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id
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s
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1
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p
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p
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2
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2
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1
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o
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u
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2
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8
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m
o
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3
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5
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o
ten
aGo
(
2
0
2
1
)
,
an
d
I
n
f
ec
ted
Slab
s
(
2
0
2
4
)
[
4
]
.
Netwo
r
k
tr
af
f
ic
f
r
o
m
s
ev
e
r
al
o
f
th
ese
f
am
ilies
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
p
tu
r
ed
an
d
lab
eled
in
th
e
I
o
T
-
2
3
d
ataset
[
5
]
(
Stra
to
s
p
h
er
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
,
C
ze
ch
T
ec
h
n
ical
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
)
a
p
u
b
licly
av
ailab
le,
lab
eled
co
llecti
o
n
o
f
2
3
r
ea
l I
o
T
d
ev
ice
n
etwo
r
k
ca
p
tu
r
es
u
s
ed
wid
ely
f
o
r
m
al
war
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
r
ar
e
em
p
ir
ical
r
eso
u
r
ce
f
o
r
ca
lib
r
atin
g
m
ath
em
atica
l
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
m
o
d
els ag
ain
s
t r
e
al
-
wo
r
ld
d
y
n
am
ics
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
Ma
th
em
atica
l
ep
id
em
ic
m
o
d
elin
g
h
as
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
th
e
th
e
o
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
ch
ar
ac
ter
izin
g
m
alwa
r
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
s
in
ce
Kep
h
ar
t
an
d
W
h
ite’
s
[
8
]
s
e
m
in
al
1
9
9
1
wo
r
k
,
wh
ich
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
SIR
co
m
p
ar
tm
en
tal
d
y
n
am
ics
ad
e
q
u
ately
ca
p
tu
r
e
co
m
p
u
ter
v
i
r
u
s
s
p
r
ea
d
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
h
as
ex
ten
d
ed
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
SE
I
R
[
9
]
,
SEI
R
S
[
1
0
]
,
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
-
o
r
d
e
r
[
1
1
]
,
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
v
ar
ian
ts
[
1
2
]
f
o
r
I
o
T
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
alwa
r
e
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
as
well
a
s
s
ca
le
-
f
r
ee
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
d
els
m
o
tiv
ated
b
y
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
wo
r
k
o
n
ep
id
em
ic
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
in
h
eter
o
g
en
eo
u
s
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
1
5
]
.
No
tab
l
y
,
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
lo
y
s
y
n
t
h
etic
o
r
b
io
lo
g
ically
b
o
r
r
o
we
d
p
a
r
am
eter
v
alu
es.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
Z
h
o
u
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
a
n
d
Nwo
k
o
y
e
[
1
6
]
u
s
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ates
esti
m
ated
f
r
o
m
g
en
er
ic
wi
r
eless
n
etwo
r
k
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
r
ath
er
th
an
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
tr
af
f
ic
d
ata,
wh
ile
Qu
ir
o
g
a
-
Sán
ch
e
z
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
an
d
d
el
R
ey
[
1
4
]
ad
o
p
t
ep
id
em
io
lo
g
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
h
er
ited
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
th
eo
r
etica
l
s
tu
d
ies
with
o
u
t
em
p
ir
ical
I
o
T
v
alid
atio
n
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
th
ese
m
o
d
els
r
em
ain
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ei
r
p
ar
am
eter
izatio
n
is
n
o
t
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
I
o
T
m
alwa
r
e
b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
is
r
ev
ea
ls
a
p
er
s
is
ten
t
an
d
cr
itical
lim
itatio
n
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e:
ex
is
tin
g
I
o
T
m
alwa
r
e
ep
id
em
ic
m
o
d
els
r
ely
p
r
e
d
o
m
i
n
an
tly
o
n
s
y
n
th
etic,
esti
m
ated
,
o
r
th
eo
r
etica
lly
in
h
er
ite
d
p
a
r
a
m
eter
s
r
ath
er
th
an
v
alu
es d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
em
p
ir
ical
I
o
T
tr
af
f
ic
d
atasets
.
T
h
e
I
o
T
-
2
3
d
ataset
[
5
]
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
2
3
l
ab
eled
ca
p
tu
r
es (
2
0
m
alwa
r
e
an
d
3
b
en
ig
n
)
co
llec
ted
f
r
o
m
r
ea
l
I
o
T
d
ev
ices
b
et
wee
n
2
0
1
8
an
d
2
0
1
9
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
p
u
b
licly
a
v
ailab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
is
lim
itatio
n
.
L
ev
e
r
ag
in
g
I
o
T
-
2
3
f
o
r
ep
id
em
ic
m
o
d
el
p
ar
am
eter
esti
m
atio
n
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
th
at
r
em
ain
s
lar
g
el
y
u
n
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
in
th
e
m
ath
em
atica
l m
o
d
elin
g
liter
atu
r
e.
A
s
ec
o
n
d
p
er
s
is
ten
t
g
ap
co
n
ce
r
n
s
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
p
atch
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies.
C
u
r
r
en
t
I
o
T
p
atch
m
an
ag
em
en
t
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
al
l
in
to
th
r
ee
ca
te
g
o
r
ies:
p
e
r
io
d
ic
(
f
ix
e
d
s
ch
ed
u
le
)
,
ev
e
n
t
-
tr
ig
g
er
e
d
(
u
p
o
n
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
d
is
clo
s
u
r
e)
,
an
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
-
b
ased
(
u
p
o
n
in
f
ec
tio
n
d
etec
tio
n
)
[
1
7
]
.
All
th
r
ee
s
h
ar
e
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
lim
itatio
n
:
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
ad
a
p
t
to
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
e
p
id
em
ic
d
y
n
am
ics.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
wh
ile
p
o
n
tr
y
ag
in
’
s
m
ax
im
u
m
p
r
in
cip
le
(
PMP
)
[
1
8
]
h
as
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
t
o
d
er
i
v
e
o
p
tim
al
p
atch
i
n
g
co
n
tr
o
ls
f
o
r
cy
b
er
-
ep
i
d
em
ic
m
o
d
els
[1
6
]
,
[
1
9
]
all
p
r
io
r
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
s
co
m
p
u
te
u
*
(
t)
as
an
o
p
en
-
lo
o
p
tim
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
d
eter
m
in
ed
o
f
f
lin
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
u
ll
ad
jo
in
t
s
y
s
tem
p
r
ac
tic
ally
in
f
ea
s
ib
le
f
o
r
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
I
o
T
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
y
s
tem
s
wh
er
e
ep
id
em
ic
d
y
n
am
ics
ev
o
lv
e
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
a
n
d
ar
e
s
u
b
ject
to
s
to
ch
as
tic
p
er
tu
r
b
a
tio
n
s
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
s
im
u
lt
an
eo
u
s
ly
a
d
d
r
ess
es
b
o
th
g
a
p
s
:
we
ca
lib
r
ate
th
e
SEI
R
-
P
m
o
d
el
f
r
o
m
I
o
T
-
2
3
t
r
af
f
ic
s
tatis
tics
,
an
d
f
o
r
m
u
late
a
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
R
₀
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
p
atch
i
n
g
co
n
tr
o
l w
ith
f
o
r
m
al
o
p
tim
a
lity
g
u
a
r
an
tees
v
ia
PMP
.
T
h
e
p
r
in
ci
p
al
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
p
a
p
er
ar
e
as
f
o
ll
o
ws.
First,
we
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
t
h
e
SEI
R
-
P
co
m
p
ar
tm
en
tal
m
o
d
el
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
d
if
f
er
en
tiated
ad
ap
t
iv
e
-
p
atch
in
g
co
m
p
ar
tm
en
t
P
an
d
a
s
ig
m
o
id
R
₀
-
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
co
n
tr
o
l
law
u
(
t)
=
u
(
R
₀(
t)
)
,
f
o
r
m
ally
d
er
iv
e
d
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
e
n
o
p
tim
al
v
ia
PMP.
Se
co
n
d
,
we
p
r
esen
t
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
th
r
ee
-
s
tag
e
p
ar
am
e
ter
ca
lib
r
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
a
p
p
lied
to
I
o
T
-
2
3
ca
p
tu
r
es
f
r
o
m
Mir
ai,
T
o
r
ii,
an
d
I
R
C
B
o
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
y
ield
in
g
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
em
p
ir
ically
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
SEI
R
-
ty
p
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
et
f
o
r
I
o
T
m
alwa
r
e
with
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
als.
T
h
ir
d
,
we
d
er
iv
e
a
clo
s
ed
-
f
o
r
m
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
R
₀(
u
)
v
ia
th
e
n
ex
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
m
atr
i
x
(
NGM
)
an
d
th
e
a
n
aly
tical
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
u
_
cr
it
f
o
r
e
p
id
em
ic
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
.
Fo
u
r
t
h
,
we
p
r
o
v
e
e
x
i
s
ten
ce
,
u
n
iq
u
en
ess
,
an
d
g
lo
b
al
asy
m
p
to
tic
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e
-
f
r
ee
e
q
u
ilib
r
iu
m
u
n
d
e
r
u
*
(
t)
v
ia
L
y
a
p
u
n
o
v
’
s
d
ir
ec
t
m
eth
o
d
.
Fifth
,
we
co
n
d
u
ct
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
f
iv
e
-
s
ce
n
ar
io
n
u
m
er
ical
v
alid
atio
n
with
PR
C
C
g
lo
b
al
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
v
e
r
all
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
s
tr
ateg
ies
.
2.
M
AT
E
R
I
AL
A
ND
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Da
t
a
s
et
I
o
T
-
23
T
h
e
I
o
T
-
2
3
d
ataset
(
v
er
s
io
n
1
.
0
,
Stra
to
s
p
h
er
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
,
C
ze
ch
T
ec
h
n
ical
Un
iv
er
s
ity
in
Pr
ag
u
e)
is
a
p
u
b
licly
av
ailab
le,
lab
eled
d
a
taset
o
f
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
tr
af
f
ic
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
at
s
tr
ato
s
p
h
er
eip
s
.
o
r
g
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
d
ataset
co
m
p
r
is
es
2
3
n
etwo
r
k
ca
p
tu
r
es:
2
0
ca
p
tu
r
es
o
f
I
o
T
tr
af
f
i
c
f
r
o
m
d
e
v
ices
in
f
ec
ted
with
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
alwa
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
ma
th
ema
tica
l m
o
d
el
fo
r
I
o
T ma
lw
a
r
e
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
tio
n
w
ith
a
d
a
p
tive
p
a
tch
i
n
g
…
(
Dw
i E
ly
K
u
r
n
ia
w
a
n
)
221
f
am
ilies
,
an
d
3
ca
p
tu
r
es
o
f
b
en
ig
n
I
o
T
d
ev
ice
tr
af
f
ic.
C
ap
tu
r
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
etwe
e
n
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
1
8
a
n
d
Au
g
u
s
t
2
0
1
9
o
n
a
c
o
n
tr
o
lle
d
test
b
ed
o
f
r
ea
l
co
n
s
u
m
er
I
o
T
d
ev
ices
in
clu
d
i
n
g
Ph
ilip
s
Hu
e
s
m
ar
t
b
u
lb
s
,
Am
az
o
n
E
c
h
o
,
So
m
f
y
s
m
ar
t
d
o
o
r
l
o
ck
s
,
a
n
d
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi
d
ev
ices
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
n
etwo
r
k
.
E
ac
h
c
ap
tu
r
e
in
clu
d
es
Z
e
ek
(
B
r
o
)
-
g
en
e
r
ated
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
lo
g
s
with
f
ield
s
f
o
r
tim
estam
p
,
d
u
r
atio
n
,
s
o
u
r
ce
/d
esti
n
atio
n
I
P
an
d
p
o
r
t,
p
r
o
to
co
l,
s
er
v
ice,
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
b
y
tes,
a
n
d
a
g
r
o
u
n
d
-
tr
u
th
lab
el
(
m
alicio
u
s
/b
en
ig
n
,
m
alwa
r
e
f
am
ily
)
.
T
h
e
t
o
tal
d
ataset
e
n
co
m
p
ass
es
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
3
2
5
m
illi
o
n
lab
eled
n
etwo
r
k
f
lo
w
r
ec
o
r
d
s
.
2
.
2
.
Select
ed
ma
lwa
re
ca
ptu
re
s
a
nd
beha
v
io
ra
l r
a
t
io
na
le
Fo
r
ep
id
em
ic
m
o
d
el
p
ar
am
ete
r
ca
lib
r
atio
n
[
1
5
]
,
th
r
ee
ca
p
tu
r
es
wer
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
cr
iter
io
n
th
at
ea
ch
ca
p
tu
r
e’
s
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
s
ig
n
atu
r
e
alig
n
s
with
a
d
is
tin
ct
SEI
R
-
P
co
m
p
ar
tm
en
t
tr
an
s
itio
n
.
T
ab
le
1
s
u
m
m
ar
izes th
e
th
r
ee
s
elec
ted
ca
p
tu
r
es a
n
d
th
eir
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
s
ig
n
atu
r
es u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
ar
am
eter
ca
lib
r
atio
n
.
C
ap
tu
r
e
C
T
U
-
I
o
T
-
m
alwa
r
e
-
ca
p
tu
r
e
-
1
(
Mir
ai
v
a
r
ian
t
A)
was selec
ted
f
o
r
β
e
s
tim
atio
n
:
its
d
ef
in
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
is
in
ten
s
iv
e
h
o
r
iz
o
n
tal
s
ca
n
n
in
g
an
d
r
ap
i
d
cr
e
d
en
tial
b
r
u
te
-
f
o
r
cin
g
with
s
u
b
-
s
ec
o
n
d
in
t
er
-
p
r
o
b
e
in
ter
v
als
,
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
a
m
ea
s
u
r
a
b
le
ex
p
o
n
en
tial
g
r
o
wth
in
n
ew
d
ev
ice
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
p
er
u
n
it
tim
e
d
ir
ec
t
ly
an
alo
g
o
u
s
to
th
e
S→I
tr
an
s
itio
n
g
o
v
er
n
ed
b
y
β.
C
ap
tu
r
e
C
T
U
-
I
o
T
-
m
alwa
r
e
-
ca
p
tu
r
e
-
9
(
to
r
ii
a
d
v
an
ce
d
p
e
r
s
is
ten
t
th
r
ea
t)
was
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
σ
esti
m
atio
n
:
T
o
r
ii
ex
h
ib
its
a
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
two
-
s
tag
e
in
f
ec
tio
n
life
cy
cle
in
wh
ich
in
itial
d
ev
ice
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
is
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
laten
cy
p
e
r
io
d
o
f
s
ev
er
al
h
o
u
r
s
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
d
ev
ice
b
e
g
in
s
ac
t
iv
e
co
m
m
an
d
-
a
n
d
-
co
n
tr
o
l
(
C
2
)
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
later
al
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
d
ir
ec
tly
an
alo
g
o
u
s
to
th
e
E
→I
tr
an
s
it
io
n
g
o
v
e
r
n
ed
b
y
σ
.
ca
p
tu
r
e
C
T
U
-
I
o
T
-
m
alwa
r
e
-
ca
p
tu
r
e
-
1
7
(
I
R
C
B
o
t)
was
s
elec
t
ed
f
o
r
γ
esti
m
atio
n
:
I
R
C
B
o
t
ex
h
ib
its
o
b
s
er
v
ab
le
s
p
o
n
tan
eo
u
s
d
ev
ice
r
ec
o
v
er
y
ev
en
ts
(
id
en
tifie
d
as
tr
af
f
ic
ce
s
s
atio
n
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
clea
n
-
s
tate
r
ec
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
attr
ib
u
tab
le
to
d
e
v
ice
r
eb
o
o
ts
o
r
f
ir
m
war
e
r
esets
)
d
ir
ec
tly
an
alo
g
o
u
s
to
th
e
I
→R
tr
an
s
itio
n
g
o
v
er
n
ed
b
y
γ
.
T
ab
le
1
.
I
o
T
-
2
3
ca
p
tu
r
es
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
p
ar
am
eter
ca
lib
r
atio
n
C
a
p
t
u
r
e
M
a
l
w
a
r
e
f
a
mi
l
y
D
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
To
t
a
l
f
l
o
w
s
D
e
v
i
c
e
t
y
p
e
S
EI
R
-
P
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
C
a
l
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
l
s
i
g
n
a
t
u
r
e
C
TU
-
I
o
T
-
1
M
i
r
a
i
(
v
a
r
.
A
)
6
.
5
h
8
0
8
,
9
4
3
I
P
c
a
mera
β
I
n
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
h
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l
sc
a
n
n
i
n
g
;
r
a
p
i
d
S
Y
N
f
l
o
o
d
s
t
o
p
o
r
t
s
2
3
/
2
3
2
3
/
7
5
4
7
;
e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
a
l
n
e
w
-
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
g
r
o
w
t
h
C
TU
-
I
o
T
-
9
To
r
i
i
A
P
T
1
8
.
3
h
1
,
2
4
6
,
7
0
1
R
a
s
p
b
e
r
r
y
Pi
σ
S
t
a
g
e
d
l
i
f
e
c
y
c
l
e
:
s
i
l
e
n
t
i
n
c
u
b
a
t
i
o
n
1
–
9
h
b
e
f
o
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
C
2
;
e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
a
l
d
e
l
a
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
(
n
=
3
1
2
e
v
e
n
t
s)
C
TU
-
I
o
T
-
17
I
R
C
B
o
t
4
.
2
h
4
2
3
,
1
5
6
S
mart
r
o
u
t
e
r
γ
S
p
o
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
c
e
ssa
t
i
o
n
+
c
l
e
a
n
r
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
(
r
e
b
o
o
t
e
v
e
n
t
s)
;
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
r
a
t
e
f
r
o
m
n
=
8
7
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
e
v
e
n
t
s
2
.
3
.
T
hree
-
s
t
a
g
e
pa
r
a
m
et
er
ca
lib
ra
t
io
n m
et
ho
do
lo
g
y
Par
am
eter
ca
lib
r
atio
n
f
o
llo
w
ed
a
th
r
ee
-
s
tag
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
ca
lib
r
ated
r
esu
lts
with
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
als
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
2
.
I
n
s
tag
e
1
(
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate
esti
m
atio
n
f
o
r
β),
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate
was
e
s
tim
at
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
T
U
-
I
o
T
-
1
(
Mir
a
i)
ca
p
tu
r
e
b
y
f
itti
n
g
th
e
ea
r
l
y
ex
p
o
n
e
n
tial
g
r
o
wth
o
f
n
ew
in
f
ec
tio
n
ev
en
ts
p
er
t
im
e
b
in
to
th
e
lin
ea
r
ized
ep
i
d
em
ic
m
o
d
el
d
I
/d
t
≈
(
βS
₀
−
γ
)
I
,
wh
er
e
S₀
=
N
−
I
₀.
New
in
f
ec
tio
n
ev
en
ts
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
u
n
iq
u
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
I
Ps
in
itiatin
g
b
r
u
te
-
f
o
r
ce
s
ca
n
n
in
g
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
(
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
SYN
s
ca
n
s
tar
g
etin
g
p
o
r
ts
2
3
/2
3
2
3
/
7
5
4
7
)
with
in
3
0
-
s
ec
o
n
d
tim
e
b
in
s
.
A
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
least
-
s
q
u
ar
es
f
it
(
lev
en
b
e
r
g
-
m
a
r
q
u
ar
d
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
)
was
ap
p
lied
o
v
e
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
1
2
0
m
in
u
tes
(
ex
p
o
n
e
n
tial
g
r
o
wth
p
h
ase,
n
=
2
4
0
tim
e
b
i
n
s
)
to
ex
tr
ac
t β,
with
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
al
s
co
m
p
u
ted
v
ia
th
e
f
is
h
er
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
atr
ix
.
I
n
s
tag
e
2
(
laten
cy
r
ate
esti
m
a
tio
n
f
o
r
σ
)
,
th
e
laten
c
y
p
e
r
io
d
1
/σ
was
esti
m
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
T
U
-
I
o
T
-
9
(
T
o
r
ii)
ca
p
t
u
r
e
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
tim
e
d
elay
b
etwe
en
in
itial
d
ev
ice
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
(
f
i
r
s
t
m
alici
o
u
s
SYN
p
ac
k
et
to
C
2
en
d
p
o
in
t)
an
d
th
e
o
n
s
et
o
f
ac
tiv
e
later
al
s
ca
n
n
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
(
f
ir
s
t o
u
tb
o
u
n
d
s
ca
n
t
o
n
e
w
s
u
b
n
et
p
r
ef
ix
es).
T
h
is
d
elay
was
id
e
n
tifie
d
f
o
r
n
=
3
1
2
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
in
f
ec
tio
n
e
v
en
ts
b
y
p
ar
s
in
g
Z
ee
k
co
n
n
e
ctio
n
lo
g
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
in
f
ec
ted
d
ev
ice’
s
I
P.
T
h
e
em
p
ir
ical
d
elay
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
was
f
it
to
an
ex
p
o
n
en
tial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
v
ia
m
ax
im
u
m
lik
elih
o
o
d
esti
m
atio
n
,
y
ield
in
g
σ
=
1
/m
ea
n
_
d
elay
.
T
h
e
ex
p
o
n
en
tial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ass
u
m
p
t
io
n
was
v
alid
ated
ag
ain
s
t
W
eib
u
ll
an
d
g
am
m
a
a
lter
n
ativ
es
u
s
in
g
th
e
ak
aik
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
c
r
iter
io
n
(
A
I
C
)
;
th
e
ex
p
o
n
e
n
tial
m
o
d
e
l
ac
h
iev
ed
th
e
l
o
west AI
C
in
9
4
% o
f
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
r
esam
p
les.
I
n
s
tag
e
3
(
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
r
ate
esti
m
atio
n
f
o
r
γ
)
,
t
h
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
r
ate
was
esti
m
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
T
U
-
I
o
T
-
1
7
(
I
R
C
B
o
t)
ca
p
tu
r
e
b
y
tr
ac
k
in
g
th
e
r
ate
o
f
tr
an
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
ac
tiv
e
m
alicio
u
s
tr
af
f
ic
to
clea
n
-
s
tate
r
ec
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
R
ec
o
v
er
y
ev
en
ts
wer
e
o
p
er
ati
o
n
ally
d
ef
in
e
d
as
ce
s
s
at
io
n
o
f
o
u
tb
o
u
n
d
m
alicio
u
s
tr
af
f
ic
(
to
I
R
C
C
2
s
er
v
er
)
f
o
r
a
p
er
io
d
ex
ce
ed
i
n
g
1
2
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
r
esu
m
p
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&
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p
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4
3
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ly
20
2
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:
219
-
23
2
222
T
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.
I
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2
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ca
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(
1
2
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w
i
t
h
c
a
l
i
b
r
a
t
e
d
β
,
σ,
γ
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c
o
n
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i
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ms
e
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4
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I
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ate
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ate
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2
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t c
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8
2
1
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er
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eless
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I
o
T
-
23
r
em
ain
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ly
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at
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2
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o
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e
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0
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n
f
e
c
t
i
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n
(
β)
,
r
e
m
o
v
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l
(
μ)
,
r
o
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t
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e
p
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t
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h
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t
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d
e
v
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s
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e
c
e
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v
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d
m
a
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w
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p
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a
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d
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s c
a
l
i
b
r
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d
f
r
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m
C
TU
-
I
o
T
-
9
(
To
r
i
i
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l
a
t
e
n
c
y
d
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s
t
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b
u
t
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r
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i
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I
(
σ)
,
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v
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l
(
μ)
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t
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I
n
f
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c
t
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d
A
c
t
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l
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d
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h
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t
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C
a
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b
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d
f
r
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m
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I
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M
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r
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sc
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n
n
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t
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f
f
i
c
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a
d
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t
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h
u
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t
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m
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mm
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t
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R
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TU
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1
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(
I
R
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B
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A
d
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p
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o
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g
f
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m
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ly
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m
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n
s
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-
A1
(
co
n
s
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t
p
o
p
u
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n
)
:
N
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μ
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m
ately
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l r
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A2
(
m
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ac
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n
s
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is
s
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n
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:
Ma
lwar
e
t
r
an
s
m
is
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n
f
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llo
ws
b
ilin
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r
m
ass
-
ac
tio
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k
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n
etics
βS
I
,
ca
lib
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ated
f
r
o
m
I
o
T
-
2
3
C
T
U
-
I
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T
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1
e
x
p
o
n
en
tial g
r
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p
h
as
e.
-
A
3
(
h
o
m
o
g
en
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u
s
m
ix
in
g
)
:
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ter
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t
h
o
m
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e
n
e
o
u
s
ly
with
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ch
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-
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ield
ap
p
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ap
p
r
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iate
f
o
r
f
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etwo
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k
s
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m
e
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ty
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ical
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s
m
all
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to
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e
d
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m
I
o
T
d
e
p
lo
y
m
en
ts
.
-
A4
(
s
tate
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d
ep
en
d
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
)
:
T
h
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
p
atch
in
g
r
ate
u
(
t)
is
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
ly
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiab
le
in
R
₀(
t)
an
d
b
o
u
n
d
ed
: u
(
t)
∈
[
u
_
m
i
n
,
u
_
m
a
x
]
f
o
r
all
t.
-
A5
(
Dif
f
er
e
n
tiated
im
m
u
n
it
y
)
:
Ad
ap
tiv
ely
p
atch
ed
P
-
d
ev
ices
ex
h
ib
it
l
o
n
g
e
r
im
m
u
n
ity
(
1
/ε
>>
1
/δ)
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
er
p
r
o
tecti
o
n
co
n
f
er
r
e
d
b
y
tar
g
eted
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
ilit
y
r
em
ed
iatio
n
.
-
A6
(
Qu
ad
r
atic
co
n
tr
o
l
co
s
t
)
:
Patch
in
g
co
s
t
is
q
u
ad
r
atic
in
u
(
t)
,
r
ef
lectin
g
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
m
ar
g
in
al
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
co
s
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
in
ep
i
d
em
ic
o
p
ti
m
al
co
n
tr
o
l
[
2
2
]
.
Un
d
er
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
A1
–
A
6
,
th
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
th
e
SEI
R
-
P
m
o
d
el
ar
e
g
o
v
er
n
e
d
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
s
y
s
tem
o
f
f
iv
e
o
r
d
in
ar
y
d
if
f
er
en
tial
eq
u
atio
n
s
,
wh
er
e
u
₀
d
e
n
o
tes
th
e
co
n
s
tan
t
r
o
u
tin
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
atch
in
g
r
ate
a
p
p
lied
t
o
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
d
ev
ices
:
/
=
+
+
−
−
(
₀
+
)
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
ma
th
ema
tica
l m
o
d
el
fo
r
I
o
T ma
lw
a
r
e
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
tio
n
w
ith
a
d
a
p
tive
p
a
tch
i
n
g
…
(
Dw
i E
ly
K
u
r
n
ia
w
a
n
)
223
/
=
−
(
+
)
(
2
)
/
=
−
(
+
(
)
+
)
(
3
)
/
=
+
₀
−
(
+
)
(
4
)
/
=
(
)
·
−
(
+
)
(
5
)
T
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
e
SEI
R
-
P
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
th
e
a
d
a
p
tiv
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
law
u
(
t)
f
o
r
m
u
lated
as
an
ex
p
licit,
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
tiab
le
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
b
asic
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
n
u
m
b
er
R
₀(
t)
.
A
s
ig
m
o
id
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
Φ
:
ℝ
+
→
[
0
,
1
]
g
o
v
er
n
s
th
e
s
m
o
o
th
,
d
if
f
er
en
tiab
le
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
b
etwe
en
m
ain
ten
an
ce
an
d
em
er
g
en
cy
p
atch
in
g
r
eg
i
m
es
d
if
f
er
en
tiab
ilit
y
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
PMP a
n
aly
s
is
:
(
)
=
_
+
(
_
−
_
)
·
(
₀
(
)
)
(
6
)
(
₀
)
=
1
/
(
1
+
(
−
(
₀
−
₀
∗
)
)
)
(
7
)
T
h
e
s
teep
n
ess
p
ar
am
eter
k
>
0
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
s
h
ar
p
n
ess
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
cr
itical
th
r
esh
o
ld
R
₀*
=
1
.
W
h
en
R
₀
>>
1
(
ep
id
e
m
ic
ex
p
an
d
i
n
g
r
a
p
id
ly
)
,
Φ
(
R
₀)
→
1
an
d
u
(
t)
→
u
_
m
a
x
.
W
h
e
n
R
₀
<<
1
(
ep
i
d
em
ic
s
u
b
s
id
in
g
)
,
Φ
(
R
₀)
→
0
a
n
d
u
(
t)
→
u
_
m
in
.
T
h
e
s
ig
m
o
id
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
en
s
u
r
es
u
(
t)
∈
(
u
_
m
i
n
,
u
_
m
ax
)
f
o
r
all
t.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
k
was
ca
lib
r
ate
d
to
k
=
6
.
0
f
r
o
m
th
e
I
o
T
-
2
3
Mir
ai
ca
p
tu
r
e,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
em
p
ir
ically
o
b
s
er
v
ed
s
teep
n
ess
o
f
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
b
etwe
en
ep
id
em
ic
e
x
p
an
s
io
n
an
d
d
ec
ay
p
h
ases
.
T
h
is
v
alu
e
ac
h
iev
es
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
9
0
%
o
f
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
atch
i
n
g
r
ate
wh
e
n
R
₀
=
1
.
4
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
wit
h
o
p
er
atio
n
al
escalatio
n
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ee
k
s
u
*
(
t)
∈
[
u
_
m
in
,
u
_
m
a
x
]
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
al
J
[
u
]
th
at
jo
in
tly
p
en
alize
s
cu
m
u
lativ
e
ep
id
em
ic
b
u
r
d
en
an
d
p
atch
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
e
x
p
en
d
itu
r
e.
T
h
e
weig
h
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
D
>>
A
>>
B
>>
C
en
co
d
es
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
t
h
ier
ar
ch
y
:
r
esid
u
al
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
at
th
e
ter
m
in
al
tim
e
T
(
e.
g
.
,
p
er
s
is
ten
t
b
o
tn
et
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
)
in
cu
r
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
co
s
t,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
ac
tiv
e
in
f
ec
tio
n
,
lat
en
t
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
an
d
p
atch
in
g
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t c
o
s
t
.
[
]
=
∫
₀
ᵀ
[
·
(
)
+
·
(
)
+
(
/
2
)
·
²
(
)
]
+
·
(
)
(
8
)
[
]
:
(
1
)
−
(
5
)
,
(
)
∈
[
,
]
,
(
0
)
=
₀
,
(
0
)
=
₀
,
(
0
)
=
₀
,
(
0
)
=
₀
,
(
0
)
=
0
(
9
)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
F
e
a
s
ibi
lity
a
nd
po
s
it
iv
it
y
o
f
s
o
lutio
ns
Pro
p
o
s
itio
n
1
:
t
h
e
f
ea
s
ib
le
r
eg
io
n
Ω
=
{(
S,E
,
I
,
R
,
P)
∈
ℝ
+⁵
:
S
+E
+I
+R+P
≤
Λ/
μ
}
is
p
o
s
itiv
el
y
in
v
ar
ian
t
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
(
1
)
–
(
5
)
f
o
r
all
u
(
t)
∈
[
u
_
m
in
,
u
_
m
ax
]
.
Pro
o
f
:
Su
m
m
in
g
in
(
1
)
–
(
5
)
g
iv
es
d
N/d
t
=
Λ −
μ
N,
s
o
N(
t)
→
Λ/
μ
m
o
n
o
t
o
n
ically
.
E
ac
h
r
ig
h
t
-
h
an
d
s
id
e
is
n
o
n
-
n
e
g
ativ
e
wh
en
its
s
tate
v
ar
iab
le
is
ze
r
o
with
o
th
er
s
non
-
n
eg
ativ
e,
s
o
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
ℝ
+⁵
r
em
ain
in
ℝ
+⁵
.
3.
2
.
Dis
ea
s
e
-
f
re
e
equil
ibriu
m
a
nd
clo
s
ed
-
f
o
rm
R₀(
u)
Settin
g
all
tim
e
d
er
iv
ativ
es
t
o
ze
r
o
with
E
=
I
=
P
=
0
,
t
h
e
u
n
iq
u
e
d
is
ea
s
e
-
f
r
ee
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
(
DFE)
o
f
s
y
s
tem
(
1
)
–
(
5
)
is
E
° =
(
S°
,
0
,
0
,
R
°,
0
)
,
wh
er
e
S°
=
Λ(δ+
μ
)
/[
μ
(
u
₀+
δ+μ
)
]
a
n
d
R
° =
u
₀Λ/[μ
(
u
₀+
δ+μ
)
]
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
NGM
m
eth
o
d
o
f
v
a
n
d
en
Dr
iess
ch
e
an
d
W
atm
o
u
g
h
[
2
3
]
,
we
id
en
tify
th
e
in
f
ec
t
io
n
m
atr
ix
F
an
d
tr
an
s
itio
n
m
atr
ix
V
f
o
r
th
e
in
f
ec
ted
co
m
p
ar
tm
en
ts
x
=
(
E
,
I
)
^T
ev
alu
ated
at
E
°.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
FV⁻¹ y
ield
s
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
an
aly
ti
ca
l r
esu
lt
:
₀
(
)
=
(
+
)
/
[
(
₀
+
+
)
(
+
)
(
+
+
)
]
(
1
0
)
In
(
1
0
)
r
e
v
ea
ls
th
at
R
₀
is
s
tr
ictly
m
o
n
o
to
n
ically
d
e
cr
ea
s
in
g
in
u
:
∂R
₀/∂u
=
−β
σ
Λ(δ+
μ
)
/
[
μ
(
u
₀+
δ+μ
)
(
σ
+μ
)
(
γ
+u
+μ
)
²]
<
0
f
o
r
all
ad
m
is
s
ib
le
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
.
T
h
is
m
o
n
o
to
n
icity
is
th
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
R
₀
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l:
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
atch
in
g
in
ten
s
ity
u
m
o
n
o
to
n
ically
d
r
iv
es
R
₀
to
war
d
th
e
s
af
e
r
eg
io
n
R
₀
<
1
.
Settin
g
R
₀(
u
_
cr
it)
=
1
an
d
s
o
lv
in
g
alg
e
b
r
aica
lly
y
ield
s
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
p
atch
i
n
g
r
ate
f
o
r
g
u
ar
an
teed
ep
id
em
ic
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
:
_
=
(
+
)
/
[
(
₀
+
+
)
(
+
)
]
−
−
(
1
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
4
3
,
No
.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
2
6
:
219
-
23
2
224
3.
3
.
O
pti
m
a
l
co
ntr
o
l:
ex
is
t
e
nce,
cha
ra
ct
er
iza
t
io
n,
a
nd
un
iqu
e
nes
s
3.
3
.
1
.
E
x
is
t
ence
o
f
o
ptima
l c
o
ntr
o
l
T
h
eo
r
em
1
(
ex
is
ten
ce
)
:
t
h
e
r
e
ex
is
ts
an
o
p
tim
al
co
n
tr
o
l
u
*
(
t)
∈
L
∞([
0
,
T
]
,
[
u
_
m
i
n
,
u
_
m
ax
]
)
m
in
im
izin
g
J
[
u
]
s
u
b
ject
to
s
y
s
tem
(
1
)
–
(
5
)
a
n
d
in
itial
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Pro
o
f
:
B
y
th
e
Fil
ip
p
o
v
-
C
esar
i
th
eo
r
em
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
et
[
u
_
m
in
,
u
_
m
ax
]
is
c
o
m
p
ac
t
an
d
co
n
v
ex
.
T
h
e
r
ig
h
t
-
h
an
d
s
id
es
o
f
(
1
)
–
(
5
)
ar
e
b
o
u
n
d
e
d
,
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
,
an
d
L
ip
s
ch
itz
in
s
tate
v
ar
iab
les
o
n
Ω
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
an
d
L
=
A•I
+
B
•E
+
(
C
/2
)
u
²
i
s
co
n
v
ex
in
u
a
n
d
s
atis
f
ies
th
e
co
er
civ
ity
co
n
d
it
io
n
L
≥
(
C
/2
)
u
²
−
c₀
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
c₀
>
0
.
T
h
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
atis
f
y
T
h
eo
r
em
4
.
1
o
f
Flem
in
g
an
d
R
is
h
el
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
ad
r
atic
co
n
tr
o
l
co
s
t
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
an
d
PMP
f
o
r
m
u
lat
io
n
f
o
llo
w
th
e
estab
lis
h
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
e
p
id
em
ic
o
p
t
im
al
co
n
tr
o
l
[
2
4
]
.
3.
3
.
2
.
P
o
ntr
y
a
g
in'
s
m
a
x
i
m
um
princip
le
a
nd
a
djo
int
s
y
s
t
em
T
h
e
Ham
ilto
n
ian
o
f
th
e
o
p
tim
al
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
b
lem
[
2
1
]
is
H
=
A·
I
+
B
·
E
+
(
C
/2
)
u
²
+
λ
₁·
f
₁
+
λ
₂·
f
₂
+
λ
₃·
f
₃
+
λ
₄·
f
₄
+
λ
₅·
f
₅,
wh
er
e
f
₁,
.
.
.
,
f
₅
d
en
o
te
th
e
r
i
g
h
t
-
h
an
d
s
id
es
o
f
s
y
s
tem
(
1
)
–
(
5
)
,
an
d
λ
₁,
.
.
.
,
λ
₅
a
r
e
th
e
a
d
jo
in
t
(
co
s
tate)
v
a
r
iab
les.
B
y
PMP
[
2
5
]
,
th
e
ad
jo
i
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
atis
f
ies
d
λ
iλ
i/d
t
=
−∂H
/∂x
i
with
tr
an
s
v
er
s
ality
co
n
d
itio
n
s
λ
₁(
T
)
=
λ
₂(
T
)
=
0
,
λ
₃(
T
)
=
D,
λ
₄(
T
)
=
λ
₅(
T
)
=
0
.
T
h
e
ad
j
o
in
t
s
y
s
tem
is
:
₁
/
=
₁
(
+
₀
+
)
−
₂
(
1
2
)
₂
/
=
−
+
₂
(
+
)
−
₃
(
1
3
)
₃
/
=
−
+
₁
−
₃
(
+
+
)
−
₅
(
)
+
₄
(
1
4
)
₄
/
=
₄
(
+
)
−
₁
(
1
5
)
₅
/
=
₅
(
+
)
−
₁
(
1
6
)
t
h
e
o
p
tim
ality
co
n
d
itio
n
∂H/∂u
=
0
g
iv
es
C
•u
−
λ
₃I
+
λ
₅I
=
0
,
y
ield
in
g
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
izati
o
n
o
f
th
e
o
p
tim
al
co
n
tr
o
l a
f
ter
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
th
e
b
o
x
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
:
∗
(
)
=
(
_
,
(
_
,
(
₃
−
₅
)
·
(
)
/
)
)
(
1
7
)
3.
3
.
3
.
Uniq
uene
s
s
o
f
o
ptim
a
l
co
ntr
o
l
T
h
eo
r
em
2
(
Un
iq
u
e
n
ess
)
:
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
c
o
n
tr
o
l
u
*
(
t)
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
(
1
4
)
an
d
th
e
ad
jo
i
n
t
s
y
s
tem
(
1
5
)
–
(
1
9
)
is
u
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
s
u
f
f
ici
en
tly
s
m
all
T
o
r
f
o
r
in
itial
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
clo
s
e
to
th
e
DFE.
Pro
o
f
:
T
h
e
s
tr
ict
co
n
v
ex
ity
o
f
t
h
e
in
teg
r
a
n
d
in
u
(
t
h
e
(
C
/2
)
u
²
ter
m
g
u
ar
an
tees
H
is
s
tr
ictly
co
n
ca
v
e
in
u
)
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
wit
h
L
ip
s
ch
itz
co
n
tin
u
ity
o
f
t
h
e
s
tate
-
ad
jo
in
t
co
u
p
led
s
y
s
tem
v
ia
s
tan
d
ar
d
n
o
r
m
esti
m
ates.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
f
o
llo
ws
f
r
o
m
T
h
eo
r
em
4
.
2
o
f
L
e
n
h
ar
t a
n
d
W
o
r
k
m
an
[
2
2
]
.
3.
4
.
G
l
o
ba
l
a
s
y
m
pt
o
t
ic
s
t
a
bi
lity
un
der
u*
(
t
)
T
h
eo
r
em
3
(
g
lo
b
al
asy
m
p
to
tic
s
tab
ilit
y
[
2
6
]
u
n
d
er
u
*
(
t)
)
:
U
n
d
er
th
e
o
p
tim
al
c
o
n
tr
o
l
u
*
(
t)
s
atis
f
y
in
g
(
1
4
)
,
i
f
R
₀(
u
*
)
≤
1
,
th
en
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e
-
f
r
ee
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
E
° is
g
lo
b
ally
asy
m
p
to
tically
s
tab
le
(
G
AS)
in
Ω
.
Pro
o
f
:
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
e
L
y
ap
u
n
o
v
f
u
n
ctio
n
V(
t)
=
E
(
t)
+
[
(
σ
+μ
)
/σ]
•I
(
t)
.
C
o
m
p
u
tin
g
d
V
/d
t
alo
n
g
tr
ajec
to
r
ies o
f
s
y
s
tem
(
1
)
–
(
5
)
u
n
d
er
u
=
u
*
:
(
)
=
(
)
+
[
(
+
)
/
]
·
(
)
(
1
8
)
/
≤
(
/
)
−
(
+
∗
+
)
(
+
)
/
·
=
(
+
∗
+
)
(
+
)
/
·
(
₀
(
∗
)
−
1
)
·
≤
0
(
1
9
)
T
h
e
last
in
eq
u
ality
h
o
ld
s
s
in
ce
R
₀(
u
*
)
≤
1
b
y
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Sin
ce
V(
t)
≥
0
with
eq
u
ality
if
f
E
=
I
=
0
,
an
d
d
V/d
t
=
0
if
f
I
=
0
,
th
e
lar
g
est
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
v
a
r
ian
t
s
et
i
n
{d
V/d
t
=
0
}
is
th
e
s
in
g
leto
n
{E
°}
b
y
L
aSalle’
s
I
n
v
ar
ian
ce
Prin
cip
le
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
all
tr
a
jecto
r
i
es
in
Ω
c
o
n
v
er
g
e
to
E
°.
T
a
b
le
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
th
eo
r
em
t
h
at
estab
lis
h
es
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
f
o
r
m
al
g
u
ar
an
tee:
if
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
atc
h
in
g
p
o
licy
m
ain
tain
s
R
₀(
u
*
)
≤
1
,
th
e
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
is
g
u
ar
an
teed
to
er
ad
icate
th
e
m
alwa
r
e
in
f
ec
tio
n
r
e
g
ar
d
less
o
f
in
itial
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
n
u
m
er
ically
v
er
if
ies
th
is
L
y
ap
u
n
o
v
s
tab
ilit
y
r
esu
lt,
s
h
o
win
g
c
o
n
v
er
g
en
ce
o
f
all
t
r
ajec
to
r
ies
to
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e
-
f
r
ee
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
u
n
d
e
r
o
p
tim
al
co
n
tr
o
l u
*
(
t)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
ma
th
ema
tica
l m
o
d
el
fo
r
I
o
T ma
lw
a
r
e
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
tio
n
w
ith
a
d
a
p
tive
p
a
tch
i
n
g
…
(
Dw
i E
ly
K
u
r
n
ia
w
a
n
)
225
T
ab
le
4
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
th
eo
r
etica
l r
esu
lts
estab
lis
h
ed
R
e
s
u
l
t
S
t
a
t
e
me
n
t
K
e
y
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
/
m
e
t
h
o
d
Eq
.
P
r
o
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
1
F
e
a
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
:
Ω
i
s
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
l
y
i
n
v
a
r
i
a
n
t
f
o
r
a
l
l
u
(
t
)
∈
[
u
_
m
i
n
,
u
_
ma
x
]
S
u
m (
1
)
–
(
5
)
:
d
N
/
d
t
=
Λ
−
μN
;
n
o
n
-
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
R
H
S
N
/
A
In
(
1
2
)
C
l
o
se
d
-
f
o
r
m
R
₀(
u
)
:
st
r
i
c
t
l
y
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
i
n
u
N
G
M
me
t
h
o
d
a
t
D
F
E
E°
(
1
2
)
In
(
1
3
)
A
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l
u
_
c
r
i
t
=
0
.
1
4
2
d
a
y
⁻
¹ (I
o
T
-
2
3
p
a
r
a
ms)
R
₀(
u
_
c
r
i
t
)
=
1
s
o
l
v
e
d
a
l
g
e
b
r
a
i
c
a
l
l
y
(
1
3
)
Th
e
o
r
e
m
1
Ex
i
s
t
e
n
c
e
o
f
u
*
(
t
)
∈
L
∞
(
[
0
,
T]
,
[
u
_
m
i
n
,
u
_
m
a
x
]
)
F
i
l
i
p
p
o
v
-
C
e
sari
;
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
e
t
;
c
o
n
v
e
x
L
N
/
A
In
.
(
1
4
)
u
*
(
t
)
=
mi
n
(
u
_
m
a
x
,
ma
x
(
u
_
m
i
n
,
(
λ
₃
−
λ
₅)
I
/
C
)
)
P
M
P
;
∂H
/
∂u
=
0
;
b
o
x
c
o
n
s
t
r
a
i
n
t
s
(
1
4
)
Th
e
o
r
e
m
2
U
n
i
q
u
e
n
e
ss f
o
r
sma
l
l
T
o
r
n
e
a
r
D
F
E
S
t
r
i
c
t
c
o
n
v
e
x
i
t
y
(
C
/
2
)
u
²
+
Li
p
sc
h
i
t
z
a
d
j
o
i
n
t
N
/
A
Th
e
o
r
e
m
3
G
A
S
o
f
E°
u
n
d
e
r
u
*
(
t
)
w
h
e
n
R
₀(
u
*
)
≤
1
Ly
a
p
u
n
o
v
V
=
E+
[
(
σ+μ)
/
σ]
I
;
La
S
a
l
l
e
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
(
2
2
)
–
(
2
3
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Nu
m
er
ical
v
er
if
icati
o
n
o
f
ly
ap
u
n
o
v
s
tab
ilit
y
f
o
r
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e
-
f
r
ee
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
u
n
d
er
o
p
tim
al
co
n
tr
o
l
3.
5
.
Num
er
ic
a
l
s
im
ula
t
io
ns
Simu
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
teg
r
ate
th
e
I
oT
-
2
3
ca
lib
r
ated
v
alu
es
(
T
ab
le
5
)
with
n
et
wo
r
k
-
lev
el
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
I
o
T
d
e
p
lo
y
m
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
y
n
th
etic
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
N
=
1
0
0
0
0
d
e
v
ices
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
r
ea
lis
tic
en
ter
p
r
i
s
e
o
r
ca
m
p
u
s
-
s
ca
le
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t.
I
n
itial
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
b
o
o
t
s
tr
ap
p
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
av
er
ag
e
in
f
ec
tio
n
p
r
ev
alen
ce
r
atio
o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
th
e
s
tar
t
o
f
I
o
T
-
2
3
m
alwa
r
e
ca
p
tu
r
es:
S(0
)
=
9
8
0
0
,
E
(
0
)
=
1
0
0
,
I
(
0
)
=
1
0
0
,
R
(
0
)
=
0
,
P(0
)
=
0
.
All
s
im
u
latio
n
s
wer
e
im
p
le
m
en
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
ODE
4
5
s
o
lv
er
[
2
8
]
(
ad
ap
tiv
e
R
u
n
g
e
-
Ku
tta
4
/5
,
r
elativ
e
to
l
er
an
ce
1
0
⁻⁸,
ab
s
o
lu
te
t
o
ler
an
ce
1
0
⁻⁹)
o
v
er
a
3
6
5
-
d
a
y
h
o
r
izo
n
.
R
esu
lts
wer
e
v
er
if
ied
ag
ain
s
t
a
cu
s
to
m
f
i
x
ed
-
s
tep
R
K4
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
(
Δ
t
=
1
0
⁻³
d
ay
s
)
;
m
ax
im
u
m
r
ela
tiv
e
d
ev
iatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
o
lv
er
s
was 0
.
0
0
3
%
.
T
ab
le
5
.
C
o
m
p
lete
SEI
R
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227
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icatio
n
s
p
ee
d
(
d
ay
1
7
9
v
s
.
d
ay
1
9
6
)
.
T
h
e
cu
m
u
lativ
e
in
f
ec
te
d
d
ev
ice
-
d
a
y
s
m
etr
ic
co
n
f
ir
m
s
8
8
.
6
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
v
er
s
u
s
S1
.
No
tab
ly
,
S
5
ac
h
iev
es
s
lig
h
tly
h
ig
h
er
cu
m
u
lativ
e
in
f
ec
tio
n
th
a
n
S4
(
0
.
2
2
×1
0
⁵
v
s
.
0
.
1
8
×1
0
⁵
d
ev
ice
-
d
ay
s
)
ex
p
ec
ted
s
in
ce
S4
is
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
lly
o
p
tim
al
o
p
en
-
lo
o
p
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
u
t
S5
ac
h
iev
es
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
ea
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
ea
r
lier
er
ad
icatio
n
o
win
g
to
its
ad
ap
ti
v
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
to
th
e
ev
o
lv
i
n
g
ep
i
d
em
ic
s
tate.
T
h
e
tem
p
o
r
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
R
₀
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
u
(
t)
in
Scen
ar
io
S5
ex
h
i
b
its
th
r
ee
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
p
h
ases
.
Ph
ase
1
(
E
s
ca
latio
n
,
d
a
y
s
0
–
1
8
)
:
R
₀(
t)
r
is
es
r
ap
id
ly
a
b
o
v
e
1
.
0
as
in
f
e
ctio
n
s
p
r
ea
d
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
itial
s
ee
d
,
d
r
i
v
in
g
Φ
(
R
₀)
→
1
an
d
u
(
t)
→
u
_
m
ax
=
0
.
4
0
d
ay
⁻¹.
Ph
ase
2
(
ac
tiv
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
,
d
a
y
s
1
8
–
1
1
2
)
:
u
(
t)
r
e
m
ain
s
n
ea
r
u
_
m
a
x
as
th
e
h
ig
h
p
atch
in
g
in
ten
s
it
y
d
r
iv
es
R
₀
b
elo
w
1
.
0
a
n
d
co
n
t
in
u
es
s
u
p
p
r
ess
in
g
it;
th
e
s
ig
m
o
id
f
u
n
ctio
n
m
a
in
tain
s
n
ea
r
-
m
ax
im
u
m
p
atch
in
g
wh
ile
R
₀
is
ab
o
v
e
0
.
3
.
Ph
ase
3
(
g
r
ac
ef
u
l
r
elax
atio
n
,
d
a
y
s
1
1
2
–
1
7
9
)
:
As
R
₀
f
alls
b
elo
w
0
.
3
,
Φ
(
R
₀)
s
m
o
o
th
ly
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
an
d
u
(
t)
d
ec
a
y
s
to
war
d
u
_
m
in
=
0
.
0
1
d
a
y
⁻¹,
co
n
s
er
v
i
n
g
p
atc
h
in
g
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
wh
ile
th
e
ep
id
em
ic
n
atu
r
ally
ex
tin
g
u
is
h
es.
T
h
is
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
q
u
alitativ
ely
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
PMP
-
d
er
i
v
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
i
n
S4
,
v
alid
atin
g
t
h
at
th
e
R
₀
-
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
o
licy
co
n
s
titu
tes a
clo
s
e
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
th
e
o
r
etica
l o
p
en
-
lo
o
p
o
p
tim
u
m
.
3.
6
.
Co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
t
iv
eness
ind
ex
(
CE
I
)
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
C
E
I
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
b
a
l
a
n
c
i
n
g
e
p
i
d
e
m
i
c
s
u
p
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
u
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
w
i
t
h
f
u
l
l
r
a
n
k
i
n
g
s
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
7
.
C
E
I
=
(
1
−
C
u
m
.
I
_
s
/
C
u
m
.
I
_
S
1
)
/
(
T
o
t
a
l
.
C
o
s
t
_
s
/
T
o
t
a
l
.
C
o
s
t
_
S
1
)
.
S
5
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
s
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
C
E
I
=
1
.
1
4
2
,
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
i
n
g
i
t
a
s
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
.
T
h
e
t
i
m
e
-
i
n
v
a
r
i
a
n
t
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
S
4
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
s
C
E
I
=
1
.
0
8
9
(
4
.
9
%
l
o
w
e
r
)
d
e
s
p
i
t
e
m
a
r
g
i
n
a
l
l
y
b
e
t
t
e
r
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
S
5
’
s
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
R
₀
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
e
s
p
a
t
c
h
i
n
g
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
p
r
e
c
i
s
e
l
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
p
i
d
e
m
i
c
e
x
p
a
n
s
i
o
n
p
h
a
s
e
w
h
i
l
e
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
d
u
r
i
n
g
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
s
u
b
s
i
d
e
n
c
e
.
S
3
(
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
)
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
s
n
e
a
r
-
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
e
r
a
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
b
u
t
a
t
4
.
8
×
t
h
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
c
o
s
t
,
y
i
e
l
d
i
n
g
C
E
I
=
0
.
1
8
4
s
i
x
t
i
m
e
s
l
e
s
s
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
t
h
a
n
S
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
aly
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
I
o
T
m
alwa
r
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
,
ev
alu
ated
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
cu
m
u
lativ
e
in
f
ec
tio
n
b
u
r
d
e
n
an
d
th
e
C
E
I
a
cr
o
s
s
f
iv
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
with
in
th
e
SEI
R
S m
o
d
el
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
.
T
ab
le
7
.
C
E
I
an
d
f
u
ll
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
an
k
i
n
g
S
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
I
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
C
o
s
t
R
a
t
i
o
(
v
s
.
S
1
)
C
EI
Er
a
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
D
a
y
R
a
n
k
S
1
–
U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
0
%
(
b
a
se
l
i
n
e
)
1
.
0
(
b
a
se
l
i
n
e
)
—
N
e
v
e
r
(
e
n
d
e
mi
c
)
5
t
h
S
2
–
C
o
n
st
.
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
3
0
.
7
%
1
.
6
3
×
0
.
1
8
8
N
e
v
e
r
(
e
n
d
e
mi
c
)
4
t
h
S
3
–
C
o
n
st
.
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
8
8
.
4
%
4
.
8
0
×
0
.
1
8
4
D
a
y
2
1
8
3
r
d
S
4
–
T
i
me
-
I
n
v
.
P
M
P
9
0
.
5
%
0
.
8
3
×
1
.
0
8
9
D
a
y
1
9
6
2
n
d
S
5
–
R₀
-
A
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
8
8
.
6
%
0
.
8
7
×
1
.
1
4
2
D
a
y
1
7
9
1
st
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
an
al
y
s
is
:
c
u
m
u
lativ
e
in
f
ec
tio
n
b
u
r
d
e
n
,
C
E
I
,
an
d
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
p
lo
t a
cc
r
o
s
s
all
f
iv
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
(
N=
1
0
,
0
0
0
; I
o
T
-
23
p
ar
am
eter
s
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
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lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
4
3
,
No
.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
2
6
:
219
-
23
2
228
3.
7
.
P
RCC
g
l
o
ba
l sens
it
iv
it
y
a
na
ly
s
is
PR
C
C
g
lo
b
al
s
en
s
it
iv
ity
an
aly
s
is
(
Fig
u
r
e
4
)
id
en
tifie
s
β
(
PR
C
C
=
+0
.
9
4
1
o
n
R
₀;
+0
.
9
2
7
o
n
cu
m
u
lativ
e
in
f
ec
tio
n
)
an
d
u
_
m
ax
(
PR
C
C
=
−0
.
8
9
3
;
−0
.
9
0
8
)
as
th
e
two
d
o
m
in
an
t
p
a
r
am
e
ter
s
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
clo
s
ed
-
f
o
r
m
R
₀(
u
)
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
in
(
1
2
)
.
T
h
e
I
o
T
-
23
-
ca
lib
r
ated
β
v
alu
e
ca
r
r
ies
th
e
h
ig
h
est
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
b
u
t
also
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
m
itig
atio
n
p
o
ten
tial:
a
2
0
%
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
β
(
ac
h
iev
a
b
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
etwo
r
k
s
eg
m
en
tatio
n
o
r
s
ca
n
n
in
g
r
ate
lim
itin
g
)
wo
u
ld
r
ed
u
ce
R
₀
b
y
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
0
.
8
1
u
n
its
,
p
o
ten
tially
b
elo
w
th
e
cr
itical
th
r
esh
o
l
d
ab
s
en
t
ad
ap
tiv
e
p
atch
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
ig
m
o
id
s
teep
n
ess
k
r
a
n
k
s
5
th
o
v
er
all
(
PR
C
C
=
−0
.
6
6
3
)
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
p
r
ec
is
e
s
ig
m
o
id
ca
lib
r
atio
n
f
r
o
m
I
o
T
-
2
3
tr
a
f
f
ic
d
ata
is
a
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t
d
esig
n
p
ar
am
ete
r
.
Par
am
eter
s
δ
an
d
ε
h
av
e
wea
k
ef
f
ec
ts
(
PR
C
C
<
0
.
1
8
)
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
m
o
d
el
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
ess
to
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
in
p
atch
im
m
u
n
ity
d
u
r
at
io
n
.
Fu
ll PR
C
C
v
alu
es f
o
r
all
ten
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
8
.
Fig
u
r
e
4.
PR
C
C
g
lo
b
al
s
en
s
iv
ity
an
aly
s
is
(
L
atin
h
y
p
er
cu
b
e
s
am
p
lin
g
1
0
,
0
0
0
s
am
p
les an
d
±
5
0
% p
ar
am
eter
v
ar
iatio
n
)
T
ab
le
8
.
PR
C
C
g
lo
b
al
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
(
L
HS n
=1
0
0
0
0
s
a
m
p
les,
±
5
0
%
p
ar
am
eter
v
ar
iat
io
n
)
P
a
r
a
m.
P
R
C
C
(
R
₀)
P
R
C
C
(
C
u
m.I
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
o
l
i
c
y
i
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
β
+
0
.
9
4
1
+
0
.
9
2
7
<
0
.
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o
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g
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r
a
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;
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a
t
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s m
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d
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e
n
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g
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o
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p
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+
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F
a
st
e
r
R
-
i
mm
u
n
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t
y
l
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ss→
i
n
c
r
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a
se
d
re
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su
sce
p
t
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
;
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r
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l
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g
p
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v
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d
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w
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+
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0
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1
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8
P
-
i
mm
u
n
i
t
y
l
o
ss;
v
e
r
y
w
e
a
k
e
f
f
e
c
t
;
P
-
i
mm
u
n
i
t
y
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
~
3
y
r
)
i
s
l
o
n
g
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
t
o
e
p
i
d
e
mi
c
t
i
me
sca
l
e
3.
8
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
e
p
r
i
n
cip
al
th
e
o
r
etica
l
n
o
v
elty
is
th
e
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
:
i)
a
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
R
₀
-
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
atch
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l
with
f
o
r
m
al
PMP
o
p
tim
ality
;
an
d
ii)
I
o
T
-
2
3
em
p
ir
ical
p
ar
am
eter
ca
lib
r
at
io
n
,
wh
ich
to
g
eth
er
co
n
s
titu
te
a
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
a
b
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
all
p
r
io
r
w
o
r
k
s
u
r
v
e
y
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
.
W
h
ile
PMP
h
as
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
t
o
cy
b
er
-
e
p
id
em
ic
m
o
d
els
[
2
9
]
–
[
3
1
]
all
p
r
io
r
wo
r
k
s
d
er
iv
e
u
(
t)
as
an
o
p
en
-
lo
o
p
tim
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
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