i
n
g
on
its
o
r
ig
i
n
an
d
c
o
m
p
o
s
it
io
n
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
cr
u
d
e
o
il
f
r
o
m
No
r
th
Am
er
ica
ten
d
s
to
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
v
is
co
s
ities
th
an
c
r
u
d
e
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
ar
ea
s
due
to
th
e
lo
wer
n
atu
r
al
g
a
s
co
n
ten
t
in
No
r
th
Am
er
ican
cr
u
d
e.
On
e
of
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
of
p
etr
o
leu
m
f
u
el
a
n
d
o
th
e
r
ch
em
ical
p
r
o
d
u
cts
is
wax
y
cr
u
d
e
o
il.
T
h
e
r
h
e
o
lo
g
ical
b
e
h
av
io
r
of
wa
x
y
cr
u
d
e
o
il
is
d
ep
en
d
en
t
on
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
w
h
ich
can
be
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
by
a
cu
r
v
e
of
a
p
h
ase
d
iag
r
am
,
"Visco
s
ity
-
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
g
r
ap
h
"
wh
ich
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3.
Fig
u
r
e
3.
Vis
co
s
ity
-
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
g
r
ap
h
f
o
r
wax
y
c
r
u
d
e
o
il
h
a
v
in
g
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
at
33
°C
T
h
e
v
is
co
s
ity
of
wax
y
cr
u
d
e
o
il
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
as
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
es.
T
h
e
r
h
e
o
lo
g
y
of
o
il
r
ef
er
s
to
how
o
il
ch
an
g
es
as
it
f
lo
ws
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
ip
elin
e.
It
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
t
h
is
r
ea
s
o
n
as
it
m
a
y
clo
g
th
e
p
ip
elin
e
ca
u
s
in
g
d
am
a
g
e
or
ev
en
f
ailu
r
e
if
it
lo
s
es
its
ab
ilit
y
to
f
lo
w
at
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
ate.
T
h
e
v
is
co
s
ity
of
wax
y
cr
u
d
e
o
il
can
v
ar
y
f
r
o
m
v
er
y
lig
h
t
to
v
er
y
h
ea
v
y
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
on
t
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
at
wh
ich
it
is
k
ep
t.
T
h
e
v
is
co
s
ity
also
d
ep
en
d
s
on
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
as
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
m
ad
e
u
s
in
g
a
d
if
f
e
r
en
ti
al
r
ef
r
ac
to
m
ete
r
g
iv
e
r
esu
lts
th
at
ar
e
lo
wer
th
an
th
o
s
e
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
a
b
u
r
ette
or
p
ip
ette.
W
ax
b
eg
in
s
to
p
r
ec
ip
itate
an
d
b
ec
o
m
e
s
u
s
p
en
d
e
d
in
th
e
N
ewto
n
ian
b
ase
liq
u
i
d
b
el
o
w
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
cr
itical
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
or
wax
a
p
p
ea
r
a
n
ce
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
W
AT
)
.
C
r
u
d
e
o
ils
ar
e
m
o
s
tly
New
to
n
ian
liq
u
id
s
ab
o
v
e
th
is
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
p
r
ec
ip
itated
wax
m
ay
s
tick
to
co
ld
s
u
r
f
ac
es
an
d
ca
u
s
e
wax
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
.
T
h
is
h
ap
p
en
s
at
a
h
ig
h
er
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
wh
e
n
th
e
r
e
is
more
wax
in
th
e
o
il.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
h
eo
lo
g
ical
b
eh
av
io
r
b
ec
o
m
es
d
ec
id
ed
ly
n
o
n
-
New
to
n
ian
as
more
wax
p
r
ec
ip
itates
with
co
n
tin
u
ed
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
d
ec
lin
e.
W
h
en
th
is
h
ap
p
en
s
th
e
p
ip
elin
e
f
lo
w
ass
u
r
an
ce
b
ec
o
m
es
more
d
if
f
icu
lt
as
th
e
wax
y
cr
u
d
e
o
il
g
el
s
co
m
p
lica
te
th
e
r
h
eo
lo
g
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
y
ield
s
tr
ess
,
v
is
co
elasticity
,
an
d
th
ix
o
tr
o
p
y
p
r
o
p
er
ties
[
1
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
ep
r
e
s
s
a
n
ts
:
a
b
r
ief
r
ev
iew
o
f th
eir i
mp
a
ct
o
n
…
(
Ga
u
r
a
v
Hima
n
ta
K
h
a
kla
r
i
)
923
3.
WAX
DE
P
O
S
I
T
I
O
N
AND
F
L
O
W
ASS
URAN
C
E
I
SS
U
E
S
Flo
w
ass
u
r
an
ce
is
s
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
in
th
e
o
il
an
d
g
as
s
ec
to
r
s
in
ce
th
e
v
er
y
b
e
g
in
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
is
s
u
es
in
f
lo
w
ass
u
r
an
ce
r
ev
o
lv
e
ar
o
u
n
d
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
llin
g
s
o
lid
d
ep
o
s
its
th
at
co
u
ld
o
b
s
tr
u
ct
p
r
o
d
u
ct
f
lo
w.
Hy
d
r
o
ca
r
b
o
n
f
lu
id
s
ar
e
ef
f
icie
n
tly
tr
an
s
f
er
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
eser
v
o
ir
to
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
o
v
e
r
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
of
a
p
r
o
ject
in
an
y
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
u
s
in
g
a
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
k
n
o
w
n
as
"f
lo
w
ass
u
r
an
ce
,
"
wh
ich
is
an
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
aly
tical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
W
ith
f
lo
w
ass
u
r
an
ce
,
s
o
lid
s
lik
e
h
y
d
r
ates
[
1
2
]
,
wax
,
asp
h
alten
es,
an
d
s
ca
le
can
be
co
n
tr
o
lled
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
5
]
.
W
ax
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
is
a
m
ajo
r
p
r
o
b
lem
in
c
r
u
d
e
o
il
tr
an
s
p
o
r
ta
tio
n
.
It
can
ca
u
s
e
f
lo
w
r
estrictio
n
s
an
d
p
ip
elin
e
b
l
o
ck
ag
es.
W
ax
es
ar
e
co
m
p
le
x
o
r
g
an
ic
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
th
at
can
s
o
lid
if
y
an
d
d
ep
o
s
it
on
th
e
walls
of
p
ip
elin
es
at
lo
wer
tem
p
er
atu
r
es,
esp
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
of
cr
u
d
e
o
il
with
h
ig
h
p
ar
a
f
f
in
c
o
n
ten
t.
To
p
r
e
v
en
t
wax
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
,
p
ip
elin
e
o
p
er
ato
r
s
u
s
e
a
v
ar
i
ety
of
m
eth
o
d
s
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
in
s
u
latio
n
,
m
ec
h
an
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
,
h
ea
tin
g
,
an
d
ch
em
ic
al
in
h
ib
ito
r
s
.
I
n
s
u
latio
n
an
d
h
ea
tin
g
can
h
elp
m
ain
tain
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
of
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il
ab
o
v
e
t
h
e
wax
ap
p
e
ar
an
ce
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
th
e
wa
x
f
r
o
m
s
o
lid
if
y
in
g
an
d
d
ep
o
s
itin
g
on
th
e
p
ip
elin
e
walls.
C
h
em
ical
in
h
ib
ito
r
s
can
also
be
in
jecte
d
in
to
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
wax
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
by
d
is
r
u
p
tin
g
th
e
cr
y
s
tal
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
of
th
e
wax
es.
In
ad
d
itio
n
to
p
r
ev
en
tativ
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
p
ip
elin
e
o
p
er
ato
r
s
also
u
s
e
p
ig
g
in
g
,
a
p
r
o
c
ess
of
s
en
d
in
g
a
m
ec
h
an
ical
d
ev
ice
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
ip
elin
e
to
r
em
o
v
e
a
n
y
ac
c
u
m
u
lated
wa
x
.
T
h
is
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
p
ip
elin
es
th
at
ar
e
not
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
o
p
er
ated
,
s
u
ch
as
th
o
s
e
in
r
em
o
te
or
o
f
f
s
h
o
r
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
of
wax
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
in
cr
u
d
e
o
il
p
i
p
elin
e
s
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
co
o
lin
g
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
cr
y
s
tallizatio
n
of
wax
y
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
p
r
esen
t
in
t
h
e
o
il.
W
h
en
th
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
f
alls
b
elo
w
th
e
W
AT
or
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t,
ce
r
tain
h
y
d
r
o
ca
r
b
o
n
s
in
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il
b
eg
in
to
s
o
lid
if
y
an
d
f
o
r
m
wax
c
r
y
s
tals
.
T
h
e
wax
cr
y
s
tals
can
ad
h
er
e
to
th
e
in
n
e
r
s
u
r
f
ac
e
of
th
e
p
ip
elin
e,
in
itiatin
g
th
e
d
e
p
o
s
itio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
by
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
of
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il,
th
e
co
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
of
wax
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
,
an
d
th
e
p
ip
elin
e
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
C
r
u
d
e
o
ils
with
h
ig
h
er
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
of
lo
n
g
-
ch
ain
p
ar
af
f
i
n
s
ar
e
more
p
r
o
n
e
to
wax
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
.
T
h
e
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
ex
ac
er
b
ated
in
ar
ea
s
wh
er
e
th
e
f
lo
w
r
ate
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
b
en
d
s
or
ar
ea
s
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
i
p
elin
e
d
i
am
eter
,
as
well
as
in
r
e
g
io
n
s
of
lo
w
p
ip
eli
n
e
in
s
u
latio
n
.
T
h
es
e
ar
ea
s
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
lo
wer
f
lo
w
v
elo
cities,
allo
wi
n
g
m
o
r
e
tim
e
f
o
r
wa
x
cr
y
s
tals
to
s
ettle
an
d
ad
h
e
r
e
to
t
h
e
p
ip
elin
e
walls.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
of
i
m
p
u
r
ities
an
d
o
th
er
s
o
lid
p
ar
ti
cles
in
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il
can
s
er
v
e
as
n
u
clea
tio
n
s
ites
f
o
r
wax
cr
y
s
tals
,
f
u
r
th
er
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
.
PP
Ds
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
to
m
itig
ate
wax
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
is
s
u
es.
PP
Ds
f
u
n
ctio
n
by
m
o
d
if
y
in
g
th
e
cr
y
s
tallizatio
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
of
wax
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
of
lar
g
e
an
d
o
b
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
wax
d
e
p
o
s
its
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
m
e
ch
an
is
m
s
b
eh
in
d
wax
d
ep
o
s
i
tio
n
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ate
g
ies
to
p
r
e
v
en
t
or
m
a
n
ag
e
th
e
is
s
u
e
in
cr
u
d
e
o
il
p
ip
elin
es,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
s
m
o
o
th
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
t
o
il
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
p
o
u
r
p
o
i
n
t
an
d
wax
co
n
ten
t
v
al
u
es
o
f
wax
y
cr
u
d
e
o
il
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
(
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
)
on
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
an
d
wax
c
o
n
ten
t
v
alu
es
of
wax
y
cr
u
d
e
o
il
Sl
No
W
a
x
y
C
r
u
d
e
O
i
l
/
L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
P
o
u
r
P
o
i
n
t
(
°
C
)
W
a
x
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
(
w
t
%)
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
1
A
k
sh
a
b
u
l
a
k
o
i
l
f
i
e
l
d
(
K
a
z
a
k
h
s
t
a
n
)
19
1
7
.
1
[
1
7
]
2
N
o
r
t
h
Q
a
r
u
n
f
i
e
l
d
,
Q
a
r
u
n
C
o
m
p
a
n
y
(
Eg
y
p
t
)
27
1
2
.
4
2
[
1
8
]
3
Th
r
e
e
c
r
u
d
e
o
i
l
s
of
D
a
q
i
n
g
O
i
l
f
i
e
l
d
,
H
e
i
l
o
n
g
j
i
a
n
g
,
C
h
i
n
a
3
4
,
3
2
,
34
1
8
.
3
,
1
7
.
6
,
1
8
.
1
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
1
]
4
Q
a
r
u
n
P
e
t
r
o
l
e
u
m
C
o
m
p
a
n
y
,
Eg
y
p
t
21
9
.
5
2
[
2
2
]
5
Tw
o
c
r
u
d
e
o
i
l
s
of
Ni
g
e
r
D
e
l
t
a
,
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
2
7
,
30
1
4
.
4
,
15
[
2
3
]
6
Th
r
e
e
c
r
u
d
e
o
i
l
s
of
(
o
i
l
s
A
−
C
)
C
h
i
n
a
1
6
,
3
0
,
23
1
1
.
3
4
,
1
6
.
3
8
,
1
0
.
0
2
[
2
4
]
7
I
r
a
n
i
a
n
h
e
a
v
y
c
r
u
d
e
o
i
l
15
1
1
.
4
[
2
5
]
8
Ji
n
g
'a
n
B
l
o
c
k
(
C
h
a
n
g
q
i
n
g
O
i
l
f
i
e
l
d
)
,
C
h
i
n
a
24
-
[
2
6
]
9
S
h
e
n
g
l
i
(
S
L)
w
a
x
y
c
r
u
d
e
o
i
l
,
C
h
i
n
a
32
2
1
.
2
3
[
2
7
]
10
Eg
y
p
t
i
a
n
W
a
x
y
c
r
u
d
e
o
i
l
f
r
o
m
Q
a
r
u
n
(
Eg
y
p
t
)
27
1
2
.
3
[
2
8
]
11
W
e
st
e
r
n
I
n
d
i
a
n
o
i
l
f
i
e
l
d
38
14
[
2
9
]
12
K
e
r
t
e
h
,
Te
r
e
n
g
g
a
n
u
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
11
28
[
3
0
]
4.
WAX
DE
P
O
S
I
T
I
O
N
AND
F
L
O
W
ASS
URAN
C
E
I
SS
U
E
S
4
.
1
.
Cry
s
t
a
llin
e
a
m
o
rpho
us
po
ly
m
er
s
C
r
y
s
tallin
e
an
d
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
p
o
ly
m
er
s
ar
e
two
ty
p
es
of
p
o
ly
m
er
s
th
at
can
be
u
s
ed
as
P
PD
s
f
o
r
cr
u
d
e
o
il
an
d
o
th
e
r
p
etr
o
leu
m
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
C
r
y
s
tallin
e
p
o
ly
m
er
s
h
av
e
an
o
r
d
er
ed
,
r
ep
ea
tin
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
an
d
t
h
ey
ca
n
f
o
r
m
cr
y
s
tallin
e
r
eg
io
n
s
with
d
is
tin
ct
m
eltin
g
p
o
in
ts
.
E
x
am
p
les
of
cr
y
s
tallin
e
p
o
ly
m
er
s
ar
e
p
o
ly
eth
y
le
n
e
an
d
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
le
n
e.
C
r
y
s
tallin
e
PP
Ds
wo
r
k
by
d
is
r
u
p
tin
g
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
g
r
o
wth
of
wa
x
cr
y
s
tals
,
wh
ich
lo
wer
s
th
e
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
of
th
e
f
lu
id
.
A
m
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
p
o
l
y
m
er
s
,
on
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
h
a
v
e
a
d
is
o
r
d
e
r
ed
,
r
an
d
o
m
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
lack
d
is
tin
ct
m
eltin
g
p
o
in
ts
.
E
x
am
p
les
of
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
p
o
ly
m
er
s
ar
e
s
ty
r
en
e
-
b
u
tad
ien
e
co
p
o
ly
m
e
r
s
an
d
eth
y
len
e
-
p
r
o
p
y
len
e
co
p
o
ly
m
e
r
s
.
Am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
PP
Ds
wo
r
k
by
ab
s
o
r
b
in
g
o
n
to
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
of
th
e
wax
cr
y
s
tals
an
d
p
r
ev
e
n
t
in
g
th
em
f
r
o
m
ag
g
lo
m
er
atin
g
an
d
b
lo
c
k
in
g
p
ip
elin
es
or
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
B
o
th
cr
y
s
tallin
e
an
d
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
p
o
ly
m
e
r
s
can
be
u
s
ed
alo
n
e
or
in
co
m
b
in
atio
n
with
o
th
er
PP
Ds
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
d
esire
d
pour
p
o
i
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
920
-
93
5
924
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
of
cr
y
s
tallin
e,
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
,
an
d
s
em
i
-
cr
y
s
tallin
e
p
o
ly
m
er
s
.
C
r
y
s
tallin
e
p
o
ly
m
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
h
i
g
h
ly
o
r
g
an
ized
m
o
lec
u
l
ar
ch
ain
s
ar
r
an
g
ed
in
r
e
p
ea
tin
g
p
atter
n
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
r
eg
io
n
s
of
d
e
n
s
ely
p
ac
k
e
d
s
e
g
m
en
ts
k
n
o
wn
as
cr
y
s
tallites
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
m
ate
r
ial'
s
s
tiff
n
ess
,
s
tr
en
g
th
,
an
d
d
is
tin
ct
m
eltin
g
p
o
i
n
ts
.
Am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
p
o
ly
m
er
s
lac
k
lo
n
g
-
r
a
n
g
e
m
o
lecu
lar
o
r
d
e
r
,
ex
h
ib
itin
g
r
an
d
o
m
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
of
ch
ain
s
with
o
u
t
d
is
tin
ct
cr
y
s
tallin
e
r
eg
io
n
s
,
l
ea
d
in
g
to
p
r
o
p
er
ties
lik
e
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
,
an
d
a
b
r
o
ad
g
lass
tr
an
s
itio
n
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
a
n
g
e,
m
a
k
in
g
t
h
em
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
clu
d
in
g
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
m
ater
ials
an
d
a
d
h
esiv
es.
Fig
u
r
e
4.
C
r
y
s
tallin
e
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
p
o
ly
m
er
s
In
a
s
tu
d
y
,
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
im
p
ac
t
of
p
o
ly
eth
y
len
e
-
v
in
y
l
ac
etate
(
E
VA)
on
th
e
f
lo
w
b
eh
av
io
r
of
d
eg
ass
ed
cr
u
d
e
o
il
tr
ea
ted
wit
h
s
u
p
er
cr
itical
ca
r
b
o
n
d
io
x
id
e
(
s
cCO
2
),
em
p
lo
y
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
a
n
aly
s
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
s
cCO
2
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
d
is
r
u
p
ts
th
e
s
o
lv
atio
n
la
y
er
of
asp
h
alten
es,
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
asp
h
alt
en
e
ag
g
r
e
g
ates
th
at
h
in
d
er
th
eir
r
o
le
as
n
atu
r
al
wax
cr
y
s
tal
m
o
d
if
ier
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
s
m
aller
an
d
more
ab
u
n
d
a
n
t
wax
cr
y
s
tals
ar
e
p
r
ec
ip
itated
,
lead
in
g
to
in
cr
e
ased
pour
p
o
in
t
an
d
a
p
p
ar
e
n
t
v
is
co
s
ity
at
lo
w
tem
p
er
atu
r
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
of
E
VA
en
h
an
ce
s
wa
x
s
o
lu
b
ilit
y
,
alter
in
g
th
e
wax
cr
y
s
tal
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
f
r
o
m
n
ee
d
le
-
lik
e
to
co
m
p
ac
t
clu
s
ter
s
.
I
n
ter
esti
n
g
ly
,
th
e
asp
h
a
lten
e
ag
g
r
eg
ates
in
d
u
ce
d
by
s
cCO
2
s
ti
ll
in
ter
ac
t
wi
th
E
V
A,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
E
VA
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
on
asp
h
alten
e
ag
g
r
eg
ates
an
d
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
more
ef
f
icien
t
E
VA/asp
h
alte
n
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite.
T
h
is
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic
ef
f
ec
t
lead
s
to
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
ac
t
wax
cr
y
s
tal
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
f
lo
w
b
eh
av
i
o
r
,
a
n
d
h
ig
h
e
r
liq
u
id
o
il
co
n
ten
t
in
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il
s
am
p
l
es
[
3
1
]
.
4
.
2
.
P
o
ly
m
et
ha
cr
y
la
t
es
Po
ly
m
eth
ac
r
y
lates
ar
e
a
f
am
i
ly
of
p
o
ly
m
er
s
th
at
ar
e
d
e
r
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
m
eth
ac
r
y
lic
ac
id
or
its
ester
s
.
T
h
ey
ca
n
be
s
y
n
th
esized
by
a
v
ar
iety
of
m
eth
o
d
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
ad
ical
p
o
ly
m
e
r
izatio
n
,
an
io
n
ic
p
o
ly
m
er
izatio
n
,
an
d
ca
tio
n
ic
p
o
ly
m
e
r
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
p
o
ly
m
er
s
can
h
av
e
a
r
an
g
e
of
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
on
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
o
n
o
m
er
s
an
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
p
o
ly
m
er
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
ey
can
be
ad
d
ed
to
p
etr
o
le
u
m
p
r
o
d
u
cts
to
lo
wer
th
eir
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t.
T
h
ey
wo
r
k
by
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
s
ize
of
t
h
e
wax
cr
y
s
tal
s
th
at
f
o
r
m
at
lo
w
tem
p
er
atu
r
es,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
e
asier
to
d
is
p
er
s
e
an
d
p
r
ev
en
t
in
g
th
em
f
r
o
m
b
lo
c
k
in
g
p
ip
e
lin
es
or
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
[
3
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
a
te
r
p
o
ly
m
e
r
th
at
c
o
m
p
r
is
es
ch
ai
n
s
with
alter
n
atin
g
u
n
its
of
m
eth
y
l
m
eth
ac
r
y
late
(
MM
A)
,
p
r
o
p
y
l
ac
r
y
late
(
PA)
,
an
d
m
aleic
an
h
y
d
r
id
e
(
MA
H)
,
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
co
p
o
ly
m
e
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
MMA
u
n
its
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
r
ig
id
ity
,
PA
ad
d
s
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
MA
H
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
f
o
r
c
r
o
s
s
lin
k
in
g
or
r
ea
ctiv
ity
.
In
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
of
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
ettin
g
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
d
r
am
atic
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
win
g
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
in
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
test
s
,
p
o
ly
m
eth
ac
r
y
late
ad
d
itiv
es
ar
e
r
en
o
w
n
ed
f
o
r
th
eir
ad
ap
ta
b
ilit
y
an
d
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
.
B
ec
au
s
e
of
th
eir
v
er
s
atility
,
th
ese
ad
d
itiv
es
can
p
er
f
o
r
m
well
u
n
d
e
r
a
v
ar
iety
of
o
p
er
ati
n
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
wh
ich
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
.
Po
ly
m
eth
ac
r
y
l
ate
ad
d
itiv
es
ca
n
be
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
m
ad
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
v
is
co
s
ity
in
d
ex
of
o
ils
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
t
h
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
lo
w
er
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
e
v
is
co
s
ity
in
d
ex
e
v
alu
ates
an
o
il'
s
r
esis
ta
n
ce
to
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
in
v
is
co
s
ity
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
on
by
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
ch
an
g
es.
Hig
h
er
v
is
co
s
ity
in
d
ex
v
alu
es
s
u
g
g
est
less
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
r
elate
d
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
th
e
o
il'
s
v
is
co
s
ity
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5.
C
h
em
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
of
th
e
PPD
with
th
r
ee
m
o
n
o
m
er
s
of
m
eth
y
l
m
et
h
ac
r
y
late,
p
r
o
p
y
l
ac
r
y
late
,
an
d
m
aleic
an
h
y
d
r
i
de
[
2
7
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
ep
r
e
s
s
a
n
ts
:
a
b
r
ief
r
ev
iew
o
f th
eir i
mp
a
ct
o
n
…
(
Ga
u
r
a
v
Hima
n
ta
K
h
a
kla
r
i
)
925
Kaz
em
i
et.
a
l.
[
3
4
]
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
s
tu
d
ies
wh
er
e
a
n
o
v
el
p
o
ly
m
er
ic
n
a
n
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
PP
D,
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
of
p
o
ly
m
eth
y
l
m
eth
ac
r
y
late
(
PM
MA
)
an
d
m
o
n
tm
o
r
illo
n
ite
(
M
MT
)
clay
,
was
s
y
n
th
esized
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
f
o
r
its
ef
f
icac
y
in
tr
ea
tin
g
a
m
o
d
el
wax
y
cr
u
d
e
o
il.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
es
with
n
ea
t
PMM
A
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
th
at
th
e
PMM
A/clay
n
an
o
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
ex
h
ib
ited
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
ad
d
it
io
n
of
4
0
0
p
p
m
of
PMM
A
an
d
800
ppm
of
PM
MA
/clay
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
to
th
e
wax
y
cr
u
d
e
o
il
r
esu
lted
in
a
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
1
2
0
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t,
r
ea
ch
in
g
-
3
°C
.
R
h
eo
lo
g
ical
test
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
b
o
th
PMM
A
an
d
PMM
A/clay
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
ed
u
ce
d
y
ield
s
tr
ess
an
d
g
elatio
n
p
o
in
t,
with
th
e
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
d
is
p
lay
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
n
a
n
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
alter
ed
th
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
d
is
p
er
s
ity
of
wax
y
s
o
lid
-
p
h
ase
p
ar
ticles,
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
of
a
wax
y
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
r
h
eo
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
an
d
f
lo
wab
ilit
y
of
th
e
wax
y
cr
u
d
e
o
il.
4
.
3
.
Alk
y
l
a
cr
y
l
a
t
e
co
po
ly
m
er
Alk
y
l
ac
r
y
late
co
p
o
ly
m
e
r
s
ar
e
co
p
o
ly
m
er
s
of
two
or
more
alk
y
l
ac
r
y
lates,
s
u
ch
as
s
tear
y
l
ac
r
y
late
an
d
b
eh
e
n
y
l
ac
r
y
late,
an
d
ar
e
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
in
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
w
ith
o
th
er
PP
Ds
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
d
esire
d
p
o
u
r
p
o
i
n
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
co
p
o
ly
m
er
can
be
tailo
r
ed
to
h
av
e
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
m
o
lecu
lar
weig
h
t,
wh
ich
can
af
f
ec
t
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
as
P
PD.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
an
e
x
am
p
le
wh
er
e
th
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
atio
n
of
s
te
ar
y
l
ac
r
y
late
an
d
b
eh
e
n
y
l
ac
r
y
late
f
o
r
m
s
s
tear
y
l
ac
r
y
late
-
co
-
b
eh
en
y
l
ac
r
y
late
co
p
o
ly
m
er
wh
ich
is
u
s
ed
as
f
lo
w
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
or
PP
D.
T
h
e
alk
y
l
ac
r
y
late
co
p
o
ly
m
e
r
s
wo
r
k
by
a
d
s
o
r
b
i
n
g
o
n
to
th
e
wax
cr
y
s
tals
th
at
f
o
r
m
in
th
e
c
r
u
d
e
o
il
at
lo
w
tem
p
er
atu
r
es,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
th
e
m
f
r
o
m
ag
g
lo
m
er
atin
g
a
n
d
clo
g
g
in
g
th
e
f
l
o
w
of
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
of
p
o
ly
m
er
h
as
ex
ce
llen
t
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
r
esis
tan
ce
,
h
ig
h
s
tr
en
g
th
,
an
d
h
ig
h
t
o
u
g
h
n
ess
.
T
h
e
co
p
o
ly
m
er
s
also
h
av
e
a
s
ter
ic
h
in
d
r
an
ce
ef
f
ec
t,
wh
ic
h
p
r
e
v
e
n
ts
th
e
wax
cr
y
s
tals
f
r
o
m
g
r
o
win
g
an
d
f
o
r
m
in
g
lar
g
e
r
ag
g
r
e
g
ates
[
3
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
6.
Stru
ctu
r
e
of
s
tear
y
l
a
cr
y
late
-
co
-
b
e
h
en
y
l
a
cr
y
late
co
p
o
ly
m
er
[
3
0
]
Fig
u
r
e
7
illu
s
tr
ates
p
o
lar
ized
m
icr
o
s
co
p
y
im
ag
es
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il
in
two
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
:
one
with
o
u
t
a
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
ep
r
ess
an
t
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
with
th
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
of
2
0
0
ppm
of
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
ep
r
ess
an
t
at
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
of
20
°C
.
T
h
e
a
b
s
en
ce
of
a
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
ep
r
ess
an
t
r
esu
lted
in
s
m
all
wax
cr
y
s
tal
s
izes,
r
elativ
el
y
lo
o
s
e
wax
cr
y
s
tal
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
an
d
ev
en
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
in
th
e
o
il
p
h
ase.
Up
o
n
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
th
e
PPD
,
th
e
wax
cr
y
s
tal
p
ar
ticles
in
th
e
c
r
u
d
e
o
il
ex
h
i
b
ited
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
s
ize,
f
o
r
m
in
g
lar
g
e
s
p
h
er
ical
cr
y
s
tal
ag
g
r
eg
ates
th
r
o
u
g
h
ag
g
lo
m
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
of
th
e
pour
p
o
in
t
d
ep
r
ess
an
t
alter
ed
th
e
wax
cr
y
s
tallizatio
n
p
atter
n
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
of
e
n
ca
p
s
u
lated
liq
u
id
o
il,
d
im
in
is
h
in
g
th
e
f
lo
cc
u
l
atio
n
ten
d
en
c
y
of
wax
cr
y
s
tal
ag
g
r
eg
ates,
wea
k
en
in
g
th
e
s
p
atial
g
r
id
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e'
s
s
tr
en
g
th
,
an
d
u
ltima
tel
y
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
f
lo
wab
ilit
y
of
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il
[
2
7
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7.
Po
lar
ize
d
m
icr
o
s
co
p
y
im
ag
es
of
c
r
u
d
e
o
il
of
(
a)
v
ir
g
in
cr
u
d
e
o
il
an
d
(
b
)
cr
u
d
e
o
il
with
200
p
p
m
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
of
PPD
at
20
°C
[
2
7
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
920
-
93
5
926
4
.
4
.
E
t
hy
lene
-
v
iny
l
a
ce
t
a
t
e
co
po
l
y
m
er
s
E
th
y
len
e
-
v
i
n
y
l
ac
etate
co
p
o
ly
m
er
s
(
E
VAc
)
a
r
e
u
s
ed
as
PPD
f
o
r
cr
u
d
e
o
il
an
d
lu
b
r
icatin
g
o
ils
.
T
h
ey
wo
r
k
by
d
is
r
u
p
tin
g
t
h
e
cr
y
s
tallizatio
n
of
wax
es,
wh
ich
lo
we
r
s
th
e
pour
p
o
in
t
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
lo
w
-
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
lo
w.
T
h
e
u
s
e
of
E
VAc
as
a
PPD
f
o
r
cr
u
d
e
o
il
is
well
-
estab
lis
h
ed
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
s
t
u
d
ied
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
t
o
r
s
th
at
can
a
f
f
ec
t
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
of
E
VAc
as
a
PP
D,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
m
o
lecu
lar
weig
h
t,
v
in
y
l
ac
etate
co
n
te
n
t,
an
d
d
o
s
ag
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
of
u
s
in
g
E
VAc
in
co
m
b
in
atio
n
with
o
th
e
r
ad
d
i
tiv
es
to
en
h
an
ce
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
as
a
PPD
[
1
7
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
th
e
e
th
y
l
en
e
-
v
in
y
l a
ce
tate
c
o
p
o
l
y
m
er
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
8.
E
t
h
y
len
e
-
v
in
y
l
ac
eta
te
co
p
o
ly
m
e
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ma
r
e
n
o
v
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
,
co
m
b
in
in
g
E
VAc
with
g
o
s
s
y
p
o
l
(
C
G)
act
s
as
an
ef
f
icien
t
PPD
f
o
r
cr
u
d
e
o
ils
.
On
e
of
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
r
o
p
er
ties
co
u
ld
be
th
e
a
p
p
e
ar
an
ce
of
ad
d
itio
n
al
n
o
n
p
o
lar
an
d
p
o
lar
g
r
o
u
p
s
ca
u
s
ed
by
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
of
t
h
e
E
VAc
/C
G
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
.
T
h
is
co
m
b
in
atio
n
m
a
y
h
av
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
n
ew
ch
em
ica
l
f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
or
m
o
d
if
ied
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
of
th
e
P
PD,
en
h
an
cin
g
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
p
o
u
r
p
o
i
n
t
of
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il.
Fu
r
th
er
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
of
th
e
co
p
o
ly
m
e
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
s
u
ch
as
th
e
alk
y
l
ch
ain
len
g
th
with
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
of
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
u
ch
as
b
en
ze
n
e
r
i
n
g
or
o
th
er
p
o
lar
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
u
ld
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
of
th
e
co
p
o
ly
m
er
s
as
PP
Ds
[
3
7
]
.
Xia
et
a
l.
[
3
8
]
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
a
d
d
itio
n
of
lau
r
y
lam
in
e
(
L
A)
to
v
in
y
l
ac
eta
te
co
p
o
ly
m
er
pour
p
o
in
t
d
e
p
r
e
s
s
an
ts
(
E
VA
PP
D)
wh
ich
s
ee
m
s
to
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
on
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
E
VA
an
d
p
o
la
r
asp
h
alten
es.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
th
at
a
s
m
all
am
o
u
n
t
of
LA
can
wea
k
e
n
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
f
o
r
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
esin
an
d
p
o
la
r
asp
h
alten
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
also
n
o
te
th
at
an
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
am
o
u
n
t
of
LA
can
h
a
v
e
n
eg
ativ
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
.
T
o
o
m
u
c
h
LA
can
ca
u
s
e
th
e
asp
h
alten
es
to
clu
m
p
to
g
eth
er
,
wh
ich
can
r
esu
lt
in
a
s
m
all
d
ec
lin
e
in
th
e
r
h
eo
lo
g
y
of
th
e
o
il
s
am
p
les.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
an
o
p
tim
a
l
am
o
u
n
t
of
LA
s
h
o
u
l
d
be
u
s
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
d
esire
d
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
ef
f
ec
t
wi
th
o
u
t
n
eg
ativ
el
y
im
p
ac
tin
g
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
r
h
e
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ti
es
of
th
e
o
il.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
of
ca
r
ef
u
lly
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
t
h
e
LA
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
E
VA
PPD
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
s
.
By
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
LA
co
n
ten
t
,
it
m
ay
be
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
of
th
e
E
V
A
PPD
in
ter
m
s
of
m
o
d
if
y
in
g
th
e
asp
h
alten
es
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
r
h
eo
l
o
g
y
of
th
e
o
il
s
am
p
les.
4
.
5
.
P
o
ly
o
lef
in
co
po
ly
m
er
s
Po
ly
o
lef
in
c
o
p
o
ly
m
er
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
ep
r
ess
an
ts
f
o
r
d
iesel
f
u
els
an
d
h
ea
tin
g
o
ils
p
etr
o
leu
m
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
T
h
ey
wo
r
k
by
m
o
d
if
y
in
g
t
h
e
cr
y
s
tallin
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
of
t
h
e
wax
es
th
at
f
o
r
m
at
lo
w
tem
p
er
atu
r
es,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
eir
s
ize
an
d
p
r
e
v
e
n
tin
g
th
em
f
r
o
m
b
lo
c
k
in
g
p
i
p
elin
es
or
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
[
3
9
]
.
P
o
ly
o
lef
in
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
o
ly
eth
y
le
n
e
an
d
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
le
n
e,
ar
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
ep
r
ess
an
ts
in
h
ea
v
y
cr
u
d
e
o
ils
due
to
t
h
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
m
o
d
if
y
th
e
wa
x
an
d
asp
h
al
ten
e
cr
y
s
tal
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
ey
a
d
s
o
r
b
o
n
t
o
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
of
th
e
wax
an
d
asp
h
alten
e
p
ar
ticles,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
th
eir
g
r
o
wth
an
d
a
g
g
r
eg
atio
n
,
a
n
d
th
u
s
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
of
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il.
T
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
of
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
ac
h
iev
ed
d
ep
e
n
d
s
on
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
ty
p
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
of
th
e
p
o
ly
o
lef
i
n
u
s
ed
,
th
e
wax
a
n
d
asp
h
alten
e
co
n
ten
t
of
th
e
c
r
u
d
e
o
il,
an
d
th
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
at
wh
ich
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il
is
b
ein
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
[
3
1
]
.
Po
ly
o
lef
in
p
o
u
r
po
in
t
d
ep
r
ess
an
t
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
be
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
pour
p
o
in
t
of
h
ea
v
y
cr
u
d
e
o
ils
by
as
m
u
ch
as
20
-
30
°C
.
4
.
6
.
Co
m
b
po
ly
m
er
s
C
o
m
b
p
o
ly
m
e
r
s
ar
e
m
ac
r
o
m
o
lecu
les
th
at
co
n
s
is
t
of
a
b
a
ck
b
o
n
e
ch
ain
a
n
d
s
id
e
ch
ai
n
s
th
at
ar
e
attac
h
ed
to
th
e
b
ac
k
b
o
n
e
lik
e
th
e
teeth
of
a
co
m
b
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
ws
a
co
m
b
-
ty
p
e
p
o
ly
m
e
r
.
T
h
ese
s
id
e
ch
ain
s
can
be
tailo
r
e
d
to
h
av
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t
ch
em
ical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
,
s
u
ch
as
p
o
lar
ity
,
ch
ar
g
e
,
or
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
icity
.
C
o
m
b
p
o
ly
m
er
s
can
e
x
h
ib
it
u
n
iq
u
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
due
to
th
eir
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
s
elf
-
ass
em
b
le
in
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
atter
n
s
or
to
f
o
r
m
s
tim
u
li
-
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
iv
e
m
ater
ials
.
C
o
m
b
p
o
ly
m
er
s
can
be
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
PP
Ds
b
ec
au
s
e
th
eir
s
id
e
ch
ain
s
can
in
ter
ac
t
with
th
e
wax
cr
y
s
tals
an
d
p
r
ev
e
n
t
th
em
f
r
o
m
ag
g
r
eg
atin
g
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
in
g
lar
g
e,
r
ig
i
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
th
at
ca
n
b
l
o
ck
t
h
e
f
l
o
w
of
th
e
o
il.
T
h
e
len
g
th
,
d
e
n
s
ity
,
an
d
c
h
em
ical
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
of
th
e
s
id
e
ch
ain
s
can
be
tu
n
ed
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
P
PD
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
ep
r
e
s
s
a
n
ts
:
a
b
r
ief
r
ev
iew
o
f th
eir i
mp
a
ct
o
n
…
(
Ga
u
r
a
v
Hima
n
ta
K
h
a
kla
r
i
)
927
Fig
u
r
e
9.
Stru
ctu
r
e
of
p
o
ly
b
e
n
zy
l
o
leate
-
co
-
m
aleic
an
h
y
d
r
i
d
e
p
o
ly
m
er
[
4
2
]
4
.
7
.
Na
no
-
hy
brid
P
P
Ds
Nan
o
-
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
e
p
r
ess
an
ts
(
NH
PP
D)
ar
e
an
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
v
er
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
PP
Ds
,
wh
ich
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
ec
a
d
es
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
f
lo
w
r
ate
of
cr
u
d
e
o
il
th
r
o
u
g
h
lo
n
g
-
d
is
tan
ce
p
i
p
elin
es.
T
h
ese
n
ew
NHPPD
s
u
s
e
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
of
n
an
o
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
to
cr
ea
te
a
more
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
v
is
co
s
ity
of
cr
u
d
e
o
il.
Na
n
o
-
h
y
b
r
i
d
PP
Ds
ar
e
m
ad
e
by
co
m
b
in
in
g
two
or
more
ty
p
es
of
PPD
ad
d
itiv
es:
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
PPD
an
d
a
n
an
o
m
ater
ial,
s
u
ch
as
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
tu
b
es
,
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
,
or
o
th
er
n
an
o
-
s
ize
m
ater
ials
.
In
c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
to
p
u
r
e
p
o
ly
m
er
s
,
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
of
d
is
p
er
s
ed
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
an
d
th
er
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
,
ab
r
asio
n
r
esis
tan
ce
,
an
d
ten
ac
ity
of
n
a
n
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
m
ater
ials
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
of
th
ese
m
ater
ials
cr
ea
tes
a
s
y
n
er
g
is
ti
c
ef
f
ec
t,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
more
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
ep
r
ess
an
t
with
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
at
lo
wer
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
[
2
6
]
.
In
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
,
th
e
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
c
h
an
g
e
in
a
m
o
d
el
o
il
with
15
wt%
wax
is
d
ep
icted
af
ter
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
of
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es
an
d
d
o
s
es
of
PP
Ds.
T
h
e
tr
en
d
o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
n
d
ica
tes
an
in
itial
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
f
o
llo
wed
by
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
pour
p
o
in
t
with
th
e
r
is
e
in
P
PD
d
o
s
ag
e.
No
tab
ly
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
eth
a
cr
y
late
PPD
PM1
8
,
non
-
p
o
ly
m
e
r
ic
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
ep
r
ess
an
ts
(
NPPD
s
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
s
u
p
er
io
r
ef
f
ec
t
in
r
e
d
u
cin
g
t
h
e
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t,
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
o
p
tim
al
d
o
s
ag
es.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
is
ac
h
iev
ed
with
a
300
m
g
·
k
g
−
1
d
o
s
ag
e
of
PM1
8
/Si
O2
an
d
PM1
8
-
g
-
NSiO2
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
r
e
d
u
ct
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
30
to
17
an
d
11
°C
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
PM1
8
-
g
-
NSiO2
,
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
s
am
e
d
o
s
a
g
e
of
PM1
8
/Si
O2
,
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
lo
w
-
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
lu
id
ity
of
th
e
o
il.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
is
attr
ib
u
te
d
to
th
e
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
of
p
o
ly
m
er
co
v
er
ag
e
on
n
an
o
p
a
r
ticle
s
u
r
f
ac
es,
wh
er
e
estab
li
s
h
in
g
a
s
tab
le
ch
em
ical
bond
th
r
o
u
g
h
g
r
af
tin
g
en
h
an
ce
s
p
o
ly
m
er
s
tab
ilit
y
,
p
r
ev
en
ts
s
h
ed
d
i
n
g
,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
of
NPPDs
[
4
3
]
.
In
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
im
p
ac
t
of
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
o
x
i
d
e
(
GO
)
-
PPD
an
d
E
VA
on
th
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
y
of
wax
cr
y
s
tals
was
in
v
esti
g
ated
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
11.
In
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
(
a)
,
with
o
u
t
a
n
y
c
h
em
ic
al
ad
d
itiv
e,
s
wo
r
d
-
lik
e
wax
cr
y
s
tals
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
th
r
ee
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
n
etwo
r
k
as
th
eir
q
u
an
tity
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
of
E
VA
in
cr
u
d
e
o
il
led
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
of
wax
cr
y
s
tals
,
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
by
a
n
o
tab
le
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
b
o
th
q
u
an
tity
an
d
s
ize,
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
of
GO
-
PPD
in
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
d
wax
c
r
y
s
tal
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
,
with
s
m
aller
cr
y
s
tal
s
izes
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
o
s
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
with
E
VA.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
GO
-
PPD
h
o
ld
s
p
r
o
m
is
e
as
a
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
ep
r
ess
an
t,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
h
ib
it
in
g
wax
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
f
l
o
wab
ilit
y
of
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il
f
r
o
m
C
h
an
g
q
i
n
g
[
2
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
be
n
o
ted
th
at
all
th
e
ab
o
v
e
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
c
r
u
d
e
o
il
f
r
o
m
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
il
f
ield
,
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
of
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
PPD
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
m
ay
v
ar
y
d
ep
en
d
in
g
on
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
of
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il.
Fig
u
r
e
10.
Po
u
r
p
o
in
t
of
15
wt%
m
o
d
el
o
il
ad
d
i
n
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
k
in
d
s
of
NPPD
[
4
3
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
920
-
93
5
928
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
11.
W
ax
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
o
f
s
am
p
les co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
(
a)
r
a
w
s
am
p
le,
(
b
)
r
aw
s
am
p
le+
5
0
0
m
g
/k
g
E
VA
s
am
p
le,
an
d
(
c
)
r
aw
s
am
p
le+
5
0
0
m
g
/
k
g
GO
-
PP
D
[
2
6
]
5.
F
ACTOR
S
AF
F
E
CT
I
NG
T
H
E
P
E
RF
O
R
M
ANC
E
OF
P
O
UR
P
O
I
NT
D
E
P
RE
SS
AN
T
S
ON
CRUDE
O
I
L
T
h
e
ef
f
icac
y
of
PP
Ds
in
cr
u
d
e
o
il
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
by
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
ch
em
ical
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
of
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
wa
x
co
n
t
en
t
an
d
wax
ty
p
e,
p
lay
s
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le,
with
h
ig
h
e
r
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
s
or
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
PPD
ty
p
es
b
ein
g
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
f
o
r
cr
u
d
e
o
ils
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
elev
ated
wax
c
o
n
ten
t
or
in
tr
icat
e
wax
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
is
a
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
,
as
PPD
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
d
im
in
is
h
es
at
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
n
ea
r
in
g
th
e
p
o
u
r
p
o
i
n
t,
wh
er
e
th
ese
ad
d
itiv
es
m
o
d
if
y
wax
cr
y
s
tals
f
o
r
m
in
g
at
lo
wer
tem
p
er
atu
r
es.
T
ab
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
of
p
o
ly
(
BA
-
co
-
SMA
-
co
-
MA
)
as
a
p
ar
a
f
f
in
i
n
h
ib
ito
r
at
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
s
tirr
in
g
r
ate
of
2
0
0
r
p
m
an
d
v
a
r
y
in
g
o
p
e
r
atin
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
(
5
,
1
0
,
15,
20,
an
d
25
°C
)
.
At
5
°C
,
th
e
in
h
ib
ito
r
ac
h
iev
ed
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
a
r
af
f
in
in
h
ib
itio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
(
PIE
)
of
4
5
.
6
%.
T
h
e
v
o
lu
m
e
of
wa
x
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
s
lig
h
tly
at
h
ig
h
er
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
ed
its
W
AT
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
s
th
at
p
o
ly
(
B
A
-
co
-
SMA
-
co
-
MA
)
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
r
ed
u
ce
d
wax
d
e
p
o
s
itio
n
with
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
[
4
4
]
.
T
ab
le
2.
E
f
f
ec
ts
of
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
on
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
of
wax
d
ep
o
s
its
[
4
4
]
Te
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
°
C
)
0
15
20
25
A
mo
u
n
t
of
w
a
x
d
e
p
o
s
i
t
s
of
b
l
a
n
k
c
r
u
d
e
oi
l
(
g
)
1
.
1
4
0
.
7
7
0
.
5
1
0
.
2
2
0
.
0
8
A
mo
u
n
t
of
w
a
x
d
e
p
o
s
i
t
s
a
f
t
e
r
u
si
n
g
BA
-
co
-
S
M
A
-
co
-
MA
(
g
)
0
.
6
2
0
.
5
0
0
.
3
2
0
.
1
8
0
.
0
6
P
a
r
a
f
f
i
n
i
n
h
i
b
i
t
i
o
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
.
P
I
E
(
%)
4
5
.
6
3
5
.
0
6
3
6
.
6
0
1
9
.
7
0
2
0
.
8
3
T
h
e
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
an
d
ty
p
e
of
PPD
u
s
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
as
d
iv
er
s
e
ch
em
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
an
d
p
r
o
p
er
ties
am
o
n
g
PP
Ds
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
eir
in
t
er
ac
tio
n
s
with
wax
cr
y
s
tals
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
ac
h
iev
ed
by
v
ar
io
u
s
ad
d
iti
v
es.
T
h
e
u
n
tr
ea
ted
c
r
u
d
e
o
il
h
ad
a
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
of
38
°C
.
PMM
A
-
1%
GO
ex
h
i
b
ited
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
r
ea
ch
i
n
g
23
°C
at
1
5
0
0
ppm.
PMM
A
-
0
.
5
%
GO
at
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
h
o
we
d
a
16
°C
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
.
Ph
o
en
ix
at
1
2
5
0
ppm
r
esu
lted
in
a
14
°C
pour
p
o
in
t
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
,
wh
ile
PMM
A
at
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
ac
h
iev
e
d
an
11
°C
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
.
T
h
e
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
ts
f
o
r
PMM
A
-
1%
GO,
PMM
A
-
0
.
5
%
GO,
Ph
o
en
ix
,
an
d
PMM
A
wer
e
15,
22,
24,
a
n
d
27
°C
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
at
th
eir
o
p
tim
u
m
co
n
ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
s
.
Ab
o
v
e
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
th
er
e
was
a
s
u
d
d
e
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
pour
p
o
in
t
due
to
s
u
s
p
e
n
d
ed
a
d
d
i
tiv
es
ca
u
s
in
g
g
ellin
g
in
cr
u
d
e
o
il,
m
ak
in
g
it
h
ea
v
ier
.
T
h
e
n
an
o
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
ad
d
itiv
es,
esp
ec
ially
PMM
A
-
1%
GO,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
m
m
e
r
cial
PP
D.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
is
a
ttrib
u
ted
to
th
e
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ites
alter
in
g
wax
cr
y
s
tal
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
n
u
clea
tio
n
s
ites
th
at
p
r
ev
en
t
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
of
an
in
ter
lo
ck
in
g
wax
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
n
a
n
o
co
m
p
o
s
ites
act
as
tem
p
lates
f
o
r
wa
x
m
o
lecu
les,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
co
m
p
ac
t
cr
y
s
tal
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
g
el
atio
n
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
en
h
an
ce
d
f
lo
wa
b
ilit
y
an
d
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
with
PMM
A
-
1%
GO
s
h
o
win
g
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
PMM
A
-
0
.
5
%
GO
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
PPD
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
an
d
ty
p
e
d
ep
en
d
on
s
p
ec
if
ic
cr
u
d
e
o
il
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
m
ix
in
g
a
n
d
s
h
ea
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
b
le
n
d
in
g
can
a
f
f
ec
t
PPD
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
of
p
r
o
p
er
b
len
d
i
n
g
to
en
h
a
n
ce
d
is
p
er
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
of
PPD
p
o
ly
m
er
s
is
in
tr
icate
ly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
by
th
e
len
g
th
of
th
e
p
e
n
d
a
nt
alk
y
l
ch
ain
,
a
k
ey
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
f
ea
tu
r
e
im
p
ac
tin
g
t
h
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
b
in
d
to
wax
in
cr
u
d
e
o
il.
Sh
o
r
ter
al
k
y
l
p
o
ly
m
er
s
ar
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
lo
w
pour
p
o
in
t
o
ils
,
wh
ile
lo
n
g
er
alk
y
l
p
o
ly
m
e
r
s
p
r
o
v
e
m
o
r
e
ad
ep
t
at
lo
wer
in
g
th
e
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
in
o
ils
with
h
ig
h
er
pour
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
ese
n
ce
of
a
p
o
lar
m
o
iety
on
th
e
wax
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
f
ac
ilit
ated
by
th
e
in
s
er
tio
n
of
a
l
o
n
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
ep
r
e
s
s
a
n
ts
:
a
b
r
ief
r
ev
iew
o
f th
eir i
mp
a
ct
o
n
…
(
Ga
u
r
a
v
Hima
n
ta
K
h
a
kla
r
i
)
929
ch
ain
alk
y
l
g
r
o
u
p
in
to
th
e
wa
x
cr
y
s
tal,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
a
r
ed
u
c
tio
n
in
wa
x
cr
y
s
tal
s
ize.
Ho
we
v
er
,
if
alk
y
l
ch
ain
s
ar
e
to
o
s
h
o
r
t,
th
e
y
m
ay
be
ad
s
o
r
b
ed
on
th
e
wax
b
elo
w
t
h
e
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t,
h
i
n
d
er
in
g
th
e
d
e
p
r
ess
an
t's
ef
f
icac
y
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
ely
lo
n
g
alk
y
l
ch
ain
s
m
ay
lead
to
p
o
ly
m
er
cr
y
s
tallizatio
n
at
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
pour
p
o
in
t
[
4
5
]
.
Op
tim
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
ac
h
iev
ed
wh
en
t
h
e
p
en
d
an
t
alk
y
l
ch
ain
s
clo
s
ely
m
atch
th
e
p
ar
af
f
in
in
cr
u
d
e
o
il.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
o
p
er
a
tin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e,
f
lo
w
r
ate,
an
d
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
p
la
y
a
c
r
u
cial
r
o
le
in
PPD
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
in
ty
p
e
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
b
a
s
ed
on
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
PP
Ds
an
d
o
th
er
ad
d
itiv
es
in
cr
u
d
e
o
il,
s
u
ch
as
f
r
ictio
n
m
o
d
if
ier
s
,
d
is
p
er
s
an
ts
,
an
d
d
eter
g
en
ts
,
c
an
be
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic
or
an
tag
o
n
i
s
tic,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
on
t
h
eir
ch
e
m
ical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
,
t
h
er
eb
y
im
p
ac
tin
g
o
v
er
all
PPD
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
of
PP
Ds
on
cr
u
d
e
o
il
is
a
co
m
p
lex
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
PPD
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Pr
o
p
er
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
o
p
tim
izati
o
n
of
th
e
PPD
can
im
p
r
o
v
e
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
[
4
6
]
.
T
ab
le
3.
Po
u
r
p
o
i
n
t
of
c
r
u
d
e
o
il
tr
ea
ted
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ad
d
itiv
es
(
°C
)
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
[
2
9
]
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
p
p
m)
P
h
o
e
n
i
x
P
M
M
A
(
1
0
w
t
%
x
y
l
e
n
e
)
P
M
M
A
-
0
.
5
%
GO
(1
-
w
t
%
x
y
l
e
n
e
)
P
M
M
A
-
1
%GO
(
1
0
w
t
%
x
y
l
e
n
e
)
0
38
38
38
38
2
5
0
36
36
35
35
5
0
0
33
33
33
32
7
5
0
30
31
39
28
1
0
0
0
27
28
27
25
1
2
5
0
24
27
26
21
1
5
0
0
26
28
22
15
1
7
5
0
29
30
25
19
6.
SE
L
E
C
T
I
O
N
OF
P
O
UR
P
O
I
NT
D
E
P
RE
SS
A
NT
S
C
h
em
icals
th
at
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
r
e
g
u
late
wax
s
h
o
u
ld
be
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
ly
ass
ess
ed
.
T
h
ey
a
r
e
g
r
ea
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
by
th
e
ty
p
e
of
o
il,
its
c
h
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
an
d
a
ls
o
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
of
th
e
co
m
b
-
s
h
ap
ed
co
p
o
ly
m
er
s
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
by
th
e
len
g
t
h
of
th
e
alk
y
l
s
id
e
c
h
ain
.
A
len
g
th
y
,
h
ig
h
m
o
lecu
lar
-
weig
h
t
co
p
o
ly
m
er
m
ay
be
en
o
u
g
h
m
ass
iv
e
to
in
ter
ac
t
with
its
e
lf
an
d
,
in
a
d
d
itio
n
,
m
ay
alter
th
e
p
o
ly
m
e
r
'
s
s
o
lu
b
ilit
y
,
wh
er
ea
s
a
s
h
o
r
t,
l
o
w
-
m
o
l
ec
u
lar
-
weig
h
t
co
p
o
ly
m
e
r
m
ay
not
be
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
d
is
r
u
p
t
cr
y
s
talli
z
atio
n
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
s
id
e
ch
ain
len
g
t
h
s
h
o
u
ld
f
all
with
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
of
th
e
n
-
alk
a
n
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
in
th
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
o
il.
T
h
is
m
a
y
be
th
e
m
ajo
r
ju
s
tific
atio
n
f
o
r
test
in
g
a
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
of
wax
in
h
ib
ito
r
s
b
ef
o
r
e
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
o
n
es
th
at
wo
r
k
b
est
in
th
e
g
i
v
en
s
itu
atio
n
.
W
h
en
s
elec
tin
g
PP
Ds
f
o
r
cr
u
d
e
o
il,
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
be
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
s
u
ch
as:
6
.
1
.
B
a
s
ed
on
co
m
pa
t
ibi
lity
C
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
of
a
PPD
r
ef
e
r
s
to
its
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ix
with
an
d
not
ad
v
e
r
s
ely
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
of
th
e
b
ase
o
il
or
lu
b
r
ican
t.
T
h
e
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
of
a
PPD
can
be
af
f
ec
ted
by
a
v
a
r
iety
of
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
ch
em
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
of
th
e
P
PD,
th
e
b
ase
o
il
or
lu
b
r
ican
t
ty
p
e,
an
d
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
of
o
th
er
ad
d
itiv
es
or
co
n
tam
in
an
ts
.
So
m
e
PP
Ds
m
a
y
be
more
co
m
p
atib
le
with
ce
r
tain
ty
p
es
of
b
ase
o
ils
or
lu
b
r
ican
ts
th
an
o
th
er
s
,
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
on
th
eir
ch
em
ical
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
m
o
lecu
lar
w
eig
h
t.
I
n
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
b
etwe
e
n
a
PPD
an
d
a
b
ase
o
il
or
lu
b
r
ican
t
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
a
v
ar
iety
of
n
e
g
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
of
in
s
o
lu
b
le
d
e
p
o
s
its
,
ch
an
g
es
in
v
is
co
s
ity
or
o
th
er
f
lo
w
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
in
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
of
th
e
P
PD
in
lo
wer
in
g
th
e
pour
p
o
in
t.
To
en
s
u
r
e
co
m
p
ati
b
ilit
y
of
a
PPD
with
a
b
ase
o
il
or
l
u
b
r
ican
t,
it
is
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
PPD
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
of
u
s
e
an
d
to
co
n
d
u
ct
co
m
p
a
tib
ilit
y
test
in
g
b
ef
o
r
e
u
s
e.
C
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
test
in
g
ty
p
ically
in
v
o
lv
es
m
ix
i
n
g
th
e
PPD
with
th
e
b
ase
o
il
or
lu
b
r
ican
t
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
f
o
r
an
y
ch
an
g
es
in
v
is
co
s
ity
,
s
ed
im
en
t
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
or
o
th
er
in
d
icato
r
s
of
in
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
.
It
is
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
s
elec
t
a
PPD
th
at
is
co
m
p
atib
le
with
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
ase
o
il
or
lu
b
r
ican
t
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
an
d
to
co
n
d
u
ct
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
te
s
tin
g
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
PPD
d
o
es
not
ad
v
e
r
s
ely
af
f
ec
t
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
or
p
r
o
p
er
ties
of
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il
or
lu
b
r
ica
n
t.
6
.
2
.
B
a
s
ed
on
ef
f
iciency
T
h
e
PPD
s
h
o
u
ld
be
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
at
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
pour
p
o
in
t
of
th
e
cr
u
d
e
o
il
to
th
e
d
esire
d
lev
el.
T
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
of
p
o
u
r
p
o
i
n
t
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
r
eq
u
ir
ed
d
e
p
en
d
s
on
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
o
p
e
r
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
of
a
PPD
can
be
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
by
its
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
o
u
r
p
o
i
n
t
of
a
b
ase
o
il
or
lu
b
r
ican
t
.
T
h
e
lo
west
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
at
wh
ich
o
il
will
move
n
atu
r
ally
is
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
p
o
u
r
p
o
i
n
t.
Gen
er
ally
,
th
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
ac
h
ie
v
ed
by
a
PP
D,
th
e
more
ef
f
ic
ien
t
it
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e.
Oth
er
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
can
im
p
ac
t
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
of
a
PPD
in
clu
d
e
th
e
ty
p
e
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
of
o
t
h
er
a
d
d
itiv
es
u
s
e
d
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
,
as
well
as
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
of
th
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
or
m
ac
h
in
er
y
in
wh
ich
t
h
e
PPD
is
u
s
e
d
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.