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CC B
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C
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R
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titu
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tech
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[
1
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.
Fo
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[
5
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,
[
6
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Du
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MA
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r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
o
f
n
o
d
es
d
u
e
to
an
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
ate
o
f
p
o
wer
d
ep
let
io
n
o
r
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
,
jo
i
n
in
g
o
r
leav
in
g
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
n
o
d
es,
lo
ca
tio
n
ch
an
g
e
o
f
m
o
b
ile
I
o
T
n
o
d
es,
an
d
wir
eles
s
s
ig
n
al
in
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
ca
u
s
e
d
y
n
am
ic
ch
a
n
g
es
to
th
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
wh
ich
b
r
in
g
s
n
ew
ch
allen
g
es
to
th
e
allo
ca
tio
n
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
r
es
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
r
estrict
f
air
n
ess
in
p
ac
k
et
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
,
laten
cy
,
co
llis
io
n
-
f
r
ee
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
b
a
n
d
wi
d
th
u
tili
za
tio
n
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
r
eb
y
,
in
tr
ad
itio
n
al
I
o
T
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
,
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
tim
e
-
s
lo
t a
llo
ca
tio
n
h
as b
ec
o
m
e
a
cr
u
cial
ch
allen
g
e
[
1
0
]
.
Sch
ed
u
lin
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
I
o
T
'
s
MA
C
lay
er
is
an
NP
-
h
ar
d
p
r
o
b
lem
,
with
ex
is
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
h
av
in
g
to
d
ea
l
with
d
if
f
icu
lti
es
lik
e
as
ch
an
g
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
,
tr
af
f
ic
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
,
an
d
d
elay
s
.
T
h
ey
en
h
an
ce
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
lo
n
g
e
v
ity
,
b
u
t
h
av
e
lo
w
allo
ca
tio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
,
an
d
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
iza
tio
n
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
T
h
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
also
h
av
e
is
s
u
es with
f
air
n
ess
,
co
n
g
esti
o
n
,
an
d
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
,
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
d
at
a
d
eliv
er
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
r
a
d
itio
n
al
r
o
u
ti
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
ch
allen
g
es
in
d
en
s
e
I
o
T
co
n
tex
ts
,
s
u
c
h
as
p
o
o
r
r
o
u
te
s
elec
t
io
n
,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
ies,
esp
ec
ially
u
n
d
er
th
e
I
Pv
6
a
n
d
6
L
o
W
PAN
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
Op
tim
izin
g
r
o
u
tin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
g
u
ar
an
teein
g
r
eliab
le,
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
d
eliv
er
y
in
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
r
em
ain
s
ig
n
if
ican
t p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
Hen
ce
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tu
d
y
is
f
o
r
m
u
lated
a
s
f
o
llo
ws:
“
Per
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
s
y
s
te
m
atic
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
y
o
n
p
o
p
u
lar
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
I
o
T
an
d
r
ev
iewin
g
a
p
o
te
n
tial r
esear
ch
g
ap
is
q
u
ite
ch
allen
g
i
n
g
”.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
ex
p
l
o
r
es
th
e
p
o
p
u
l
ar
en
er
g
y
-
aw
ar
e
r
o
u
t
in
g
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
ti
o
n
s
c
h
ed
u
l
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
d
el
a
y
-
s
en
s
iti
v
e
a
p
p
li
ca
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
I
o
T
a
n
d
f
i
n
d
s
t
h
ei
r
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
an
d
li
m
it
ati
o
n
s
.
Als
o
,
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
u
r
th
er
id
e
n
t
if
ies
t
h
e
l
o
o
p
h
o
l
es
i
n
e
x
is
t
in
g
I
o
T
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
ls
f
r
o
m
e
n
e
r
g
y
o
p
ti
m
iz
ati
o
n
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
it
y
as
p
e
cts
.
Fin
all
y
,
th
e
i
d
e
n
t
if
ie
d
is
s
u
es
in
ex
is
ti
n
g
r
o
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
s
c
h
e
d
u
li
n
g
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
s
h
el
p
s
h
o
w
ca
s
e
th
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
an
t
r
es
ea
r
c
h
g
a
p
.
I
n
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
als
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
p
r
ec
is
e
d
et
ail
o
n
t
h
e
s
tr
e
n
g
th
s
a
n
d
we
ak
n
ess
es
o
f
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
s
ch
ed
u
l
in
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
ti
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
i
n
I
o
T
;
th
is
b
r
in
g
s
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
t
h
e
r
es
ea
r
c
h
t
r
en
d
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
r
ea
s
w
h
e
r
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
is
n
ee
d
e
d
.
T
h
e
o
r
g
an
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
is
m
a
n
u
s
cr
i
p
t
is
as
f
o
ll
o
ws
:
s
e
cti
o
n
2
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
p
e
r
s
p
ec
t
iv
e
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
et
h
o
d
to
wa
r
d
s
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
e
v
i
ew
w
o
r
k
.
Sec
ti
o
n
3
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
i
n
t
o
p
o
p
u
l
ar
r
o
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
s
ch
e
d
u
li
n
g
s
c
h
em
es
i
n
I
o
T
,
w
h
e
r
e
as
s
e
cti
o
n
4
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
p
o
p
u
la
r
s
ec
u
r
it
y
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
es
f
o
r
lo
w
p
o
we
r
n
etw
o
r
k
s
I
o
T
-
L
PN
.
Fi
n
al
ly
,
s
e
cti
o
n
5
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
c
r
it
i
ca
l d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
,
wh
i
ch
d
is
cu
s
s
es th
e
tr
e
n
d
p
att
er
n
o
f
r
esea
r
ch
p
u
b
l
i
ca
ti
o
n
a
n
d
r
ese
a
r
c
h
g
a
p
s
.
F
in
al
ly
,
t
h
e
co
n
cl
u
s
i
o
n
is
d
r
aw
n
i
n
s
ec
ti
o
n
6
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tu
d
y
s
tr
ateg
izes
a
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
wh
er
e
it
em
p
h
asizes
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
p
o
p
u
lar
s
ch
e
d
u
lin
g
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
I
o
T
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
,
d
elay
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
in
d
ices.
I
t
also
en
s
u
r
es
co
n
cise
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
n
ad
o
p
tin
g
s
lo
t
-
b
as
ed
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
an
d
p
o
p
u
lar
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
r
o
u
t
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
i
s
s
er
v
es
as
a
p
r
im
ar
y
m
o
tiv
e
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
,
p
o
te
n
tially
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
th
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
i.e
.
,
id
en
tific
ati
o
n
o
f
m
o
s
t
r
elev
a
n
t
tech
n
ical
liter
atu
r
e)
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ig
ital
lib
r
ar
ies.
Fig
u
r
e
1
ex
h
ib
its
th
e
b
lo
ck
-
b
ased
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
r
esear
c
h
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
a
d
o
p
te
d
in
th
is
p
r
esen
ted
r
ev
iew
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
th
e
a
d
o
p
t
ed
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
v
o
lv
es
ex
p
lo
r
i
n
g
d
i
g
ital
lib
r
ar
i
es
to
lo
ca
te
v
er
y
r
ec
en
t
s
cien
tific
an
d
t
ec
h
n
ical
jo
u
r
n
als
r
elate
d
to
r
o
u
tin
g
a
n
d
s
ch
e
d
u
lin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
i
n
I
o
T
.
W
h
ile
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
d
ig
ital
lib
r
ar
ies,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics
E
n
g
in
ee
r
s
(
I
E
E
E
)
d
ig
ital
lib
r
a
r
y
an
d
Mu
ltid
is
cip
lin
ar
y
Dig
it
al
Pu
b
lis
h
in
g
I
n
s
titu
te
(
MD
PI)
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
m
ass
iv
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ar
tic
les
o
n
t
h
e
in
te
n
d
ed
r
esear
ch
to
p
ic
th
at
ar
e
e
asil
y
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
a
p
r
im
ar
y
s
h
o
r
tlis
tin
g
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
-
b
ased
s
ea
r
ch
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
r
ev
iews th
e
titl
e
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
t w
h
ile
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
h
elp
s
d
ec
id
e
wh
eth
er
th
e
ar
ticles f
o
l
lo
w
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
c
r
iter
ia.
T
h
is
p
r
im
ar
y
s
h
o
r
tlis
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
also
elim
i
n
ates
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
r
ep
etitiv
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
a
v
e
r
y
ea
r
ly
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
r
ic
h
s
cien
tific
j
o
u
r
n
als
h
a
s
d
ef
in
ed
b
o
th
in
cl
u
s
io
n
a
n
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia.
Her
e,
t
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
(
i.e
.
,
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
7
till
d
ate)
a
n
d
r
ele
v
an
t
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
h
av
e
eith
er
t
alk
ed
ab
o
u
t
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
o
r
r
o
u
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
I
o
T
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
d
ata
r
eliab
ilit
y
asp
ec
t,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
t a
n
d
o
p
tim
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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g
&
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m
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337
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u
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e
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ates
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3.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
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a
b
le
1
p
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es
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ts
h
ig
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ig
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f
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e
cti
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ess
ass
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is
ti
n
g
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t
u
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.
J
ia
n
g
e
t
a
l.
[
1
6
]
s
tu
d
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d
th
e
p
o
t
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tia
l
as
p
ec
ts
o
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tes
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jk
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tr
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ta
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les
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Sa
h
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t
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l.
[
1
7
]
ad
d
r
ess
t
h
e
p
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o
b
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m
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f
tim
e
-
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f
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m
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.
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s
c
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d
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li
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g
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m
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g
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li
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d
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r
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o
r
n
o
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.
Ab
d
u
llah
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
also
wo
r
k
ed
in
a
s
im
ilar
lin
e
o
f
r
esear
ch
in
I
o
T
a
n
d
attem
p
ted
to
e
n
h
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life
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b
atter
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wer
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s
e
n
s
o
r
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o
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es,
wh
ich
p
o
s
itiv
ely
i
n
f
lu
en
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s
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
es
m
ess
ag
e
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
in
an
I
o
T
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v
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o
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m
en
t,
em
p
lo
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g
g
r
o
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ased
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ates
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eliv
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th
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s
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k
.
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h
e
p
r
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alg
o
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it
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m
f
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at
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th
e
m
ess
ag
es.
C
h
an
ak
an
d
B
an
er
jee
[
1
9
]
id
e
n
tify
th
e
co
n
g
esti
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
d
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r
in
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s
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As
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ased
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ata
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T
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e
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p
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im
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tal
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
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4
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I
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J
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p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
4
3
,
No
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1
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Ju
ly
20
2
6
:
335
-
34
4
338
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an
im
p
r
o
v
ed
lif
etim
e,
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
ac
k
et
r
atio
a
n
d
h
o
p
-
by
-
h
o
p
d
elay
m
ea
s
u
r
es
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
p
o
p
u
lar
b
aselin
e
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Kim
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
ex
p
l
o
r
e
th
e
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
s
tan
d
a
r
d
,
p
o
p
u
lar
f
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
-
r
an
g
e,
lo
w
-
r
ate
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
in
I
o
T
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
id
en
tif
y
t
h
e
ch
allen
g
e
in
cr
o
s
s
-
lay
er
d
esig
n
in
I
o
T
an
d
r
ea
lize
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
ef
f
icien
t
m
ed
iu
m
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
t
r
o
l
(
MA
C
)
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
to
m
itig
ate
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
an
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t c
r
o
s
s
-
lay
er
p
r
o
to
co
l f
o
r
th
e
MA
C
lay
er
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
lay
er
,
n
am
ely
T
SMR
,
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
s
atis
f
y
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
I
o
T
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
en
ab
les
s
ca
lab
le
an
d
r
eliab
le
m
esh
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
in
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
s
tan
d
ar
d
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
en
h
a
n
ce
d
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
an
d
r
eliab
le
r
o
u
te
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
o
u
tco
m
e
s
h
o
ws
th
at
T
SMR
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
h
ea
d
a
n
d
e
n
d
-
to
-
en
d
d
elay
wh
ile
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
r
elia
b
ilit
y
.
Yan
g
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
MA
C
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
t
r
af
f
ic.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
m
ac
h
in
e
le
ar
n
in
g
(
ML
)
-
ass
is
ted
MA
C
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
a
d
d
r
ess
th
is
is
s
u
e
.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
o
u
tco
m
e
s
h
o
ws
s
tab
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
lack
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
o
v
er
h
ea
d
an
d
a
ls
o
,
ML
m
o
d
els r
eq
u
ir
e
o
f
f
lin
e
tr
ain
in
g
,
wh
ich
in
cu
r
s
h
ig
h
er
co
s
ts
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
Kalita
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
Qo
S
-
Awa
r
e
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
l
to
b
alan
c
e
th
e
Qo
S
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
in
g
in
M
2
M
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
in
I
o
T
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
f
e
r
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
ca
r
r
i
er
s
en
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
ac
ce
s
s
(
C
SMA
)
m
eth
o
d
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
es
f
air
n
ess
f
o
r
lo
w
-
p
r
io
r
ity
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
p
r
o
m
in
en
t
d
r
aw
b
ac
k
o
f
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
th
at
it
d
o
esn
’
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
wee
n
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
d
ev
ices
an
d
av
ailab
le
tim
e
s
lo
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ted
m
eth
o
d
also
d
o
esn
’
t
o
f
f
er
en
er
g
y
o
p
tim
i
za
tio
n
at
M
AC
,
r
estrictin
g
it
s
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
f
r
o
m
e
n
er
g
y
-
aw
ar
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
Sh
iti
r
i
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
co
d
e
d
m
ed
iu
m
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l
(
Or
MA
C
)
m
eth
o
d
to
d
ea
l
with
co
n
ten
tio
n
co
llis
io
n
s
an
d
lo
s
s
o
f
d
elay
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
d
ata.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
b
etter
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
an
d
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
th
an
DC
QA
b
u
t
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
d
elay
an
d
f
alse p
r
io
r
itizatio
n
o
f
d
ev
i
ce
s
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
also
d
o
es n
o
t
m
u
ch
em
p
h
asize
en
er
g
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
B
u
i
et
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
t
h
e
f
r
ee
ac
c
ess
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
t
ed
q
u
eu
e
(
F
ADQ)
Me
th
o
d
to
r
ed
u
ce
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
za
t
io
n
ac
c
ess
is
s
u
es
i
n
M2
M
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
ati
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
r
e
d
u
ce
s
ac
ce
s
s
d
e
la
y
b
u
t
a
ls
o
im
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
ac
c
ess
s
u
cc
ess
p
r
o
b
a
b
il
it
y
.
H
o
we
v
er
,
t
h
e
m
e
th
o
d
c
o
u
l
d
s
u
f
f
e
r
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
il
it
y
o
f
a
v
e
r
y
l
o
n
g
q
u
e
u
e
in
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
l
e
I
o
T
(
L
S
-
I
o
T
)
a
n
d
p
o
s
e
m
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
h
e
ad
s
d
u
e
to
s
u
b
-
h
e
a
d
e
r
i
n
cl
u
s
i
o
n
.
Naw
az
e
t
a
l.
[
2
5
]
ad
d
r
ess
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
em
o
f
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
g
r
o
u
p
i
n
g
i
n
R
AW
f
o
r
8
0
2
.
1
1
a
h
.
I
n
t
h
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
t
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
a
g
r
o
u
p
-
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
ze
d
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
te
d
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
te
d
m
e
th
o
d
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
ta
l
an
al
y
s
is
s
h
o
ws
b
et
te
r
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
w
h
i
le
s
u
f
f
e
r
i
n
g
h
ig
h
d
el
ay
s
f
o
r
L
S
-
I
o
T
n
e
tw
o
r
k
s
.
A
ls
o
,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
h
as
n
o
t
s
t
r
ess
e
d
o
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l
f
r
a
m
e
o
v
e
r
h
ea
d
p
r
o
b
l
em
,
w
h
ic
h
als
o
a
f
f
ec
ts
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
I
o
T
.
X
u
e
t
a
l.
[
2
6
]
f
o
r
m
u
lat
e
a
r
o
u
t
e
o
p
tim
iz
ati
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
em
u
n
d
er
T
C
AM
c
ap
ac
i
t
y
c
o
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
a
n
d
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
d
em
o
n
s
tr
at
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ati
o
n
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
s
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
co
m
p
le
x
it
ies
t
o
h
a
n
d
le
t
h
is
p
r
o
b
l
em
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
m
e
tr
i
cs
e
x
h
ib
it
b
ett
er
l
in
k
u
til
iz
ati
o
n
u
n
d
e
r
lim
ite
d
T
C
AM
ca
p
a
cit
y
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
u
ta
ti
o
n
al
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
it
y
ass
o
ci
at
ed
wi
th
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
o
p
ti
m
a
l
s
t
r
at
e
g
y
a
n
d
n
o
d
e
o
p
ti
m
al
s
tr
ate
g
y
is
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
co
m
p
a
r
at
iv
el
y
h
i
g
h
e
r
;
a
ls
o
,
n
o
e
v
a
lu
ati
o
n
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
e
tr
ics
is
f
o
u
n
d
.
Ha
n
et
a
l
.
[
12
]
als
o
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
s
a
v
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
te
o
p
t
i
m
i
za
ti
o
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
f
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
w
ate
r
ac
o
u
s
ti
c
n
et
wo
r
k
s
(
UANs
)
an
d
f
u
r
t
h
er
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
co
n
n
e
cti
v
it
y
an
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
aw
a
r
e
l
ay
er
in
g
r
o
u
ti
n
g
(
C
E
L
R
)
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
ac
c
o
m
p
lis
h
es
b
et
te
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
Q
o
S
m
e
tr
ics
w
h
e
n
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
wi
th
d
e
p
t
h
-
b
ase
d
r
o
u
t
in
g
(
DB
R
)
an
d
l
ay
e
r
-
b
as
e
d
an
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
ef
f
i
cie
n
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
(
L
E
E
R
)
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
b
ase
d
o
n
m
u
lt
i
-
o
b
je
cti
v
e
o
p
ti
m
iz
ati
o
n
h
as
y
e
t t
o
b
e
test
e
d
o
n
m
o
b
ile
d
at
a
s
o
u
r
ce
s
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
o
f
I
o
T
.
I
n
a
s
im
ilar
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
Ka
u
r
et
a
l.
[
14
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
DR
L
-
b
ased
i
n
tellig
en
t
r
o
u
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
,
wh
ich
co
m
es
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
f
cl
u
s
ter
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
.
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
en
s
u
r
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ad
e
q
u
ate
co
llis
io
n
co
n
tr
o
l
d
u
r
in
g
p
ac
k
et
s
ch
e
d
u
lin
g
.
A
s
elf
-
o
r
g
an
izin
g
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
o
u
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
,
n
am
ely
MRo
u
te,
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Gh
o
s
h
et
a
l.
[
27
]
to
d
ea
l
with
d
y
n
am
ic
n
etwo
r
k
b
e
h
av
io
r
in
I
o
T
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
o
s
es
h
ig
h
er
c
o
m
p
l
ex
ity
d
u
r
in
g
p
ath
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
.
T
ag
h
izad
eh
et
a
l.
[
28
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
t
h
e
E
M
-
R
PL
p
r
o
to
co
l,
wh
ich
s
u
f
f
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
d
elay
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
u
n
d
er
h
ea
v
y
tr
af
f
ic.
Als
o
,
a
n
o
th
er
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
R
PL,
n
am
ely
AR
MO
R
,
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
Mo
h
am
m
a
d
s
aleh
i
et
a
l.
[
29
]
lack
s
en
er
g
y
o
p
tim
iz
atio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
ca
n
n
o
t
d
ea
l
with
d
elay
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
p
r
o
p
er
ly
.
T
h
e
DDSL
A
-
R
PL
p
r
o
to
co
l,
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Ho
m
ae
i
et
a
l.
[
30
]
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
h
ig
h
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
e
r
h
ea
d
wh
e
n
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
NC
R
M
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
Kim
et
a
l.
[
31
]
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
Mo
b
iR
PL
p
r
o
to
co
l,
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
es
a
b
etter
p
ac
k
et
d
eli
v
er
y
r
atio
b
u
t
h
as
lim
itatio
n
s
d
u
e
to
im
p
r
o
p
er
r
o
u
tin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
Als
o
,
ad
d
itio
n
al
p
ar
am
eter
tu
n
in
g
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
b
etter
en
e
r
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
,
wh
ic
h
is
n
o
t c
o
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
p
er
r
o
u
tin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
also
lead
to
h
ig
h
d
el
ay
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
Han
et
a
l.
[
32
]
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
r
o
u
tin
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
b
ased
o
n
a
n
t
co
l
o
n
y
o
p
tim
izati
o
n
(
AC
O)
.
Her
e,
th
e
s
ch
em
e
aim
s
to
f
i
n
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
r
o
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tin
g
p
at
h
u
n
d
er
b
o
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en
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g
y
an
d
d
el
ay
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
p
o
s
itiv
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im
p
licatio
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s
f
o
r
th
e
m
ea
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u
r
es
o
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s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
s
elec
tio
n
,
en
er
g
y
,
a
n
d
d
elay
a
n
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
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t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Ho
wev
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,
th
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s
tu
d
y
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t
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v
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th
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c
h
allen
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s
u
ch
as
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p
tim
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n
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er
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y
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am
ic
tr
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ic
co
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itio
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etain
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ala
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etwe
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T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
(
Dee
p
a
a
n
d
Srid
h
a
r
[
3
3
]
)
talk
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
p
o
p
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lar
ity
a
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p
r
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itab
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I
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talk
s
ab
o
u
t
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o
w
th
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m
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b
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f
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2
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R
a
jesh
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a
r
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ch
a
mma
n
a
Ho
s
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ko
te
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a
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ja
p
p
a
G
o
w
d
a
)
339
n
o
d
es
in
I
o
T
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
i
m
p
ac
ts
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
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T
h
e
s
tu
d
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o
d
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ce
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an
I
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-
ass
is
ted
m
o
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ilit
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awa
r
e
r
o
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tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
I
o
T
-
MA
R
P)
o
f
f
er
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
ed
d
ata
r
o
u
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
in
Mo
b
il
e
Ad
h
o
c
Netwo
r
k
s
(
MA
NE
T
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o
v
er
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o
T
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
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tco
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e
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h
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ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
v
er
en
e
r
g
y
an
d
Qo
S
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
(
e.
g
.
,
laten
cy
,
PDR
,
an
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t)
with
lo
w
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
d
y
n
am
ic
n
etwo
r
k
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
I
o
T
s
e
n
s
in
g
/p
er
ce
p
tio
n
lay
er
an
d
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
lay
er
d
ata
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
m
is
s
in
g
[
33
]
.
I
n
a
s
im
ilar
lin
e
o
f
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
(
W
an
g
et
al.
)
ap
p
lied
th
e
g
r
ey
w
o
lf
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
an
d
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
to
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
I
o
T
.
T
h
e
d
ata
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
R
PL
alg
o
r
ith
m
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
ch
an
ce
s
o
f
d
u
p
li
ca
te
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
o
p
tim
izes
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
d
ela
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
34
]
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
[
35
]
a
n
d
[
36
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
i
n
tellig
en
t
clu
s
ter
-
b
ased
r
o
u
ti
n
g
s
ch
em
es
f
o
r
I
o
T
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
d
o
n
o
t o
f
f
er
m
u
c
h
s
co
p
e
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
ized
s
ec
u
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
p
o
p
u
lar
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
/r
o
u
tin
g
-
m
et
h
o
d
s
in
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
R
e
f
e
r
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n
c
e
P
r
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b
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M
e
c
h
a
n
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sm
A
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
Li
mi
t
a
t
i
o
n
[
1
6
]
Ef
f
e
c
t
i
v
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c
o
mm
u
n
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c
a
t
i
o
n
sch
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Tr
a
n
sm
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o
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t
g
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r
a
t
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n
,
W
-
D
i
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k
st
r
a
O
p
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e
r
g
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m
a
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d
s f
o
r
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d
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Lo
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r
r
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t
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n
W
-
D
i
j
k
st
r
a
,
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
i
n
TSG
[
1
7
]
Ti
me
-
b
o
u
n
d
e
d
d
a
t
a
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
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A
C
A
p
p
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o
p
r
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a
t
e
s
l
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t
man
a
g
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me
n
t
f
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s
N
o
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m
p
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t
a
t
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c
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e
n
t
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o
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t
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n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
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l
[
1
8
]
En
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
t
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o
n
M
e
ss
a
g
e
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o
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Ex
t
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t
w
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k
l
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me
N
o
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
b
e
n
c
h
mar
k
i
n
g
[
1
9
]
C
o
n
g
e
st
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
i
n
I
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T
C
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me
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p
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r
a
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H
i
g
h
m
e
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c
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mp
l
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x
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t
y
[
2
0
]
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
i
n
c
r
o
ss
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l
a
y
e
r
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n
To
p
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c
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r
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(
TS
M
R
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mp
r
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r
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n
o
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f
f
e
c
t
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v
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b
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n
c
h
mar
k
i
n
g
[
2
1
]
M
A
C
s
c
a
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
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tr
a
f
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A
s
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L
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d
M
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C
f
r
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mew
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r
k
N
e
a
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st
a
b
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H
i
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q
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[
2
2
]
Q
o
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p
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Q
o
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f
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p
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me
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[
2
3
]
El
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38
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ain
s
t
B
lack
h
o
le,
Sy
b
il
an
d
R
an
k
attac
k
s
w
h
er
ea
s
th
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
p
o
wer
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
u
ld
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
.
An
o
th
er
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
R
PL
p
r
o
to
co
l
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
[
40
]
,
wh
ich
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
ate,
lack
o
f
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
d
ev
ices
an
d
p
o
s
es
h
ig
h
er
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
en
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
d
ela
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
al
s
o
d
ef
en
d
ag
ain
s
t
o
n
ly
a
f
ew
attac
k
s
,
s
u
ch
as
b
lack
h
o
le,
an
d
s
elec
tiv
e
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
.
An
o
th
e
r
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
o
d
el
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
[
41
]
,
wh
ich
en
ab
les
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
ev
al
u
atio
n
v
i
a
b
elief
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
f
o
u
n
d
n
o
t
s
u
it
ab
le
f
o
r
I
o
T
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
fr
o
m
A
li
et
a
l.
[
42
]
m
ac
h
i
n
e
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ased
s
ca
lab
le
an
d
lig
h
tweig
h
t
s
ec
u
r
ity
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
f
o
r
I
o
T
d
e
v
ices,
wh
ich
co
n
s
id
er
s
p
r
iv
ac
y
is
s
u
es
r
elate
d
to
b
e
h
av
io
r
lo
g
s
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
is
also
u
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
I
o
T
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
Sak
th
iv
el
an
d
C
h
an
d
r
asek
ar
an
[
43
]
,
a
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
an
d
d
u
m
m
y
p
ac
k
et
-
b
ased
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
em
e
n
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
t
o
r
esis
t
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ac
k
et
-
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
attac
k
s
in
I
o
T
.
Ho
wev
er
,
p
ac
k
et
d
r
o
p
s
o
cc
u
r
d
u
e
to
th
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
d
e
v
ices,
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
cr
ea
te
h
ig
h
p
ac
k
et
o
v
er
h
e
a
d
an
d
h
ig
h
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
,
in
t
h
is
ca
s
e,
n
o
R
PL
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
attac
k
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
Sh
ay
esteh
et
a
l.
[
44
]
an
o
th
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
o
d
el
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
B
ay
esian
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
p
r
esen
ted
d
ata
tr
u
s
t
m
o
d
el
ca
n
id
en
tif
y
th
e
m
alicio
u
s
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
n
o
d
es;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
b
ile
an
d
h
eter
o
g
en
o
u
s
I
o
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
an
d
h
a
n
d
lin
g
o
f
tr
u
s
t
d
y
n
am
ics.
On
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
[
45
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
J
DI
C
A
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
d
etec
t
b
lack
h
o
le
attac
k
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
o
n
ly
PDR
i
s
ev
alu
ated
,
wh
er
ea
s
n
o
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
,
d
elay
an
d
R
PL
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
attac
k
s
is
f
o
u
n
d
.
Djed
jig
et
a
l.
[
46
]
also
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
s
ec
u
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
R
PL,
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
r
esis
tin
g
b
lack
h
o
le
an
d
r
an
k
attac
k
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
is
ef
f
icien
t
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
PDR
an
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
u
t
lack
s
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
I
o
T
-
L
PN
m
o
b
ilit
y
f
ac
t
o
r
s
.
A
lig
h
tweig
h
t
cr
o
s
s
-
lay
er
s
ec
u
r
it
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
also
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
[
47
]
,
wh
ich
d
o
esn
’
t
m
u
ch
em
p
h
asize
attac
k
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
m
u
c
h
e
m
p
h
asize
R
PL
att
ac
k
s
.
Nan
d
h
in
i
a
n
d
Viv
ek
an
an
d
a
n
[
48
]
,
an
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
r
esis
t
Gr
ey
h
o
le
attac
k
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
is
n
o
t su
p
er
io
r
ag
ain
s
t r
o
u
tin
g
attac
k
s
.
T
h
u
lasi
r
am
an
an
d
W
an
g
[
49
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
s
ec
u
r
e,
lig
h
tweig
h
t,
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
R
PL
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
at
ca
n
r
esis
t
Do
S
an
d
Sy
b
il
attac
k
s
b
u
t
lack
s
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
f
o
r
b
lack
h
o
le
an
d
R
PL
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
attac
k
s
.
Similar
ly
,
Kir
an
et
a
l.
[
50
]
d
o
n
o
t
ad
d
r
ess
R
PL
attac
k
s
b
u
t
i
d
en
tify
r
o
u
tin
g
m
is
b
eh
a
v
io
r
an
d
p
ac
k
et
-
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
attac
k
s
.
I
t
is
al
s
o
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
s
ec
u
r
e
R
PL
r
o
u
tin
g
co
n
v
en
tio
n
s
in
I
o
T
also
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
ce
r
tain
lo
o
p
h
o
les in
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
ca
u
s
in
g
u
n
n
e
ce
s
s
ar
y
en
er
g
y
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
b
u
r
d
en
s
to
d
elay
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
3
.2
.
Crit
ica
l
d
is
us
s
io
n o
n f
in
din
g
s
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
cr
it
ical
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
af
ter
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
r
ec
en
t
lite
r
atu
r
e
o
n
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
an
d
r
o
u
ti
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
r
o
m
en
e
r
g
y
,
Qo
S,
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
I
t
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
s
tatis
t
ics
o
n
r
esear
ch
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
p
o
p
u
lar
p
r
o
b
lem
d
o
m
ain
s
in
I
o
T
,
s
u
ch
as
r
o
u
ti
n
g
,
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
,
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
th
e
au
d
ien
ce
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
il
lu
s
tr
ate
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
is
s
u
es
a
n
d
g
ap
s
i
n
I
o
T
r
o
u
tin
g
,
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
all
o
f
wh
ic
h
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
ass
u
r
in
g
d
ep
en
d
a
b
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
p
r
o
tectin
g
d
ata.
A
d
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
d
esig
n
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
esp
ec
ially
in
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ed
c
o
n
tex
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
s
ig
h
ts
o
n
r
o
u
tin
g
a
n
d
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
es
…
(
R
a
jesh
w
a
r
i Ken
ch
a
mma
n
a
Ho
s
a
ko
te
N
a
n
ja
p
p
a
G
o
w
d
a
)
341
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
cr
iter
ia
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
tim
elin
e
f
r
o
m
2
0
2
0
t
o
2
0
2
4
t
o
an
aly
s
e
th
e
r
ec
en
t tr
e
n
d
in
p
u
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u
r
n
als
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b
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Fig
u
r
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2
p
r
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d
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s
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p
atter
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r
eq
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r
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tio
n
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Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
s
h
o
ws th
at
m
o
r
e
p
u
b
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n
is
witn
ess
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f
o
r
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wh
ile
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E
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E
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Fig
u
r
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2
(
b
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s
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elate
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p
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No
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r
: 2
0
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0
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4
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(
a)
i
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I
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E
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p
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d
ig
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r
a
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3.
3.
Resea
rc
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g
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T
h
e
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is
o
f
th
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M2
M
c
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m
m
u
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s
h
o
ws
th
at
in
I
o
T
,
b
o
th
n
o
n
-
cr
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an
d
tim
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cr
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tr
af
f
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ca
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o
ex
is
t.
Als
o
,
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
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o
f
b
u
r
s
ty
an
d
s
p
o
n
tan
eo
u
s
tr
af
f
ic
p
o
s
es
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
an
d
in
d
u
ce
s
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
c
o
m
p
le
x
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
in
s
h
ar
in
g
c
h
an
n
el
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
co
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v
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tio
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s
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n
e
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
s
u
ch
as
C
SMA
an
d
T
DM
A,
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
d
ir
ec
tly
a
p
p
lied
to
M2
M
n
etwo
r
k
s
as
C
SMA
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
h
ig
h
co
llis
io
n
r
ates
an
d
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
o
v
e
r
h
ea
d
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
T
DM
A
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
lo
w
ch
an
n
el
u
s
ag
e
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
an
d
h
ig
h
tr
af
f
ic
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
e
cr
u
cial
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
as
f
o
l
lo
ws
-
i)
it
h
as
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
e
x
is
tin
g
MA
C
-
b
ased
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
I
o
T
d
o
n
o
t
im
p
lem
en
t
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
r
o
u
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
(
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
AS
-
MA
C
)
,
also
ii)
m
an
y
o
f
th
e
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
im
p
o
s
es
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
co
llis
io
n
o
v
er
h
ea
d
with
h
i
g
h
m
ess
ag
e
c
o
m
p
le
x
ity
an
d
also
lack
p
r
o
p
er
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
in
g
,
iii)
Ve
r
y
less
er
em
p
h
asize
h
as
b
ee
n
g
iv
en
o
n
d
ev
is
in
g
jo
i
n
t
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
an
d
r
o
u
te
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
ch
em
e
t
o
b
alan
ce
th
e
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
b
etwe
en
en
er
g
y
an
d
Qo
S
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
in
I
o
T
,
iv
)
Ma
jo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
R
PL
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
I
o
T
lac
k
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
d
u
e
to
lack
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
d
ev
i
ce
m
o
b
ilit
y
f
ac
t
o
r
s
an
d
d
elay
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
(
e.
g
.
,
EM
-
R
PL
an
d
AR
MO
R
)
,
th
ese
p
r
o
to
co
ls
also
p
o
s
es
h
ig
h
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
v
er
h
ea
d
d
u
r
in
g
d
y
n
am
ic
tr
af
f
ic,
v
)
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
n
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
I
o
T
also
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
ch
em
es
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
c
o
m
p
lex
i
n
n
atu
r
e
an
d
ca
n
ab
le
to
r
esis
t
v
er
y
lim
ited
attac
k
s
,
v
i)
E
v
e
n
th
o
u
g
h
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
ch
e
m
es
in
I
o
T
b
etter
p
ac
k
et
d
el
iv
er
y
r
atio
b
u
t
n
o
t
m
u
ch
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
,
co
m
p
lex
ity
a
n
d
d
ela
y
u
n
d
er
R
PL
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
attac
k
s
is
f
o
u
n
d
til
l d
ate.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
ca
n
b
u
ild
o
n
t
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
y
b
u
ild
in
g
in
te
g
r
ated
r
o
u
tin
g
an
d
s
ch
e
d
u
lin
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
,
Qo
S,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e.
Key
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
l
d
in
clu
d
e
test
in
g
jo
in
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
in
d
y
n
am
ic
tr
af
f
ic
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
e
v
a
lu
atin
g
e
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
s
af
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
i
n
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
n
o
v
el
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
ag
ain
s
t
R
PL
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
attac
k
s
.
T
h
e
tak
ea
way
m
ess
ag
e
is
th
at
ef
f
icien
t
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
n
ec
ess
itates
in
teg
r
ated
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
b
alan
ce
en
er
g
y
ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
Q
o
S,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
wh
ile
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t
g
ap
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
d
y
n
am
ic
a
n
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
co
n
tex
ts
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
an
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
al
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
o
p
u
lar
r
o
u
tin
g
an
d
s
ch
e
d
u
lin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
i
n
I
o
T
-
L
PN
wh
er
e
th
e
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
n
ar
r
o
wed
d
o
w
n
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
n
e
n
er
g
y
,
Qo
S
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
etr
ics.
I
t
also
o
f
f
er
s
th
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
e
wh
ile
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
r
elate
d
wo
r
k
t
h
at
ad
h
e
r
es
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
.
A
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esear
c
h
tr
en
d
in
p
u
b
lic
atio
n
s
an
d
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
g
ap
is
also
illu
s
tr
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ev
iew
an
d
a
n
aly
s
is
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
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d
ir
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ts
f
u
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c
h
wo
r
k
.
I
t
h
as
also
c
r
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p
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tu
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f
o
r
r
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ch
er
s
to
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ev
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n
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s
o
lu
tio
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s
.
I
n
f
u
tu
r
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lin
es
o
f
wo
r
k
,
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
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h
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m
o
d
elin
g
with
en
er
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y
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a
war
e
clu
s
ter
-
b
ased
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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r
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ch
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f
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I
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PN.
Als
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teg
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ch
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ased
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ter
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Fin
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n
ew
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f
icien
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lig
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at
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at
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r
eq
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en
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v
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f
ac
to
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;
f
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m
an
ce
in
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am
ic
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v
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m
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.
F
UNDING
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NF
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A
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Au
th
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s
s
tate
n
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AUTHO
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DATA AV
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Data
a
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RE
F
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NC
E
S
[
1
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P
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.
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R
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