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tio
n
in
th
e
s
o
il.
B
io
ch
ar
ex
h
ib
its
p
r
o
p
er
ties
s
u
ch
as
r
esis
tan
ce
to
m
icr
o
b
ial
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
an
d
c
h
em
ical
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
b
io
ch
ar
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
its
p
o
r
o
u
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
,
h
ig
h
ca
tio
n
e
x
ch
an
g
e
ca
p
ac
ity
,
an
d
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
n
u
tr
ien
t
r
eten
tio
n
,
m
ar
k
ed
l
y
en
h
an
c
e
s
o
il
f
er
tili
ty
,
wate
r
r
eten
tio
n
,
an
d
m
icr
o
b
ial
ac
tiv
ity
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
b
io
ch
ar
is
co
n
tin
g
en
t
u
p
o
n
th
e
m
ater
ial
u
tili
ze
d
an
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
B
io
ch
ar
is
ty
p
ically
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
y
r
o
ly
s
is
,
th
e
th
er
m
al
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
o
r
g
an
i
c
m
ater
ial
in
lim
ited
o
x
y
g
en
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
well
-
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
an
d
wid
ely
s
tu
d
ied
f
o
r
its
ab
ilit
y
to
y
ield
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
b
io
ch
ar
with
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
r
o
p
er
ties
[
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
p
y
r
o
ly
s
is
o
f
ten
r
eq
u
ir
es
co
s
tly
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
an
d
tech
n
ical
ex
p
er
tis
e
[
9
]
,
lim
itin
g
its
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
esp
ec
ially
am
o
n
g
s
m
allh
o
ld
er
f
ar
m
er
s
i
n
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
s
im
p
le
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
,
a
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
o
p
e
n
b
u
r
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e,
o
f
f
er
s
a
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
an
d
lo
w
-
co
s
t
alter
n
ativ
e
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
b
io
ch
ar
o
n
a
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
ca
le
[
1
0
]
.
W
h
ile
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
lack
s
th
e
p
r
ec
is
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
p
y
r
o
ly
s
is
,
it
alig
n
s
well
with
th
e
p
r
i
n
cip
les
o
f
lo
ca
l
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
cir
c
u
lar
e
co
n
o
m
y
,
m
a
k
in
g
it
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
ele
v
an
t in
lo
w
-
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
His
to
r
ically
,
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
e
n
h
an
cin
g
s
o
il
u
s
in
g
ch
ar
co
al
-
b
ased
am
en
d
m
e
n
ts
is
n
o
t
n
ew.
I
n
d
ig
e
n
o
u
s
Am
az
o
n
ian
co
m
m
u
n
ities
h
av
e
p
r
ac
ticed
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
te
r
r
a
p
r
eta
,
o
r
"d
ar
k
ea
r
th
,
"
f
o
r
ce
n
tu
r
ies.
T
h
ese
h
ig
h
ly
f
er
tile
s
o
ils
wer
e
en
r
ic
h
ed
with
o
r
g
an
ic
waste
an
d
ch
ar
co
al,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
cr
o
p
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
s
o
il
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
terr
a
p
r
eta
m
o
d
el
h
as
s
in
ce
in
s
p
ir
ed
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
u
s
e
b
io
ch
ar
as
a
r
eg
en
e
r
ativ
e
f
ar
m
in
g
in
p
u
t
th
at
b
o
t
h
r
e
v
italizes
d
eg
r
ad
ed
s
o
ils
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
m
itig
atio
n
[
1
1
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
tr
ad
itio
n
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
e
x
p
lo
r
es
th
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
o
f
te
r
r
a
p
r
eta
-
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
i
o
ch
ar
u
s
in
g
lo
ca
l
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
r
esid
u
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
im
p
le
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
m
ater
ials
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
f
o
u
n
d
as
waste
in
t
r
o
p
ical
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
s
u
ch
as
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
,
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
,
an
d
co
r
n
co
b
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
g
en
er
ally
ab
u
n
d
an
t.
B
y
ex
a
m
in
in
g
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al,
c
h
em
ical,
an
d
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
b
io
ch
ar
,
ad
d
itio
n
al
test
s
o
n
in
f
er
tile
s
o
i
ls
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ass
ess
its
p
o
ten
tial
as
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
o
il a
m
en
d
m
en
t a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t its
ap
p
licatio
n
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ed
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
r
is
es
th
r
e
e
m
ain
s
tag
es:
i
)
s
am
p
le
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
an
d
b
i
o
ch
ar
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
;
ii)
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
a
n
d
an
al
y
s
is
;
an
d
iii)
s
o
il
am
en
d
m
en
t
tr
i
als.
Ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
waste
f
ee
d
s
to
ck
s
ar
e
r
ice
h
u
s
k
,
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
,
an
d
co
r
n
co
b
,
wer
e
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
b
i
o
c
h
ar
u
s
in
g
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
b
io
c
h
ar
was
th
en
d
r
ied
,
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
a
n
d
s
iev
ed
p
r
io
r
to
f
u
r
t
h
er
an
aly
s
is
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
in
v
o
lv
e
d
ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
ch
e
m
ical
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
th
er
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
th
e
b
io
ch
ar
u
s
in
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
an
aly
tical
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Ultim
ate
an
a
ly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
ater
ial’
s
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
2
.
1
.
F
ee
ds
t
o
c
k
prepa
ra
t
io
n
a
nd
bio
cha
r
pro
du
ct
io
n
B
io
m
ass
f
ee
d
s
to
ck
s
s
u
ch
as
r
ice
h
u
s
k
,
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
,
a
n
d
c
o
r
n
c
o
b
wer
e
c
o
llected
f
r
o
m
l
o
ca
l
f
ar
m
er
s
in
th
e
Nata
r
Su
b
-
d
is
tr
ict,
So
u
t
h
L
am
p
u
n
g
Dis
tr
ict,
L
am
p
u
n
g
Pro
v
in
ce
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
ese
m
ater
ials
,
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
al
waste,
wer
e
ai
r
-
d
r
ie
d
p
r
io
r
to
u
s
e.
T
h
e
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
was
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
cu
t
in
to
p
iece
s
o
f
3
–
1
0
c
m
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
m
all
-
s
ized
co
r
n
co
b
s
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
n
o
p
r
e
-
tr
ea
tm
en
t.
T
h
e
b
io
c
h
ar
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
was
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
o
p
en
b
u
r
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
p
r
ac
ticed
b
y
lo
ca
l
f
ar
m
er
s
,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
f
ee
d
s
to
c
k
s
wer
e
ig
n
ited
u
s
in
g
a
s
m
all
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
f
u
el
an
d
p
a
p
er
ex
p
lain
ed
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
.
As
c
o
m
b
u
s
ti
o
n
b
e
g
an
,
ad
d
itio
n
al
b
io
m
ass
was
ad
d
ed
o
n
to
p
to
s
m
o
th
er
th
e
f
lam
es
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
o
x
y
g
en
av
ailab
il
ity
,
an
ess
en
tial
co
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
ca
r
b
o
n
izatio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
in
c
o
m
p
lete
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
tin
u
ed
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
h
o
u
r
s
,
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
an
d
d
en
s
ity
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial.
T
h
e
b
u
r
n
in
g
was
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
c
o
m
p
lete
wh
en
th
e
s
m
o
k
e
c
h
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
d
en
s
e
wh
ite
t
o
lig
h
t
b
lu
e
o
r
tr
an
s
lu
ce
n
t.
T
h
e
f
ir
e
was
th
en
ex
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
with
wate
r
to
s
to
p
f
u
r
th
er
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
,
as
ex
p
lain
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
b
io
ch
a
r
was c
o
o
l
ed
t
o
r
o
o
m
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
an
d
s
u
n
-
d
r
ied
u
n
til f
u
lly
d
r
y
,
as sh
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
On
ce
th
e
b
io
ch
ar
p
r
o
d
u
cts
,
c
ass
av
a
wo
o
d
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
,
r
ice
h
u
s
k
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
,
a
n
d
co
r
n
co
b
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
c)
,
u
n
d
er
wen
t
d
r
y
in
g
an
d
p
ac
k
a
g
in
g
,
th
e
y
wer
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
ted
to
th
e
R
esear
ch
C
en
ter
f
o
r
L
im
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
W
ater
R
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
p
ar
t o
f
t
h
e
Natio
n
al
R
esear
ch
an
d
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
Ag
e
n
cy
(
NR
I
A)
,
in
C
ib
in
o
n
g
Su
b
d
is
tr
ict,
B
o
g
o
r
Dis
tr
ict,
W
est
J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
s
am
p
les
wer
e
th
en
o
v
e
n
-
d
r
ied
at
1
0
5
°C
f
o
r
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
C
h
a
r
a
cteris
tic
s
o
f b
io
ch
a
r
fr
o
m
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
a
l res
id
u
es p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
tr
a
d
itio
n
a
l c
o
mb
u
s
tio
n
…
(
A
li R
a
h
ma
t
)
613
co
o
led
,
c
r
u
s
h
ed
,
an
d
s
iev
ed
u
s
in
g
a
6
0
-
m
esh
s
iev
e.
On
l
y
th
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
p
ass
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
iev
e
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
a
n
aly
s
i
s.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
b
i
o
ch
ar
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
in
(
a)
f
ee
d
s
to
ck
b
u
r
n
in
g
a
n
d
(
b
)
f
in
al
b
io
ch
a
r
p
r
o
d
u
ct
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
o
f
th
e
b
io
ch
ar
s
m
a
d
e
b
y
(
a
)
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
,
(
b
)
r
ice
h
u
s
k
,
a
n
d
(
c
)
co
r
n
co
b
2
.
2
.
Cha
ra
c
t
er
iza
t
io
n o
f
bio
cha
r
T
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
p
r
esen
t
in
th
e
b
io
ch
ar
m
ate
r
ials
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
u
s
in
g
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
f
r
ar
e
d
(
FTI
R
)
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
(
FTI
R
-
UAT
R
,
Per
k
in
E
lm
er
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
tw
o
)
.
T
h
er
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
b
io
m
ass
co
n
ten
t
wer
e
ev
alu
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
m
o
g
r
a
v
im
etr
ic
-
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial
th
er
m
al
an
aly
s
is
(
TG
-
DT
A
)
.
T
h
e
c
h
em
ical
an
d
o
x
id
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
wer
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
u
s
in
g
X
-
r
ay
f
l
u
o
r
esce
n
ce
(
XR
F)
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
(
Om
n
ian
E
D
-
XR
F,
PANaly
tical
E
p
s
ilo
n
3
XL
E
)
.
Ultim
ate
an
aly
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
a
L
ec
o
C
HN
6
2
8
a
n
aly
ze
r
,
with
ASTM
D5
3
7
3
f
o
r
ca
r
b
o
n
(
C
)
,
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
(
H)
,
an
d
n
itr
o
g
en
(
N)
,
an
d
ASTM
D4
2
3
9
f
o
r
s
u
lf
u
r
(
S).
2
.
3
.
So
il a
m
endm
ent
s
t
ria
ls
T
h
e
s
o
il
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
w
as
u
ltis
o
l,
wh
ich
is
k
n
o
wn
f
o
r
its
ac
id
ic
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
.
So
il
s
am
p
les
wer
e
co
llected
f
r
o
m
th
e
ar
ea
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
th
e
R
esear
ch
C
en
te
r
f
o
r
L
i
m
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
W
ater
R
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Af
ter
co
llectio
n
,
th
e
s
o
il
was
air
-
d
r
i
ed
f
o
r
4
–
7
d
ay
s
,
th
en
c
r
u
s
h
ed
an
d
s
iev
ed
u
s
in
g
a
2
m
m
m
es
h
.
A
1
k
g
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
iev
ed
s
o
il
was
weig
h
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
u
n
it.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
f
o
u
r
tr
ea
tm
en
ts
:
n
o
b
io
ch
a
r
(
B
0
)
,
r
ice
h
u
s
k
b
io
ch
ar
(
B
1
)
,
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
b
io
c
h
ar
(
B
2
)
,
an
d
c
o
r
n
co
b
b
io
c
h
a
r
(
B
3
)
,
ea
ch
ap
p
lied
at
r
ate
o
f
5
0
to
n
s
p
er
h
ec
tar
e.
E
ac
h
tr
ea
tm
en
t
was
r
ep
licated
th
r
ee
tim
es,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
to
tal
o
f
1
2
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
p
o
ts
.
A
ll tr
ea
ted
s
o
ils
wer
e
th
en
in
cu
b
ated
f
o
r
8
5
d
ay
s
.
T
wo
m
ain
s
o
il p
ar
am
eter
s
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
: so
il p
H
an
d
s
o
il
o
r
g
an
ic
ca
r
b
o
n
co
n
te
n
t.
So
il
p
H
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
Ho
r
ib
a
L
AQUA
twin
p
H
-
1
1
,
wh
ile
s
o
il
o
r
g
an
ic
ca
r
b
o
n
was a
n
al
y
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
W
alk
ley
an
d
B
lack
m
eth
o
d.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
o
b
tain
ed
two
ty
p
e
s
o
f
d
ata:
b
io
ch
ar
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
s
o
il
am
en
d
m
en
t
test
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
b
io
ch
ar
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
wer
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
d
escr
ip
tiv
ely
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
ea
ch
b
i
o
ch
ar
ty
p
e
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
il
am
e
n
d
m
e
n
t
test
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
ANOVA
)
at
a
5
%
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el.
I
f
th
e
ANOV
A
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
tr
ea
tm
en
ts
,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
was c
o
n
tin
u
ed
with
th
e
least si
g
n
if
ican
t d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
(
L
SD)
test
a
s
a
f
u
r
th
er
test
.
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3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Cha
ra
c
t
er
is
t
ics o
f
bio
cha
r
T
h
e
u
ltima
te
a
n
aly
s
is
d
ata
(
C
,
H,
N,
S)
in
T
a
b
le
1
an
d
th
e
elem
en
tal
co
n
te
n
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
XR
F
an
aly
s
is
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
ch
em
ic
al
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
b
io
ch
ar
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
v
ia
th
e
s
im
p
le
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
ab
le
1
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
co
n
te
n
t
o
f
th
e
b
io
ch
ar
v
ar
ies
b
etwe
en
3
8
.
7
3
%
an
d
8
0
%.
C
o
r
n
co
b
b
io
ch
ar
ex
h
ib
ited
th
e
h
ig
h
est
to
tal
ca
r
b
o
n
c
o
n
te
n
t
at
8
0
%,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
b
i
o
ch
ar
at
6
4
.
0
9
%.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
r
ice
h
u
s
k
b
io
ch
ar
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
e
lo
w
est ca
r
b
o
n
co
n
ten
t a
t 3
8
.
7
3
%.
T
ab
le
1
.
Ultim
ate
co
n
te
n
t o
f
r
ice
h
u
s
k
,
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
,
an
d
co
r
n
co
b
b
io
ch
a
r
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
U
l
t
i
m
a
t
e
U
n
i
t
R
i
c
e
h
u
sk
R
i
c
e
h
u
sk
[
x
]
C
a
ssa
v
a
w
o
o
d
C
a
ssa
v
a
w
o
o
d
[
y
]
C
o
r
n
c
o
b
C
o
r
n
c
o
b
[
z
]
C
a
r
b
o
n
%
3
8
.
7
3
3
5
.
6
7
6
4
.
0
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5
8
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4
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0
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9
H
y
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o
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Ox
i
d
e
co
n
te
n
t o
n
t
h
e
th
r
ee
d
if
f
e
r
en
t b
i
o
ch
ar
s
T
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
c
o
n
ten
t
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
th
r
ee
t
y
p
es
o
f
b
io
ch
a
r
s
ex
h
ib
ited
a
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
r
an
g
e
o
f
2
.
1
4
–
2
.
6
8
%.
C
ass
av
a
wo
o
d
b
io
ch
ar
ex
h
i
b
ited
th
e
h
ig
h
est
n
itro
g
e
n
co
n
ten
t
at
1
.
5
%,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
o
th
er
two
b
io
ch
ar
s
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
lev
els
b
elo
w
0
.
5
%.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
s
u
lf
u
r
co
n
ten
t
w
as
id
en
tifie
d
in
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
b
io
ch
ar
at
0
.
1
5
%,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
o
th
er
two
ty
p
es e
x
h
ib
ited
lev
els b
elo
w
0
.
1
%.
C
ass
av
a
wo
o
d
b
io
ch
ar
ex
h
i
b
its
h
ig
h
er
n
itr
o
g
en
an
d
s
u
lf
u
r
co
n
ten
ts
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
o
th
e
r
b
io
ch
a
r
s
;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
ese
v
alu
es
r
em
ain
r
elativ
ely
lo
w.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
b
io
ch
ar
,
wh
ich
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ess
h
ig
h
n
itro
g
en
o
r
s
u
lf
u
r
co
n
ten
t
as
a
f
er
tili
ze
r
.
I
n
ass
ess
in
g
b
io
ch
ar
q
u
ality
,
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
p
a
r
am
eter
o
f
co
n
ce
r
n
is
ca
r
b
o
n
c
o
n
ten
t,
as
b
io
ch
a
r
i
s
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
a
c
ar
b
o
n
-
r
ich
m
ater
ial.
T
h
e
ca
r
b
o
n
co
n
ten
t
o
f
t
h
e
b
io
ch
ar
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was sig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
r
aw
m
ater
ial
u
tili
ze
d
.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
tu
d
y
al
o
n
g
s
id
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
u
tili
ze
d
f
u
r
n
ac
es
o
r
m
o
r
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
f
o
r
b
i
o
ch
ar
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
A
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
a
f
u
r
n
ac
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
r
ice
h
u
s
k
b
io
c
h
a
r
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
p
y
r
o
ly
s
is
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
4
5
0
°C
f
o
r
a
d
u
r
ati
o
n
o
f
4
h
o
u
r
s
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
c
o
n
ten
t
o
f
b
io
ch
a
r
g
en
e
r
ated
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
3
%
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
at
o
f
b
io
c
h
a
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
ad
v
an
c
ed
m
eth
o
d
.
Pre
v
i
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
in
d
icate
d
th
at
p
y
r
o
l
y
s
is
o
f
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
b
io
ch
ar
in
a
f
u
r
n
ac
e
at
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
4
5
0
to
5
0
0
°C
r
esu
lted
in
a
c
ar
b
o
n
c
o
n
ten
t
o
f
5
8
.
4
6
%
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
v
alu
e
is
r
o
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g
h
ly
6
%
lo
wer
th
an
th
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r
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ated
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A
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m
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ar
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o
b
s
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o
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c
o
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b
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ar
;
b
i
o
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ated
in
a
p
y
r
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ly
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is
r
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r
ch
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er
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500
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f
o
r
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r
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ited
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ca
r
b
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te
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1
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9
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[
1
4
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ich
is
8
.
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8
8
1
4
C
h
a
r
a
cteris
tic
s
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f b
io
ch
a
r
fr
o
m
a
g
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ltu
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es p
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ce
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y
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a
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itio
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a
l c
o
mb
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tio
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…
(
A
li R
a
h
ma
t
)
615
ad
o
p
ted
b
y
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
f
ar
m
er
s
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p
r
im
ar
ily
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
eir
s
im
p
licity
an
d
th
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ab
s
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ce
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s
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ialized
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ip
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T
h
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XR
F
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aly
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f
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ce
th
ei
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p
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ten
tial
ap
p
licatio
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as
s
o
il
a
m
en
d
m
en
ts
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
r
ice
h
u
s
k
b
io
ch
ar
ex
h
ib
ited
an
ex
ce
p
tio
n
ally
h
ig
h
s
ilica
(
SiO₂)
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
8
4
.
2
4
%,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
in
h
e
r
en
tly
h
ig
h
s
ilica
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
ty
p
ically
f
o
u
n
d
in
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
(
1
5
–
2
0
%)
[
1
5
]
.
E
lev
ated
s
ilica
lev
els
in
s
o
il
ar
e
b
en
ef
icial,
as
th
ey
en
h
an
ce
p
l
an
t
to
ler
an
ce
to
ab
io
tic
s
tr
ess
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
h
o
to
s
y
n
th
etic
ef
f
ici
en
cy
,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
v
er
all
cr
o
p
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
b
io
c
h
ar
c
o
n
tain
ed
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
(
5
.
9
0
%
P₂O₅)
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
co
r
n
c
o
b
(
3
.
4
6
%)
a
n
d
r
ice
h
u
s
k
(
1
.
7
2
%).
Ph
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
is
a
c
r
itical
m
ac
r
o
n
u
tr
ien
t
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r
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lan
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d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
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d
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io
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ich
e
d
with
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ay
e
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h
an
ce
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
av
ail
ab
ilit
y
an
d
r
eten
tio
n
in
s
o
il
s
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s
tem
s
[
1
7
]
.
Mo
r
e
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r
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m
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n
d
r
ic
e
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s
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2
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.
T
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e
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ce
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H
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eg
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l
ati
o
n
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wh
i
ch
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n
t
u
r
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f
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i
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ates
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m
p
r
o
v
e
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n
u
t
r
i
en
t
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ail
a
b
ili
ty
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n
d
s
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p
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r
ts
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ic
r
o
b
i
al
a
cti
v
it
y
i
n
ac
i
d
ic
s
o
ils
[
1
8
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
b
io
ch
ar
e
x
h
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ited
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n
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er
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ly
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ig
h
e
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ir
o
n
o
x
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e
(
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)
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ce
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tag
e
(
3
5
.
0
2
%)
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
c
o
r
n
c
o
b
(
4
.
2
2
%)
an
d
r
ice
h
u
s
k
(
0
.
6
9
%).
I
r
o
n
o
x
id
es
in
b
io
ch
ar
p
l
ay
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
im
m
o
b
iliz
atio
n
o
f
h
ea
v
y
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etals,
th
u
s
co
n
tr
i
b
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tin
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to
p
o
te
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tial
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p
p
licatio
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s
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il
r
em
ed
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
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io
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h
ar
s
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co
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tain
ed
v
ar
y
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n
g
lev
els
o
f
o
th
er
m
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o
x
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in
clu
d
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n
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m
ag
n
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m
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x
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e
(
Mg
O)
,
m
an
g
a
n
ese
o
x
id
e
(
M
n
O)
,
an
d
zin
c
o
x
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e
(
Z
n
O)
,
wh
ich
m
ay
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
n
u
tr
i
en
t
s
u
p
p
ly
,
ca
taly
tic
ac
tiv
ity
,
an
d
o
th
er
b
e
n
ef
icial
s
o
il in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
th
er
m
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
an
d
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
b
io
c
h
ar
s
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
r
ice
h
u
s
k
,
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
,
an
d
co
r
n
co
b
wer
e
ex
am
in
e
d
u
s
in
g
th
er
m
o
g
r
av
im
et
r
ic
an
aly
s
is
(
T
GA)
an
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial
s
ca
n
n
in
g
ca
lo
r
im
etr
y
(
DSC
)
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
ese
an
aly
s
es
p
r
o
v
id
ed
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
th
er
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
p
atter
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
b
i
o
ch
ar
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
T
GA
cu
r
v
e
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(a
)
s
h
o
wed
a
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
m
ass
lo
s
s
b
elo
w
2
0
0
°C
f
o
r
all
b
i
o
ch
ar
s
am
p
les,
in
d
icatin
g
m
o
is
tu
r
e
ev
ap
o
r
atio
n
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
DSC
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(b
)
,
wh
ic
h
s
h
o
wed
an
en
d
o
th
er
m
ic
p
ea
k
n
ea
r
7
0
°C
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
wate
r
lo
s
s
[
2
1
]
.
DSC
r
esu
lts
also
r
ev
ea
led
an
e
x
o
th
er
m
ic
ev
en
t
ar
o
u
n
d
9
8
°C
,
lik
ely
r
elate
d
to
th
e
o
x
id
atio
n
o
f
r
esid
u
al
o
r
g
an
ic
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
an
d
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
.
No
tab
l
y
,
th
e
r
ice
h
u
s
k
b
i
o
ch
ar
s
h
o
we
d
a
l
o
wer
n
eg
ativ
e
h
ea
t
f
lo
w
th
an
t
h
e
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
an
d
co
r
n
c
o
b
b
io
ch
ar
s
.
T
h
is
i
s
lik
ely
d
u
e
to
its
h
ig
h
s
ilica
co
n
ten
t
(
1
5
–
2
0
%),
wh
ich
ac
ts
as a
th
er
m
al
in
s
u
lato
r
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
o
v
er
a
ll h
ea
t
f
lo
w
d
u
r
in
g
an
aly
s
is
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
T
GA
r
esu
lts
f
u
r
th
e
r
in
d
i
ca
ted
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
ca
r
b
o
n
c
o
n
ten
t
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
am
p
les:
c
ass
av
a
wo
o
d
(
7
5
.
2
wt%),
r
ice
h
u
s
k
(
7
8
.
2
5
wt%),
an
d
co
r
n
co
b
(
8
3
.
2
1
wt
%).
T
h
ese
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
alig
n
w
ith
th
e
f
ee
d
s
to
ck
s
’
n
atu
r
al
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
.
C
o
r
n
co
b
h
as
th
e
h
ig
h
est
ce
llu
lo
s
e
an
d
h
em
icellu
lo
s
e
co
n
ten
t
(
70
–
8
0
%),
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
r
ice
h
u
s
k
(
5
4
–
7
0
%),
an
d
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
(
4
0
–
6
2
%).
Hig
h
e
r
ca
r
b
o
h
y
d
r
ate
co
n
ten
t
lea
d
s
to
g
r
ea
ter
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
y
r
o
l
y
s
is
,
wh
ich
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
c
ar
b
o
n
y
ield
in
c
o
r
n
co
b
an
d
r
ice
h
u
s
k
b
io
ch
ar
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
er
m
al
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
r
ee
b
io
ch
a
r
s
am
p
les
in
(
a
)
T
GA
an
d
(
b
)
DSC
p
r
o
f
iles
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
o
f
th
r
ee
b
io
c
h
ar
s
am
p
les.
T
h
e
X
-
r
ay
d
if
f
r
a
ctio
n
(
XR
D)
an
aly
s
is
o
f
b
io
c
h
ar
s
d
e
r
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
r
ice
h
u
s
k
,
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
,
a
n
d
co
r
n
c
o
b
r
ev
ea
led
d
is
tin
ct
cr
y
s
tallin
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
eir
o
r
ig
in
al
ch
em
ical
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
.
All
s
am
p
les
ex
h
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ited
a
b
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a
d
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2
θ=
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9
6
°,
wh
ic
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r
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0
2
)
p
l
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e
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g
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ap
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itic
ca
r
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n
a
n
d
i
n
d
icate
s
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
200
400
600
800
1000
75
80
85
90
95
100
Weight (wt%)
Tempe
rature
(
o
C
)
Cassa
va wo
od
Rice h
usk
Corn
cob
200
400
600
800
1000
−3.0
−2.5
−2.0
−1.5
−1.0
−0.5
0.0
Heat flow
(mW)
Tempe
rature
(
o
C
)
Cassa
va wo
od
Rice h
usk
Corn
cob
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
6
:
6
1
1
-
621
616
o
f
d
is
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h
em
icellu
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a
n
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lig
n
in
[
2
3
]
.
Am
o
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th
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les,
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b
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ap
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ct
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r
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tly
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io
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ar
s
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les
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h
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ited
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if
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ciate
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atic
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h
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s
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d
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i
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ig
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ly
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ain
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ests
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r
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alig
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m
en
t a
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ter
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r
b
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izatio
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[
2
5
]
.
Ov
er
all,
t
h
e
XR
D
r
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em
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n
s
tr
ate
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itio
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o
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ly
in
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l
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ar
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ter
is
tics
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ar
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h
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g
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ay
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izatio
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ater
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f
o
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m
an
ce
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
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FTI
R
s
p
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tr
a
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
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io
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wn
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u
r
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5
(
b
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,
d
is
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atic
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ce
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p
letely
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p
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d
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r
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p
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o
ly
s
is
[
2
7
]
.
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n
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k
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ch
o
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ig
in
ate
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r
o
m
th
e
s
ilica
co
n
ten
t.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Stru
ctu
r
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
za
tio
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o
f
th
r
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c
h
ar
s
am
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le
s
in
(
a
)
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p
atter
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d
(
b
)
FTI
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s
p
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a
T
h
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ca
n
n
in
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tr
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m
icr
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s
co
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(
SEM
)
im
ag
es
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
o
f
ca
s
s
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wo
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d
,
r
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h
u
s
k
,
a
n
d
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b
b
io
c
h
ar
s
.
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h
e
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
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d
b
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ch
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in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(a
)
ex
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ib
its
a
r
o
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g
h
an
d
p
o
r
o
u
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
with
n
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m
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r
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s
ca
v
ities
an
d
cr
ev
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T
h
i
s
ir
r
eg
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lar
a
n
d
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
h
ap
ed
p
o
r
o
s
ity
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
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s
e
o
f
v
o
latile
m
atter
d
u
r
in
g
p
y
r
o
ly
s
is
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticle
s
izes
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
s
m
all,
ir
r
eg
u
lar
f
r
ag
m
en
ts
to
lar
g
er
,
co
m
p
ac
t
ag
g
r
e
g
ates,
in
d
icatin
g
a
b
r
o
ad
d
is
tr
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u
tio
n
o
f
p
o
r
e
s
izes
an
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
a
r
ea
s
.
Sm
all
p
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ticles
s
ca
tter
ed
o
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th
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s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
ay
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t
r
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m
n
an
ts
o
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ce
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ic
f
i
b
er
s
e
m
b
ed
d
e
d
with
in
a
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r
b
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ized
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n
in
m
at
r
ix
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wh
ic
h
co
n
tr
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tes to
th
e
b
lac
k
ap
p
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ce
o
f
th
e
b
io
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ar
.
T
h
e
r
ice
h
u
s
k
b
i
o
ch
a
r
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(b
)
ex
h
ib
its
a
s
m
o
o
th
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
u
r
f
ac
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
b
io
ch
ar
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
h
ig
h
s
i
lica
co
n
ten
t
in
r
ice
h
u
s
k
,
wh
i
ch
h
in
d
er
s
th
e
p
o
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
b
io
c
h
ar
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
g
en
er
ally
s
m
aller
an
d
m
o
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
in
s
ize,
an
d
lar
g
e
ag
g
r
eg
ates
ar
e
less
p
r
ev
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t.
Sm
all,
s
p
h
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ical
f
ea
tu
r
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o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
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m
ay
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r
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th
er
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co
m
p
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d
er
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d
f
r
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m
th
e
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al
b
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m
ass
.
T
h
e
co
r
n
c
o
b
b
io
ch
a
r
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(c
)
h
as
a
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
y
th
at
lies
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
m
o
o
th
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
r
ice
h
u
s
k
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d
th
e
p
o
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s
s
u
r
f
ac
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o
f
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
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d
b
io
ch
ar
.
I
t
co
n
tain
s
b
o
t
h
s
m
all
p
o
r
es
an
d
lar
g
er
,
asy
m
m
etr
ical
p
ar
ticles.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
r
a
n
g
es
f
r
o
m
c
o
m
p
ac
t
ag
g
r
e
g
ate
s
to
f
in
e
,
ir
r
eg
u
lar
20
40
60
80
Intensi
ty (a.u)
2θ (degree
)
Cassa
va wo
od
Rice h
usk
Corn
cob
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Trans
mitanc
e (a
.u)
Wave
nu
mber
(
cm
-1
)
Cassa
va wo
od
Rice h
usk
Corn
cob
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
C
h
a
r
a
cteris
tic
s
o
f b
io
ch
a
r
fr
o
m
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
a
l res
id
u
es p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
tr
a
d
itio
n
a
l c
o
mb
u
s
tio
n
…
(
A
li R
a
h
ma
t
)
617
f
r
ag
m
en
ts
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
a
h
eter
o
g
en
eo
u
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
S
ca
tter
ed
s
m
all
p
ar
ticles
co
u
ld
b
e
r
esid
u
al
f
ib
er
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
lar
g
er
o
n
es m
ay
o
r
ig
in
ate
f
r
o
m
ca
r
b
o
n
ized
s
tar
ch
o
r
o
th
er
o
r
g
a
n
ic
m
atter
p
r
esen
t
in
th
e
co
r
n
co
b
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
SEM
im
ag
es o
f
b
io
c
h
ar
f
r
o
m
(
a)
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
,
(
b
)
r
ice
h
u
s
k
,
a
n
d
(
c
)
co
r
n
co
b
3
.
2
.
Ef
f
ec
t
o
f
bio
cha
r
a
pp
lica
t
io
n o
n so
il pH
,
s
o
il o
rg
a
nic
ca
rbo
n
,
a
nd
i
t
s
po
t
ent
ia
l a
s
a
s
o
il a
m
endm
ent
So
il
p
H
an
d
s
o
il
o
r
g
a
n
ic
ca
r
b
o
n
ar
e
cr
itical
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
i
n
d
icativ
e
o
f
s
o
il
f
er
tili
ty
lev
els.
Fig
u
r
e
7
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
s
o
il
p
H
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
at
6
.
5
,
w
h
ich
class
if
ies
th
e
s
o
il
as
ac
id
ic
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
o
il
am
en
d
ed
with
b
io
c
h
ar
ex
h
ib
ited
a
n
o
tab
le
in
cr
e
ase
in
p
H.
T
h
e
d
ata
in
d
icate
a
p
H
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
0
.
4
0
–
0
.
5
7
u
n
its
,
eq
u
atin
g
to
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
–
8
.
7
%,
as
a
r
e
s
u
lt
o
f
b
io
ch
a
r
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
ig
n
if
ies
a
f
av
o
r
ab
le
c
o
n
d
itio
n
,
as
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
ess
en
tial
n
u
tr
ie
n
ts
f
o
r
p
lan
ts
is
ty
p
ically
e
n
h
an
ce
d
in
s
o
il
with
a
p
H
n
ea
r
n
e
u
tr
al
(
p
H
±
7
)
.
T
h
e
r
is
e
in
s
o
il p
H
f
o
llo
win
g
b
io
ch
ar
ap
p
licatio
n
is
lin
k
ed
t
o
th
e
elem
e
n
tal
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
b
io
ch
a
r
.
T
h
e
XR
F
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lt
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
in
d
icate
th
at
b
io
ch
ar
co
n
tain
s
s
ev
er
al
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
elem
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
ca
lciu
m
(
C
a)
an
d
m
ag
n
esiu
m
(
Mg
)
.
B
asic
ca
ti
o
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
C
a²⁺
an
d
Mg
²
⁺,
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
lim
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
n
e
u
tr
alizin
g
ac
id
io
n
s
p
r
esen
t
in
th
e
s
o
il.
B
io
ch
ar
ty
p
ically
co
n
tai
n
s
s
alt
-
b
ased
io
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
K⁺,
C
a²⁺,
an
d
Mg
²⁺,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
r
elea
s
ed
an
d
e
x
ch
an
g
e
d
with
ac
id
ca
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
Al³⁺
an
d
H⁺
u
p
o
n
ap
p
licatio
n
to
th
e
s
o
il.
T
h
e
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
H⁺
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
r
esu
ltin
g
i
n
an
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
H
[
3
0
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
w
h
en
c
o
r
r
elatin
g
elem
e
n
tal
co
n
ten
t
with
ch
a
n
g
es
in
s
o
il
p
H,
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
B
3
(
s
o
il
tr
ea
ted
with
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
b
io
c
h
ar
)
s
h
o
wed
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
H
v
alu
e
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
o
th
er
tr
ea
tm
en
ts
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
t
h
e
elem
en
tal
a
n
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
wed
th
at
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
b
io
ch
ar
h
a
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
ca
lciu
m
an
d
m
ag
n
esiu
m
co
n
ten
t
am
o
n
g
all
b
io
ch
ar
ty
p
es
test
ed
.
T
h
ese
two
b
asic
ca
tio
n
s
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
o
il
p
H
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
n
eu
tr
aliza
tio
n
o
f
ac
id
io
n
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Fig
u
r
e
8
,
th
e
tr
e
atm
en
t
with
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
b
io
ch
ar
ex
h
ib
ited
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
s
o
il
o
r
g
an
ic
ca
r
b
o
n
c
o
n
ten
t
at
1
.
8
5
%,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
tr
ea
tm
en
t
r
e
co
r
d
ed
t
h
e
lo
west
at
1
.
3
6
%.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
b
io
ch
ar
l
ed
to
an
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t
in
s
o
il
o
r
g
a
n
ic
ca
r
b
o
n
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
8
.
3
8
%
to
3
6
.
0
3
%.
T
h
e
r
is
e
was
attr
ib
u
ted
to
t
h
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
-
r
ich
b
io
ch
a
r
in
to
th
e
s
o
il,
th
er
eb
y
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
o
il
o
r
g
an
ic
ca
r
b
o
n
co
n
ten
t.
T
h
is
d
is
co
v
e
r
y
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
with
p
r
io
r
r
ese
ar
ch
.
E
r
n
est
et
a
l.
[
3
1
]
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
r
is
e
in
s
o
il
o
r
g
a
n
ic
ca
r
b
o
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
b
io
c
h
ar
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
Go
n
g
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
ass
er
ted
th
at
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
b
io
ch
a
r
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
ele
v
ated
s
o
il
o
r
g
an
ic
ca
r
b
o
n
lev
els
o
win
g
to
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial o
r
g
an
ic
m
atter
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t in
clu
d
e
d
in
th
e
b
io
ch
ar
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
E
f
f
ec
t o
f
b
io
ch
a
r
am
en
d
m
en
t
o
n
s
o
il p
H
o
v
er
8
5
-
d
a
y
in
cu
b
atio
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
E
f
f
ec
t o
f
b
io
ch
a
r
am
en
d
m
en
t
o
n
s
o
il
o
r
g
an
ic
c
o
n
ten
t o
v
er
8
5
-
d
a
y
in
cu
b
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
2
5
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8
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1
4
I
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t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
6
:
6
1
1
-
621
618
T
h
e
d
ata
i
n
d
icate
th
at
b
io
ch
ar
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
,
ca
s
s
av
a
s
talk
s
,
an
d
co
r
n
c
o
b
s
,
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
h
o
ws
p
o
ten
tial
as
a
s
o
il
am
e
n
d
m
en
t.
T
h
e
ch
em
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
b
io
ch
ar
r
ev
ea
l
its
p
o
ten
tial,
as
all
th
r
ee
ty
p
es
co
n
tain
b
asic
ca
tio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
ca
lciu
m
an
d
m
ag
n
esiu
m
,
alo
n
g
with
m
ac
r
o
n
u
t
r
ien
ts
s
u
ch
as
n
itro
g
en
,
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
,
an
d
s
u
lf
u
r
.
T
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
b
io
ch
a
r
to
s
o
il
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
n
u
tr
ien
ts
f
o
r
p
l
an
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
elev
ated
s
o
il
p
H
an
d
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
b
asi
c
ca
tio
n
s
in
b
io
ch
ar
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
m
itig
atio
n
o
f
alu
m
in
u
m
to
x
icity
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
ac
id
ic
s
o
ils
lik
e
u
ltis
o
l
s
.
T
h
is
elu
cid
ates
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
b
io
ch
ar
ap
p
lic
atio
n
in
en
h
an
cin
g
n
u
tr
ien
t
r
et
en
tio
n
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
s
o
il q
u
ality
.
B
io
ch
ar
,
a
ca
r
b
o
n
-
r
ich
m
ater
i
al
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
b
io
m
ass
p
y
r
o
ly
s
is
,
h
as
attr
ac
ted
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
in
ter
est
as
a
s
o
il
am
en
d
m
en
t
d
u
e
to
its
p
o
t
en
tial
to
en
h
an
ce
s
o
il
p
r
o
p
er
ti
es.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
ab
le
1
,
b
io
ch
ar
co
n
tain
s
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
an
d
h
as
b
e
en
s
h
o
wn
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
o
il
o
r
g
an
ic
ca
r
b
o
n
co
n
ten
t.
So
il
o
r
g
an
ic
ca
r
b
o
n
ca
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical,
ch
em
i
ca
l,
an
d
b
io
l
o
g
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
s
o
il.
B
io
ch
ar
am
e
n
d
m
en
t
s
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
o
il
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
b
y
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
wate
r
-
h
o
l
d
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
b
u
lk
d
en
s
ity
,
a
n
d
e
n
h
an
cin
g
p
o
r
o
s
ity
.
T
h
ese
b
en
ef
its
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
s
an
d
y
o
r
n
u
tr
i
en
t
-
p
o
o
r
s
o
ils
,
wh
er
e
b
io
ch
ar
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
b
etter
r
o
o
t g
r
o
wth
an
d
p
lan
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
3
3
]
.
B
io
ch
ar
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
n
o
t
o
n
ly
b
y
its
h
ig
h
ca
r
b
o
n
c
o
n
t
en
t
b
u
t
also
b
y
its
well
-
d
ev
elo
p
ed
p
o
r
o
u
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
o
n
th
e
b
io
ch
a
r
s
u
r
f
ac
e
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
p
o
r
o
u
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
in
ter
n
al
p
o
r
e
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
wate
r
r
eten
tio
n
,
wh
ile
b
io
ch
ar
i
n
t
h
e
s
o
il
p
r
o
m
o
tes
s
o
il
ag
g
r
eg
ate
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
lead
s
to
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
lar
g
er
m
ac
r
o
p
o
r
es,
wh
ich
en
h
an
ce
s
wate
r
in
f
iltra
tio
n
an
d
r
eten
tio
n
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
r
esu
lts
in
r
e
d
u
ce
d
s
o
il
b
u
lk
d
en
s
ity
an
d
en
h
an
c
es
av
ailab
le
wate
r
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
elu
cid
ate
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
b
io
ch
ar
o
n
s
o
il
p
o
r
e
s
p
ac
e
an
d
wate
r
-
h
o
ld
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
alig
n
s
with
th
e
r
esear
ch
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Kab
ir
et
a
l.
[
3
4
]
,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
d
th
at
b
io
ch
ar
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
d
s
o
il p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
er
t
ies b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
o
r
o
s
ity
an
d
wate
r
r
eten
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ca
r
b
o
n
c
o
n
ten
t
an
d
p
o
r
e
s
ize
o
f
b
io
ch
ar
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
o
il
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
tly
af
f
ec
t
s
o
il
b
io
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
esp
ec
ially
m
icr
o
b
ial
ac
tiv
ity
.
B
io
ch
ar
s
er
v
es
as
a
s
tab
le
m
icr
o
h
ab
itat
f
o
r
s
o
il
m
icr
o
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
,
with
its
p
o
r
o
u
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
a
p
r
o
tectiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
f
a
cilitates
m
icr
o
b
ial
co
lo
n
izatio
n
an
d
ac
tiv
ity
.
B
io
ch
ar
s
er
v
es
as
a
ca
r
b
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
en
er
g
y
an
d
n
u
tr
ien
ts
f
o
r
m
icr
o
b
es,
wh
ile
en
h
an
cin
g
s
o
il
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
p
H,
wate
r
-
h
o
ld
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
,
a
n
d
ae
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
in
ter
p
lay
o
f
th
e
s
e
f
ac
to
r
s
en
h
an
ce
s
s
o
il
m
icr
o
b
ial
b
io
m
ass
,
d
iv
er
s
ity
,
a
n
d
ac
tiv
i
ty
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
alig
n
with
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
b
io
c
h
ar
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
waste,
cr
ea
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
im
p
le
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
h
as
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
g
r
ea
tly
en
h
an
ce
s
o
il
q
u
ality
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
h
o
ld
s
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
s
y
s
tem
s
in
tr
o
p
ical
ar
ea
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
with
in
ASEA
N
n
atio
n
s
,
as it
ca
n
b
e
r
ea
d
ily
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
b
y
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
f
ar
m
er
s
with
o
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
ex
p
e
n
s
iv
e
in
f
r
astru
c
tu
r
e
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
,
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
,
a
n
d
co
r
n
co
b
s
in
t
o
b
io
ch
ar
s
er
v
es
as
an
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
th
e
v
alo
r
izati
o
n
o
f
o
r
g
an
ic
waste.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
is
ab
u
n
d
a
n
t
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
waste
ca
n
m
itig
at
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
r
ess
u
r
es
f
r
o
m
o
r
g
an
ic
r
esid
u
e
ac
cu
m
u
lati
o
n
wh
ile
g
en
er
atin
g
a
s
o
il
am
en
d
m
en
t
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ag
r
o
n
o
m
ic
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
i
o
ch
ar
s
er
v
es
as
an
am
elio
r
an
t
,
en
h
an
cin
g
s
o
il
f
er
tili
ty
an
d
th
er
e
b
y
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
lan
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
d
u
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
y
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
ag
r
icu
l
tu
r
al
waste
is
s
u
es a
n
d
en
h
an
ci
n
g
s
o
il q
u
ality
s
u
s
tain
ab
ly
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
b
i
o
ch
ar
g
en
e
r
ated
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
is
s
im
p
le
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
s
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
th
at
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
m
o
r
e
a
d
v
an
ce
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
h
o
win
g
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
b
asic
b
io
ch
ar
ca
n
ac
t
as
a
v
alu
a
b
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
o
il
f
er
tili
ty
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
h
ea
lth
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
b
io
ch
ar
b
y
s
m
allh
o
ld
er
f
ar
m
er
s
ca
n
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
r
esil
ien
ce
o
f
f
o
o
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
il's
p
h
y
s
ical,
ch
em
ical,
an
d
b
io
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ad
d
itio
n
ally
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
to
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
eser
v
atio
n
o
f
s
o
il
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
o
v
er
th
e
lo
n
g
ter
m
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
u
tili
zin
g
b
io
c
h
ar
cr
ea
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
p
le
tech
n
iq
u
es
is
a
v
iab
le
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
tr
ate
g
y
f
o
r
p
r
eser
v
in
g
s
o
il
q
u
ality
,
th
er
eb
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
b
io
ch
ar
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
b
i
o
m
ass
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es
,
esp
ec
ially
f
r
o
m
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
,
ca
s
s
av
a
wo
o
d
,
an
d
co
r
n
c
o
b
s
,
h
as
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
th
at
ar
e
s
im
ilar
t
o
th
o
s
e
o
f
b
io
c
h
ar
m
ad
e
with
ad
v
an
ce
d
p
y
r
o
ly
s
i
s
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ev
al
u
atio
n
with
FTI
R
,
T
G
-
DT
A,
XR
D,
an
d
XR
F,
it wa
s
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
at
t
h
e
b
io
ch
a
r
co
n
tain
e
d
ess
en
tial n
u
tr
ien
ts
an
d
h
ad
p
h
y
s
ico
ch
e
m
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
th
at
aid
in
th
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
s
o
il
q
u
ality
.
Fo
llo
win
g
a
p
p
licatio
n
,
s
o
il
p
H
an
d
s
o
il
o
r
g
an
ic
ca
r
b
o
n
(
SOC
)
co
n
ten
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
b
io
c
h
ar
as
a
s
o
il
am
elio
r
an
t.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al/
s
im
p
le
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
b
io
ch
ar
ca
n
y
ield
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
f
it
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
as
a
s
o
il
am
en
d
m
e
n
t,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
l
o
w
-
en
er
g
y
,
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
s
u
b
s
titu
te
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
f
ar
m
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Ad
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Ap
p
l Sci
I
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N:
2252
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8
8
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C
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619
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
Q
.
X
u
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
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v
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lso
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tal
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ti
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s.
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c
a
n
b
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tac
ted
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M
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S
c
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c
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fro
m
Ho
k
k
a
id
o
Un
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rsity
,
Ja
p
a
n
.
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re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
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lu
d
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o
rg
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ic
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h
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m
istry
,
m
a
teria
ls
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i
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n
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e
,
p
o
l
y
m
e
rs,
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o
m
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teria
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t
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ti
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n
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l
m
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teria
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tal
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ra
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teria
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ly
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m
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teria
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d
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d
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c
a
n
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c
o
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tac
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a
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:
su
k
a
m
to
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o
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ja.ac
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i
d
.
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