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l J
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lect
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Vo
l.
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20
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7
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~
1
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I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
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1
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v
1
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2
4
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1
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4
1724
J
o
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:
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ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
The life
-
co
st cycle
-
ba
sed sizing
of
c
o
mplem
entary
en
ergy
sto
ra
g
e t
echno
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ies in
DC
micro
g
r
ids
Duny
a
Sh
.
Wa
is
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H
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a
A.
A
bb
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ticle
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y:
R
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Feb
1
3
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1
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Hy
b
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ste
m
(
HES
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)
c
o
n
fi
g
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ra
ti
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s
h
a
v
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it
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ts
o
f
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ic p
o
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e
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e
ra
ti
o
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o
s
c
il
latio
n
s
o
n
DC
m
icro
g
r
id
sa
fe
ty
a
n
d
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
.
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e
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
e
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a
n
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e
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tary
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y
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a
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t
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e
ti
c
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r
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ra
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(S
M
ES
)
,
su
c
h
a
s
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g
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l
o
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les
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e
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sity
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n
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ra
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.
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b
a
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ry
-
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M
ES
HES
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b
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t
to
a
li
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y
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o
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lo
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g
with
it
s
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iate
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t
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a
p
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o
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t.
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e
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l
f
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n
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e
lo
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st
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CC,
p
re
su
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th
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t
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n
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ste
m
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re
m
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t.
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s
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o
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h
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n
d
e
sig
n
in
g
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e
c
a
p
a
c
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f
t
h
e
sy
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m
.
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o
r
d
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o
p
ro
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e
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t
t
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e
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g
g
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ste
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o
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s
,
a
m
icro
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rid
m
o
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e
l
is
c
re
a
ted
a
n
d
tes
ted
u
sin
g
n
u
m
e
rica
l
d
a
ta
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
atter
y
C
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
ca
p
ac
ity
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
Hy
b
r
id
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Du
n
y
a
Sh
.
W
ais
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Mu
s
tan
s
ir
iy
ah
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
B
ag
h
d
ad
,
I
r
aq
E
m
ail:
d
u
n
y
a.
s
h
.
wais@
u
o
m
u
s
tan
s
ir
iy
ah
.
ed
u
.
i
q
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
ca
r
b
o
n
an
d
s
u
lf
u
r
o
x
id
e
p
o
llu
tio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ar
e
g
ettin
g
wo
r
s
e
s
in
ce
f
o
s
s
il f
u
els ar
e
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
s
o
m
u
ch
.
Key
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
in
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
w
o
r
ld
'
s
elec
tr
ical
g
r
id
n
o
w
ce
n
ter
o
n
th
e
d
is
co
v
er
y
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
n
ew
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
e
x
is
tin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
a
lo
t
o
f
th
in
g
s
im
p
ac
tin
g
th
e
g
lo
b
al
en
er
g
y
m
ar
k
et
r
ig
h
t
n
o
w,
s
u
ch
h
o
w
f
ast
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
is
g
ettin
g
wo
r
s
e,
h
o
w
q
u
ick
ly
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els
ar
e
b
ein
g
d
ep
leted
,
a
n
d
h
o
w
p
o
o
r
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
'
s
n
atu
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
is
g
ettin
g
[
2
]
.
I
n
a
n
ef
f
o
r
t
to
wea
n
th
em
s
elv
es
o
f
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els,
s
ev
er
al
n
atio
n
s
ar
e
n
o
w
s
co
u
r
in
g
th
e
g
lo
b
e
f
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
r
ep
lace
o
r
au
g
m
e
n
t
th
eir
cu
r
r
en
t
e
n
er
g
y
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
[
3
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
m
o
d
er
n
co
n
tex
t,
s
cien
tis
ts
f
r
o
m
all
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
wo
r
ld
h
av
e
c
o
m
e
to
g
eth
er
to
s
tu
d
y
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
,
its
g
e
n
er
ati
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
t
h
e
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
'
s
s
u
p
p
ly
ar
e
b
o
th
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
also
im
p
ac
t
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
,
wh
ic
h
is
o
n
e
ex
am
p
le
o
f
a
n
ew
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
[
4
]
.
Mic
r
o
g
r
i
d
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
o
r
e
f
lex
ib
le
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
to
s
tab
ilize
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
en
h
an
ce
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
an
d
less
en
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
p
o
wer
f
l
u
ctu
atio
n
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
n
ec
ess
ity
to
en
h
an
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
s
m
o
o
t
h
en
e
r
g
y
s
win
g
s
,
ass
u
r
e
r
eliab
le
g
r
id
o
p
er
atio
n
,
an
d
m
in
im
ize
co
s
ts
h
as
r
ec
en
tly
s
h
if
ted
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
r
esear
c
h
to
war
d
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
(
HE
SS
)
as it p
er
tain
s
to
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
[
6
]
.
T
h
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
h
u
g
e
u
p
ti
ck
in
r
esear
ch
o
n
HE
SS
f
o
r
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
in
th
e
p
ast
f
ew
y
ea
r
s
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
ter
ested
in
f
in
d
in
g
wa
y
s
to
b
o
o
s
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
r
ed
u
ce
co
s
ts
,
g
u
ar
an
tee
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Th
e
life
-
co
s
t c
yc
le
-
b
a
s
ed
s
iz
in
g
o
f c
o
mp
leme
n
t
a
r
y
en
erg
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
…
(
Du
n
y
a
S
h
.
Wa
is
)
1725
d
ep
en
d
a
b
le
g
r
i
d
o
p
er
atio
n
,
an
d
ev
en
o
u
t
e
n
er
g
y
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
[
7
]
.
L
ev
el
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
t,
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
,
lo
n
g
ev
ity
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
s
o
s
tar
ted
to
ze
r
o
in
o
n
h
ea
ted
elem
en
t
s
to
r
ag
e
(
HE
S).
T
h
ey
in
clu
d
e
s
u
p
er
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
m
ag
n
etic
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
(
SME
S)
,
wh
ic
h
is
n
o
tab
le
f
o
r
its
n
ea
r
-
ze
r
o
lo
s
s
es,
l
ig
h
tn
in
g
-
f
ast
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e,
an
d
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
ef
f
ici
en
cy
.
W
h
en
co
m
b
in
e
d
with
a
b
atter
y
to
f
o
r
m
a
b
atter
y
-
SME
S
HE
SS
,
b
o
th
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
th
eir
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
ten
tial,
lead
in
g
to
win
-
win
r
esu
lts
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
af
ety
ar
e
b
o
th
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
SME
S e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e.
T
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
ac
c
u
r
ate
r
e
g
u
latio
n
o
f
HE
SS
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
th
e
r
e
a
r
e
a
f
ew
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
o
n
th
is
m
atter
.
T
o
estab
lis
h
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
SME
S,
[
8
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
p
o
wer
-
b
a
lan
cin
g
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
ased
o
n
h
ier
a
r
ch
ical
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
o
r
y
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
u
tili
ze
s
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
a
g
e
n
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
a
n
d
it
is
b
ased
o
n
an
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
'
s
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
an
d
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
o
a
d
d
r
ess
in
ter
m
itt
en
t
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
o
f
[
9
]
u
s
e
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
a
teg
y
th
at
c
o
m
b
in
es
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
teg
r
al
(
PI)
co
n
tr
o
ller
with
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
b
u
s
-
v
o
ltag
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
is
allo
ws
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
a
p
u
ls
e
-
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M)
s
ig
n
al,
th
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
SME
S,
an
d
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
d
y
n
am
ic
c
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
m
icr
o
-
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
An
ex
citatio
n
m
eth
o
d
b
ased
o
n
s
u
p
e
r
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
is
s
u
g
g
ested
in
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
[
1
0
]
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
d
o
u
b
ly
f
ed
asy
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
(
DFI
Gs).
T
h
is
s
etu
p
m
ig
h
t
h
ar
n
ess
win
d
en
er
g
y
an
d
s
to
r
e
i
t
f
o
r
later
u
s
e.
I
n
s
u
lated
g
ate
b
ip
o
lar
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
(
I
GB
T
s
)
ar
e
ab
le
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
h
ar
m
f
u
l
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
b
y
lo
wer
in
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
e
v
ice
tem
p
er
atu
r
e;
h
o
wev
er
,
t
h
is
m
ay
lead
to
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
o
f
f
ailu
r
es.
Usi
n
g
a
SME
S
-
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
(
SME
S
-
B
E
SS
)
HE
SS
,
Kaliy
ap
p
an
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
wer
e
ab
le
to
h
ar
n
ess
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
wav
es.
A
s
tead
y
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
elec
tr
icity
to
th
e
g
r
id
o
r
lo
ad
m
ay
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
SME
S
to
d
am
p
en
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
tem
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
at
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
an
d
b
atter
ies
to
d
a
m
p
en
p
o
wer
s
y
s
te
m
v
ar
iatio
n
s
at
lo
w
f
r
eq
u
en
cies.
An
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
o
r
t
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
Ham
ilto
n
ian
(
PC
H)
m
o
d
e
was
s
u
g
g
ested
in
r
ef
er
en
ce
[
1
2
]
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
o
u
tp
u
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
a
Ham
ilto
n
ia
n
m
o
d
el
was
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
f
o
r
th
e
SME
S
-
b
atter
y
HE
SS
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
win
d
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
r
esear
c
h
er
s
ex
a
m
in
ed
h
ier
a
r
ch
ical
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
in
clu
d
ed
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
l,
a
d
v
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l,
a
n
d
em
p
ir
ical
m
o
d
e
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
.
B
y
g
r
a
d
u
ally
lin
k
in
g
SME
S
an
d
b
atter
y
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
its
o
v
er
tim
e
an
d
ac
r
o
s
s
v
a
r
io
u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
[
1
3
]
d
y
n
am
ically
co
r
r
ec
ts
f
o
r
p
o
wer
im
b
alan
ce
s
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
d
ev
ice
g
r
ea
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
s
g
r
i
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
b
u
t it
d
is
r
eg
a
r
d
s
th
e
SME
S'
s
b
u
f
f
er
in
g
f
u
n
c
tio
n
ag
ain
s
t g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
iat
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
em
p
lo
y
s
HE
SS
to
ad
d
r
ess
im
b
alan
ce
d
p
o
wer
i
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
b
u
ild
in
g
o
n
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
in
t
o
SME
S
-
B
E
SS
-
HE
SS
in
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
to
en
h
an
ce
s
y
s
tem
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
an
d
lo
n
g
ev
ity
b
y
b
etter
lev
er
ag
in
g
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
b
atter
ies
an
d
SME
S.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
m
eth
o
d
s
v
ar
y
g
r
ea
tly
.
E
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
af
ety
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
an
d
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
,
ar
e
cr
itical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
wh
en
s
ettin
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
m
ai
n
t
y
p
es
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
HE
SS
ca
p
ac
it
y
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
:
th
o
s
e
t
h
at
s
ee
k
to
ac
h
iev
e
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
a
n
d
th
o
s
e
th
at
a
ttem
p
t
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
p
o
we
r
s
u
p
p
ly
s
tab
ilit
y
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
H
u
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
an
d
Han
e
t
a
l.
[
1
7
]
s
ee
k
s
th
e
b
est
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
th
at
s
atis
f
ies
th
e
s
y
s
tem
cr
i
ter
ia
b
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
m
u
lti
-
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
a
HE
SS
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
win
d
an
d
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
u
s
in
g
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
in
er
tia
-
weig
h
ted
p
a
r
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
s
t
-
b
ased
HE
SS
d
esig
n
p
lan
,
T
an
et
a
l
.
[
1
8
]
ex
am
in
es
th
e
L
ag
r
an
g
ian
cu
r
v
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
lig
h
t
o
f
lo
ad
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
ti
cs.
T
o
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
co
m
p
lex
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
Yu
an
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
m
ec
h
an
is
m
f
o
r
allo
ca
tin
g
ca
p
ac
ity
to
t
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
an
d
s
u
b
-
m
icr
o
g
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
t
em
s
with
in
a
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
clu
s
ter
.
Han
a
t
el.
[
2
0
]
T
ian
et
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
an
ass
o
ciate
d
ca
p
ac
ity
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
m
et
h
o
d
is
in
tr
o
d
u
c
ed
,
an
d
a
p
o
wer
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
a
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
s
y
s
tem
-
on
-
a
-
ch
ip
(
R
SOC
)
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
(
HR
E
)
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
n
o
ticea
b
ly
r
ed
u
ce
s
p
o
wer
r
ed
u
n
d
an
c
y
a
n
d
p
o
wer
d
e
f
icit
o
n
ce
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
r
e
g
u
lates
it.
On
e
way
to
m
ak
e
b
etter
u
s
e
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
a
h
ea
ted
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
(
HE
SS
)
in
to
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
m
ajo
r
is
s
u
e
im
p
ac
tin
g
its
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
is
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
HE
SS
a
s
a
r
esu
lt,
we
n
ee
d
a
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
ca
n
lo
wer
HE
SS
ex
p
en
s
es
with
o
u
t
s
ac
r
if
icin
g
s
y
s
tem
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
in
co
n
s
is
ten
cies
m
ay
ar
is
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ly
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
c
ap
ac
ity
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
wh
ich
p
r
io
r
itize
r
eliab
le
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
i
s
co
u
ld
lead
to
h
i
g
h
er
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
lo
wer
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
p
o
o
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
as
a
wh
o
le
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
f
i
n
d
s
u
ita
b
le
HE
SS
ca
p
ac
ity
d
esig
n
s
th
at
k
ee
p
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
u
n
n
in
g
well
wh
ile
r
ed
u
cin
g
e
x
p
en
s
es
an
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ef
f
icien
cy
.
J
u
s
t
a
f
ew
tech
n
iq
u
es
ex
is
t
f
o
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
at
th
e
m
o
m
e
n
t,
an
d
th
at
in
cl
u
d
es
SME
S
,
wh
ich
is
an
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ch
a
r
ac
ter
i
ze
d
b
y
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
r
ap
i
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e,
an
d
n
ea
r
ly
ze
r
o
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es e
v
id
e
n
ce
f
o
r
th
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
HE
SS
,
in
clu
d
in
g
SME
S.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
:
1
7
2
4
-
1734
1726
2.
H
E
SS
CAP
A
CI
T
Y
CO
NF
I
G
URATI
O
N
ST
R
AT
E
G
Y
2
.
1
.
P
ho
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
DC
m
icr
o
g
rid sy
s
t
em
s
t
ruct
ure
A
ty
p
ical
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
i
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
DC
b
u
s
v
ia
a
B
o
o
s
t
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
in
cr
em
en
tal
c
o
n
d
u
ctan
ce
m
et
h
o
d
in
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
is
u
s
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
tan
t
v
o
ltag
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ca
n
also
b
e
s
witch
ed
.
T
o
a
ch
iev
e
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w,
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
SME
S
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
ia
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
DC
lo
ad
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
DC
b
u
s
v
ia
DC
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
wh
ile
AC
lo
ad
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
te
d
v
ia
DC
/AC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
lo
ad
s
h
ed
d
in
g
is
d
et
er
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
at
P
PV
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
u
n
it'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
.
bat
an
d
P
SC
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
we
r
o
f
th
e
lith
iu
m
b
atter
y
an
d
SME
S,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
wh
ile
P
HESS
d
en
o
tes
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
p
o
wer
o
f
t
h
e
HE
SS
.
P
Load
s
p
ec
if
ies th
e
lo
ad
p
o
wer
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
b
alan
ce
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
in
th
e
allo
ca
tio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
am
o
n
g
th
e
u
n
its
,
p
ar
t
icu
lar
ly
.
L
o
ad
−
PV
=
b
at
+
SC
(
1
)
HE
S
S
=
b
at
+
SC
(
2
)
B
o
th
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t a
n
d
t
h
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
d
eter
m
i
n
e
wh
eth
er
bat
an
d
P
SC
ar
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
r
n
e
g
ativ
e
i
n
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
2
.
2
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
ener
g
y
ma
na
g
em
ent
s
t
ra
t
eg
y
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
p
o
wer
s
h
ar
in
g
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
SME
S
is
b
ased
o
n
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
SME
S
is
r
es
p
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
atin
g
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
p
o
wer
v
ar
iatio
n
s
d
u
e
t
o
its
f
ast
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
th
e
b
atter
y
is
u
s
ed
to
h
a
n
d
le
lo
w
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
a
n
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
en
er
g
y
b
alan
cin
g
d
u
e
to
its
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
.
T
h
is
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
s
tr
ateg
y
im
p
r
o
v
es sy
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
,
r
ed
u
ce
s
b
atter
y
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
life
tim
e
o
f
th
e
HE
SS
.
2
.
3
.
O
bje
c
t
iv
e
f
un
ct
io
n
Ob
s
er
v
in
g
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
is
th
e
s
o
le
way
to
ascer
tain
th
e
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
'
s
p
o
wer
b
al
an
ce
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Sin
ce
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
is
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
v
ar
ia
b
les
lik
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
s
u
n
s
h
in
e,
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
c
h
an
g
es
in
m
icr
o
g
r
id
d
em
an
d
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
v
o
ltag
e
b
ec
o
m
es
u
n
p
r
e
d
ic
tab
le.
I
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
o
wer
s
tab
ilit
y
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
q
u
ality
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
ac
tu
al
ap
p
l
icatio
n
s
is
n
'
t
an
ea
s
y
f
ea
t
[
2
4
]
.
Fo
r
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
ly
,
an
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
r
eg
u
late
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
p
o
wer
b
alan
ce
as
well
as
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
life
cy
cle
co
s
t
(
L
C
C
)
is
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
HE
SS
.
I
t
in
clu
d
es
all
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
-
r
elate
d
ex
p
en
s
es
ac
r
o
s
s
its
life
tim
e,
f
r
o
m
d
esig
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
in
s
tallatio
n
,
co
m
m
is
s
io
n
in
g
,
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
,
an
d
d
is
p
o
s
al
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
L
C
C
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
es
th
r
ee
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
:
i)
ca
p
ital
co
s
t,
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
itial
in
v
estme
n
t
co
s
t,
ii)
r
ep
lace
m
en
t
co
s
t,
wh
ich
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
o
v
er
tim
e,
an
d
iii)
m
ain
ten
an
ce
co
s
t,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es o
p
er
atio
n
al
a
n
d
s
er
v
icin
g
ex
p
en
s
es th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
s
y
s
tem
life
tim
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Th
e
life
-
co
s
t c
yc
le
-
b
a
s
ed
s
iz
in
g
o
f c
o
mp
leme
n
t
a
r
y
en
erg
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
…
(
Du
n
y
a
S
h
.
Wa
is
)
1727
I
t
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
d
e
v
elo
p
a
n
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
th
at
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ates
in
s
tallatio
n
,
r
ep
lace
m
en
t,
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
co
s
ts
to
r
ed
u
ce
H
E
SS
co
s
ts
.
T
o
in
s
tall th
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
th
e
co
s
t o
f
in
s
tallatio
n
is
:
0
=
bp
b
+
bc
b
+
SCp
SC
+
SCc
SC
(
3
)
I
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la:
an
d
ar
e
th
e
r
ated
p
o
wer
an
d
r
ated
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
;
an
d
ar
e
th
e
r
ated
p
o
wer
an
d
r
ated
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
t
h
e
SME
S;
an
d
ar
e
th
e
u
n
it
p
r
ice
p
er
u
n
it
p
o
wer
an
d
u
n
it
p
r
ice
p
er
u
n
it
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
;
SCp
an
d
SCc
a
r
e
th
e
u
n
it
p
r
ice
p
er
u
n
it
p
o
we
r
an
d
u
n
it
p
r
ice
p
er
u
n
it
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
SME
S.
T
h
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t r
e
p
lace
m
en
t c
o
s
t is:
1
=
b
(
bp
b
+
bc
b
)
+
SC
(
SCp
SC
+
SCe
SC
)
(
4
)
I
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la,
b
an
d
SC
ar
e
th
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
r
ep
lace
m
en
t
co
ef
f
icien
ts
f
o
r
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
SME
S,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Gen
er
ally
,
SME
S c
an
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
h
av
e
SC
=
0
.
T
h
e
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t m
ain
ten
a
n
c
e
co
s
t is:
2
=
(
b
b
+
SC
SC
)
(
5
)
I
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la:
b
an
d
SC
ar
e
th
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
SME
S,
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
ly
.
is
th
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
o
p
er
atin
g
tim
e.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
HE
SS
is
to
m
in
im
ize
co
s
t,
i.e
.
=
min
(
0
+
1
+
2
)
(
6
)
T
h
e
b
atter
y
'
s
r
ated
an
d
m
in
im
u
m
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ities
ar
e:
bn
=
b
b
b
10
6
(
7
)
b
=
b
b
b
(
1
−
0
D
)
10
6
(
8
)
I
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la:
is
th
e
r
ated
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
;
is
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
e
p
th
o
f
d
is
ch
ar
g
e.
T
h
e
r
ated
an
d
m
in
im
u
m
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
o
f
SME
S
is
:
SCn
=
0
.
5
SC
SC
SC
2
3
.
6
×
10
9
(
9
)
SC
=
0
.
5
SC
SC
SC
2
(
1
−
OD
)
3
.
6
×
10
9
(
1
0
)
2
.
4
.
Co
ns
t
ra
ints
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
aim
s
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
L
C
C
s
u
b
ject
to
s
ev
er
al
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
o
we
r
b
alan
ce
,
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
lim
its
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
L
PS
P
is
u
s
ed
as
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
d
icato
r
an
d
is
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
to
r
em
ai
n
b
elo
w
a
p
r
ed
ef
in
e
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
T
h
e
lo
a
d
d
ef
icit r
ate
o
f
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
is
d
ef
in
ed
as th
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
lo
a
d
d
ef
icit to
t
h
e
to
tal
l
o
ad
d
em
a
n
d
.
SCn
=
0
.
5
SC
SC
SC
2
3
.
6
×
10
9
(
11
)
Δ
=
PV
(
)
c
−
L
(
)
(
1
2
)
I
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la,
E
PV
(
k
)
an
d
L
(
k
)
r
ep
r
esen
t
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
an
d
lo
ad
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
at
tim
e
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
s
th
e
in
v
er
ter
'
s
p
o
wer
-
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
m
ee
ts
th
e
lo
ad
d
e
m
an
d
,
≥
0
,
an
d
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
is
ch
ar
g
ed
.
T
h
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
SME
S is
:
{
b
(
)
=
b
(
−
1
)
+
bc
(
)
bc
SC
(
)
=
SC
(
−
1
)
+
SCc
(
)
SC
(
13
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
:
1
7
2
4
-
1734
1728
I
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la:
an
d
a
r
e
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
ef
f
icien
cies
o
f
SME
S
an
d
b
atter
ies,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
W
h
en
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
ca
n
n
o
t
m
ee
t
th
e
lo
ad
d
e
m
an
d
,
<
0
,
an
d
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
d
is
ch
ar
g
es,
with
a
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
:
{
b
(
)
=
b
(
−
1
)
−
bd
(
)
bd
SC
(
)
=
SC
(
−
1
)
−
S
Cd
(
)
SC
(
1
4
)
I
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la:
an
d
ar
e
th
e
d
i
s
ch
ar
g
e
ef
f
icien
cies
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
SME
S,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
u
n
d
er
-
p
o
wer
lo
ad
r
ate
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
th
at
r
ef
lect
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
lo
ad
u
n
d
e
r
-
p
o
we
r
r
ate
m
u
s
t
b
e
lim
ited
to
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
an
g
e
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
s
y
s
tem
.
L
PS
P
⩽
L
PS
P
(
1
5
)
I
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la,
L
PS
P
is
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
allo
wab
le
lo
ad
d
e
f
icit
r
ate
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
f
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
ar
e:
b
<
b
(
)
<
bn
SC
<
SC
(
)
<
SCn
(
1
6
)
2
.
5
.
Ca
pa
ci
t
y
co
nfig
ura
t
io
n
m
et
ho
d
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
d
esig
n
f
o
r
ca
p
a
city
allo
ca
tio
n
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
th
er
in
tellig
en
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
im
p
licity
,
s
tab
ilit
y
,
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
an
d
f
ast
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
a
r
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
a
n
in
e
r
tial
weig
h
t
ω
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
to
th
e
v
elo
city
ev
o
lu
tio
n
eq
u
atio
n
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
v
el
o
city
f
o
r
m
u
la
o
f
th
e
p
a
r
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
with
th
e
in
er
tial
weig
h
t f
ac
to
r
is
:
id
k
+
1
=
id
k
+
1
1
(
id
k
−
id
k
)
+
2
2
(
gd
k
−
id
k
)
(
1
7
)
=
−
−
(
18
)
I
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la:
is
th
e
p
ar
ticle
v
elo
city
;
1
an
d
2
ar
e
ac
ce
le
r
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
;
1
an
d
2
ar
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
s
b
etwe
en
[
0
,
1
]
.
Sin
ce
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
s
ea
r
ch
,
f
in
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
o
p
tim
u
m
r
e
q
u
ir
es c
h
ec
k
in
g
ev
e
r
y
p
o
in
t in
th
e
p
o
p
u
la
tio
n
,
wh
ich
s
lo
ws co
n
v
e
r
g
en
c
e
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
Usi
n
g
an
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
in
itial
s
ea
r
ch
d
is
tr
ib
u
tes
p
ar
ticles
r
ap
id
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
a
r
ticle
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
an
d
s
p
ee
d
in
g
u
p
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
p
tim
al
p
o
in
t.
1
=
1
s
+
(
1
e
−
1
s
)
/
(
19
)
2
=
2
s
+
(
2
e
−
2
s
)
/
(
2
0
)
I
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la,
1
an
d
2
ar
e
th
e
f
i
n
al
v
alu
es
o
f
1
an
d
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
ly
;
1
an
d
2
ar
e
th
e
in
itial
v
alu
es
o
f
1
an
d
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
;
is
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t iter
atio
n
n
u
m
b
er
;
a
n
d
is
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
iter
atio
n
n
u
m
b
er
.
3.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
AND
ANA
L
YS
I
S
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
a
n
n
u
al
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
a
n
d
lo
ad
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
a
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
e
f
f
icien
cy
it
is
s
et
to
0
.
9
5
,
an
d
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
p
o
wer
s
h
o
r
tag
e
r
ate
is
0
.
0
5
.
HE
SS
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
3
.
1
.
Co
nv
ent
i
o
na
l pa
rt
icle
s
wa
rm
o
pti
m
iza
t
io
n a
lg
o
rit
h
m
T
h
er
e
will
b
e
two
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
.
1
=
2
=2
,
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
5
0
0
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
,
a
n
d
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
i
ze
o
f
1
0
0
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
u
s
ed
to
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
e
t
h
e
HE
SS
ca
p
ac
ity
.
Simu
latio
n
r
e
s
u
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
r
e
q
u
ir
es
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
8
0
g
en
er
atio
n
s
to
id
en
tify
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
t
io
n
.
T
a
b
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
a
r
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
I
n
p
r
ac
tical
m
icr
o
g
r
id
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
e
L
PS
P
v
al
u
e
b
elo
w
0
.
0
5
is
g
en
er
ally
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
a
cc
ep
tab
le.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
r
esu
lt
s
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
atis
f
y
th
is
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t,
in
d
icatin
g
r
eliab
le
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Th
e
life
-
co
s
t c
yc
le
-
b
a
s
ed
s
iz
in
g
o
f c
o
mp
leme
n
t
a
r
y
en
erg
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
…
(
Du
n
y
a
S
h
.
Wa
is
)
1729
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ph
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
T
ab
le
1
.
HE
SS
p
ar
am
eter
s
I
t
e
m
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
S
M
ES
R
a
t
e
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
/V
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
R
a
t
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
/
(
A
⋅
h)
5
0
.
0
2
.
5
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
0
.
8
0
0
.
9
9
D
i
sch
a
r
g
i
n
g
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
0
.
8
0
0
.
9
9
D
e
p
t
h
o
f
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
0
.
8
—
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
f
a
c
t
o
r
0
.
1
0
0
.
0
1
M
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
0
.
0
2
—
C
y
c
l
e
c
o
u
n
t
1
5
0
0
—
P
r
o
c
e
ss
i
n
g
f
a
c
t
o
r
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
2
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
esu
lts
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
iza
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
T
ab
le
2
.
C
ap
ac
ity
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tan
d
a
r
d
p
a
r
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
O
p
t
i
mi
z
e
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
C
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
s
u
l
t
s
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
3
8
8
,
6
4
0
k
W
h
S
M
ES
4
1
,
3
6
0
k
W
h
f
L
P
SP
0
.
0
3
6
1
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
C
o
st
/
d
o
l
l
a
r
(
$
)
2
3
8
.
8
4
3
3
.
2
.
An
a
cc
eler
a
t
io
n f
a
c
t
o
r
m
o
del f
o
r
pa
r
t
icle
s
wa
rm
o
p
t
im
iza
t
io
n
PS
O
is
s
elec
ted
d
u
e
to
its
s
im
p
licity
,
f
ast
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
,
a
n
d
ab
ilit
y
to
h
an
d
le
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
o
p
t
im
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
its
lim
itatio
n
o
f
p
r
em
atu
r
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
,
a
n
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
tec
h
n
iq
u
e,
wh
ich
u
s
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
:
1
7
2
4
-
1734
1730
an
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
HE
SS
ca
p
ac
ity
d
esig
n
.
W
ith
an
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
,
th
e
PS
O
m
eth
o
d
m
ay
id
en
tify
th
e
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
a
r
o
u
n
d
2
0
g
en
er
atio
n
s
,
m
u
c
h
q
u
ick
er
th
an
t
h
e
o
r
i
g
in
al
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
(
as
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
p
ictu
r
e)
.
R
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
ac
ce
le
r
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
an
d
t
h
e
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
'
s
ca
p
ac
ity
s
ettin
g
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
a
r
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
with
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
T
ab
le
3
.
C
ap
ac
ity
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
with
a
cc
eler
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
O
p
t
i
mi
z
e
p
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
C
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
su
l
t
s
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
3
4
8
,
4
7
0
k
W
h
S
M
ES
1
9
,
9
1
0
k
W
h
f
L
P
SP
0
.
0
3
6
0
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
C
o
st
/
d
o
l
l
a
r
(
$
)
2
1
3
.
2
5
1
Fro
m
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
at
io
n
r
esu
lts
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
also
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
L
C
C
o
f
HE
S
S,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
its
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ef
f
ici
en
cy
.
As
th
e
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
in
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
an
d
2
ch
an
g
e
,
th
e
HE
SS
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
r
esu
lts
also
ch
an
g
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
.
T
h
e
ac
ce
ler
a
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
ch
an
g
ed
as f
o
llo
ws,
wh
ich
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
W
h
en
1
≤
2
an
d
2
>
2
,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
W
h
en
1
>
2
an
d
2
≤
2
,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ity
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
a
r
ticle
s
war
m
alg
o
r
ith
m
with
c
h
an
g
ed
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
f
ac
t
o
r
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
f
ac
t
o
r
s
in
th
e
p
a
r
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
1
an
d
2
w
h
en
1
≤
2
an
d
2
>
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Th
e
life
-
co
s
t c
yc
le
-
b
a
s
ed
s
iz
in
g
o
f c
o
mp
leme
n
t
a
r
y
en
erg
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
…
(
Du
n
y
a
S
h
.
Wa
is
)
1731
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
f
ac
t
o
r
s
in
th
e
p
a
r
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
1
an
d
2
w
h
en
1
>
2
an
d
2
≤
2
T
ab
le
4
.
C
ap
ac
ity
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
with
v
ar
y
in
g
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
O
p
t
i
mi
z
e
p
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
1
≤
2
a
n
d
2
>
2
1
>
2
a
n
d
2
≤
2
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
3
3
6
,
5
8
0
k
W
h
3
3
6
5
8
0
S
M
ES
1
7
,
9
1
0
k
W
h
1
7
9
1
0
f
L
P
SP
0
.
0
3
6
1
0
.
0
3
6
1
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
C
o
st
/
d
o
l
l
a
r
(
$
)
2
0
5
.
9
1
4
2
0
5
.
9
1
4
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
ab
o
v
e,
it
is
ea
s
y
to
s
ee
th
at
wh
en
1
in
cr
ea
s
es
an
d
2
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
s
p
ee
d
is
f
aster
th
an
o
th
er
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
,
an
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
o
in
t
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
m
o
r
e
q
u
ick
l
y
;
wh
en
1
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
an
d
2
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
L
C
C
o
f
HE
SS
i
s
th
e
lo
west.
T
h
e
s
im
ilar
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
r
o
b
u
s
t u
n
d
er
d
if
f
e
r
en
t p
ar
am
eter
s
ettin
g
s
Simu
latio
n
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
is
co
m
p
a
r
ed
with
th
at
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
PS
O.
Als
o
,
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at:
i
)
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
PS
O
co
n
v
er
g
es
in
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
8
0
iter
atio
n
s
,
ii
)
im
p
r
o
v
ed
PS
O
co
n
v
er
g
e
s
in
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
0
iter
atio
n
s
,
an
d
iii
)
th
e
to
tal
s
y
s
tem
co
s
t
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
lies
in
in
teg
r
atin
g
life
cy
cle
c
o
s
t
m
o
d
elin
g
with
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
s
in
g
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
o
p
tim
al
s
izin
g
o
f
HE
SS
with
en
h
an
ce
d
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
s
p
ee
d
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
s
t
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
es
a
HE
SS
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
s
u
p
er
c
o
n
d
u
ct
in
g
m
ag
n
etic
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
its
ap
p
licatio
n
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
d
i
r
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
es
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
o
f
th
e
HE
SS
f
o
r
b
atte
r
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
s
u
p
er
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
m
ag
n
etic
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
with
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
C
o
n
f
ig
u
r
in
g
th
e
HE
SS
ca
p
ac
ity
in
b
atter
y
-
SME
S
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
is
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e.
W
e
co
m
p
u
te
an
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
th
at
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
in
s
tallatio
n
,
r
ep
lace
m
en
t,
an
d
m
ain
ten
a
n
c
e
co
s
ts
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
HE
SS
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
d
u
r
in
g
its
wh
o
le
life
cy
cle.
T
h
e
r
estrictio
n
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
l
o
ad
s
h
o
r
tf
all
r
ate,
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
r
eliab
i
lity
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
n
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
en
h
a
n
ce
s
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
in
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
ca
p
ac
ity
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
was
test
ed
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tica
lity
an
d
ef
f
icac
y
v
ia
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
e
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tu
d
ies
u
s
in
g
n
u
m
er
ical
ex
am
p
les.
Acc
eler
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
with
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
r
an
g
es
af
f
ec
t
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
s
p
ee
d
d
if
f
er
en
tly
,
as
s
h
o
wn
b
y
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
v
al
u
es.
I
n
a
n
y
ca
s
e,
th
ey
all
b
r
in
g
d
o
wn
s
y
s
tem
co
s
ts
wh
ile
s
p
ee
d
i
n
g
u
p
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
.
T
h
e
lo
wes
t
L
C
C
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
1
≤
2
an
d
2
>2
.
Ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
3
.
8
%
lo
wer
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
ac
h
iev
ed
co
m
p
a
r
ed
t
o
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
e
d
with
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
a
r
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e.
Su
p
er
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
ter
m
itten
t
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
with
h
ig
h
v
a
r
iab
ilit
y
,
s
u
ch
as
win
d
an
d
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
.
A
h
ea
ted
s
h
ield
ed
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
,
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
SME
S
(
s
ig
n
al
-
s
ca
le
ar
r
ay
s
)
,
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
n
ew
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
en
h
an
ce
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
B
y
ad
j
u
s
tin
g
it
s
ca
p
ac
ity
,
t
h
e
c
o
s
t
o
f
u
s
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
in
SME
S
ar
r
ay
s
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
:
1
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RE
F
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NC
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S
[
1
]
N
.
Z
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Y
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.
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]
J.
W
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z
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3
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[
4
]
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.
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u
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,
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[
7
]
J.
Zo
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.
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,
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.
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8
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,
a
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L.
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Y
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