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1792
J
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h
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Flicker
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p
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c
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ise
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u
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led
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p
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e
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c
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e
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ise
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ffe
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ti
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ly
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ted
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sig
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h
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ies
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OM)
is 1
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t
a
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o
ffse
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ey
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o
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d
s
:
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/f
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n
o
is
e
C
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Fli
ck
er
n
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is
e
L
o
w
-
p
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wer
Vo
ltag
e
-
co
n
tr
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lled
o
s
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T
h
is i
s
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n
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p
e
n
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c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Nam
-
J
in
Oh
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ic
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Ko
r
ea
Natio
n
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
T
r
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
5
0
Dae
h
ak
-
r
o
,
C
h
u
n
g
ju
,
C
h
u
n
g
b
u
k
3
8
0
-
7
0
2
,
Ko
r
ea
E
m
ail: o
n
am
jin
@
u
t.a
c.
k
r
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Var
io
u
s
s
tr
ateg
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
m
itig
ate
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e
in
v
o
ltag
e
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
o
s
cillato
r
s
(
VC
Os),
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
L
C
tan
k
’
s
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
(
Q)
o
r
r
ef
in
i
n
g
cir
cu
it
ar
c
h
itectu
r
es
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
W
h
ile
r
em
o
v
in
g
th
e
tail
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
—
a
k
n
o
wn
n
o
is
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
—
ca
n
lo
wer
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e,
th
is
o
f
ten
lead
s
to
a
lo
wer
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
tan
k
im
p
e
d
an
ce
as
o
s
cillatio
n
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
g
r
o
ws,
p
o
ten
tially
h
a
r
m
in
g
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
Har
m
o
n
ic
tu
n
in
g
is
an
o
th
er
co
m
m
o
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
s
h
ap
es
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
to
en
h
an
ce
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
ty
p
ically
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
ev
er
al
ex
tr
a
in
d
u
ct
o
r
s
,
lead
in
g
to
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
ch
ip
s
ize.
B
y
u
tili
zin
g
a
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
-
tu
n
ed
r
eso
n
at
o
r
,
t
h
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
s
q
u
a
r
e
-
lik
e,
wh
ich
s
teep
en
s
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
lo
p
e
d
u
r
in
g
ze
r
o
-
cr
o
s
s
in
g
s
an
d
h
elp
s
m
in
im
ize
n
o
is
e
[
5
]
.
Alter
n
ativ
ely
,
a
s
er
ies
L
C
(
SLC)
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
is
s
etu
p
cr
ea
tes
a
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
ate
an
d
d
r
ain
s
ig
n
als,
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
at
th
e
m
o
m
en
ts
o
f
h
ig
h
est
n
o
is
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
d
o
n
o
t
o
v
e
r
lap
wi
th
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial
o
u
tp
u
t
’
s
ze
r
o
-
cr
o
s
s
in
g
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
ca
u
s
es
o
f
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e
ar
e
th
e
m
ix
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
with
in
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
-
r
esis
tan
ce
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
.
Fo
llo
win
g
L
ee
s
o
n
’
s
m
o
d
el,
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e
eq
u
atio
n
f
o
r
an
L
C
-
VC
O
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
[
6
]
:
(
)
=
10
⋅
{
2
⋅
[
1
+
(
2
)
2
]
⋅
(
1
+
1
/
3
)
}
.
(
1
)
I
n
th
is
(
1
)
,
F
d
en
o
tes
th
e
n
o
is
e
f
ac
to
r
,
wh
ile
k
an
d
T
r
ep
r
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t
B
o
ltzm
an
n
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s
co
n
s
tan
t
an
d
t
h
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ab
s
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te
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
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I
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N:
2088
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8
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F
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n
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p
p
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ess
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tu
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tio
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tec
h
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r
R
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C
MOS
V
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N
a
m
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Oh
)
1793
tem
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er
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r
e,
r
esp
ec
tiv
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.
T
h
e
ter
m
P
s
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
ated
with
in
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
tan
k
.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
th
e
ce
n
ter
f
r
eq
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en
cy
f
o
,
th
e
lo
ad
e
d
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
Q
L
,
an
d
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
f
s
et
Δf
.
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d
itio
n
a
lly
,
th
e
f
lick
er
n
o
is
e
co
n
tr
i
b
u
t
io
n
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
th
e
1
/f
3
co
r
n
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
d
en
o
ted
as
Δf
1/f
³
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
(
1
)
,
th
e
n
ea
r
-
ca
r
r
ier
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e
in
in
teg
r
ated
L
C
VC
Os
—
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
−
3
0
d
B
/d
ec
ad
e
s
lo
p
e
—
is
lar
g
ely
d
r
iv
en
b
y
th
e
u
p
-
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
f
lick
e
r
n
o
is
e.
I
n
co
n
te
m
p
o
r
ar
y
s
u
b
m
icr
o
n
MO
SF
E
T
s
,
f
lick
er
n
o
is
e
co
r
n
er
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
s
u
r
p
ass
1
M
Hz.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
s
u
p
p
r
ess
in
g
clo
s
e
-
in
1
/f
3
n
o
is
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
ev
en
wh
en
u
tili
zin
g
a
p
h
ase
-
lo
ck
ed
lo
o
p
(
PLL
)
,
a
s
PLL
b
an
d
wid
th
s
ar
e
g
en
er
ally
r
estricte
d
to
th
e
s
u
b
-
MH
z
r
an
g
e
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Sin
ce
th
is
n
o
is
e
o
f
ten
r
em
ain
s
u
n
f
ilter
ed
,
it
p
r
esen
ts
a
m
ajo
r
o
b
s
tacle
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
R
F
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
ies
in
to
its
m
itig
atio
n
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
id
e
n
tifie
s
two
m
ain
p
ath
s
f
o
r
f
lick
er
n
o
i
s
e
u
p
-
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
First,
n
o
is
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
ias
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
u
n
d
er
g
o
es
AM
-
PM
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
v
ar
a
cto
r
an
d
tr
an
s
is
to
r
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
o
r
m
o
d
u
lates
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
Seco
n
d
,
f
lick
er
n
o
is
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial
p
air
its
elf
is
u
p
-
co
n
v
e
r
ted
v
ia
d
u
ty
-
c
y
cle
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
an
d
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
,
o
r
b
y
i
n
jectin
g
n
o
is
y
cu
r
r
en
t
in
to
th
e
tail
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
.
T
h
ese
ef
f
ec
ts
m
o
d
u
late
th
e
L
C
tan
k
’
s
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
,
f
u
r
th
e
r
wo
r
s
en
in
g
n
o
is
e
lev
els
[
7
]
–
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
cr
o
s
s
-
co
u
p
led
s
er
ies
L
C
(
SLC)
tan
k
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
r
ep
lace
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
ar
allel
L
C
(
PLC)
co
n
f
ig
u
r
at
io
n
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
r
ess
1
/f
3
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e.
B
y
tu
n
in
g
th
e
SLC
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
th
e
1
/f
3
r
eg
i
o
n
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
n
eu
tr
alize
d
,
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
a
−2
0
d
B
/d
ec
ad
e
s
lo
p
e
r
ath
er
t
h
a
n
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
−
3
0
d
B
/d
ec
ad
e.
T
h
e
p
ap
e
r
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
s
ec
tio
n
2
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
s
er
ies
an
d
p
ar
allel
cr
o
s
s
-
co
u
p
led
VC
Os;
s
ec
tio
n
3
d
is
cu
s
s
es
a
v
ar
ac
to
r
lin
ea
r
izatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
th
e
SLC
tan
k
;
s
ec
tio
n
4
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
o
s
t
-
lay
o
u
t simu
latio
n
d
ata;
a
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
5
o
f
f
e
r
s
co
n
clu
d
i
n
g
r
em
ar
k
s
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
L
O
W
-
F
L
I
CK
E
R
NO
I
S
E
DIFF
E
R
E
NT
I
A
L
SL
C
VCO
T
h
e
s
ch
em
atics
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial
VC
O
d
esig
n
s
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
cr
o
s
s
-
co
u
p
led
L
C
VC
O,
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
,
u
tili
ze
s
a
PLC
tan
k
an
d
a
tail
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
is
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
is
u
s
ed
to
m
ain
tain
b
ias
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
h
ig
h
s
er
ies
im
p
ed
an
ce
;
h
o
wev
er
,
it
n
eg
ativ
ely
im
p
ac
ts
p
h
ase
n
o
i
s
e.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
lo
w
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
f
lick
er
n
o
is
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
is
u
p
-
co
n
v
er
ted
t
o
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
v
ia
m
ix
i
n
g
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
witch
in
g
p
air
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
n
o
is
e
in
to
th
e
r
eso
n
ato
r
d
u
r
i
n
g
ze
r
o
-
c
r
o
s
s
in
g
s
wh
en
b
o
th
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
ar
e
ac
tiv
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SLC
VC
O
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
i
n
teg
r
ates
co
u
p
lin
g
c
ap
ac
ito
r
s
(
C
cpl
)
in
s
er
ies
with
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
o
f
th
e
p
ar
allel
in
d
u
cto
r
-
v
ar
ac
t
o
r
n
et
wo
r
k
,
with
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
cr
o
s
s
-
co
u
p
led
to
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
g
ates.
T
h
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
o
f
th
is
s
er
ies
n
etwo
r
k
d
ictates
th
e
o
s
cillatio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
.
W
h
ile
in
d
u
ct
o
r
L
2
s
er
v
es
as
a
DC
f
ee
d
(
c
h
o
k
e
)
,
its
v
alu
e
is
s
p
ec
if
ically
tu
n
ed
to
n
eu
tr
alize
th
e
to
tal
ca
p
ac
itan
c
e
at
th
e
d
r
ain
n
o
d
es.
T
h
is
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
ca
n
ce
llatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
m
a
x
im
izes th
e
d
r
ain
v
o
ltag
e
s
win
g
,
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
o
s
cillato
r
’
s
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Dif
f
e
r
en
tial V
C
Os (
a)
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
p
a
r
allel
-
LC
VC
O
(
PLC V
C
O)
an
d
(
b
)
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
lo
w
-
f
lick
er
n
o
is
e
s
er
ies
-
LC
V
C
O
(
SLC V
C
O)
T
h
e
r
eso
n
ato
r
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
VC
O
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
wh
ic
h
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
th
e
e
q
u
iv
alen
t
p
ar
allel
r
esis
tan
ce
s
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
alo
n
g
s
id
e
th
e
im
p
e
d
a
n
ce
s
p
r
esen
t
at
th
e
g
ate
an
d
d
r
ain
ter
m
in
als.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
,
th
e
r
esis
tiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
R
1
an
d
R
2
,
ar
e
d
ef
in
e
d
as f
o
llo
ws:
M
s
w
1
2
L
V
d
+
V
d
–
M
c
s
V
t
u
n
e
C
v
a
r
V
D
D
M
s
w
1
V
t
u
n
e
V
b
i
a
s
C
v
a
r
2
L
1
C
c
p
l
V
d
+
V
d
–
V
g
+
V
g
–
V
D
D
2
L
2
S
L
C
P
L
C
M
s
w
2
M
s
w
2
M
s
w
1
2
L
V
d
+
V
d
–
M
c
s
V
t
u
n
e
C
v
a
r
V
D
D
M
s
w
1
V
t
u
n
e
V
b
i
a
s
C
v
a
r
2
L
1
C
c
p
l
V
d
+
V
d
–
V
g
+
V
g
–
V
D
D
2
L
2
S
L
C
P
L
C
M
s
w
2
M
s
w
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
:
1
7
9
2
-
1
804
1794
1
≈
2
1
2
/
1
(
2
)
2
≈
2
2
2
/
2
(
3
)
I
n
th
ese
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
,
R
s1
an
d
R
s2
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
s
er
ies
r
esis
ta
n
ce
s
o
f
ea
ch
in
d
u
cto
r
.
T
h
e
p
a
r
allel
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
C
var
an
d
2
L
1
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
e
s
er
ies
r
eso
n
an
t
cir
c
u
it
is
d
e
f
in
ed
b
y
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
o
f
C
cpl
,
C
va
r
,
an
d
2
L
1
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
2
L
2
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
th
e
DC
b
ias
p
ath
an
d
ca
n
b
e
r
ea
lized
a
s
an
o
n
-
ch
ip
o
r
a
n
ex
ter
n
al
s
u
r
f
ac
e
-
m
o
u
n
t
d
e
v
ic
e.
T
h
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
at
th
e
d
r
ain
ter
m
in
als
(
A
an
d
B
)
a
n
d
g
ate
ter
m
in
als
(
C
an
d
D)
ar
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
d
ata
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
p
ar
allel
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
is
r
o
u
g
h
ly
h
alf
th
at
o
f
th
e
s
er
ie
s
r
eso
n
an
ce
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
n
o
t
ed
th
at
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
L
2
lead
s
to
h
ig
h
er
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
,
wh
ich
lim
its
th
e
g
ate’
s
v
o
ltag
e
am
p
litu
d
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
ely
im
p
ac
ts
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
eso
n
ato
r
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
VC
O:
(
a)
s
ch
em
atic
in
c
lu
d
in
g
th
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t p
ar
allel
r
esis
to
r
s
an
d
(
b
)
th
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
lo
o
k
i
n
g
at
t
h
e
g
ate
an
d
d
r
ain
n
o
d
es
Fig
u
r
e
3
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
th
e
eq
u
iv
al
en
t
h
alf
-
cir
c
u
it
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
o
s
cillatio
n
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
a
n
d
th
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
s
tar
tu
p
.
Fo
llo
w
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
d
escr
ib
e
d
in
[
1
2
]
,
th
e
o
s
cillatio
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
ca
n
b
e
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
4
)
.
0
≈
√
1
1
1
+
1
2
(
2
(
4
)
T
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
r
eq
u
ir
ed
tr
a
n
s
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
g
m
to
s
u
s
tain
th
e
o
s
cillatio
n
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
5
)
.
=
(
1
2
2
+
1
1
(
1
+
2
)
)
−
1
0
2
2
(
1
2
1
+
1
1
2
)
.
(
5
)
Dif
f
er
en
tial
VC
Os
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
v
u
l
n
er
ab
le
to
n
o
is
e
in
j
ec
tio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
ze
r
o
-
cr
o
s
s
in
g
s
,
th
e
p
h
ase
wh
er
e
b
o
th
s
witch
in
g
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
ar
e
ac
tiv
e
at
o
n
ce
.
I
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
s
,
th
e
d
r
ai
n
an
d
g
ate
v
o
ltag
es
co
n
v
er
g
e
at
t
h
is
p
o
in
t
d
u
e
to
d
ir
ec
t
o
r
ac
c
r
o
s
s
-
co
u
p
lin
g
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
c
o
m
p
ar
es
t
h
e
n
o
is
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
er
ies r
eso
n
ato
r
ag
ai
n
s
t a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
to
v
alid
ate
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
p
lo
ts
s
im
u
lated
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
win
g
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
DC
b
ias
cu
r
r
en
t,
h
elp
in
g
to
id
en
tify
th
e
id
ea
l
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
p
o
wer
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
win
g
is
s
tr
o
n
g
en
o
u
g
h
to
d
r
iv
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
m
i
x
er
s
tag
e
s
,
th
e
b
ias
cu
r
r
en
t
is
s
et
n
ea
r
th
e
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e
m
in
im
u
m
(
PNM)
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a
)
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
b
ey
o
n
d
t
h
is
th
r
esh
o
ld
ca
u
s
es
th
e
n
o
is
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
to
f
lu
ctu
ate
b
ef
o
r
e
s
tab
ilizin
g
.
W
h
ile
a
co
n
v
e
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tio
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al
VC
O
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
a
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e
o
p
tim
u
m
(
PNO)
at
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
lev
els
to
m
ax
im
ize
th
e
f
ig
u
r
e
-
of
-
m
er
it
(
FOM)
,
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
a
t
f
lick
er
-
d
r
iv
e
n
n
o
is
e
m
ain
tain
s
a
−3
0
d
B
/d
ec
ad
e
s
lo
p
e
u
p
to
1
k
Hz,
tr
an
s
itio
n
i
n
g
to
a
−2
0
d
B
/d
ec
ad
e
s
lo
p
e
f
o
r
o
f
f
s
ets
b
etwe
en
1
0
0
k
Hz
an
d
1
0
MH
z.
As
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
,
th
e
lo
west
p
h
ase
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o
is
e
i
s
f
o
u
n
d
at
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
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etwe
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cu
r
r
e
n
t
-
lim
ited
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d
v
o
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e
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o
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v
a
r
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L
2
C
c
p
l
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1
A
B
C
D
2
R
p
1
2
R
p
2
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
[
G
H
z
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1
2
3
4
5
Im
pedance
[O
hm
]
0
100
200
300
400
500
G
a
te
n
o
d
e
s
D
ra
i
n
n
o
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e
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C
v
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c
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l
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B
C
D
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R
p
1
2
R
p
2
F
r
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q
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e
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c
y
[
G
H
z
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1
2
3
4
5
Im
pedance
[O
hm
]
0
100
200
300
400
500
G
a
te
n
o
d
e
s
D
ra
i
n
n
o
d
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
F
licke
r
n
o
is
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
a
n
d
tu
n
in
g
r
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r
iz
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h
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C
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V
C
Os
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a
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1795
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
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ip
b
etwe
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DC
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
o
r
t
h
e
SLC
VC
O
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
y
r
em
o
v
in
g
th
e
tail
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
,
th
e
d
r
ai
n
v
o
ltag
e
am
p
litu
d
e
ca
n
r
ea
ch
m
o
r
e
th
an
d
o
u
b
le
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
is
s
ig
n
al
is
f
u
r
th
er
b
o
o
s
te
d
as
it
co
u
p
les
to
th
e
g
ate
ter
m
in
al
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
er
ies
r
eso
n
an
t
n
etwo
r
k
,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
v
o
lta
g
e
s
win
g
.
i
o
v
o
g
m
v
g
s
v
g
s
C
c
p
l
L
2
v
i
L
1
C
v
a
r
C
g
s
R
p
1
R
p
2
C
d
s
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sm
all
s
ig
n
al
h
alf
-
cir
cu
it m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
V
C
O
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
PLC VC
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
DC
cu
r
r
en
t (
a
)
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e
an
d
(
b
)
d
if
f
er
en
tial o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
SLC VC
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
DC
cu
r
r
en
t (
a
)
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e
an
d
(
b
)
d
if
f
er
en
tial o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
DC
Cu
rren
t
[m
A]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
P
has
e noise [dB
c/Hz
]
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
PN
M
PN
O
1
kHz
o
ffset
10
M
Hz
o
ffset
-30
d
B/
d
ecad
e
-20
d
B/
d
ecad
e
10
kHz
o
ffset
100
kHz
o
ffset
1
M
Hz
o
ffset
0.
1
kHz
o
ffset
DC Cur
rent
[mA]
0
2
4
6
8
Ampli
t
ude [
V
]
0
1
2
3
4
5
Curre
nt-li
m
ited
V
ol
tage-l
im
ited
V
DD
=1.8
V
DC
current [m
A]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
P
hase noi
se [dBc/Hz]
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
Cc
pl
:
77
3
fF
Cc
pl
:
95
1
fF
0.
1
kHz
off
set
10 M
Hz
off
set
-20 dB/
decade
-20 dB/
decade
-30 dB/
decade
1
MHz offset
1
kHz
off
set
10 kHz offset
100 kHz offset
DC
Current
[mA]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Ampl
i
tude [V
]
0
1
2
3
4
5
Cc
pl
:
77
3
fF
Cc
pl
:
86
0
fF
Cc
pl
:
95
1
fF
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
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4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
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2
6
:
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9
2
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1
804
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Desig
n
in
g
th
e
SLC
VC
O
r
eq
u
ir
es
ca
r
ef
u
l
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
o
p
tim
al
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
d
r
aw.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
,
th
e
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
is
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
f
e
atu
r
es
two
d
is
tin
ct
n
u
ll
p
o
in
t
s
,
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
th
e
co
u
p
lin
g
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
(
C
cpl
)
v
al
u
es.
Simu
latio
n
d
ata
r
e
v
ea
ls
th
at
clo
s
e
-
in
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e
b
etwe
en
0
.
1
k
Hz
an
d
1
0
k
Hz
—
p
r
im
ar
ily
s
tem
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
p
-
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
f
lick
er
n
o
is
e
in
t
h
e
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
—
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
itig
ated
b
y
p
r
e
cisely
tu
n
in
g
th
e
s
er
ies
r
e
s
o
n
ato
r
’
s
co
u
p
lin
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
As
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
,
th
e
g
ate
n
o
d
e
ac
h
iev
es
a
s
ig
n
al
am
p
litu
d
e
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
3
.
7
V,
r
o
u
g
h
ly
d
o
u
b
lin
g
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
ltag
e.
Giv
en
th
e
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
in
h
er
en
t
in
VC
O
d
esig
n
s
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
DC
cu
r
r
en
t
is
a
p
r
io
r
ity
.
F
ig
u
r
e
6
(
a
)
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
e
DC
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
n
b
e
lo
wer
e
d
to
u
n
d
er
5
m
A
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
th
e
d
e
v
ice’
s
ess
en
tial p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics.
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
PLC
an
d
SLC
VC
O
s
u
n
d
er
id
en
tical
b
ias
cu
r
r
e
n
t
lev
els
is
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
W
ith
a
c
o
u
p
li
n
g
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
(
C
cpl
)
o
f
9
5
1
f
F
,
th
e
SLC
VC
O
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ate
ly
3
1
d
B
at
a
1
0
0
Hz
o
f
f
s
et.
T
h
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
is
lar
g
ely
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
e
m
o
v
al
o
f
th
e
tail
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
in
th
e
SLC
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
clo
s
e
-
in
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e
m
ain
tain
s
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
−2
0
d
B
/d
e
ca
d
e
g
r
ad
ien
t
ac
r
o
s
s
lo
wer
o
f
f
s
et
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
th
e
u
p
-
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
1
/f
f
lick
er
n
o
is
e
h
as b
e
en
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
m
in
im
ized
.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
o
f
n
o
is
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
PLC
VC
O
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SLC
VC
O
at
a
1
0
0
Hz
o
f
f
s
et.
T
h
e
d
ata
r
e
v
ea
ls
th
at
th
e
f
lick
e
r
n
o
is
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
(
M
cs,
fn
)
ac
ts
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
o
r
to
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e
in
th
e
PLC
ar
ch
itectu
r
e.
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
ely
,
th
e
SLC
V
C
O’
s
n
o
is
e
p
r
o
f
ile
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
ef
in
e
d
b
y
th
e
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
’
ch
a
n
n
el
n
o
is
e
(
M
sw,
id
)
.
R
em
ar
k
ab
l
y
,
th
e
f
lick
er
n
o
is
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
(
M
sw,
fn
)
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
witch
in
g
p
air
is
d
r
asti
ca
l
ly
lo
wer
in
th
e
SLC
d
es
ig
n
th
an
in
its
PL
C
co
u
n
ter
p
a
r
t.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
c
o
n
f
ir
m
th
at
elim
in
atin
g
th
e
b
ias
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
s
er
ies
r
eso
n
ato
r
’
s
co
u
p
lin
g
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
ar
e
h
ig
h
l
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
b
o
o
s
tin
g
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
m
p
litu
d
es a
t th
e
g
ate
an
d
d
r
ai
n
ter
m
in
als,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
a
d
is
tin
ct
o
f
f
s
et
b
etwe
en
th
eir
d
if
f
er
en
tial
ze
r
o
-
cr
o
s
s
in
g
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
is
in
ten
t
io
n
al
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
o
f
ze
r
o
-
cr
o
s
s
in
g
s
s
er
v
es
as
a
m
ec
h
an
is
m
f
o
r
lo
wer
in
g
p
h
as
e
n
o
is
e,
a
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ly
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ted
in
[
4
]
,
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Ph
ase
n
o
is
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial V
C
Os
T
ab
le
1
.
Ph
ase
n
o
is
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
VC
O
an
d
th
e
SLC VC
O
at
1
0
0
Hz
o
f
f
s
et
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
P
LC
V
C
O
S
LC
V
C
O
N
o
i
se
s
o
u
r
c
e
N
o
i
se(
d
B
c
/
H
z
)
N
o
i
se
s
o
u
r
c
e
N
o
i
se(
d
B
c
/
H
z
)
P
N
O
P
N
M
M
cs
5
.
7
7
−
1
1
.
4
9
M
c
s
,
fn
5
.
7
7
−
1
1
.
4
9
M
c
s
,
i
d
−
3
7
.
9
7
−
4
4
.
8
7
M
sw1
−
3
4
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8
3
−
1
6
.
4
5
M
sw1
−
4
9
.
9
0
M
s
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1,
fn
−
3
5
.
5
7
−
1
6
.
4
7
M
s
w
1,
fn
−
5
1
.
1
0
M
s
w
1,
i
d
−
4
2
.
9
3
−
3
9
.
6
2
M
s
w
1,
i
d
−
5
6
.
0
5
M
sw2
−
3
4
.
8
3
−
1
6
.
4
5
M
sw2
−
4
9
.
9
0
M
s
w
2,
fn
−
3
5
.
5
7
−
1
6
.
4
7
M
s
w
2,
fn
−
5
1
.
1
0
M
s
w
2,
i
d
−
4
2
.
9
3
−
3
9
.
6
2
M
s
w
2,
i
d
−
5
6
.
0
5
Off
set frequency
[kH
z]
0
.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
P
hase noi
se [dBc/Hz]
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
PLC VCO
for
P
NO
PLC VCO
for
P
NM
SLC VCO
Cc
pl
7
7
3
fF
SLC VCO
Cc
pl
8
6
0
fF
SLC VCO
Cc
pl
9
5
1
fF
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
F
licke
r
n
o
is
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
a
n
d
tu
n
in
g
r
a
n
g
e
lin
ea
r
iz
a
tio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es fo
r
R
F
C
MOS
V
C
Os
(
N
a
m
-
Jin
Oh
)
1797
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Gate
-
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
r
ai
n
-
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial SL
C
VC
O
3.
VARA
C
T
O
R
L
I
NE
A
RI
Z
A
T
I
O
N
T
E
CH
N
I
Q
UE
Fig
u
r
e
8
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
ch
e
m
atic
o
f
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
LC
-
VC
O
em
p
lo
y
in
g
a
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
v
ar
ac
to
r
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
C
var
,
alo
n
g
with
th
e
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
f
th
e
o
s
cillatio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
ω
o
n
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
v
o
ltag
e
V
tune
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
,
th
e
s
lo
p
e
o
f
th
e
o
s
cillatio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
v
er
s
u
s
V
tune
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
as
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
win
g
in
cr
ea
s
es
.
T
h
is
b
eh
a
v
io
r
is
a
d
ir
ec
t
m
an
if
estatio
n
o
f
AM
−FM
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
,
w
h
ich
a
r
is
es
f
r
o
m
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
in
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
v
ar
ac
to
r
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
d
u
e
to
th
e
av
er
ag
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
its
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
v
o
ltag
e
-
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic.
T
o
en
a
b
le
Fo
u
r
ier
s
er
ies
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
h
y
p
er
b
o
lic
tan
g
e
n
t
c
h
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
t
h
e
v
ar
ac
to
r
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ated
b
y
an
id
ea
l
s
tep
f
u
n
ctio
n
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
in
g
b
etw
ee
n
C
max
to
C
min
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
is
s
tep
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
v
er
la
p
s
with
eith
er
V
d
+
o
r
V
d
−
.
M
s
w
1
2
L
M
c
s
V
t
u
n
e
C
v
a
r
1
V
D
D
P
L
C
M
s
w
2
V
D
D
V
t
u
n
e
V
o
u
t
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
C
v
a
r
2
V
d
+
V
d
–
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Sch
em
atic
o
f
a
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
L
C
-
VC
O
illu
s
tr
atin
g
o
s
cillatio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
ω
v
s
.
V
tune
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
d
u
e
to
th
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
v
a
r
ac
to
r
c
ap
ac
itan
ce
V
t
u
n
e
C
m
i
n
C
m
a
x
C
v
a
r
V
D
D
V
T
V
d
+
o
r
V
d
–
V
t
u
n
e
C
v
a
r
V
D
D
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Simp
lifie
d
m
o
d
el
o
f
v
ar
ac
to
r
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
s
.
V
tune
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
VC
O
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
s
win
g
Tim
e [psec]
0
1e-10
2e-10
3e-10
4e-10
5e-10
6e-10
7e-10
Output
Ampl
i
tude [V
]
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
Vd+,
Vd-
Vg+,
Vg-
Zero crossing
point i
s not al
igned
sim
ultaneously
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
:
1
7
9
2
-
1
804
1798
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
d
ep
icts
th
e
ca
p
ac
it
an
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
at
n
o
d
es
V
d
+
an
d
V
d
−
,
as
well
as
th
e
ag
g
r
eg
ate
d
if
f
er
en
tial
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
C
var_total
,
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
im
p
lifie
d
v
ar
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el.
T
h
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
p
lo
tted
as
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
V
out
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
V
tune
>
V
DD
.
An
al
o
g
o
u
s
tr
en
d
s
ar
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
wh
en
V
tune
<
V
DD
.
I
n
th
is
a
n
aly
s
is
,
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e
is
d
e
f
in
ed
as
V
T
=
V
tune
–
V
DD
,
r
e
p
r
es
en
tin
g
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
tu
n
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
es
1
0
(
a)
an
d
1
0
(
b
)
,
th
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
C
var1
an
d
C
var2
to
g
g
l
e
b
etwe
en
C
min
an
d
C
max
wh
en
ev
er
th
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
p
o
ten
tials
at
V
d
+
o
r
V
d
−
in
ter
s
ec
t
V
T
.
C
o
n
s
e
q
u
en
tly
,
f
o
r
V
T
>
0
(
wh
er
e
V
tune
>
V
DD
)
,
th
e
tim
e
-
v
ar
y
in
g
to
tal
ca
p
ac
itan
c
e
C
var_tot
al
(
t)
o
s
cillates
b
etwe
en
C
max
C
min
/(
C
max
+C
min
)
an
d
C
min
/2
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
(
c)
.
Fo
r
ca
s
es
wh
er
e
V
T
<
0
,
th
e
s
witch
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
b
etwe
en
th
ese
two
lev
el
s
i
s
r
ev
er
s
ed
.
T
h
is
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
im
p
lies
th
at
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
o
f
C
var_tot
al
(
t)
is
g
o
v
er
n
ed
b
y
b
o
th
V
T
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
win
g
am
p
litu
d
e.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
s
in
ce
C
var_tot
al
(
t)
ex
h
ib
its
p
er
io
d
ic
an
d
ev
en
s
y
m
m
etr
y
with
a
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
twice
th
at
o
f
th
e
o
s
cillatio
n
,
it c
an
b
e
m
ath
e
m
atica
lly
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
ed
u
s
in
g
Fo
u
r
ie
r
s
er
ies
[
1
3
]
.
(
b
)
(
a)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Var
ac
to
r
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
p
r
o
f
iles
u
n
d
er
a
h
ig
h
t
u
n
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
tune
>
V
DD
)
at
(
a)
V
d
+
,
(
b
)
V
d
−
,
an
d
(
c
)
th
e
to
tal
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ca
p
ac
ita
n
ce
at
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial o
u
tp
u
t,
C
var_total
(
t)
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
4
]
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ac
to
r
at
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
an
g
u
lar
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
ω
is
g
iv
en
b
y
va
r
_
=
0
−
2
2
(
6
)
wh
er
e
C
0
d
en
o
tes
th
e
tim
e
-
av
er
ag
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
an
d
C
2
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
Fo
u
r
i
er
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
to
tal
v
ar
ac
to
r
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
C
var
_total
(
t)
.
Fo
r
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
v
O
=
V
O
co
s
(
ωt
)
,
C
var_total
(
t)
s
witch
es
its
v
alu
e
at
th
e
p
h
ase
an
g
les
α
,
π±α
,
an
d
2
π
–
α
d
u
r
i
n
g
ea
c
h
o
s
cillatio
n
p
er
io
d
.
Her
e,
α
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase
p
o
in
t a
t w
h
ic
h
v
O
=
V
T
,
a
n
d
it c
an
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
α
=co
s
-
1
(2
V
T
/V
O
).
Fo
r
V
T
>
0
,
t
h
e
Fo
u
r
ier
co
ef
f
ic
ien
ts
C
0
an
d
C
2
o
f
C
var_total
(
t)
ca
n
b
e
d
e
r
iv
ed
as
0
=
2
+
2
−
1
(
2
)
(
7
)
an
d
2
=
±
2
(
2
−
1
(
2
)
)
(
8
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fro
m
(
8
)
,
C
2
is
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
o
r
V
T
>
0
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
f
o
r
V
T
<
0
.
T
h
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
MO
S
v
ar
ac
to
r
ar
e
d
etailed
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
As
d
ep
icted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
1
(
a
)
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
(
C
var,
eff
)
was
an
aly
ze
d
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
o
u
tp
u
t
am
p
litu
d
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ity
is
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
c
ed
at
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
s
win
g
s
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
s
ig
n
al
am
p
litu
d
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lin
ea
r
izes
th
e
v
ar
ac
to
r
’
s
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
T
h
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
(
b
)
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
o
f
th
e
o
s
cillat
io
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
to
th
e
tu
n
in
g
v
o
lt
ag
e
(
V
tune
)
d
im
in
is
h
es
as
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
win
g
g
r
o
ws.
T
h
is
tr
en
d
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
th
e
AM
-
FM
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
r
iv
en
b
y
v
ar
ac
to
r
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
it
y
.
Ma
th
em
atica
lly
,
C
m
a
x
C
m
i
n
C
v
a
r
1
(
t
)
V
d
+
t
i
m
e
V
o
u
t
/
2
V
d
−
V
T
V
D
D
V
t
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
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p
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g
I
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N:
2088
-
8
7
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c
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ar
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ig
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r
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Fig
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r
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p
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ai
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ig
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icted
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Fig
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r
e
1
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.
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a)
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Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
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S v
ar
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r
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o
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l
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ch
ar
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C
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s
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t
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r
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t
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Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
SLC VC
O
s
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e
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3
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3
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1
3
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aly
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ai
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VCO
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ate
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h
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ir
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ate
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ig
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ield
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ig
n
if
ican
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r
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1
4
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1
4
(
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
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m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
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4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
:
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7
9
2
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804
1800
(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
MO
S v
ar
ac
to
r
n
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n
l
in
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r
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
a
s
er
ies SLC L
C
V
C
O
(
a)
ca
lcu
lated
C
var_eff
v
er
s
u
s
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
win
g
with
d
i
f
f
er
en
t tu
n
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
(
b
)
o
s
cillatio
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
v
s
tu
n
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
win
g
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
Per
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
SLC VC
O
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
MO
S v
ar
ac
to
r
s
at
th
e
g
ate
an
d
d
r
ai
n
n
o
d
es (
a)
f
r
e
q
u
en
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y
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g
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g
e
a
n
d
(
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ain
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VCO
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P
O
ST
L
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T
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E
RF
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RM
ANC
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S O
F
T
H
E
P
RO
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L
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alu
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e
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ase
n
o
is
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
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tics
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SLC
VC
O,
th
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
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d
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
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SMC
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8
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n
m
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r
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s
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ality
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ac
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ly
1
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at
t
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e
o
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e
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atin
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tili
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is
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p
e
r
f
o
r
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ce
.
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o
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u
r
th
e
r
m
in
im
ize
p
h
ase
n
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is
e,
th
e
N
MO
S
s
witch
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g
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
w
er
e
s
ized
at
4
0
µm
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5
0
n
m
,
ad
o
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g
a
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n
g
er
ch
an
n
el
len
g
t
h
.
T
h
e
ac
c
o
u
p
l
in
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
(
C
cpl
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wer
e
r
ea
lized
as
m
etal
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in
s
u
lato
r
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m
etal
(
MI
M)
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
with
a
d
en
s
ity
o
f
2
f
F/µm
².
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q
u
en
cy
tu
n
in
g
is
m
an
a
g
ed
b
y
a
MO
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v
ar
ac
to
r
f
ea
t
u
r
in
g
a
d
ee
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n
-
well
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o
r
s
u
p
er
io
r
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
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o
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n
.
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o
th
o
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r
d
esig
n
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a
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n
ter
f
r
e
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u
en
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y
.
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h
e
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h
y
s
ical
f
o
o
t
p
r
in
ts
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
PLC
VC
O
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SL
C
VC
O
ar
e
6
9
0
×7
6
0
μ
m
²
an
d
7
9
0
×1
3
6
0
μ
m
²,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
;
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
lay
o
u
ts
a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
tu
n
i
n
g
r
an
g
e,
a
n
d
VC
O
g
ain
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial
VC
Os.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
(
a
)
,
th
e
PLC
VC
O
m
ain
tain
s
a
−3
0
d
B
/d
ec
ad
e
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e
g
r
ad
ien
t,
wh
ile
th
e
SLC
VC
O
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
lly
ac
h
iev
es
a
−
2
0
d
B
/d
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ad
e
s
lo
p
e
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f
r
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u
n
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0
0
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ile
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e
PLC
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o
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u
r
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1
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u
r
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1
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s
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ates
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ase
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e
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to
r
t
u
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h
e
p
r
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ed
SLC
VC
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m
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ad
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ick
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cc
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lly
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p
p
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ess
ed
with
in
th
e
1
to
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0
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Hz
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f
f
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et
r
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n
g
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co
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ed
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esig
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d
th
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tr
ad
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PLC VC
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i
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2
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o
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f
s
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r
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f
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th
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tu
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o
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d
th
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p
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ate
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s
th
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r
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1
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6
d
B
c/Hz
.
Bias
v
ol
tage
[V
]
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Cv
ar_
ef
f
(f
F)
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
V
tune=0.
9V
V
tune=2.
3V
Cv
ar
is
l
in
ear
Cv
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is
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[V
]
0
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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2
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2
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2
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Osc
il
lation fr
eque
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z
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3
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5
3
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0
3
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5
3
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0
3
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5
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t=3.
95
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.
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al
m
o
st
co
n
sta
n
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V
tune
[V]
0
1
2
3
4
Oscil
l
ation
frequency
(GH
z)
3
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3
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3
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3
.45
3
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3
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G
a
t
e
node
s
Dr
a
in
node
s
Vtune [V]
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Kv
co
(MH
z)
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
Gat
e no
des
Dr
ain
no
des
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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y
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r
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n
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r
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4
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a
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n
d
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r
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r
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o
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t
r
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i
o
n
s
.
(
a)
(
b
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u
r
e
1
5
.
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h
ip
lay
o
u
t
o
f
th
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f
VC
Os (
a)
co
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L
C
VC
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an
d
(
b
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p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
if
f
er
en
tial SL
C
VC
O
(
a)
(
b
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(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
.
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o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
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d
if
f
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p
h
ase
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p
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f
o
r
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,
(
b
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f
r
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n
in
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ch
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ac
ter
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tics
,
an
d
(
c)
VC
O
g
ain
Off
set frequency
[kH
z]
1
10
100
1000
10000
P
hase noi
se [dBc/Hz]
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
PLC VCO
for
P
NM
PLC VCO
for
P
NO
SLC VCO
Sl
ope
:
-2
0
dB/dec
a
de
Sl
ope
:
-3
0
dB/dec
a
de
V
tune
[V]
1
.2
1
.4
1
.6
1
.8
2
.0
2
.2
2
.4
Oscil
l
ation
frequency
(GH
z)
3
.2
3
.3
3
.4
3
.5
3
.6
3
.7
3
.8
3
.9
4
.0
PLC VCO
for
P
NM
PLC VCO
for
P
NO
SLC VCO
Vtune [V]
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
Kv
co
(MH
z)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
PLC V
CO
P
NM
PLC V
CO
P
NO
SLC V
CO
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.