I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
4
3
,
No
.
1
,
Ju
ly
2
0
2
6
,
p
p
.
7
~
1
7
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijeecs.v
4
3
.i
1
.
pp
7
-
1
7
7
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ee
cs.ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
So
la
r
pho
tov
o
ltaic po
wer sys
tem
f
o
r
Bung
in Isla
nd
No
v
i A
zm
a
n
,
Rudi
Na
ufa
l F
a
dh
ila
h
,
M
u
ha
m
m
a
d Is
m
a
il
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
a
s Nas
i
o
n
a
l
,
Ja
k
a
r
t
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Feb
10
,
2
0
2
6
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
n
2
,
2
0
2
6
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
n
27
,
2
0
2
6
Bu
n
g
in
Isla
n
d
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
re
li
e
s
o
n
d
ies
e
l
-
b
a
se
d
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
p
o
we
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
re
su
lt
in
g
i
n
li
m
it
e
d
su
p
p
l
y
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
.
Th
is
stu
d
y
e
v
a
l
u
a
tes
t
h
e
tec
h
n
ica
l
fe
a
sib
il
it
y
o
f
a
n
o
ff
-
g
ri
d
so
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
(P
V)
s
y
ste
m
in
teg
r
a
ted
with
li
th
i
u
m
-
io
n
b
a
tt
e
r
y
e
n
e
r
g
y
st
o
r
a
g
e
(BES
S
)
u
si
n
g
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
i
c
s
y
ste
m
(P
Vs
y
st)
sim
u
lati
o
n
.
Ba
se
d
o
n
m
e
a
su
re
d
lo
a
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
o
f
2
,
8
3
0
k
W
h
/
d
a
y
a
n
d
NA
S
A
so
lar
re
so
u
rc
e
d
a
ta,
th
e
o
p
t
imiz
e
d
c
o
n
fi
g
u
ra
ti
o
n
c
o
n
sist
o
f
a
0
.
7
1
3
M
W
p
P
V
a
rra
y
a
n
d
a
n
1
1
.
5
4
M
W
h
b
a
tt
e
ry
s
y
ste
m
.
S
im
u
lat
io
n
re
su
lt
in
d
ica
tes
a
n
a
n
n
u
a
l
P
V
p
r
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
(E
_
Arra
y
)
o
f
1
,
2
5
8
.
3
M
W
h
/y
e
a
r.
Of
th
is,
1
,
0
3
2
.
9
M
Wh
/
y
e
a
r
is
d
e
li
v
e
re
d
t
o
th
e
lo
a
d
,
wit
h
e
x
c
e
ss
e
n
e
rg
y
o
f
1
2
0
.
8
4
M
Wh
/
y
e
a
r
a
n
d
a
li
m
it
e
d
u
n
m
e
t
l
o
a
d
o
f
1
3
.
7
M
W
h
/
y
e
a
r
(1
.
3
3
%
).
T
h
e
sy
ste
m
a
c
h
iev
e
s
a
so
lar
fra
c
ti
o
n
9
8
.
6
7
%
,
a
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
ra
ti
o
(P
R)
o
f
7
7
.
6
%
a
n
d
a
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
fa
c
to
r
o
f
1
7
.
3
4
%
.
T
h
e
se
re
su
lt
s
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
t
h
a
t
a
p
r
o
p
e
rly
siz
e
d
PV
-
ba
tt
e
ry
c
o
n
fig
u
ra
ti
o
n
c
a
n
re
li
a
b
ly
re
p
lac
e
d
ies
e
l
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
ro
b
u
st
fra
m
e
wo
rk
fo
r
h
i
g
h
-
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
lec
tri
fica
ti
o
n
in
d
e
n
se
ly
p
o
p
u
late
d
sm
a
ll
islan
d
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
atter
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
B
u
n
g
in
is
lan
d
Of
f
-
g
r
id
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
PVs
y
s
t
So
lar
en
er
g
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
No
v
i A
zm
an
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
U
n
iv
er
s
itas
Nasio
n
al
Stre
et
o
f
Sawo
Ma
n
ila
No
6
1
,
Pejaten
,
So
u
th
J
ak
ar
ta
,
DKI
J
a
k
ar
ta,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: n
o
v
i.a
zm
a
n
@
civ
itas
.
u
n
as.a
c.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
eliab
le
elec
tr
icity
s
u
p
p
ly
is
a
co
r
n
er
s
to
n
e
f
o
r
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ically
is
o
lated
r
eg
io
n
s
.
Ma
n
y
s
m
all
is
lan
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
B
u
n
g
in
I
s
lan
d
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
s
till
r
ely
h
ea
v
ily
o
n
d
iesel
-
b
ased
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
wh
ich
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
f
u
el
p
r
ice
v
o
latilit
y
,
lo
g
is
tical
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
ies,
an
d
lim
ited
o
p
er
atin
g
h
o
u
r
s
[
1
]
–
[
4
]
.
W
h
ile
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
’
s
eq
u
ato
r
ial
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
f
e
r
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
o
lar
p
o
ten
tial
(
4
.
5
–
5
.
5
k
W
h
/m
²)
,
tr
an
s
itio
n
in
g
to
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
s
i
n
teg
r
ated
with
b
atter
y
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
(
B
E
SS
)
is
ess
en
tial to
m
itig
ate
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es a
n
d
r
e
d
u
ce
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
tp
r
in
ts
[
5
]
–
[
9
]
.
R
ec
en
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
s
im
u
latio
n
to
o
ls
lik
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltai
c
s
y
s
tem
(
Pv
s
y
s
t)
a
n
d
HOM
E
R
h
av
e
en
ab
led
p
r
ec
is
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
u
s
in
g
m
etr
ics
s
u
ch
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
atio
(
PR
)
an
d
ca
p
ac
ity
f
ac
to
r
[
1
0
]
–
[
1
5
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
m
o
s
t
e
x
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
is
lan
d
e
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
u
tili
ze
g
e
n
er
alize
d
lo
a
d
p
r
o
f
iles
o
r
s
im
p
lifie
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
th
a
t
d
o
n
o
t
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
u
ltra
-
d
en
s
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
Sit
e
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
tech
n
ical
ev
alu
atio
n
s
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
ac
tu
al
lo
ca
l
d
em
an
d
an
d
h
i
g
h
-
r
eso
lu
tio
n
clim
atic
d
ata
r
e
m
a
in
s
ca
r
ce
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
f
o
r
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
m
all
is
lan
d
s
with
ex
tr
em
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
en
s
ity
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
is
r
esear
ch
g
ap
b
y
ev
al
u
atin
g
a
h
ig
h
-
p
e
n
etr
atio
n
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
PV
-
B
E
S
S
s
y
s
tem
s
p
ec
if
ically
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
B
u
n
g
in
I
s
lan
d
.
T
h
e
s
cien
tific
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
lie
in
th
e
tech
n
ical
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
a
n
AC
-
co
u
p
led
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
(
0
.
7
1
3
MWp
)
d
esig
n
e
d
u
s
in
g
ac
t
u
al,
h
ig
h
-
r
eso
lu
tio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
h
o
u
r
ly
lo
ad
d
ata
f
r
o
m
an
u
ltra
-
d
e
n
s
e
is
lan
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
r
ath
e
r
th
an
r
ely
in
g
o
n
g
en
er
alize
d
o
r
s
y
n
th
etic
d
aily
av
er
a
g
e
lo
a
d
p
r
o
f
iles
co
m
m
o
n
i
n
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
liter
atu
r
e.
I
n
u
ltra
-
d
e
n
s
e
is
lan
d
co
n
tex
ts
,
lan
d
s
ca
r
city
an
d
h
ig
h
ly
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
r
esid
en
tial
ev
e
n
in
g
p
ea
k
s
cr
ea
te
u
n
iq
u
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ch
allen
g
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
4
3
,
No
.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
26
:
7
-
1
7
8
B
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
s
ite
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
icr
o
clim
atic
lo
s
s
f
ac
to
r
s
—
in
clu
d
in
g
m
ar
in
e
co
asta
l
s
o
ilin
g
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
an
d
h
ig
h
-
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
th
e
r
m
al
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
—
th
is
p
a
p
er
estab
lis
h
es
a
p
r
ec
is
e
s
iz
in
g
r
atio
b
lu
e
p
r
in
t
(
MWh
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
p
er
MWp
ar
r
ay
)
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
ac
h
iev
e
n
ea
r
-
to
tal
en
e
r
g
y
au
to
n
o
m
y
(
s
o
lar
f
r
ac
tio
n
>9
8
%)
with
o
u
t
d
iesel
b
a
ck
u
p
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
h
ig
h
ly
r
ep
licab
le
tech
n
i
ca
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
a
n
d
a
em
p
ir
ical
b
en
ch
m
a
r
k
f
o
r
d
ep
lo
y
in
g
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
PV
s
y
s
t
em
s
in
d
en
s
ely
p
o
p
u
lated
,
is
o
lated
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
with
s
im
ilar
ex
tr
em
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
f
ra
m
ewo
r
k
a
n
d m
et
ho
do
lo
g
ica
l
j
us
t
if
ica
t
io
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ts
a
s
im
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
r
esear
ch
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
t
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
tech
n
ical
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
an
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
o
lar
PV
p
o
wer
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
B
u
n
g
in
I
s
lan
d
.
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
to
f
iv
e
m
ain
s
tag
es:
lo
ad
ass
es
s
m
en
t,
s
o
lar
r
eso
u
r
ce
i
n
p
u
t,
s
y
s
tem
s
izin
g
,
s
y
s
tem
s
im
u
latio
n
,
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
e
v
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
f
l
o
w
is
illu
s
tr
at
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
wh
ic
h
p
r
esen
t
s
th
e
s
eq
u
en
tial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
ed
to
d
esig
n
an
d
ass
ess
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
PVs
y
s
t
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
im
u
latio
n
to
o
l
is
j
u
s
tifie
d
b
y
its
h
ig
h
p
r
ec
is
io
n
i
n
m
o
d
elin
g
co
m
p
lex
lo
s
s
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
th
er
m
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
m
o
d
u
les
in
tr
o
p
ical
clim
ates
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
atter
y
ag
in
g
cy
cles,
wh
ich
ar
e
o
f
ten
o
v
e
r
s
im
p
lifie
d
in
o
t
h
er
t
o
o
ls
.
Fu
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
an
AC
-
co
u
p
le
d
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
ju
s
tific
atio
n
.
T
h
i
s
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
was
c
h
o
s
en
o
v
er
DC
-
co
u
p
led
s
y
s
tem
s
d
u
e
to
its
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
PV
ar
r
ay
s
(
0
.
7
1
3
MWp
)
with
e
x
is
tin
g
is
lan
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
an
d
its
ef
f
icien
cy
in
h
an
d
lin
g
p
ea
k
d
ay
tim
e
l
o
ad
s
d
ir
ec
tl
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
PV
in
v
e
r
ter
s
.
B
y
f
o
llo
win
g
th
is
s
eq
u
en
tial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
izi
n
g
is
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
s
ite
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
clim
atic
d
ata
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
iles
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
h
ig
h
er
lev
el
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
th
an
g
e
n
er
alize
d
m
o
d
els.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
f
lo
wch
a
r
t f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
2
.
2
.
L
o
a
d
a
s
s
ess
m
ent
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
lo
ad
o
n
B
u
n
g
in
I
s
lan
d
is
d
o
m
in
ated
b
y
r
es
id
en
tial
ac
tiv
ities
,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
l
o
w
d
a
y
t
i
m
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
p
ea
k
d
e
m
a
n
d
o
f
1
2
7
k
W
d
u
r
i
n
g
e
v
e
n
i
n
g
h
o
u
r
s
.
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
a
n
d
T
a
b
l
e
1
,
th
e
to
tal
d
aily
e
n
er
g
y
d
e
m
an
d
is
2
,
8
3
0
k
W
h
,
w
h
ich
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
b
aselin
e
f
o
r
th
e
PV
an
d
B
E
SS
s
izin
g
to
en
s
u
r
e
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Daily
elec
tr
ica
l lo
a
d
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
B
u
n
g
in
I
s
lan
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
S
o
la
r
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
p
o
w
er sys
t
em
fo
r
B
u
n
g
in
I
s
la
n
d
(
N
o
vi
A
z
ma
n
)
9
T
ab
le
1
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
el
ec
tr
ica
l lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
p
a
r
am
eter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
B
u
n
g
i
n
I
sl
a
n
d
D
a
i
l
y
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
(
k
W
h
)
2
,
8
3
0
D
a
i
l
y
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
p
e
r
h
o
u
se
h
o
l
d
(
k
W
h
/
h
o
u
se
h
o
l
d
)
2
.
6
7
M
o
n
t
h
l
y
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
e
ma
n
d
(
k
W
h
)
8
5
,
0
0
0
A
n
n
u
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
(
k
W
h
)
1
,
0
2
0
,
2
4
5
P
e
a
k
l
o
a
d
(
k
W
)
1
2
7
2
.
3
.
So
la
r
re
s
o
urce
inp
ut
So
lar
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
ata,
in
clu
d
in
g
g
lo
b
al
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
,
wer
e
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
NASA
d
atab
ase
v
ia
PVs
y
s
t
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
i
n
d
icate
s
a
s
tab
le
s
o
lar
p
o
ten
tial
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
y
ea
r
,
with
av
er
ag
e
d
aily
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
b
et
wee
n
4
.
5
a
n
d
5
.
5
k
W
h
/m
².
T
h
is
d
ata
is
u
s
ed
to
esti
m
ate
y
ield
an
d
ac
c
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
er
m
al
ef
f
icien
c
y
lo
s
s
es in
th
e
m
o
d
u
les.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Mo
n
th
ly
s
o
lar
i
r
r
ad
i
atio
n
an
d
a
m
b
ien
t te
m
p
e
r
atu
r
e
f
o
r
B
u
n
g
in
I
s
lan
d
2
.
4
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
izing
2
.
4
.
1
.
PV
a
rr
a
y
a
nd
ba
t
t
er
y
s
t
o
ra
g
e
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
1
,
2
9
6
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
tallin
e
m
o
d
u
les
(
5
5
0
W
p
ea
ch
)
,
to
talin
g
0
.
7
1
3
MWp
.
T
h
e
a
r
r
a
y
i
s
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
e
d
i
n
t
o
1
0
8
s
t
r
i
n
g
s
(
2
7
m
o
d
u
l
es
/s
t
r
i
n
g
)
t
o
m
a
t
c
h
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
li
m
i
ts
(
T
a
b
l
e
2
a
n
d
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
)
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
n
ig
h
ttime
an
d
lo
w
-
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
p
e
r
io
d
s
,
a
1
1
.
5
4
M
W
h
L
iFePO₄
B
E
SS
(
Hu
awe
i
L
UNA2
0
0
0
)
is
in
teg
r
ated
.
T
h
e
s
to
r
ag
e
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
1
,
2
0
0
u
n
its
with
an
8
0
%
m
ax
im
u
m
d
ep
t
h
o
f
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
9
6
% r
o
u
n
d
-
tr
ip
ef
f
icien
cy
(
T
a
b
le
3
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
5
)
.
T
ab
le
2
.
PV
m
o
d
u
le
s
p
ec
if
icat
io
n
s
an
d
ar
r
ay
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
M
o
d
u
l
e
t
y
p
e
M
o
n
o
c
r
y
st
a
l
l
i
n
e
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
N
o
mi
n
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
p
e
r
m
o
d
u
l
e
(
W
p
)
5
5
0
To
t
a
l
o
f
mo
d
u
l
e
s
1
,
2
9
6
To
t
a
l
i
n
st
a
l
l
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
(
M
W
p
)
0
.
7
1
3
M
o
d
u
l
e
s
p
e
r
s
t
r
i
n
g
27
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
st
r
i
n
g
s
1
0
8
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
M
P
P
T
i
n
p
u
t
s
12
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
4
3
,
No
.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
26
:
7
-
1
7
10
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
PV
ar
r
a
y
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
an
d
s
tr
in
g
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
T
ab
le
3
.
B
E
SS
s
y
s
tem
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Li
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
(
L
i
F
e
P
O
₄)
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
m
o
d
e
l
LU
N
A
2
0
0
0
-
10
-
S0
To
t
a
l
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
u
n
i
t
s
1
,
2
0
0
u
n
i
t
s
To
t
a
l
i
n
st
a
l
l
e
d
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
1
1
.
5
4
M
W
h
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
d
e
p
t
h
o
f
d
i
sc
h
a
r
g
e
8
0
%
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
r
o
u
n
d
-
t
r
i
p
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
9
6
%
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
E
SS
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
2
.
4
.
2
.
P
o
wer
co
nv
er
s
io
n sy
s
t
em
T
h
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
(
PC
S)
em
p
lo
y
s
an
AC
-
co
u
p
led
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
PV
s
tr
in
g
in
v
er
tes
an
d
b
atter
y
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
in
v
er
ter
s
PC
S.
T
h
e
to
tal
PV
in
v
er
ter
ca
p
ac
ity
is
6
0
0
k
W
ac
,
d
esig
n
ed
with
a
DC
/A
C
r
atio
n
o
f
1
.
1
8
(
0
.
7
1
3
MWp
/0
.
6
MWac)
to
o
p
tim
iz
e
en
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
est
d
u
r
in
g
l
o
w
-
ir
r
ad
i
atio
n
p
er
io
d
s
.
T
h
e
en
s
u
r
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
h
ig
h
-
r
ate
ch
ar
g
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
,
th
e
b
atter
y
in
v
er
ter
ca
p
ac
ity
is
s
et
at
7
0
0
k
W
ac
.
T
h
is
ca
p
ac
ity
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
p
ea
k
lo
ad
o
f
1
2
7
k
W
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
o
wer
b
u
f
f
er
f
o
r
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
u
r
g
es
an
d
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
s
tab
le
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
e
n
er
g
y
f
lo
w
b
et
wee
n
th
e
B
E
SS
an
d
th
e
AC
b
u
s
b
ar
.
T
h
e
i
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
ate
at
a
n
o
m
in
al
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
8
0
0
Vac
t
o
m
in
im
ize
Oh
m
ic
lo
s
s
es
ac
r
ess
th
e
co
llectio
n
s
y
s
tem
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
tep
p
ed
d
o
wn
t
o
th
e
is
lan
d
’
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
lev
el.
D
etailed
tech
n
ical
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
s
ar
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
4
,
an
d
th
e
o
v
er
all
elec
tr
ical
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
th
e
s
in
g
-
lin
e
d
iag
r
am
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
ab
le
4
.
I
n
v
er
ter
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
R
a
t
e
d
A
C
p
o
w
e
r
3
0
0
k
W
N
o
mi
n
a
l
A
C
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
8
0
0
V
a
c
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
ma
x
i
m
u
m
/
a
ss
u
me
d
)
9
9
%
/
9
6
%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
S
o
la
r
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
p
o
w
er sys
t
em
fo
r
B
u
n
g
in
I
s
la
n
d
(
N
o
vi
A
z
ma
n
)
11
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Sin
g
le
-
li
n
e
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
PV
s
y
s
tem
2
.
4
.
3
.
Sy
s
t
em
s
im
ula
t
io
n
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
in
P
Vsy
s
t
to
ev
alu
ate
an
n
u
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
is
co
n
d
u
cte
d
o
v
er
a
o
n
e
-
y
ea
r
p
er
io
d
u
s
in
g
a
1
-
h
o
u
r
tim
e
s
tep
to
ca
p
t
u
r
e
s
e
aso
n
al
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
av
ailab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
in
p
u
ts
a
n
d
s
ettin
g
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
PVs
y
s
t
p
r
o
ject
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
ar
e
as f
o
llo
ws:
a)
PV
m
o
d
u
le
a
nd
o
r
ien
tatio
n
:
lo
n
g
i
s
o
lar
L
R
5
-
7
2
HPH
-
5
5
0
M
G2
(
5
5
0
W
p
)
with
2
7
m
o
d
u
le
s
in
s
er
ies
p
er
s
tr
in
g
.
PV
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
in
s
talled
o
n
a
f
ix
ed
tilt
ed
p
la
n
e
with
a
tilt
an
g
le
o
f
1
5
°
an
d
a
n
az
im
u
th
o
f
0
°
(
f
ac
in
g
No
r
th
)
.
b)
I
n
v
er
ter
an
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
:
H
u
awe
i
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
SUN
2
0
0
0
-
3
3
0
KT
L
-
H1
(
3
0
0
k
W
ac
)
with
a
m
a
x
im
u
m
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
1
,
5
0
0
V
an
d
an
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
8
0
0
Vac
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
s
u
b
-
ar
r
ay
s
,
wit
h
a
to
tal
o
f
1
,
2
9
6
m
o
d
u
les
an
d
4
8
s
tr
in
g
s
(
2
4
s
tr
in
g
s
p
er
s
u
b
-
ar
r
ay
)
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
r
atio
(
DC
/AC
r
atio
)
o
f
1
.
1
8
8
.
c)
Simu
latio
n
lo
s
s
p
ar
a
m
eter
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
:
to
en
s
u
r
e
h
ig
h
-
f
id
e
lity
r
ep
licatio
n
,
s
p
ec
if
ic
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
an
d
tech
n
ical
lo
s
s
f
ac
to
r
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
wer
e
in
teg
r
ated
i
n
to
th
e
e
x
ec
u
tio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
:
−
Op
tical
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
lo
s
s
es:
th
e
in
cid
en
ce
an
g
le
m
o
d
if
ier
(
I
A
M)
f
ac
to
r
o
n
g
lo
b
al
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
at
-
1
.
5
%.
So
ilin
g
l
o
s
s
is
s
et
at
-
3
.
0
%
to
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
d
u
s
t
an
d
s
alin
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
astal
is
lan
d
.
Yea
r
-
to
-
y
ea
r
g
lo
b
al
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
is
m
o
d
eled
at
3
.
5
%
b
ased
o
n
Me
teo
n
o
r
m
8
.
2
d
ata
.
−
Ar
r
ay
in
ter
n
al
lo
s
s
es: PV c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
at
STC is
d
ef
in
ed
at
2
1
.
3
2
%.
I
n
ter
n
al
m
o
d
u
le
q
u
ality
lo
s
s
is
s
et
at
-
0
.
7
%,
an
d
s
tr
i
n
g
/m
o
d
u
le
m
is
m
atch
lo
s
s
is
m
o
d
eled
at
-
2
.
1
%.
Oh
m
ic
wi
r
in
g
l
o
s
s
e
s
(
DC
)
ar
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
t
o
-
1
.
0
%.
−
Po
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
a
n
d
s
to
r
a
g
e
lo
s
s
es:
in
v
er
ter
ef
f
icien
cy
l
o
s
s
d
u
r
in
g
d
y
n
am
ic
o
p
er
atio
n
is
s
et
at
-
1
.
4
%.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
ated
a
-
4
.
0
%
ch
ar
g
e/
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
o
u
n
d
-
t
r
ip
ef
f
icien
c
y
lo
s
s
,
a
-
0
.
1
%
s
to
r
ag
e
en
er
g
y
b
alan
ce
d
is
cr
e
p
an
cy
,
a
n
d
a
-
2
.
3
%
b
atter
y
g
lo
b
al
lo
s
s
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
4
3
,
No
.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
26
:
7
-
1
7
12
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
lay
o
u
t
an
d
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
ettin
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
tech
n
ical
an
d
s
p
atial
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
is
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
wid
ely
ad
o
p
te
d
in
d
icato
r
s
s
u
ch
as
PR
an
d
ca
p
ac
ity
f
ac
to
r
,
wh
ic
h
ar
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
etr
ics in
PV
s
y
s
tem
ass
es
s
m
en
t
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Sy
s
tem
lay
o
u
t a
n
d
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
PVs
y
s
t
2
.
4
.
4
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
ev
a
lua
t
io
n
T
h
e
tech
n
ical
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
is
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
in
d
icato
r
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
I
SO/IE
C
6
1
7
2
4
-
1
.
T
h
e
k
ey
m
etr
ics ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
as f
o
llo
ws:
a)
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
atio
(
PR
)
:
T
h
e
PR
in
d
icate
s
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
lo
s
s
es
(
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
in
v
er
ter
,
wir
in
g
)
o
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
r
ated
o
u
tp
u
t.
I
t is ca
lcu
lated
as:
=
×
(
.
.
)
wh
er
e
is
th
e
ac
tu
al
en
er
g
y
d
eliv
er
ed
to
th
e
lo
ad
an
d
b
atte
r
y
(
k
W
h
)
,
is
th
e
in
s
tal
led
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
(
k
W
p
)
,
.
is
th
e
g
lo
b
al
i
n
cid
en
t
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
(
ℎ
/
2
)
,
a
n
d
.
is
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
(
1
/
2
).
b)
C
ap
ac
ity
f
ac
to
r
(
C
F):
T
h
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
ac
tu
al
an
n
u
al
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
to
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
th
eo
r
etica
l
o
u
tp
u
t
if
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ated
at
f
u
ll r
ated
c
ap
ac
ity
2
4
/7
:
=
×
8760
×
100%
c)
So
lar
f
r
ac
tio
n
(
SF
)
:
SF
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
th
e
to
tal
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
m
et
b
y
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
,
wh
ic
h
is
cr
itic
al
f
o
r
th
e
en
er
g
y
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
o
f
B
u
n
g
i
n
I
s
lan
d
:
=
(
1
−
)
×
100%
d)
Un
m
et
lo
ad
f
r
ac
tio
n
(
UL
F):
T
o
ass
ess
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
th
e
UL
F q
u
an
ti
f
ies th
e
en
er
g
y
d
ef
icit r
elativ
e
to
th
e
an
n
u
al
d
e
m
an
d
:
=
×
100%
A
tar
g
et
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
<
2
%$
is
estab
lis
h
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
’
s
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
as a
p
r
im
ar
y
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
S
o
la
r
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
p
o
w
er sys
t
em
fo
r
B
u
n
g
in
I
s
la
n
d
(
N
o
vi
A
z
ma
n
)
13
An
n
u
al
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
r
e
s
u
lts
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
l
e
5
,
wh
ile
th
e
PR
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
th
e
d
etailed
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
8
a
n
d
9
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
PVs
y
s
t
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
u
s
ed
f
o
r
PV
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
al
u
atio
n
u
n
d
e
r
s
ite
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
0
]
-
[
2
4
]
.
T
ab
le
5
.
An
n
u
al
en
e
r
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
d
icat
o
r
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
(
P
V
sy
s
t
o
u
t
p
u
t
)
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
V
a
l
u
e
U
n
i
t
To
t
a
l
a
n
n
u
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
P
V
a
r
r
a
y
1
,
2
5
8
.
3
M
W
h
/
y
e
a
r
U
sefu
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
su
p
p
l
i
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
l
o
a
d
1
,
0
3
2
.
9
M
W
h
/
y
e
a
r
Ex
c
e
ss
e
n
e
r
g
y
n
o
t
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
1
2
0
.
8
4
M
W
h
/
y
e
a
r
/
Ex
c
e
ss
e
n
e
r
g
y
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
1
1
.
7
%
U
n
me
t
l
o
a
d
(
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
e
f
i
c
i
t
)
1
3
.
7
M
W
h
/
y
e
a
r
S
o
l
a
r
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
S
h
a
r
e
o
f
l
o
a
d
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
s
o
l
a
r
P
V
9
8
.
6
7
%
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
r
a
t
i
o
(
P
R
)
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
7
7
.
6
%
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
(
C
F
)
R
a
t
i
o
o
f
a
c
t
u
a
l
t
o
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
ssi
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
o
u
t
p
u
t
1
7
.
3
4
%
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
PR
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
B
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
o
f
s
y
s
tem
lo
s
s
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
4
3
,
No
.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
26
:
7
-
1
7
14
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Annu
a
l o
f
ener
g
y
pro
du
ct
io
n a
nd
s
y
s
t
em
perf
o
rma
nce
T
h
e
an
n
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
PVs
y
s
t
s
im
u
latio
n
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
5
.
T
h
e
to
tal
an
n
u
al
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
(
)
r
ea
ch
es
1
,
2
5
8
.
3
MWh
/y
ea
r
.
Of
th
is
en
er
g
y
,
1
,
0
3
2
.
9
MWh
/y
ea
r
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
eliv
er
ed
to
th
e
el
ec
tr
ical
lo
ad
(
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
h
ig
h
u
tili
za
tio
n
r
ate
o
f
th
e
av
ailab
le
s
o
lar
r
eso
u
r
ce
.
A
m
o
n
th
l
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
aly
s
is
wa
s
co
n
d
u
cted
to
a
s
s
es
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
s
tab
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ea
s
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
in
Au
g
u
s
t
d
u
e
to
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lar
altitu
d
e
in
th
e
s
o
u
t
h
er
n
h
em
is
p
h
er
e,
wh
ile
th
e
lo
west
o
cc
u
r
s
in
J
an
u
ar
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
s
o
o
n
p
ea
k
.
Statis
tical
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
n
th
ly
d
ata
y
ield
s
a
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
v
ar
iatio
n
(
C
V)
o
f
8
.
4
%,
wh
ich
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
e
s
o
lar
r
eso
u
r
c
e
o
n
B
u
n
g
i
n
I
s
lan
d
is
r
elativ
el
y
s
tab
le
an
d
r
eliab
l
e
as a
p
r
im
ar
y
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
o
lar
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
9
8
.
6
7
%
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
ca
n
alm
o
s
t
en
tire
ly
r
e
p
lace
d
iese
l
-
b
ased
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
u
n
m
et
l
o
ad
(
)
o
f
1
3
.
7
MWh
/y
ea
r
(
1
.
3
3
%)
is
cr
itica
lly
ev
alu
ated
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
lo
w
-
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
d
a
y
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
ain
y
s
ea
s
o
n
.
W
h
ile
m
in
o
r
,
th
is
u
n
m
et
lo
ad
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
th
e
tech
n
ical
lim
its
o
f
a
1
0
0
%
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
b
ac
k
u
p
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
e
s
u
r
p
lu
s
en
e
r
g
y
(
)
o
f
1
2
0
.
8
4
MWh
/y
ea
r
(
1
1
.
7
%
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
f
o
r
d
em
an
d
-
s
id
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
w
h
ich
will b
e
f
u
r
th
er
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
6
.
3
.
2
.
Crit
ica
l
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
PR
a
nd
t
herm
a
l lo
s
s
es
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
an
n
u
al
PR
o
f
7
7
.
6
%
f
alls
with
in
th
e
ty
p
ical
o
p
tim
al
r
an
g
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
-
p
en
etr
atio
n
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
in
teg
r
ated
with
B
E
SS
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
cr
itical
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
lo
s
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
(
Fig
u
r
e
9
)
r
e
v
ea
ls
th
at
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
r
elate
d
ef
f
ec
ts
r
e
p
r
es
en
t
a
m
aj
o
r
v
ec
to
r
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
,
in
d
u
cin
g
a
7
.
2
%
d
r
o
p
i
n
m
o
d
u
le
ef
f
icien
cy
.
B
ec
au
s
e
B
u
n
g
i
n
I
s
lan
d
is
s
itu
ated
in
an
e
q
u
a
to
r
ial
co
astal
zo
n
e,
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
h
o
v
er
ar
o
u
n
d
2
7
.
0
°C
to
2
8
.
4
°C
.
Un
d
er
p
ea
k
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
th
e
ce
ll
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
escalat
es
f
ar
ab
o
v
e
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
tes
t
co
n
d
itio
n
(
STC)
o
f
2
5
°C
.
T
h
is
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
d
ir
ec
tly
d
e
g
r
ad
es
g
en
er
atio
n
c
ap
ac
ity
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
d
em
o
n
s
t
r
ates
th
at
in
tr
o
p
ical
is
lan
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
u
tili
zin
g
an
o
p
tim
ized
DC
/AC
r
atio
(
1
.
1
8
8
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
)
is
a
cr
itical
d
esig
n
n
ec
ess
ity
to
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
am
b
ien
t
th
er
m
al
lo
s
s
es a
n
d
m
ax
im
ize
p
o
wer
av
ailab
ilit
y
d
u
r
in
g
lo
w
er
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
win
d
o
w
3
.
3
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
env
iro
n
m
ent
a
l lo
s
s
es a
nd
s
y
s
t
em
a
uto
no
m
y
T
h
e
co
astal
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ical
ch
allen
g
es,
p
r
im
ar
ily
r
ef
lect
ed
in
th
e
3
.
0
%
s
o
ilin
g
lo
s
s
an
d
1
.
5
%
I
AM
f
ac
to
r
.
Salt
-
s
p
r
ay
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
an
d
h
ig
h
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
(
av
er
a
g
in
g
7
6
.
8
%)
r
e
q
u
ir
e
s
tr
in
g
e
n
t
m
a
in
ten
an
ce
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
to
p
r
e
v
en
t
d
ee
p
e
r
s
o
ilin
g
d
eg
r
ad
at
io
n
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
co
m
b
in
ed
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
a
n
d
h
a
r
d
war
e
lo
s
s
es,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
es a
So
lar
Fra
ctio
n
o
f
9
8
.
6
7
%.
T
h
e
an
n
u
al
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
(
)
o
f
1
2
0
.
8
4
MWh
/y
ea
r
(
1
1
.
7
%
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
)
o
cc
u
r
s
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
s
o
lar
h
o
u
r
s
(
1
1
:0
0
AM
to
2
:0
0
PM)
wh
en
th
e
1
1
.
5
4
MWh
B
E
SS
r
ea
ch
es
it
s
m
ax
im
u
m
s
tate
-
of
-
ch
a
r
g
e.
I
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
,
t
h
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
an
o
p
er
atio
n
al
in
ef
f
icien
c
y
d
u
e
to
en
er
g
y
c
u
r
tailm
en
t.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
f
o
r
th
e
B
u
n
g
in
I
s
lan
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
,
th
is
s
u
r
p
lu
s
p
r
ese
n
ts
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
f
o
r
d
em
a
n
d
-
s
id
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
(
DSM)
.
T
h
is
1
2
0
.
8
4
MWh
/y
ea
r
c
o
u
ld
b
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ally
r
ed
ir
ec
ted
t
o
p
o
wer
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ice
-
m
ak
in
g
m
ac
h
in
es
f
o
r
lo
ca
l
f
is
h
er
m
en
o
r
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
wate
r
d
e
s
alin
atio
n
u
n
its
,
th
er
eb
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
t
h
e
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
r
etu
r
n
o
f
t
h
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
i
n
v
estme
n
t.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
t
h
e
m
in
o
r
u
n
m
et
lo
ad
o
f
1
.
3
3
%
(
1
3
.
7
MWh
/y
ea
r
)
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
lim
itati
o
n
s
o
f
s
tan
d
al
o
n
e
s
o
lar
s
y
s
te
m
s
d
u
r
in
g
m
u
lti
-
d
a
y
lo
w
-
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
m
o
n
s
o
o
n
p
er
i
o
d
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
ab
s
o
lu
te
d
iesel
elim
in
atio
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
eit
h
er
co
s
t
-
p
r
o
h
ib
itiv
e
b
atter
y
o
v
e
r
-
s
izin
g
o
r
a
s
m
all
s
tan
d
b
y
g
e
n
er
ato
r
f
o
r
e
m
er
g
e
n
cy
to
p
-
u
p
s
.
3
.
4
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n o
f
t
ec
hn
ica
l f
ea
s
ibi
lity
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
is
tech
n
ically
f
ea
s
ib
le
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
elec
tr
icity
to
B
u
n
g
in
I
s
lan
d
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
ad
eq
u
ate
PV
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
B
E
SS
en
ab
les
h
ig
h
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
p
e
n
etr
atio
n
wh
ile
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
an
n
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ep
lace
d
iesel
-
b
ased
g
en
er
atio
n
as th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
elec
tr
icity
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
ite
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
lo
ad
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
o
lar
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
at
a
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
a
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
p
r
ac
tical
tech
n
ical
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
in
s
m
all
is
lan
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
with
s
im
ilar
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
an
d
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
tec
h
n
ical
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
s
m
all
is
lan
d
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
,
as r
ep
o
r
ted
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies [
2
5
]
.
3
.
5
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
a
nd
dis
c
us
s
io
n
T
o
v
alid
ate
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
B
u
n
g
in
I
s
lan
d
s
y
s
tem
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
o
th
er
tr
o
p
ical
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
tu
d
ies,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
6
.
T
h
e
PR
o
f
7
7
.
6
%
ac
h
iev
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
h
ig
h
ly
co
m
p
etitiv
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
S
o
la
r
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
p
o
w
er sys
t
em
fo
r
B
u
n
g
in
I
s
la
n
d
(
N
o
vi
A
z
ma
n
)
15
f
o
r
an
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
s
o
lar
f
r
ac
tio
n
(
9
8
.
6
7
%)
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
th
an
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
wh
ich
is
a
d
ir
ec
t
r
e
s
u
lt
o
f
th
e
o
p
tim
ized
1
1
.
5
4
M
W
h
b
atter
y
s
izin
g
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
th
at
f
o
r
u
ltra
-
d
en
s
e
is
lan
d
s
,
o
v
er
-
s
izin
g
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
is
m
o
r
e
cr
iti
ca
l
th
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
alo
n
e
to
en
s
u
r
e
to
tal
d
iesel r
ep
lace
m
en
t.
T
ab
le
6
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies.
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
Th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
(
B
u
n
g
i
n
I
sl
a
n
d
)
A
z
man
a
n
d
S
u
l
i
s
t
i
a
w
a
n
[
1
4
]
S
e
e
e
t
a
l
.
[
8
]
Jo
si
a
[
1
6
]
Lo
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
y
p
e
U
l
t
r
a
-
d
e
n
se
I
sl
a
n
d
R
e
m
o
t
e
I
sl
a
n
d
R
e
m
o
t
e
I
sl
a
n
d
R
e
m
o
t
e
I
sl
a
n
d
P
V
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
(
M
W
p
)
0
.
7
1
3
0
.
0
5
0
0
.
1
2
0
0
.
0
3
5
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
(
M
W
h
)
1
1
.
5
4
0
.
2
0
0
.
4
5
0
.
1
5
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
r
a
t
i
o
(
%)
7
7
.
6
7
5
.
2
7
8
.
1
7
4
.
0
S
o
l
a
r
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
(
%)
9
8
.
6
7
9
2
.
0
9
5
.
5
9
0
.
0
U
n
me
t
l
o
a
d
(
%)
1
.
3
3
8
.
0
4
.
5
1
0
.
0
3
.
6
.
E
v
a
lua
t
i
o
n o
f
ener
g
y
ba
la
nce
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
id
e
n
tifie
s
an
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
o
f
1
2
0
.
8
4
M
W
h
/y
ea
r
.
C
r
itically
,
th
is
s
u
r
p
lu
s
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
s
o
lar
h
o
u
r
s
wh
en
th
e
b
atter
ies
ar
e
f
u
lly
c
h
ar
g
e
d
.
W
h
ile
th
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
tech
n
i
ca
l
“
lo
s
s
,
”
it
o
f
f
er
s
an
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
f
o
r
d
e
m
an
d
-
s
id
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
s
u
ch
as
p
o
wer
in
g
wate
r
d
esalin
atio
n
u
n
its
o
r
ice
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
o
r
lo
ca
l
f
is
h
er
m
en
,
wh
ic
h
wo
u
ld
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
r
o
j
ec
t
ec
o
n
o
m
y
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
t
h
e
u
n
m
et
lo
a
d
o
f
1
3
.
7
MWh
/y
ea
r
(
1
.
3
3
%)
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
an
tly
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
n
s
o
o
n
s
ea
s
o
n
(
Dec
em
b
er
-
J
an
u
ar
y
)
wh
en
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
d
r
o
p
s
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
d
ay
s
.
W
h
ile
s
m
a
ll,
th
is
d
ef
icit
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
a
1
0
0
%
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t
an
y
b
ac
k
u
p
(
s
u
ch
as
a
s
m
all
s
tan
d
b
y
d
iesel
g
en
er
ato
r
o
r
e
v
en
la
r
g
er
B
E
SS
)
r
em
ain
s
a
ch
allen
g
e
d
u
r
in
g
e
x
tr
em
e
m
et
eo
r
o
lo
g
ical
a
n
o
m
alies.
3
.
7
.
Relia
bil
it
y
a
nd
s
ens
it
iv
it
y
a
na
ly
s
is
T
o
v
alid
ate
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
a
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
s
o
la
r
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
.
A
1
0
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
an
n
u
al
g
lo
b
al
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
(
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
ex
tr
em
e
clo
u
d
co
v
er
y
ea
r
s
)
wo
u
ld
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
u
n
m
et
lo
ad
f
r
o
m
1
.
3
3
%
to
3
.
5
%.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
1
1
.
5
4
MWh
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
p
r
o
v
id
es
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
3
.
2
d
a
y
s
o
f
au
to
n
o
m
y
f
o
r
cr
itical
lo
ad
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
ev
en
d
u
r
in
g
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
lo
w
-
s
u
n
lig
h
t
d
ay
s
,
b
asic e
lectr
icity
s
u
p
p
ly
r
em
ain
s
s
tab
le
with
o
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
d
iesel b
ac
k
u
p
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
tech
n
ical
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
in
g
B
u
n
g
i
n
I
s
lan
d
’
s
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
f
r
o
m
d
iesel
d
ep
en
d
en
c
y
to
a
f
u
lly
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
o
lar
PV
-
B
atter
y
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
ized
0
.
7
1
3
MWp
PV
ar
r
ay
an
d
1
1
.
5
4
MWh
lit
h
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
h
i
g
h
lev
el
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
d
eliv
er
in
g
an
an
n
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
1
,
2
5
8
.
3
MWh
with
a
n
ea
r
-
t
o
tal
s
o
lar
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
9
8
.
6
7
%.
T
h
e
ac
h
i
ev
ed
PR
o
f
7
7
.
6
%
an
d
ca
p
ac
ity
f
ac
to
r
o
f
1
7
.
3
4
%
v
alid
ate
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
with
in
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
f
a
tr
o
p
ical,
h
ig
h
-
am
b
ien
t
-
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
lies
in
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
tech
n
ical
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
en
etr
atio
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
in
u
ltra
-
d
e
n
s
e
s
m
all
is
lan
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
u
tili
ze
g
en
er
alize
d
m
o
d
els,
th
is
wo
r
k
u
s
es
s
ite
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
h
o
u
r
ly
l
o
ad
p
r
o
f
iles
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
t
h
at
ac
h
iev
in
g
o
v
er
9
8
%
en
e
r
g
y
au
to
n
o
m
y
is
tech
n
ically
ac
h
iev
a
b
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
p
tim
ized
s
to
r
ag
e
s
izin
g
a
n
d
an
AC
-
co
u
p
led
ar
ch
itectu
r
e.
T
h
e
c
r
itical
ev
a
lu
atio
n
o
f
lo
s
s
es
id
en
tifie
s
th
er
m
al
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
a
n
d
b
att
er
y
cy
clin
g
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
r
iv
er
s
,
y
et
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
lim
its
th
e
u
n
m
et
lo
ad
t
o
ju
s
t 1
.
3
3
%.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
er
v
e
as
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
tech
n
ical
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
p
o
licy
-
m
ak
er
s
a
n
d
en
g
in
ee
r
s
in
d
ep
lo
y
in
g
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ically
is
o
lated
an
d
d
en
s
ely
p
o
p
u
lated
r
eg
io
n
s
.
Fu
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
in
teg
r
ate
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
em
an
d
-
s
id
e
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
to
u
ti
lize
th
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
1
2
0
.
8
4
MWh
o
f
an
n
u
al
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
u
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
wate
r
d
esalin
atio
n
o
r
co
ld
s
to
r
ag
e.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
e
x
p
r
ess
th
eir
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
all
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
p
r
o
v
id
ed
tech
n
ical
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Sp
ec
ial
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
is
ex
ten
d
ed
to
th
e
lo
ca
l
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
es
o
f
B
u
n
g
in
I
s
lan
d
f
o
r
th
eir
as
s
is
tan
ce
in
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
ite
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
also
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
e
tech
n
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
v
id
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
an
al
y
s
is
s
tag
es.
All
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
h
av
e
g
iv
en
th
eir
c
o
n
s
en
t
to
b
e
in
clu
d
e
d
in
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
4
3
,
No
.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
26
:
7
-
1
7
16
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
th
is
r
esear
ch
r
ec
eiv
ed
n
o
ex
te
r
n
al
f
u
n
d
in
g
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT
)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
No
v
i A
zm
an
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
R
u
d
i N
au
f
al
Fad
h
ilah
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Mu
h
am
m
ad
I
s
m
ail
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
Data
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
a
u
th
o
r
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
e
q
u
est.
Ho
we
v
er
,
an
y
d
ata
t
h
at
m
ig
h
t
r
e
v
ea
l
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
id
en
titi
es
o
r
s
en
s
itiv
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ar
e
n
o
t p
u
b
licly
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
d
u
e
to
p
r
iv
ac
y
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
K
a
a
b
e
c
h
e
a
n
d
R
.
I
b
t
i
o
u
e
n
,
“
Te
c
h
n
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
/
w
i
n
d
/
d
i
e
se
l
/
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
a
s
t
a
n
d
-
a
l
o
n
e
p
o
w
e
r
sy
s
t
e
m
,
”
S
o
l
a
r
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
3
,
p
p
.
1
7
1
–
1
8
2
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
so
l
e
n
e
r
.
2
0
1
4
.
0
2
.
0
1
7
.
[
2
]
A
.
A
.
R
a
t
h
o
d
a
n
d
B
.
S
u
b
r
a
ma
n
i
a
n
,
“
S
c
r
u
t
i
n
y
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
sy
st
e
ms
f
o
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
p
o
w
e
r
ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
i
z
i
n
g
:
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
p
o
ss
i
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s,
”
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
2
4
,
p
.
1
6
8
1
4
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
s
u
1
4
2
4
1
6
8
1
4
.
[
3
]
R
.
S
.
S
a
d
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
H
y
b
r
i
d
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
sy
s
t
e
ms
f
o
r
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
st
o
r
a
g
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
met
a
h
e
u
r
i
s
t
i
c
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
a
n
d
k
e
y
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
.
”
A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
:
J
a
n
.
2
8
,
2
0
2
6
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
md
p
i
.
c
o
m
/
2
6
7
3
-
4
1
1
7
/
6
/
1
1
/
3
0
9
[
4
]
“
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
t
e
ms,
”
i
n
H
y
b
r
i
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
Po
w
e
r
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
A
c
a
d
e
mi
c
P
r
e
ss
,
2
0
2
2
,
p
p
.
3
5
–
68
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
B
9
7
8
-
0
-
12
-
8
2
3
7
9
3
-
9
.
0
0
0
0
1
-
2.
[
5
]
A
.
S
h
r
i
v
a
st
a
v
a
,
R
.
S
h
a
r
ma,
M
.
K
.
S
a
x
e
n
a
,
V
.
S
h
a
n
m
u
g
a
s
u
n
d
a
r
a
m,
M
.
L
.
R
i
n
a
w
a
,
a
n
d
A
n
k
i
t
,
“
S
o
l
a
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
a
sse
ssm
e
n
t
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
st
a
n
d
a
l
o
n
e
P
V
s
y
st
e
m
u
s
i
n
g
P
V
sy
s
t
,
”
M
a
t
e
ri
a
l
s
T
o
d
a
y
:
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
0
,
p
p
.
3
3
8
5
–
3
3
9
2
,
Jan
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
m
a
t
p
r
.
2
0
2
1
.
0
7
.
2
5
8
.
[
6
]
P
.
W
a
l
i
c
h
n
o
w
sk
a
,
W
.
K
r
u
sz
e
l
n
i
c
k
a
,
A
.
T
o
m
p
o
r
o
w
sk
i
,
a
n
d
A
.
M
r
o
z
i
ń
sk
i
,
“
T
h
e
i
mp
a
c
t
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
st
o
r
a
g
e
o
n
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
st
e
ms
a
n
d
d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
a
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
t
p
r
i
n
t
o
f
h
o
u
se
h
o
l
d
s
w
i
t
h
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
,
”
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
.
2
7
6
5
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
s
u
1
7
0
6
2
7
6
5
.
[
7
]
T.
J
a
r
a
d
a
t
a
n
d
T.
K
h
a
t
i
b
,
“
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
e
n
e
r
g
y
st
o
r
a
g
e
sy
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
sy
st
e
m:
En
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
i
m
p
a
c
t
,
s
i
z
i
n
g
me
t
h
o
d
s,
m
a
r
k
e
t
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s,
a
n
d
p
o
l
i
c
y
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
s
,
”
F
u
t
u
re
B
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
p
.
1
0
0
1
0
6
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
f
u
b
.
2
0
2
5
.
1
0
0
1
0
6
.
[
8
]
A
.
M
.
K
.
S
e
e
,
K
.
M
e
h
r
a
n
z
a
mi
r
,
S
.
R
e
z
a
n
i
a
,
N
.
R
a
h
i
m
i
,
H
.
N
.
A
f
r
o
u
z
i
,
a
n
d
A
.
H
a
ss
a
n
,
“
Te
c
h
n
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
a
n
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
sy
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
a
r
e
mo
t
e
i
s
l
a
n
d
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
:
M
a
l
a
w
a
l
i
i
s
l
a
n
d
,
S
a
b
a
h
,
”
Re
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
En
e
r
g
y
T
ra
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
p
.
1
0
0
0
4
0
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
set
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
0
0
4
0
.
[
9
]
A
.
M
a
n
s
u
r
,
“
H
y
b
r
i
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
sy
s
t
e
m
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
m
o
t
e
i
sl
a
n
d
u
si
n
g
H
O
M
ER
,
”
I
N
T
E
K
:
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Pe
n
e
l
i
t
i
a
n
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
8
–
1
1
3
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
1
9
6
3
/
i
n
t
e
k
.
v
8
i
2
.
2
9
6
2
.
[
1
0
]
L.
R
a
j
i
,
A
.
A
.
R
a
z
a
k
,
a
n
d
A
.
F
.
S
h
a
r
o
l
,
“
C
o
mp
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
o
f
P
V
si
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
o
l
s
f
o
r
a
me
g
a
w
a
t
t
-
s
c
a
l
e
r
o
o
f
t
o
p
so
l
a
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
st
e
m
i
n
t
r
o
p
i
c
a
l
c
l
i
ma
t
e
,
”
En
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
p
.
1
0
0
4
5
2
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
n
x
e
n
e
r
.
2
0
2
5
.
1
0
0
4
5
2
.
[
1
1
]
F
.
Ta
h
r
i
,
A
.
T
a
h
r
i
,
a
n
d
T.
O
o
z
e
k
i
,
“
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
ms
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
w
o
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
mo
d
u
l
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
u
n
d
e
r
t
r
o
p
i
c
a
l
c
l
i
ma
t
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
En
e
rg
y
C
o
n
v
e
rsi
o
n
a
n
d
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
5
,
p
p
.
2
4
4
–
2
5
2
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
c
o
n
m
a
n
.
2
0
1
8
.
0
3
.
0
6
5
.
[
1
2
]
J.
C
.
L
.
G
ó
mez
,
S
.
E.
D
e
Le
ó
n
A
l
d
a
c
o
,
a
n
d
J.
A
.
A
l
q
u
i
c
i
r
a
,
“
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
st
e
ms:
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
s
,
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
sy
st
e
ms,
a
n
d
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s,
”
E
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
4
6
–
1
4
6
7
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
n
g
4
0
2
0
0
8
4
.
[
1
3
]
W
.
R
.
A
n
i
s
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
S
.
N
o
u
r
,
“
E
n
e
r
g
y
l
o
sses
i
n
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
st
e
ms,
”
En
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
v
e
rsi
o
n
a
n
d
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
0
7
–
1
1
1
3
,
N
o
v
.
1
9
9
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
0
1
9
6
-
8
9
0
4
(
9
4
)
0
0
0
8
5
-
E.
[
1
4
]
N
.
A
z
ma
n
a
n
d
R
.
S
u
l
i
s
t
i
a
w
a
n
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
n
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
so
l
a
r
s
y
s
t
e
m i
n
a
r
e
m
o
t
e
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
c
a
s
e
st
u
d
y
o
f
Le
g
u
n
d
i
I
sl
a
n
d
,
”
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
X
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
p
.
1
0
2
7
1
6
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
me
x
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
2
7
1
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.