I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
,
p
p
.
8
2
5
~
8
33
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas.v
1
3
.
i
4
.
pp
825
-
8
33
825
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
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ticle
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to
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y:
R
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ed
Dec
1
2
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2
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3
R
ev
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u
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terfe
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n
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o
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v
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l
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q
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sig
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wh
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t
h
e
e
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a
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b
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sm
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ter
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t
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n
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d
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ly
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e
d
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l
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e
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l
p
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se
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th
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r
lay
e
r
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o
sp
h
e
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o
v
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r
M
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lay
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.
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ey
w
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d
s
:
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ar
ly
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ast
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ar
ly
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lo
w
L
ig
h
tn
in
g
L
ig
h
tn
in
g
-
in
d
u
ce
d
elec
tr
o
n
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
Ver
y
lo
w
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ma
r
iy
am
J
am
ilah
Ho
m
am
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ic
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ic
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
Un
iv
er
s
iti T
u
n
Hu
s
s
ein
On
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
8
6
4
0
0
Par
it R
aja,
B
atu
Pah
at
,
J
o
h
o
r
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail: m
ar
iy
am
@
u
th
m
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
v
er
y
l
o
w
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
VL
F
)
s
ig
n
al
o
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
wav
e
f
r
o
m
3
0
Hz
to
3
0
k
Hz
o
r
5
0
k
Hz
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
f
o
r
th
e
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
o
f
th
e
lo
wer
io
n
o
s
p
h
er
e
at
th
e
altitu
d
e
o
f
4
0
-
90
k
m
,
wh
ich
is
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
D
-
lay
er
.
R
ad
io
,
r
ad
ar
,
s
atellite,
an
d
o
p
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
o
f
th
e
io
n
o
s
p
h
er
ic
D
-
lay
e
r
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
ese
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
a
v
e
lo
w
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
s
en
s
in
g
th
e
D
-
r
eg
io
n
,
wh
ich
is
v
o
latile
to
d
iu
r
n
al
s
o
lar
f
lar
e
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
am
b
ien
t
n
ig
h
ttime
elec
tr
o
n
d
e
n
s
ity
th
at
is
o
n
ly
a
f
ew
to
ten
s
o
f
el/cc
h
ig
h
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
(
HF)
,
wit
h
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
f
r
o
m
3
-
3
0
MH
z,
o
r
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
(
VHF
)
,
with
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
in
th
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
3
0
-
3
0
0
MH
z;
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
r
ad
ar
s
r
e
q
u
ir
e
a
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
elec
tr
o
n
d
en
s
ity
o
f
at
least
1
0
0
0
el/cc
to
d
etec
t
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
ec
h
o
es
[
1]
–
[
3
]
.
Su
itab
le
tech
n
iq
u
es f
o
r
s
tu
d
y
in
g
th
e
D
-
r
e
g
io
n
u
s
in
g
VL
F
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
e
p
o
r
ted
in
s
ev
e
r
a
l
s
tu
d
ies
[
4
]
–
[
7
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
o
n
VL
F
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
o
v
er
th
e
eq
u
ato
r
ial
r
eg
io
n
,
wh
er
e
th
ey
ar
e
g
e
n
er
al
ly
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
an
d
h
ig
h
latitu
d
e
r
eg
io
n
s
,
is
in
ad
eq
u
ate.
An
o
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
o
n
lig
h
tn
in
g
d
etec
ti
o
n
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
T
en
ag
a
Nasio
n
al
B
er
h
ad
(
T
N
B
)
Ma
lay
s
ia
u
s
in
g
a
g
r
o
u
n
d
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
k
n
o
w
n
as
th
e
lig
h
tn
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
(
L
DN)
,
as
r
e
p
o
r
ted
in
[
8
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
D
-
lay
er
VL
F
wav
e
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
o
v
er
Ma
lay
s
ia,
wh
ich
is
in
th
e
eq
u
ato
r
ial
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
co
m
p
lem
en
t
VL
F
g
l
o
b
al
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
with
VL
F
an
d
VL
F
r
ec
eiv
er
s
is
u
s
ed
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
l
o
wer
io
n
o
s
p
h
er
e
altitu
d
e
o
f
6
0
-
9
0
k
m
(
D
-
lay
er
)
.
VL
F
r
em
o
te
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
825
-
8
3
3
826
s
en
s
in
g
ca
n
d
etec
t
d
is
tu
r
b
an
c
es
in
th
e
D
-
lay
er
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
p
ath
,
n
am
el
y
,
th
e
lig
h
tn
in
g
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
ef
f
ec
ts
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
p
u
ls
e
an
d
q
u
asi
-
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
s
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
u
p
an
d
cr
ea
tin
g
a
wav
eg
u
i
d
e
D
-
lay
er
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
is
tu
r
b
ed
an
d
d
estru
ctiv
e
VL
F
s
ig
n
al
f
ield
(
s
ca
tter
ed
VL
F f
ield
s
)
[
9
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
Ph
en
o
m
e
n
a
th
at
o
f
ten
o
cc
u
r
in
th
e
io
n
o
s
p
h
e
r
e,
s
u
ch
as
h
ea
tin
g
f
r
o
m
lig
h
tn
in
g
s
tr
ik
es
,
co
s
m
ic
r
ay
s
,
s
o
lar
f
lar
es,
g
am
m
a
r
a
y
s
,
n
atu
r
al
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
,
m
a
n
-
ma
d
e
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
with
m
ag
n
eto
s
p
h
e
r
ic
elec
tr
o
n
wav
e
s
f
er
ics,
a
s
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
f
r
o
m
ea
r
th
q
u
ak
es
an
d
g
e
o
m
ag
n
etic
s
to
r
m
s
,
r
esu
lt
i
n
am
p
litu
d
e
an
d
p
h
ase
ch
a
n
g
e
o
r
d
am
ag
e
t
h
e
VL
F si
g
n
al
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
P
r
in
cip
le
o
f
VL
F
r
e
m
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
an
d
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
[
1
6
]
T
h
is
p
ap
er
r
ep
o
r
ts
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ab
o
v
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
a,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
d
i
s
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
at
th
e
D
-
r
eg
i
o
n
,
u
s
in
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
VL
F
r
ec
eiv
er
s
as
b
r
o
a
d
b
a
n
d
an
d
n
a
r
r
o
wb
a
n
d
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
VL
F
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
at
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Keb
an
g
s
aa
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
.
T
h
e
E
ar
th
’
s
m
ag
n
et
o
s
p
h
er
e
ca
n
s
u
s
tain
a
wid
e
v
ar
iety
o
f
s
ig
n
al
p
h
en
o
m
en
a.
T
h
ese
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
ey
in
f
l
u
en
ce
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
m
ag
n
et
o
s
p
h
er
e
an
d
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
an
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
to
o
l
in
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
t
h
e
u
p
p
er
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e.
On
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
wav
e
m
o
d
es
is
th
e
lig
h
tn
in
g
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
m
o
d
e
wav
es
[
1
7
]
–
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
VL
F
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
is
a
g
o
o
d
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
s
tu
d
y
in
g
th
e
D
-
r
eg
io
n
.
Stan
f
o
r
d
Un
iv
er
s
ity
h
as
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
an
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t
ca
lled
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
wea
th
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
an
d
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
ef
f
ec
ts
(
AW
E
SOME
)
wh
e
r
e
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
VL
F r
ec
eiv
er
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
e
p
lo
y
ed
to
s
tu
d
y
s
o
lar
-
r
elate
d
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
o
n
VL
F w
av
es
[
2
0
]
–
[
2
2
]
.
AW
E
SOME
i
s
in
ten
d
ed
f
o
r
u
s
e
as
a
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
to
o
l
f
o
r
s
tu
d
y
in
g
th
e
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
D
-
lay
er
s
o
v
er
Ma
lay
s
ia,
s
u
ch
as
ea
r
ly
/f
ast,
ea
r
ly
/s
lo
w,
an
d
lig
h
t
n
in
g
-
in
d
u
ce
d
elec
tr
o
n
p
r
ec
ip
ita
tio
n
(
L
E
P)
ev
e
n
ts
.
E
ar
ly
/f
ast
an
d
ea
r
ly
/s
lo
w
VL
F
ev
en
ts
ar
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
am
p
litu
d
e
o
r
s
ig
n
a
l
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
VL
F
u
n
d
er
th
e
io
n
o
s
p
h
er
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
lig
h
tn
in
g
-
i
n
d
u
ce
d
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
l
o
wer
io
n
o
s
p
h
er
e.
E
v
i
d
en
ce
o
f
an
ev
en
t
in
clu
d
es
r
ap
id
o
n
s
et
(
<2
0
m
s
,
wh
ich
is
“
f
ast
”)
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
r
elativ
ely
s
lo
w
r
ec
o
v
er
y
(
u
s
u
ally
10
-
1
0
0
s
)
,
an
d
a
2
0
m
s
d
u
r
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
e
v
en
t
ca
u
s
es
clo
u
d
-
to
-
g
r
o
u
n
d
lig
h
tn
in
g
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
(
i.e
.
,
“
ea
r
ly
”)
.
Fo
r
ea
r
ly
/s
lo
w
ev
en
ts
,
n
o
d
elay
o
cc
u
r
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
a
m
p
litu
d
e
s
tar
ts
to
ch
an
g
e
(
ca
lm
d
o
wn
)
,
b
u
t
f
u
ll
ch
ao
s
is
r
ea
ch
ed
in
1
-
2
s
[
2
3
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
li
g
h
tn
in
g
,
it d
id
n
o
t e
x
p
licitly
d
is
cu
s
s
it
s
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
o
th
er
ev
en
ts
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
lig
h
tn
in
g
s
u
ch
as
d
etec
t
in
g
o
th
er
ev
en
t
s
s
u
ch
as
ea
r
ly
/f
ast,
ea
r
ly
/s
lo
w,
an
d
L
E
P.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
em
p
l
o
y
ed
in
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
as
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
n
a
m
ely
th
e
V
L
F
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
,
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
AW
E
SOME
r
ec
eiv
er
,
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
Ma
lay
s
ia,
i.e
.
in
th
e
e
q
u
ato
r
ial
r
eg
io
n
.
Ma
n
y
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
h
av
e
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
u
s
ed
th
is
t
o
o
l
in
th
e
p
ast,
p
r
im
ar
ily
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
an
d
s
tu
d
y
th
e
lay
er
s
o
f
th
e
D
-
r
eg
io
n
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
is
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
latitu
d
es
.
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
ata
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
air
co
r
e
wir
e
lo
o
p
ty
p
e
s
o
f
an
ten
n
as
with
an
in
itial
am
p
lifie
r
,
ass
is
ted
b
y
a
p
er
s
o
n
al
c
o
m
p
u
ter
with
t
h
e
NI
-
DAQ7
s
o
f
twar
e
,
an
d
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
VL
F
r
ec
eiv
er
a
n
d
a
g
lo
b
al
p
o
s
itio
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
(
GPS)
with
a
n
ten
n
a.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
an
ten
n
a
is
p
ass
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
VL
F
b
an
d
p
ass
f
ilter
th
at
h
as
a
3
0
k
Hz
b
an
d
wid
th
in
th
e
p
r
ea
m
p
lifie
r
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
a
l
is
th
en
f
ed
to
th
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
24
-
b
it PC
I
-
6
0
3
4
E
Dev
1
2
.
6
6
GHz
d
ata.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Ad
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Ap
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I
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N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Dis
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
d
etec
tio
n
d
u
e
to
l
ig
h
tn
in
g
a
t io
n
o
s
p
h
eric D
-
r
eg
io
n
o
ve
r
Ma
la
ysia
(
S
u
r
ya
d
i
S
u
r
ya
d
i
)
827
T
h
e
AW
E
SOME
VL
F
r
ec
eiv
er
s
co
llect
d
ata
with
1
0
0
k
Hz
s
am
p
lin
g
an
d
a
3
0
0
Hz
to
4
7
.
5
k
Hz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
at
a
tim
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
1
0
m
s
.
B
r
o
ad
b
an
d
an
d
n
ar
r
o
wb
an
d
d
at
a
ar
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
as
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
ca
n
b
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
b
y
th
e
VL
F DA
Q
(
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
)
v
iewe
r
u
s
in
g
a
MA
T
L
AB
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
I
n
th
at
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
d
ata
was
u
s
ed
an
d
t
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
th
e
AW
E
SOME
r
ec
eiv
e
r
s
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
ily
v
iewe
d
an
d
an
al
y
ze
d
u
s
in
g
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
s
tatis
tics
with
a
MA
T
L
AB
p
r
o
g
r
am
d
esig
n
ed
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
VL
F
d
ata.
A
team
o
f
r
esear
ch
er
s
f
r
o
m
Stan
f
o
r
d
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
s
et
o
u
t
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
ca
n
r
u
n
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
to
v
i
ew
an
d
an
aly
ze
t
h
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
AW
E
SOME
r
ec
eiv
er
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
AW
E
SOME
s
y
s
tem
b
lo
ck
d
ia
g
r
am
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
,
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
.
T
h
is
s
cien
tific
co
o
p
er
atio
n
i
s
esp
ec
ially
im
p
o
r
tan
t
g
iv
en
th
e
h
ig
h
ly
s
p
ec
ialized
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
,
wh
ich
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
p
io
n
ee
r
ed
b
y
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
at
Stan
f
o
r
d
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
AW
E
SOME
s
y
s
tem
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
s
ettin
g
s
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
a
s
et
o
f
in
d
o
o
r
r
ec
eiv
er
s
lo
ca
ted
with
i
n
th
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
s
h
o
wca
s
es th
e
V
L
F a
n
ten
n
a
in
s
talled
o
n
th
e
r
o
o
f
to
p
o
f
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
d
B
u
ilt
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
UKM
,
s
er
v
in
g
a
s
th
e
o
u
td
o
o
r
VL
F
an
ten
n
a.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
ig
n
al
p
ath
m
ap
f
r
o
m
J
ap
an
’
s
J
J
I
E
b
in
o
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
(
3
2
°4
0
'
N,
1
3
0
°8
1
'
E
)
(
r
e
d
cir
cle)
to
th
e
VL
F
r
ec
eiv
er
i
n
UKM
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
2
°5
5
'
N,
1
0
1
°4
6
'
E
)
(
b
lu
e
cir
cle)
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ated
lig
h
tn
in
g
a
n
d
its
d
er
iv
ativ
es
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
ad
d
itio
n
al
an
d
in
-
d
e
p
th
r
esear
ch
m
ay
b
e
n
ee
d
e
d
t
o
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
d
e
r
iv
ativ
es,
esp
ec
ially
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
ea
r
ly
/f
ast,
ea
r
ly
/s
lo
w,
an
d
L
E
P.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sy
s
tem
s
etu
p
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
(
a)
a
r
ec
eiv
er
(
i
n
d
o
o
r
)
a
n
d
(
b
)
a
VL
F a
n
te
n
n
a
(
o
u
td
o
o
r
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Ma
p
o
f
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
p
a
th
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
at
E
b
i
n
o
(
J
J
I
)
,
J
ap
an
to
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
e
r
at
UKM
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
825
-
8
3
3
828
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
VL
F
r
ec
eiv
er
s
y
s
tem
was
s
et
u
p
in
J
u
ly
2
0
0
9
an
d
h
as
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
f
r
o
m
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
s
lo
ca
ted
ar
o
u
n
d
Ma
la
y
s
ia,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
at
f
r
o
m
J
J
I
E
b
in
o
,
J
ap
an
.
Dat
a
is
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
u
n
iv
er
s
al
tim
e
(
UT
)
an
d
th
u
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
v
e
r
ted
to
lo
ca
l
tim
e
(
L
T
)
.
Ma
lay
s
ia
is
8
h
o
u
r
s
ah
ea
d
o
f
UT
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
0
8
0
0
m
u
s
t
b
e
ad
d
e
d
to
th
e
tim
e;
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
0
0
0
0
UT
is
eq
u
iv
alen
t
t
o
0
8
0
0
UT
.
T
h
e
am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
th
e
d
ata
was
an
aly
ze
d
to
r
elat
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
a
n
d
p
er
tu
r
b
ati
o
n
s
with
th
eo
r
etica
l
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
o
f
i
o
n
o
s
p
h
er
ic
D
-
r
eg
io
n
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
3
.
1
.
VL
F
s
ig
na
l da
t
a
pro
ce
s
s
ing
us
e
s
DAQ
v
iewe
r
s
im
ul
a
t
io
n
Fo
r
d
ata
s
im
u
latio
n
,
a
MA
T
L
AB
p
r
o
g
r
am
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
f
r
o
m
Stan
f
o
r
d
Un
iv
er
s
ity
.
T
o
u
s
e
th
is
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
,
th
e
d
ate
an
d
b
o
th
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
an
d
tr
an
s
m
itter
n
am
es
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
in
p
lo
ttin
g
th
e
d
ata,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Af
ter
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
d
ata
ar
e
f
illed
,
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
s
ar
e
f
o
r
m
ed
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
p
lo
t
s
am
p
le
o
f
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
s
o
f
d
ata
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
J
J
I
E
b
in
o
,
J
ap
an
tr
an
s
m
itter
f
o
r
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
(
o
n
e
d
ay
)
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
am
p
litu
d
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
n
ar
r
o
wb
an
d
d
ata,
with
1
h
o
u
r
(
1
3
0
0
UT
u
n
til
1
4
0
0
UT
)
u
s
ed
f
o
r
c
o
llectin
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
VL
F
co
m
p
u
ter
an
d
s
to
r
in
g
at
Stan
f
o
r
d
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
VL
F
s
ig
n
als
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
o
r
th
-
s
o
u
th
(
NS)
d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
,
wh
ile
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
d
ep
icts
th
e
s
ig
n
als r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
e
ast
-
west
(
E
W
)
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
u
s
to
m
DAQ
p
lo
t
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Plo
t sam
p
le
o
f
d
ata
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
J
J
I
E
b
in
o
J
ap
an
tr
an
s
m
itter
at
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
2
2
.
1
k
Hz
s
ig
n
al
at
(
a)
NS
an
d
(
b
)
E
W
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Dis
tu
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a
n
ce
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etec
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a
t io
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-
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r
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la
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Fig
u
r
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7
is
a
s
p
ec
tr
o
g
r
am
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
a
VL
F
J
J
I
tr
an
s
m
itte
r
with
a
f
r
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en
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o
f
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2
.
2
k
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m
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f
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b
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ap
a
n
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b
ea
m
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d
r
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UKM
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ec
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iv
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r
th
e
h
illy
en
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ir
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n
m
en
t
o
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m
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s
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h
e
s
p
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tr
o
g
r
a
m
also
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
d
ata
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
am
p
litu
d
e,
with
a
f
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eq
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e
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cy
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g
e
o
f
0
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3
3
0
k
Hz,
w
h
ich
ca
n
r
ec
eiv
e
s
ig
n
als
f
r
o
m
NS
an
d
E
W
an
t
en
n
as.
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
a
s
p
ec
tr
o
g
r
am
p
lo
t
o
f
t
h
e
b
r
o
ad
b
a
n
d
d
ata
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
NS
d
ir
ec
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
an
ten
n
a.
E
ar
ly
/s
lo
w
an
d
ea
r
ly
/f
ast
ev
e
n
ts
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
n
th
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
d
ata
m
ar
k
ed
with
y
ello
w
v
er
tical
lin
es.
Similar
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
E
W
d
ir
ec
tio
n
(
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
s
o
m
e
ea
r
ly
/s
lo
w
ev
en
ts
,
with
ea
r
ly
/f
ast
(
y
ello
w
v
er
tical
lin
e)
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
r
elea
s
e
o
f
lig
h
tn
in
g
in
th
e
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
ea
r
ly
/s
lo
w
ev
en
t
m
ar
k
ed
with
ar
r
o
ws
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
at
1
4
:1
1
:4
1
UT
,
an
d
th
e
ea
r
ly
/f
ast
ev
en
t
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
at
1
4
:1
1
:5
1
UT
o
n
th
e
n
ar
r
o
wb
a
n
d
d
ata
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
t
s
h
o
ws
m
an
y
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
s
ig
n
al
r
elea
s
es
em
itt
ed
b
y
th
e
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elea
s
e
o
f
lig
h
tn
in
g
ch
ar
g
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
“a
tm
o
s
p
h
er
ic”
o
r
“e
ar
ly
/s
lo
w,
ea
r
ly
/f
ast,
L
E
P
ev
en
ts
”
[
2
4
]
–
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
VL
F
s
ig
n
al
is
a
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
am
p
litu
d
e
ch
a
n
g
es
f
lu
ctu
ati
n
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
ay
a
n
d
at
n
ig
h
t
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
r
elea
s
e
o
f
th
e
lig
h
tn
in
g
ch
ar
g
e
em
itted
[
7
]
,
[
2
5
]
–
[
2
8
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
E
x
am
p
le
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
o
g
r
am
b
r
o
ad
b
a
n
d
d
ata
ea
r
ly
/f
ast,
ea
r
ly
/s
lo
w
ev
en
t
s
p
ec
tr
o
g
r
am
s
ig
n
al
at
(
a)
NS
an
d
(
b
)
WS
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
E
x
am
p
le
o
f
n
a
r
r
o
wb
an
d
d
ata
ea
r
l
y
/f
ast an
d
ea
r
l
y
/s
lo
w
ev
en
t
Dis
tur
ba
nc
e
da
ta
(
E
a
r
ly/
s
low)
Nor
mal
d
a
ta
Di
s
tur
ba
nc
e
da
ta
(
E
a
r
ly/
f
a
s
t)
Di
s
tur
ba
nc
e
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ta
(
E
a
r
ly/
s
low
)
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mal
d
a
ta
Dis
tur
ba
nc
e
d
a
ta
(
E
a
r
ly/
f
a
s
t)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
825
-
8
3
3
830
Fig
u
r
e
9
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
th
e
tim
e
d
o
m
ai
n
,
in
d
ic
atin
g
th
e
f
r
eq
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e
n
cy
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
tim
e
o
f
s
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tr
o
g
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am
b
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en
t.
I
n
b
o
th
Fig
u
r
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9
(
a)
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
b
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o
f
th
e
b
r
o
ad
b
a
n
d
d
ata
s
p
ec
tr
o
g
r
am
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
NS
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
E
W
d
ir
ec
tio
n
of
a
n
ten
n
as,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
an
L
E
P
ev
en
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
o
g
r
am
m
ar
k
ed
with
a
y
ello
w
v
er
ti
ca
l
lin
e.
T
h
e
VL
F
s
ig
n
al
is
also
p
r
esen
ted
as
t
h
e
60
m
in
u
tes
f
r
o
m
1
3
.
0
0
U
T
to
1
4
.
0
0
UT
f
o
r
c
o
llectin
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
VL
F
co
m
p
u
ter
s
f
o
r
s
to
r
ag
e
at
S
tan
f
o
r
d
Un
iv
er
s
ity
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
d
ata
a
f
ter
1
4
:3
1
:
0
0
to
1
4
:3
1
:6
0
UT
1
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
1
0
is
u
s
ed
to
id
e
n
tify
th
e
in
cid
en
ce
o
f
L
E
P
d
is
o
r
d
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
ar
r
o
wb
an
d
d
ata
s
am
p
les
f
r
o
m
th
e
NS
an
d
E
W
an
ten
n
as,
an
d
L
E
P
ev
en
ts
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
in
th
e
p
er
io
d
o
f
1
4
:3
1
:2
9
to
1
4
:3
1
:3
1
UT
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
a
n
L
E
P
ev
en
t
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
at
1
4
:3
1
:3
0
UT
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
E
x
am
p
le
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
o
g
r
am
b
r
o
ad
b
a
n
d
d
ata
L
E
P e
v
en
t
(
a)
Sp
ec
tr
o
g
r
am
s
ig
n
al
at
NS
an
d
(
b
)
Sp
ec
tr
o
g
r
am
s
ig
n
al
at
W
S
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
E
x
am
p
le
o
f
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
d
ata
L
E
P e
v
en
t
Dis
tur
ba
nc
e
da
ta
(
L
E
P
)
Nor
mal
d
a
ta
Dis
tur
ba
nc
e
da
ta
(
L
E
P
)
Nor
mal
d
a
ta
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Dis
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
d
etec
tio
n
d
u
e
to
l
ig
h
tn
in
g
a
t io
n
o
s
p
h
eric D
-
r
eg
io
n
o
ve
r
Ma
la
ysia
(
S
u
r
ya
d
i
S
u
r
ya
d
i
)
831
3
.
2
.
Da
t
a
pro
ce
s
s
ing
us
ing
ev
ent
det
ec
t
o
r
s
im
ula
t
io
n
pro
g
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d
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g
ra
d
u
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ica
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with
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tu
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p
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tri
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re
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y
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m
s
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p
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g
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p
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g
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a
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lt
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l
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n
d
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tro
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ic
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n
g
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v
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n
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ss
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in
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n
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s
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tere
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n
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r
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n
d
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tro
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sy
ste
m
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u
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s.
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c
a
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c
o
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tac
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o
m
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o
m
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m
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ste
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d
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re
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s
in
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m
m
u
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p
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ter
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g
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fr
o
m
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v
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b
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sa
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n
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n
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,
re
sp
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ti
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ly
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tain
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d
h
e
r
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h
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i
n
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g
i
n
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e
rin
g
fr
o
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Leic
e
ste
r,
UK
in
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0
1
2
.
S
h
e
is
a
S
e
n
io
r
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t
u
r
e
r
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th
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p
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t
o
f
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ic
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g
in
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rin
g
,
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a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
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tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
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tro
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g
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rin
g
,
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iv
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u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
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n
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la
y
sia
.
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h
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is
a
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rtere
d
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g
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r
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d
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m
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m
b
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o
f
t
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sti
tu
ti
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o
f
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g
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rin
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n
d
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h
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o
lo
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(IE
T).
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r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
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lu
d
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ra
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wa
v
e
p
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p
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g
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ti
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f
o
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p
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ters
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n
d
sp
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th
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r.
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h
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c
a
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m
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k
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d
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in
1
9
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h
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lo
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n
g
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in
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m
m
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fr
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,
M
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n
g
(El
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tri
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a
l
-
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tro
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ic
a
n
d
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c
o
m
m
u
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ica
ti
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)
.
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h
e
re
c
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iv
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d
h
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r
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h
D
d
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g
re
e
in
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c
tri
c
a
l
fr
o
m
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iv
e
r
siti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
lay
sia
in
2
0
1
8
.
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n
2
0
1
1
,
s
h
e
j
o
in
e
d
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
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lec
tro
n
ic
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
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a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
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c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
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tro
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ic
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in
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rin
g
,
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rsiti
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u
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Hu
ss
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in
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n
M
a
l
a
y
sia
a
s
a
tu
to
r
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n
d
late
r
o
n
b
e
c
a
m
e
a
lec
tu
re
r
in
2
0
1
8
.
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r
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
sig
n
a
l
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
,
d
a
ta
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
a
n
d
a
rti
ficia
l
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
two
rk
s.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
ro
h
a
id
a
@
u
th
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Ma
r
d
in
a
Abd
u
l
la
h
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
B.
En
g
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
t
h
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
th
e
Ry
u
k
y
u
s
,
Ja
p
a
n
in
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ics
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
in
1
9
9
1
.
S
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
h
e
r
M
.
S
c
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
s
a
a
n
M
a
lay
sia
(UK
M
)
in
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e
c
tri
c
a
l,
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
,
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
s
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g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
i
n
1
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6
.
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h
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o
b
tain
e
d
h
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r
P
h
D
fro
m
th
e
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i
v
e
rsity
o
f
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d
s,
UK
,
sp
e
c
ializin
g
i
n
io
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o
sp
h
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ric
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ffe
c
ts
o
n
G
P
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sa
telli
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ra
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g
e
d
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term
in
a
ti
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n
.
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in
c
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th
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n
,
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h
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s
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siste
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p
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d
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s
p
h
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ric
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se
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rc
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fo
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u
sin
g
p
rima
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y
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sp
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r.
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b
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i
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lay
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sin
c
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2
0
0
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a
n
d
a
m
e
m
b
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r
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f
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,
M
a
la
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.
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e
p
re
se
n
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o
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t
h
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p
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siti
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ss
o
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th
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tri
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tro
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n
d
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y
ste
m
s
En
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rin
g
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rtme
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t
a
n
d
is
t
h
e
De
p
u
t
y
Dire
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to
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a
t
th
e
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
Cli
m
a
te Ch
a
n
g
e
,
UK
M
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
a
rd
i
n
a
@u
k
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
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