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ld
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[
1
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T
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s
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s
with
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ased
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d
am
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t
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s
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s
s
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[
3
]
.
T
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ap
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d
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cu
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if
ican
t
b
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to
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tu
d
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p
r
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[
4
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.
Fu
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th
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ailu
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to
m
aster
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ca
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lo
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ter
m
th
r
ea
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to
s
c
ien
tific
liter
ac
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[
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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C
r
u
cially
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th
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cr
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lv
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[
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7
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W
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ltifa
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s
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ee
d
e
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f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
p
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le
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s
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[
8
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I
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atic
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cr
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[
9
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an
d
f
r
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q
u
en
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ails
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s
cien
tific
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lif
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[
1
0
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T
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allen
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d
lear
n
in
g
[
1
1
]
.
B
ey
o
n
d
th
ese
n
atio
n
al
tr
en
d
s
,
lo
ca
lized
ev
id
en
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
c
o
n
tex
t
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
s
im
ilar
ch
allen
g
es.
I
n
ter
v
iews
with
Gr
ad
e
1
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
ec
e
d
in
g
ac
a
d
em
ic
y
ea
r
in
d
icate
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
th
e
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
s
ch
o
o
l
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
o
n
ly
f
ai
r
lev
els
o
f
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
,
b
ased
o
n
class
r
o
o
m
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
an
d
r
o
u
tin
e
lear
n
in
g
ass
ess
m
en
ts
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
th
e
teac
h
er
s
.
W
h
ile
lim
itatio
n
s
wer
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
s
k
ill
d
o
m
ain
s
,
p
r
ed
ictin
g
s
k
ills
an
d
o
r
ig
in
ality
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
b
le
m
atic
ar
ea
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
u
r
g
en
t
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
at
b
o
th
n
atio
n
al
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
lev
els
est
ab
lis
h
a
clea
r
n
ee
d
f
o
r
an
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
tar
g
etin
g
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
(
Ph
B
L
)
was
ad
o
p
ted
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
d
r
iv
e
r
.
Or
ig
i
n
ally
estab
lis
h
ed
in
Fin
lan
d
’
s
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
r
ef
o
r
m
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
Ph
B
L
s
h
if
ts
th
e
lear
n
in
g
f
o
cu
s
f
r
o
m
f
r
ag
m
e
n
ted
s
u
b
jects
to
h
o
lis
tic,
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
[
1
4
]
.
I
ts
th
e
o
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
ar
e
r
o
o
ted
in
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
l
o
g
ical
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
,
wh
ich
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
s
lear
n
in
g
as
an
ex
p
e
r
ien
tial
d
ialo
g
u
e
b
etwe
en
lear
n
er
s
an
d
th
eir
r
e
al
-
wo
r
ld
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
1
5
]
.
I
t
em
p
h
asizes
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
v
ar
i
o
u
s
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
o
th
at
lear
n
er
s
ca
n
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
e
“
b
ig
p
ictu
r
e”
[
1
6
]
.
As
a
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
Ph
B
L
h
as
r
ec
eiv
ed
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
r
esear
ch
atten
tio
n
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
im
p
lem
en
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
d
i
v
er
s
e
K
-
1
2
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
[
1
7
]
.
W
h
ile
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
itially
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
S
ilan
d
er
[
1
4
]
r
em
ain
s
a
f
o
u
n
d
a
tio
n
al
p
illar
,
r
ec
en
t
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
u
r
th
e
r
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
m
ea
s
u
r
a
b
le
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
o
llo
win
g
Ph
B
L
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
[
1
8
]
.
C
o
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
r
esear
ch
h
as
also
em
p
h
asized
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
Ph
B
L
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
cien
tific
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
co
m
p
eten
cies
with
in
c
o
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
ese
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
ar
e
co
n
s
i
s
ten
t
with
g
r
o
win
g
in
ter
est
in
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
teac
h
in
g
in
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
aim
e
d
at
p
r
e
p
ar
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
co
m
p
lex
ity
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
L
o
n
k
a
[
2
1
]
,
wh
ich
s
tates
th
at
th
is
lea
r
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
el
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
t
eg
r
ated
with
r
ea
l
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
P
r
ac
tically
,
th
e
teac
h
er
’
s
r
o
le
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
f
r
o
m
a
k
n
o
wled
g
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
to
a
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
lear
n
in
g
s
p
ac
e
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
l
liv
es [
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Fo
r
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
lear
n
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
lex
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
at
ea
r
ly
s
tag
es
m
ay
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tally
d
em
an
d
in
g
an
d
p
o
ten
tially
ca
u
s
e
s
tr
ess
o
r
an
x
iety
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
in
te
g
r
atin
g
p
lay
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
(
PB
L
)
ca
n
h
elp
lear
n
er
s
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
,
as
p
lay
alig
n
s
with
ch
ild
r
e
n
’
s
n
atu
r
al
m
o
d
es
o
f
lear
n
in
g
.
Hu
m
a
n
s
h
av
e
ev
o
lv
ed
to
lear
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
lay
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
[
2
4
]
.
Play
h
elp
s
r
ed
u
ce
s
tr
ess
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
[
2
5
]
,
wh
ile
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
e
n
to
u
s
e
im
ag
in
ati
o
n
an
d
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t
with
in
a
s
af
e
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
in
te
g
r
atin
g
p
lay
i
n
to
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
h
o
lis
tic
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
ac
r
o
s
s
in
tellectu
al,
s
o
cial,
e
m
o
tio
n
al,
a
n
d
c
r
ea
tiv
e
d
o
m
ai
n
s
[
2
8
]
,
wh
ich
f
o
r
m
ess
en
tial
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
co
m
p
lex
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
an
d
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
in
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
s
ettin
g
s
,
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
ar
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
h
ild
-
c
en
ter
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
clu
d
in
g
p
lay
,
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
g
u
id
e
d
d
is
co
v
e
r
y
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
f
ir
s
t
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
o
f
a
n
in
te
g
r
ated
Ph
B
L
-
PB
L
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
i
n
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
cien
ce
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
b
o
th
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
b
e
co
m
b
in
ed
to
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
e
n
h
an
ce
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
in
Gr
ad
e
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
W
h
ile
Ph
B
L
an
d
PB
L
h
av
e
b
ee
n
wid
ely
ex
am
in
ed
as
s
ep
ar
ate
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
th
eir
in
teg
r
ated
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
in
a
u
th
en
tic
p
r
im
ar
y
class
r
o
o
m
s
r
em
ain
s
em
p
ir
ically
u
n
ch
a
r
ted
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
r
elatio
n
t
o
th
eir
co
m
b
in
ed
p
o
ten
tial
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
b
o
th
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
-
b
ased
a
n
d
p
lay
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
s
u
ch
as
F
in
lan
d
[
3
0
]
,
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
c
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
g
n
itiv
e
o
u
tco
m
es
at
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
lev
e
l
r
em
ain
s
lim
ited
.
W
ith
o
u
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
th
ese
two
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
teg
r
ated
,
teac
h
er
s
m
ay
co
n
tin
u
e
to
u
s
e
th
e
m
s
ep
ar
ately
,
m
is
s
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
iti
es
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
b
o
th
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
ity
in
y
o
u
n
g
lear
n
er
s
.
T
h
is
g
ap
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
at
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
lev
el,
wh
er
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tall
y
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
ess
en
tial.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
:
wh
at
ar
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
a
n
in
teg
r
ated
Ph
B
L
-
PB
L
lear
n
in
g
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
o
n
Gr
ad
e
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
?
Fo
llo
win
g
a
4
-
p
h
ase
r
esear
c
h
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
(
R
&
D)
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
th
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
its
elf
wa
s
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
an
d
v
alid
ated
i
n
a
p
r
ec
ed
i
n
g
p
h
ase,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
wh
ich
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
elsewh
er
e
[
3
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f p
h
e
n
o
men
o
n
-
b
a
s
ed
a
n
d
p
la
y
-
b
a
s
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
i
n
p
r
ima
r
y
s
cien
ce
(
P
r
a
p
a
tch
it
Tech
a
)
3101
T
h
is
ar
ticle
th
er
ef
o
r
e
f
o
cu
s
es
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
o
n
th
e
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
o
u
tco
m
es,
s
p
ec
if
ically
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
n
o
v
atio
n
o
n
Gr
ad
e
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
was
test
ed
with
4
1
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
em
p
ir
ical
e
v
id
en
ce
f
o
r
a
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
b
alan
ce
s
s
cien
tific
r
ig
o
r
w
ith
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
n
ess
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
es e
v
id
en
ce
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t th
e
r
ed
esig
n
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
cien
ce
c
u
r
r
icu
la
t
o
war
d
m
o
r
e
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
an
d
p
la
y
-
in
teg
r
ate
d
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
alig
n
with
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
lear
n
in
g
g
o
als.
T
h
eo
r
etica
lly
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
b
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
s
y
n
er
g
y
b
etwe
en
Ph
B
L
an
d
PB
L
as
co
m
p
le
m
en
tar
y
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
Pra
ctica
lly
,
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tally
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
p
r
im
ar
y
s
cien
ce
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
t
o
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
p
r
ac
tical,
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
g
u
id
elin
es
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
d
e
s
ig
n
er
s
s
ee
k
in
g
to
in
teg
r
ate
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
-
b
ased
an
d
p
la
y
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
with
im
p
licatio
n
s
ex
ten
d
in
g
to
co
m
p
ar
ab
l
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
b
ey
o
n
d
T
h
ailan
d
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
a
R
&
D
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
at
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
u
s
in
g
a
lear
n
in
g
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
Ph
B
L
co
m
b
in
ed
with
PB
L
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
s
c
ien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
th
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
p
h
ase,
th
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
er
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
o
n
e
-
g
r
o
u
p
p
o
s
ttes
t
-
o
n
ly
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
o
u
r
p
h
ases
:
i)
s
tu
d
y
in
g
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
a
n
d
n
ee
d
s
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
u
s
in
g
Ph
B
L
co
m
b
in
ed
with
PB
L
f
o
r
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
;
ii)
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
lear
n
in
g
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
Ph
B
L
co
m
b
in
ed
with
PB
L
t
o
p
r
o
m
o
te
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
;
iii)
s
tu
d
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
u
s
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
;
an
d
iv
)
ev
al
u
atin
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
lea
r
n
in
g
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
p
r
esen
ts
r
esu
lts
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
r
o
m
p
h
ase
3
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
ef
f
e
cts
o
f
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
o
n
c
r
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
to
co
n
f
ir
m
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
es
s
wh
en
ap
p
lied
in
r
ea
l
class
r
o
o
m
co
n
tex
ts
.
A
o
n
e
-
g
r
o
u
p
p
o
s
ttes
t
-
o
n
ly
d
esig
n
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
eth
ical
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
as
ad
m
in
is
ter
in
g
r
ep
ea
ted
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
-
b
ased
ass
ess
m
en
ts
co
v
e
r
in
g
eig
h
t
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
c
ess
s
k
ills
an
d
f
o
u
r
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
to
Gr
ad
e
2
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wo
u
l
d
im
p
o
s
e
e
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
b
u
r
d
en
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
u
f
f
icien
t
g
i
v
en
th
at
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
s
et
ab
o
v
e
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
p
r
escr
ib
ed
b
y
th
e
2
0
2
5
B
asic
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
C
o
r
e
C
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
[
3
2
]
,
a
n
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
ess
was
ad
d
itio
n
all
y
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
all
s
ev
en
less
o
n
p
lan
s
.
2
.
2
.
Sa
m
ple g
ro
up
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
g
r
o
u
p
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
4
1
Gr
ad
e
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
class
r
o
o
m
.
C
lu
s
ter
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
,
in
wh
ic
h
o
n
e
class
r
o
o
m
was
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
ele
cted
f
r
o
m
a
t
o
tal
o
f
eig
h
t
Gr
a
d
e
2
class
r
o
o
m
s
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l.
T
h
is
class
r
o
o
m
was u
s
ed
as th
e
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
s
a
m
p
le
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
2
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h ins
t
rum
ent
s
2
.
3
.
1
.
Cre
a
t
iv
e
t
hin
k
ing
s
k
ills
a
s
s
es
s
m
ent
T
h
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
as
s
ess
m
en
t
co
v
er
s
f
o
u
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
:
f
lu
en
cy
,
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
o
r
ig
i
n
ality
,
an
d
elab
o
r
atio
n
(
4
item
s
)
.
T
h
is
is
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
-
b
ased
an
d
s
u
b
je
ctiv
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
u
s
in
g
a
4
-
lev
el
s
co
r
in
g
cr
iter
io
n
(
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
=3
p
o
in
ts
,
g
o
o
d
=2
p
o
in
ts
,
f
air
=1
p
o
in
t,
n
ee
d
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t=0
p
o
in
t)
.
I
tem
s
1
-
3
m
ea
s
u
r
e
f
lu
e
n
cy
an
d
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
;
item
4
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
r
ig
in
ality
an
d
elab
o
r
atio
n
.
I
n
d
e
x
o
f
item
-
o
b
jectiv
e
co
n
g
r
u
en
ce
(
I
OC
)
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
1
.
0
0
f
o
r
all
item
s
.
Dif
f
icu
lty
in
d
ex
(
p
)
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
3
5
-
0
.
6
8
,
d
is
cr
im
in
ati
o
n
in
d
e
x
(
r
)
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
0
.
3
5
-
0
.
7
0
,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
α
)
was 0
.
8
1
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
Science
pro
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
a
s
s
es
s
m
ent
T
h
e
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
as
s
ess
m
en
t
co
v
er
s
eig
h
t
s
k
ills
:
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
,
class
if
y
in
g
,
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
,
u
s
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
s
,
u
s
in
g
s
p
ac
e/tim
e
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
p
r
ed
ictin
g
,
o
r
g
a
n
izin
g
d
ata
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
,
an
d
in
f
er
r
in
g
.
T
h
is
is
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
-
b
ased
a
n
d
s
u
b
jectiv
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
4
-
lev
el
s
co
r
in
g
c
r
iter
io
n
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
test
in
g
was
u
s
ed
,
with
I
OC
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
8
0
-
1
.
0
0
.
Dif
f
icu
lty
in
d
e
x
(
p
)
r
a
n
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
3
5
-
0
.
8
0
,
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
in
d
e
x
(
r
)
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
0
.
2
5
-
0
.
8
0
,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
α
)
was 0
.
8
0
.
2
.
3
.
3
.
L
ea
rning
m
a
na
g
e
m
ent
inn
o
v
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
lear
n
i
n
g
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
Ph
B
L
co
m
b
in
ed
with
PB
L
to
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
a
n
d
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
p
r
im
ar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
m
p
r
is
es
s
ev
en
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
:
p
r
i
n
cip
les,
o
b
jectiv
es,
s
ix
s
tep
s
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
,
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
teac
h
er
s
,
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
lear
n
er
s
,
lear
n
in
g
m
ate
r
ials
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
ev
alu
at
io
n
.
T
h
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ity
s
tep
s
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
s
ix
s
tep
s
:
i)
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
with
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
;
ii)
r
ea
ctin
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
lay
;
iii)
e
x
p
er
ien
c
in
g
an
d
e
x
p
lo
r
i
n
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
lay
;
iv
)
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
h
a
r
i
n
g
i
d
e
a
s
;
v
)
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
i
n
t
o
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
;
a
n
d
v
i
)
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
n
g
an
d
r
ef
lectin
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
0
9
9
-
3
1
1
0
3102
T
h
e
q
u
ality
was
ev
alu
ated
b
y
f
iv
e
ex
p
er
ts
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
th
r
ee
s
p
ec
ialis
t
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
two
in
s
cien
ce
teac
h
in
g
,
with
a
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
.
5
4
(
v
e
r
y
g
o
o
d
lev
e
l)
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
in
n
o
v
a
tio
n
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
as d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
[
3
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
lear
n
in
g
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
[
3
1
]
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
T
h
e
lear
n
in
g
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
was
im
p
lem
en
te
d
f
o
r
1
0
wee
k
s
in
a
Gr
ad
e
2
s
cie
n
ce
class
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
u
n
it
lig
h
t
a
n
d
m
ater
ials
,
with
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
c
o
llectin
g
d
ata
p
e
r
s
o
n
all
y
.
A
p
o
s
t
-
test
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
af
ter
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
was
u
s
ed
to
ass
e
s
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ill
s
.
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
(
m
ea
n
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
,
an
d
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e)
wer
e
u
s
ed
alo
n
g
with
t
-
test
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
p
r
ed
ete
r
m
in
ed
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
et
c
r
iter
ia
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
g
en
er
al
m
in
im
u
m
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ac
h
iev
e
q
u
ality
lev
el
2
(
g
o
o
d
)
o
r
ab
o
v
e
to
p
ass
th
e
r
esear
ch
ev
alu
atio
n
cr
iter
ia.
A
q
u
an
titativ
e
tar
g
et
was
s
et
th
at
at
least
7
5
%
o
f
to
tal
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
m
u
s
t
m
ee
t
th
is
cr
iter
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
t
o
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
e
tar
g
et
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
cr
iter
io
n
wa
s
s
et
at
2
.
0
0
(
o
u
t
o
f
f
u
ll
s
co
r
e
3
.
0
0
)
,
eq
u
iv
alen
t
to
g
o
o
d
q
u
ality
lev
el.
T
h
is
2
.
0
0
m
ea
n
cr
iter
io
n
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
test
in
g
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
aim
ed
t
o
v
er
if
y
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ac
h
iev
ed
s
k
ills
ab
o
v
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
at
t
h
e
q
u
ality
le
v
el
ex
p
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
ev
a
lu
atio
n
g
u
id
elin
es
in
th
e
B
asic
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
C
o
r
e
C
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
Ma
n
u
al
f
o
r
Prim
ar
y
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
Gr
a
d
es
1
-
3
)
,
B
u
d
d
h
is
t
er
a
2
5
6
8
,
b
y
t
h
e
O
f
f
ice
o
f
t
h
e
B
asic
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
[
3
2
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
u
s
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
Ph
B
L
co
m
b
in
ed
with
PB
L
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
a
n
d
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
3
.
1
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
o
f
cr
ea
t
iv
e
t
hi
nk
ing
s
k
ills
a
s
s
es
s
m
ent
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
in
two
p
ar
ts
:
i)
q
u
ality
lev
els
an
d
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
cr
iter
ia,
an
d
ii)
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
th
e
cr
iter
ia.
Fo
r
p
ar
t
1
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
ar
e
class
if
ied
b
y
q
u
ality
lev
els.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ill
lev
els
an
d
th
e
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
with
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
m
ee
tin
g
t
h
e
cr
it
er
ia
(
7
5
%
o
f
th
e
t
o
tal
s
tu
d
en
ts
)
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f p
h
e
n
o
men
o
n
-
b
a
s
ed
a
n
d
p
la
y
-
b
a
s
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
i
n
p
r
ima
r
y
s
cien
ce
(
P
r
a
p
a
tch
it
Tech
a
)
3103
Fro
m
T
ab
le
1
,
we
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
o
v
er
all,
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
2
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
4
8
.
7
8
%)
ac
h
iev
ed
lev
el
2
(
g
o
o
d
)
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
lev
el
3
(
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
)
with
1
8
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
4
3
.
9
0
%),
a
n
d
lev
el
1
(
f
air
)
with
3
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
7
.
3
2
%).
L
o
o
k
in
g
at
ea
ch
s
u
b
-
s
k
ill,
f
lu
e
n
cy
h
ad
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
3
1
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
7
5
.
6
1
%)
at
lev
el
3
(
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
)
.
Fo
r
o
r
ig
in
ality
,
elab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
co
r
ed
at
lev
el
2
(
g
o
o
d
)
with
5
8
.
5
4
%,
5
6
.
1
0
%,
an
d
5
3
.
6
6
%
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Ass
ess
m
en
t
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
(
g
o
o
d
lev
el
an
d
ab
o
v
e)
ex
ce
e
d
ed
th
e
7
5
%
cr
iter
io
n
with
3
8
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
9
2
.
6
8
%)
p
ass
in
g
.
A
ll
s
u
b
-
s
k
ills
m
et
th
e
cr
iter
ia,
led
b
y
f
lu
en
cy
at
1
0
0
.
0
0
%,
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
a
t
9
2
.
6
8
%,
wh
ile
o
r
ig
in
ality
a
n
d
elab
o
r
atio
n
b
o
th
ac
h
iev
ed
9
0
.
2
4
%.
Fo
r
p
ar
t
2
,
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
m
ea
n
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ill
s
co
r
es
with
th
e
q
u
ality
cr
iter
io
n
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
A
o
n
e
-
s
am
p
le
t
-
tes
t
was
u
s
ed
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
lear
n
in
g
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
with
th
e
g
o
o
d
cr
iter
io
n
(
2
.
0
0
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
tab
le
s
h
o
ws
th
e
o
v
er
all
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
was
2
.
3
8
(
S.D.
=0
.
3
6
)
wh
ich
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
2
.
0
0
cr
iter
io
n
(
t=6
.
8
4
6
,
p
=
0
.
0
0
0
)
.
All
f
o
u
r
s
u
b
-
s
k
ills
also
ex
ce
ed
ed
th
e
cr
iter
ia
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
(
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
,
r
an
k
ed
h
i
g
h
est
to
lo
west:
f
lu
en
cy
(
2
.
7
6
)
,
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
(
2
.
3
2
)
,
ela
b
o
r
atio
n
(
2
.
2
4
)
,
o
r
ig
i
n
ality
(
2
.
2
2
)
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
r
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
le
v
els an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
r
esu
lts
ag
ain
s
t c
r
iter
ia
(
N=
4
1
)
S
u
b
-
s
k
i
l
l
(
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
)
Le
v
e
l
0
(
n
e
e
d
s
i
mp
r
o
v
e
me
n
t
)
Le
v
e
l
1
(
f
a
i
r
)
Le
v
e
l
2
(
g
o
o
d
)
Le
v
e
l
3
(
v
e
r
y
g
o
o
d
)
N
u
mb
e
r
me
e
t
i
n
g
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
(
l
e
v
e
l
2
+
3
)
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
su
l
t
(
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
7
5
%)
n
(
%)
n
(
%)
n
(
%)
n
(
%)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
p
a
ss
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
1
.
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
i
t
y
0
4
(
9
.
7
6
)
2
4
(
5
8
.
5
4
)
1
3
(
3
1
.
7
1
)
37
(
9
0
.
2
4
)
P
a
sse
d
2
.
F
l
u
e
n
c
y
0
0
(
0
)
1
0
(
2
4
.
3
9
)
3
1
(
7
5
.
6
1
)
41
(
1
0
0
.
0
0
)
P
a
sse
d
3
.
F
l
e
x
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
0
3
(
7
.
3
2
)
2
2
(
5
3
.
6
6
)
1
6
(
3
9
.
0
2
)
38
(
9
2
.
6
8
)
P
a
sse
d
4
.
El
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
0
4
(
9
.
7
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ab
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.
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s
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g
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tiv
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th
in
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in
g
s
co
r
es c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
wit
h
th
e
cr
iter
io
n
(
2
.
0
0
)
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u
b
-
s
k
i
l
l
(
c
r
e
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t
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v
e
t
h
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n
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)
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(
X
̅
)
S
.
D
.
Te
st
v
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l
u
e
t
p
-
v
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l
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e
(
s
i
g
.
)
1
.
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n
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l
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t
y
41
2
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2
2
0
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6
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0
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t
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t
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st
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c
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g
n
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f
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c
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n
t
a
t
t
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e
.
05
l
e
v
e
l
(
p
<
0
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3
.
1
.
2
.
Science
pro
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
a
s
s
es
s
m
ent
re
s
ults
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
in
two
p
ar
ts
:
i
)
q
u
ality
lev
els
an
d
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
cr
iter
ia,
an
d
ii)
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
th
e
cr
iter
ia.
Fo
r
p
ar
t 1
,
th
e
q
u
ality
lev
els o
f
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ill
s
ar
e
an
aly
ze
d
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
all
eig
h
t scien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
3
,
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
2
5
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
6
0
.
9
8
%)
ac
h
ie
v
ed
lev
el
3
(
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
)
o
v
er
all
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
lev
el
2
(
g
o
o
d
)
with
1
1
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
2
6
.
8
3
%),
lev
el
1
(
f
ai
r
)
with
4
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
9
.
7
6
%),
an
d
lev
el
0
(
n
ee
d
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t)
with
1
s
tu
d
en
t
(
2
.
4
4
%).
L
o
o
k
i
n
g
at
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
k
ills
,
all
s
k
ills
h
ad
a
m
ajo
r
ity
at
lev
el
3
(
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
)
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
was
u
s
in
g
s
p
ac
e/tim
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
(
8
7
.
8
0
%),
th
en
o
r
g
a
n
izin
g
d
ata
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
(
8
0
.
4
9
%),
in
f
e
r
r
in
g
(
7
5
.
6
1
%),
class
if
y
in
g
(
6
5
.
8
5
%),
p
r
ed
ictin
g
(
6
0
.
9
8
%),
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
(
5
7
.
9
3
%),
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
(
5
4
.
1
5
%)
,
an
d
u
s
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
s
(
4
3
.
9
0
%).
Ov
er
all,
8
5
.
3
7
%
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
3
5
o
u
t
o
f
4
1
)
ac
h
iev
ed
t
h
e
g
o
o
d
lev
el
o
r
ab
o
v
e
in
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
,
ex
ce
ed
in
g
th
e
7
5
%
cr
iter
io
n
.
E
v
er
y
s
in
g
le
s
k
ill
p
ass
ed
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
cr
iter
ia.
Fro
m
h
ig
h
est
p
ass
r
ates:
in
f
er
r
in
g
led
at
9
7
.
5
6
%,
th
en
o
r
g
an
izin
g
d
ata
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
an
d
p
r
ed
icti
n
g
b
o
th
at
9
5
.
1
2
%,
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
an
d
u
s
in
g
s
p
ac
e
/time
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
at
9
2
.
6
8
%,
m
e
asu
r
in
g
at
9
0
.
2
4
%,
u
s
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
s
at
8
5
.
3
7
%,
an
d
class
if
y
in
g
at
7
5
.
6
1
%.
Fo
r
p
ar
t
2
,
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
m
ea
n
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ill
s
co
r
es
with
th
e
q
u
ality
cr
iter
io
n
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
t
-
lear
n
in
g
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
g
o
o
d
q
u
ality
cr
iter
io
n
(
2
.
0
0
)
u
s
in
g
a
o
n
e
-
s
am
p
le
t
-
test
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
th
is
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
4
.
T
h
e
tab
le
s
h
o
ws
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
w
as
2
.
5
2
(
S.D.
=0
.
2
7
)
-
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
th
e
2
.
0
0
cr
iter
io
n
(
t=1
2
.
3
6
4
,
p
=.
0
0
0
)
.
E
v
er
y
s
k
ill
b
ea
t
th
e
cr
iter
io
n
at
p
<.
0
5
.
Hig
h
est
to
lo
west
m
ea
n
s
:
u
s
in
g
s
p
ac
e/tim
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
(
2
.
8
0
)
,
o
r
g
an
izin
g
d
ata
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
(
2
.
7
6
)
,
in
f
er
r
in
g
(
2
.
7
3
)
,
p
r
ed
ictin
g
(
2
.
5
6
)
,
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
(
2
.
4
8
)
,
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
(
2
.
4
7
)
,
class
if
y
in
g
(
2
.
4
1
)
,
u
s
in
g
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
(
2
.
2
9
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
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3104
T
ab
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3
.
Scien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ill lev
els an
d
ev
alu
atio
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esu
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t c
r
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ia
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N=
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l
t
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a
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n
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P
e
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n
t
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1
6
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8
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5
4
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2
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4
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38
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6
8
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P
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l
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ssi
f
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n
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4
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7
6
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2
7
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5
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8
5
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31
(
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5
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6
1
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2
4
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7
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9
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37
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P
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4.
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s
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1
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4
4
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5
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2
0
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1
7
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1
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4
6
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1
8
(
4
3
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9
0
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35
(
8
5
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3
7
)
P
a
sse
d
5.
U
si
n
g
s
p
a
c
e
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t
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me
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l
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t
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2
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2
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6
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7
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8
0
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38
(
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P
a
sse
d
6.
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r
g
a
n
i
z
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39
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n
f
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40
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u
b
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i
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(
sci
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n
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k
i
l
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n
(
X
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)
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D
.
Te
st
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l
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e
t
p
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l
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e
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g
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1
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g
41
2
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4
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l
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5.
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si
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6.
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r
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n
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4
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.
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0
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*
0
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0
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7.
I
n
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e
r
r
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n
g
41
2
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3
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.
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0
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4
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8.
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c
t
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41
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0
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2
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.
0
5
*
0
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g
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n
d
ed
in
r
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itu
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s
[
2
1
]
,
[
3
3
]
,
an
d
f
u
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th
e
r
s
u
p
p
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r
ted
b
y
Sab
er
i
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d
No
u
r
i
[
1
9
]
,
wh
o
d
e
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o
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s
tr
ated
th
at
Ph
B
L
s
cien
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in
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atin
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ltip
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o
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eses
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d
cr
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ex
p
lan
atio
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s
,
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ef
lectin
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th
e
d
iv
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g
en
t
n
atu
r
e
o
f
p
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n
o
m
en
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-
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ased
in
q
u
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y
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T
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e
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ec
o
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d
m
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is
m
in
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ased
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o
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o
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ase
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o
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itted
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ed
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er
f
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to
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ea
ter
co
n
f
id
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ce
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
E
k
eh
[
3
4
]
,
wh
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
p
la
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-
b
ased
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
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ltiv
ates
cr
ea
tiv
e
an
d
d
iv
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g
en
t
th
in
k
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n
g
b
y
f
r
ee
in
g
lear
n
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
ev
alu
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e
co
n
s
tr
ain
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an
d
en
ab
li
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g
t
h
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to
ex
p
lo
r
e
n
o
v
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s
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lu
tio
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s
,
an
d
is
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
Alo
taib
i
[
3
5
]
,
wh
o
s
e
m
eta
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an
al
y
s
is
r
ep
o
r
ted
m
o
d
e
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to
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lar
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e
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ts
o
f
g
a
m
e
-
b
a
s
ed
lear
n
in
g
o
n
b
o
th
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
m
o
t
iv
atio
n
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
T
h
e
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
Gar
a
ig
o
r
d
o
b
il
et
a
l
.
[
3
6
]
,
wh
o
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
g
ain
s
i
n
v
e
r
b
al
a
n
d
g
r
a
p
h
ic
cr
ea
tiv
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
-
cr
ea
tiv
e
p
lay
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
an
d
Fas
h
a
an
d
R
u
q
o
y
y
ah
[
3
7
]
,
w
h
o
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
g
a
m
e
-
ass
is
ted
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
en
h
a
n
ce
d
s
cien
tific
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
i
n
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
f
u
r
th
er
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
t
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
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en
t
o
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
two
m
e
ch
an
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m
s
f
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d
itio
n
s
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
en
g
ag
e
with
th
at
ch
allen
g
e
cr
ea
tiv
ely
.
C
r
itically
,
n
eith
er
m
ec
h
an
is
m
alo
n
e
wo
u
ld
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
f
f
icien
t,
as
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
wit
h
o
u
t
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
s
af
ety
m
ay
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
n
x
iety
r
a
th
er
th
an
cu
r
io
s
ity
,
wh
ile
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lay
with
o
u
t
au
th
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tic
co
g
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itiv
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ch
allen
g
e
m
ay
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av
e
p
r
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u
ce
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
with
o
u
t
in
tellectu
al
d
ep
th
.
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h
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t o
b
s
er
v
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
all
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en
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p
lan
s
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g
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ests
th
at
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ep
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ted
ex
p
o
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r
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to
th
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co
m
b
in
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
allo
wed
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
in
ter
n
alize
cr
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h
ab
its
o
f
m
in
d
o
v
e
r
tim
e,
r
ath
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th
an
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
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o
lated
b
u
r
s
ts
o
f
cr
ea
tiv
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
Kh
ae
m
m
an
ee
[
3
8
]
,
wh
o
em
p
h
asized
th
at
s
y
s
tem
atic
in
n
o
v
atio
n
d
ev
elo
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m
e
n
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ilo
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test
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g
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ess
en
tial
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iev
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ea
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f
u
l a
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d
r
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es in
au
th
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n
tic
class
r
o
o
m
c
o
n
tex
ts
.
3
.
2
.
2
.
Science
pro
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
d
th
at
8
5
.
3
7
%
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ac
h
iev
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s
cien
ce
p
r
o
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s
s
k
ills
at
g
o
o
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lev
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o
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ab
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ce
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g
th
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tar
g
et
cr
iter
io
n
o
f
7
5
%,
with
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ea
n
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co
r
e
(
X
̅
=2
.
5
2
)
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
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ig
h
er
th
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th
e
g
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o
d
q
u
ality
cr
iter
io
n
(
2
.
0
0
)
at
th
e
.
0
5
lev
el.
T
h
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
tr
en
d
in
a
v
er
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e
s
co
r
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ac
r
o
s
s
all
s
ev
en
lear
n
in
g
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
p
lan
s
(
f
r
o
m
2
.
1
2
to
2
.
5
6
)
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
was
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
p
er
io
d
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
a
s
lig
h
t
s
lo
wd
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wn
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
p
lan
3
,
lik
ely
r
ef
lectin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ad
ap
tatio
n
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
n
ten
t
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
s
co
r
es
r
e
co
v
er
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n
d
s
u
r
g
e
d
m
ar
k
ed
ly
in
s
u
b
s
eq
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en
t
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la
n
s
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icatin
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t
h
at
in
itial
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i
f
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icu
lty
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i
d
n
o
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im
p
ed
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o
v
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r
all
d
ev
elo
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m
en
tal
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ajec
to
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y
.
T
h
ese
o
u
tco
m
es
m
ay
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
r
ee
k
ey
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
em
b
ed
d
ed
in
t
h
e
in
n
o
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atio
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d
esig
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.
T
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e
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ir
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t
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e
o
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th
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tic
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ld
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itu
atio
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as
th
e
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o
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n
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atio
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lear
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Ph
en
o
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en
a
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ch
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th
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W
ild
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o
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PM
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5
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etails,
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r
o
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ca
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s
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aly
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is
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an
d
p
r
ed
icti
n
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p
o
s
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ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
with
in
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
co
n
te
x
ts
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
Sil
an
d
er
[
1
4
]
,
wh
o
s
tated
th
at
lear
n
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
au
th
en
tic
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n
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tim
u
lates
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elf
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ex
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lo
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ati
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d
is
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p
ir
ically
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ed
b
y
Ak
k
as
an
d
C
ev
at
[
3
9
]
,
wh
o
s
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
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Ph
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L
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r
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ce
d
s
ig
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if
ican
t
g
ain
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s
tu
d
en
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’
m
etac
o
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itiv
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awa
r
en
ess
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ab
lin
g
th
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to
m
o
n
ito
r
an
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r
e
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late
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aso
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in
g
as th
e
y
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g
ag
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with
r
ea
l
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wo
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ld
s
cien
tif
ic
q
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esti
o
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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15
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4
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Au
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20
26
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3
0
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9
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3
1
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3106
T
h
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m
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m
is
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in
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f
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Activ
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ater
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if
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tiatio
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ip
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r
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lay
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u
tc
o
m
es.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
d
r
aws
o
n
Piag
et
[
4
0
]
ex
p
lan
atio
n
t
h
at
s
y
m
b
o
lic
p
lay
en
ab
les
ch
ild
r
en
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ass
im
ilate
r
ea
lity
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to
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itiv
e
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u
ct
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r
es
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r
o
u
g
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d
iv
er
s
e
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
p
r
im
a
r
y
-
ag
e
lear
n
e
r
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
c
o
n
cr
ete
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ab
ilit
ies
s
u
ch
as
class
if
icat
io
n
,
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
,
an
d
r
e
v
er
s
ib
ilit
y
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ir
ec
t,
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
ex
p
er
ien
ce
[
4
1
]
.
I
t
is
f
u
r
t
h
er
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
Dew
ey
[
4
2
]
lear
n
in
g
b
y
d
o
i
n
g
co
n
ce
p
t
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asized
d
ir
ec
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
r
ef
lectio
n
as
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
l
ea
r
n
in
g
,
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
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id
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d
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k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
i
n
au
th
e
n
tic
co
n
te
x
ts
[
4
3
]
.
T
o
g
eth
e
r
,
th
ese
p
er
s
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ec
tiv
es
af
f
ir
m
th
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n
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f
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en
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s
lear
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
th
ese
p
lay
ac
tiv
ities
f
u
r
th
er
r
ef
lects
Vy
g
o
ts
k
y
’
s
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
th
eo
r
y
[
4
4
]
,
[
4
5
]
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
ely
d
e
v
elo
p
s
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
in
elem
en
tar
y
s
cien
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
4
6
]
.
W
ith
b
r
o
ad
er
m
eta
-
an
aly
tic
e
v
id
en
ce
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
lear
n
i
n
g
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
lar
g
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
o
u
tco
m
es
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
co
n
tex
ts
[
4
7
]
.
T
h
is
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
is
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ce
d
b
y
r
ec
en
t
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
Pep
p
ler
et
a
l
.
[
4
8
]
wh
o
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
p
lay
-
b
ased
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
with
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
cir
cu
itr
y
m
at
er
ials
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
elp
s
y
o
u
n
g
ch
ild
r
e
n
ex
p
lo
r
e
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d
d
e
v
elo
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u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
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g
o
f
s
cien
tific
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
an
d
Kew
alr
am
an
i
et
a
l
.
[
4
9
]
wh
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
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en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
a
n
d
m
ath
em
atics
(
STE
M)
-
b
ased
p
lay
in
teg
r
atio
n
f
o
s
ter
s
s
cien
tific
in
q
u
ir
y
an
d
d
esig
n
th
in
k
in
g
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
is
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
ac
r
o
s
s
lear
n
in
g
p
lan
s
,
wh
ich
was
d
esig
n
ed
to
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
cr
em
en
tally
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
g
iv
en
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
co
n
s
o
lid
ate
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o
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n
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atio
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k
ills
in
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lier
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lan
s
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o
r
e
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g
in
g
with
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o
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e
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m
p
lex
ap
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licatio
n
s
in
later
o
n
es,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
in
g
p
r
in
ci
p
les
g
r
o
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n
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ed
in
Vy
g
o
ts
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y
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s
zo
n
e
o
f
p
r
o
x
im
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
is
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
Sas
s
e
et
a
l
.
[
5
0
]
wh
o
d
em
o
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s
tr
ated
th
at
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
teac
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e
r
s
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f
f
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ld
in
g
ad
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ted
t
o
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tu
d
en
ts
’
n
ee
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s
d
u
r
in
g
p
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im
ar
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ch
o
o
l
s
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in
q
u
i
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y
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ig
n
if
ican
tly
s
u
p
p
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ts
p
r
o
ce
d
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al
k
n
o
wled
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e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
af
f
ir
m
in
g
t
h
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
g
u
id
ed
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
ad
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ci
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lear
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i
n
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with
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
tal
r
a
n
g
e.
T
h
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
a
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
o
r
p
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test
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ata
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d
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ate
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
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g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
eth
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
lim
itatio
n
is
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
;
h
o
wev
er
,
t
h
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
a
cr
o
s
s
all
s
ev
en
lear
n
in
g
p
la
n
s
,
co
m
b
in
e
d
with
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
o
b
s
er
v
a
tio
n
an
d
e
x
p
er
t
-
v
alid
ated
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
,
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
u
f
f
icien
t
e
v
id
en
ce
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
th
at
o
b
s
er
v
ed
o
u
tco
m
es
r
ef
lect
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
No
n
et
h
eless
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
b
o
u
n
d
ed
b
y
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
s
in
g
le
-
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
tex
t
an
d
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
o
f
4
1
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
ich
lim
its
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
.
R
ep
licatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ettin
g
s
an
d
lar
g
er
s
am
p
le
s
wo
u
ld
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
v
ali
d
ity
o
f
t
h
ese
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
is
f
u
r
th
er
af
f
ir
m
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
y
s
tem
atic
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t a
n
d
e
x
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es c
o
n
d
u
cted
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
R
&
D
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ca
r
r
y
b
r
o
ad
er
r
am
if
icatio
n
s
f
o
r
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
cie
n
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
At
t
h
e
class
r
o
o
m
lev
el,
th
ey
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
tally
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
-
b
ase
d
an
d
p
lay
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
ea
s
ib
l
e
b
u
t
em
p
ir
ically
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
r
ea
l
teac
h
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
n
o
t
m
er
ely
in
co
n
tr
o
lled
o
r
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
s
ettin
g
s
.
At
th
e
p
o
licy
lev
el,
th
e
r
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lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
s
p
r
io
r
itizin
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r
o
te
co
n
ten
t
d
eliv
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y
m
ay
b
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s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
u
n
d
er
m
in
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g
th
e
d
e
v
elo
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m
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t
o
f
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
s
ci
en
ce
co
m
p
eten
cies.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
ated
Ph
B
L
-
PB
L
m
o
d
el
o
f
f
er
s
a
co
n
cr
ete,
ev
i
d
en
c
e
-
b
ased
alter
n
ativ
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th
at
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
d
esig
n
er
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
in
T
h
ailan
d
an
d
co
m
p
ar
a
b
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
n
tex
ts
ca
n
ad
o
p
t
o
r
a
d
ap
t.
Mo
r
e
b
r
o
a
d
ly
,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
a
g
r
o
win
g
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
th
at
ea
r
ly
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
u
s
t
m
o
v
e
b
ey
o
n
d
co
n
ten
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
war
d
i
n
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
,
co
n
tex
tu
ally
m
e
an
in
g
f
u
l p
ed
ag
o
g
ies
if
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
co
m
p
eten
cies
ar
e
to
b
e
g
e
n
u
in
ely
cu
ltiv
ated
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
ar
e
en
co
u
r
ag
e
d
to
d
r
aw
o
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
c
o
n
tex
tu
ally
r
elev
an
t
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
as
lear
n
in
g
an
ch
o
r
s
,
an
d
to
ad
o
p
t
a
f
ac
ilit
ativ
e
r
o
le
th
at
p
r
io
r
itizes
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
s
af
ety
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
t
ag
e
n
cy
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
o
r
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
s
with
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
wo
u
ld
f
u
r
th
er
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ca
u
s
al
claim
s
.
L
o
n
g
itu
d
in
al
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
ex
a
m
in
in
g
th
e
d
u
r
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
ac
q
u
ir
e
d
s
k
ills
,
as
well
as
s
tu
d
ies
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
h
o
w
th
is
m
o
d
el
tr
an
s
f
er
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
u
b
jects
an
d
g
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ad
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le
v
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wo
u
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also
c
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tr
ib
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te
m
ea
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in
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f
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th
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ase
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in
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p
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p
p
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ac
h
es in
p
r
im
a
r
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s
cien
c
e
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u
ca
tio
n
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
in
teg
r
atin
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P
h
B
L
-
PB
L
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
ev
elo
p
b
o
th
s
cien
ce
p
r
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ce
s
s
s
k
ills
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
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th
in
k
in
g
in
y
o
u
n
g
lea
r
n
er
s
,
p
r
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v
id
i
n
g
a
p
r
ac
tical
a
n
d
ev
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d
en
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b
ased
ap
p
r
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ac
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f
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r
im
p
r
o
v
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g
p
r
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ar
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s
cien
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u
ca
tio
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.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
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s
p
r
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v
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p
ir
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v
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th
at
s
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d
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ac
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co
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th
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estab
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with
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p
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p
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co
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f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
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o
f
th
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in
teg
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8
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2
2
I
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tco
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ACK
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cc
ess
f
u
l
ly
co
m
p
leted
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r
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th
e
g
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s
s
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p
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Dir
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o
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f
th
e
p
ar
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ar
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s
ch
o
o
l,
wh
o
ap
p
r
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e
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an
d
f
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ated
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ata
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llectio
n
.
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e
e
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o
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r
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est
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r
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e
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p
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wh
o
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ly
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e
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ate
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ch
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s
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u
m
en
ts
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d
p
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le
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o
m
m
en
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s
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ial
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k
s
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d
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taf
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o
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ly
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r
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n
d
ass
is
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ce
th
r
o
u
g
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o
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fin
a
lly
,
an
d
m
o
s
t
im
p
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tan
tly
,
we
th
an
k
all
Gr
ad
e
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
f
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lly
p
ar
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ate
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in
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g
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tiv
ities
,
m
a
k
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g
th
is
r
esear
ch
ac
h
iev
e
its
in
ten
d
ed
o
b
jectiv
es.
F
UNDING
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NF
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M
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Au
th
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r
s
s
tate
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g
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R
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h
is
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u
r
n
al
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s
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th
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C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
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a
x
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o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
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to
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ize
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iv
i
d
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al
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th
o
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ib
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tio
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s
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ed
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ce
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th
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r
s
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ip
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tes,
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f
ac
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ate
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llab
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m
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Aut
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CAL AP
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co
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with
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m
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ch
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th
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o
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m
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C
h
ian
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Ma
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ity
(
R
esear
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C
o
d
e:
C
MU
R
E
C
6
7
/3
6
9
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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15
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4
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20
26
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3
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3108
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
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L
I
T
Y
T
h
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d
ata
th
at
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av
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f
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m
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co
r
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g
au
t
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,
[
PT]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
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NC
E
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[
1
]
O
EC
D
,
PI
S
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2
0
2
2
r
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s
u
l
t
s
(
v
o
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)
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1
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[
2
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mp
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me
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t
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st
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m
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t
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o
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o
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c
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e
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c
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a
n
d
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e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
“
P
I
S
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2
0
2
2
a
ssessm
e
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t
r
e
su
l
t
s:
m
a
t
h
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m
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t
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c
s,
r
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a
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g
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d
sci
e
n
c
e
(
c
o
mp
l
e
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si
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n
)
,
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n
s
t
i
t
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t
e
f
o
r
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h
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Pr
o
m
o
t
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o
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o
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c
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a
n
d
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e
c
h
n
o
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o
g
y
(
I
PS
T
)
,
(
i
n
T
h
a
i
)
,
2
0
2
5
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
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:
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:
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p
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[
3
]
N
.
Tr
i
j
a
e
mj
a
n
,
“
T
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
sc
i
e
n
c
e
p
r
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s
k
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l
a
n
d
p
r
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j
e
c
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
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f
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r
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t
h
o
ms
u
k
sa
5
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t
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d
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o
f
p
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t
b
a
s
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
,”
(
i
n
Th
a
i
)
,
M
.
S
.
t
h
e
s
i
s,
S
i
l
p
a
k
o
r
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
N
a
k
h
o
n
P
a
t
h
o
m,
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
,
2
0
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0
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
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l
e
:
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t
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s
:
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r
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c
.
t
h
/
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ml
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/
h
a
n
d
l
e
/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
/
2
4
9
9
0
[
4
]
B
.
K
h
u
mr
a
k
s
a
a
n
d
P
.
R
u
k
s
a
k
i
t
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
s
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
p
r
o
c
e
ss
sk
i
l
l
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
r
e
sea
r
c
h
-
b
a
s
e
d
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
o
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t
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e
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o
p
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so
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l
p
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f
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,
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(
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n
T
h
a
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)
,
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o
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r
n
a
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,
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En
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r
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Re
se
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a
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g
(
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.
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0
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.
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,
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p
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1
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–
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.
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v
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[
5
]
S
.
K
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e
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w
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h
a
i
,
U
.
K
a
mk
a
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,
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d
C
.
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a
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,
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Th
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d
e
v
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p
me
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p
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c
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t
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a
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man
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g
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me
n
t
f
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e
a
r
l
y
c
h
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l
d
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d
,
”
(
i
n
T
h
a
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)
,
Pr
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c
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d
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g
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o
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1
2
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h
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2
0
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,
p
p
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0
5
6
–
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4
.
[
O
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l
i
n
e
]
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A
v
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l
a
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e
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h
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s:
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7
1
1
[
6
]
W
.
C
h
u
r
a
t
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
1
1
t
h
g
r
a
d
e
r
s’
c
r
e
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t
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p
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l
e
m
-
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s wi
t
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f
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t
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t
o
p
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c
o
f
a
c
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d
s
-
b
a
ses
,
”
(
i
n
T
h
a
i
)
,
M
.
S
.
t
h
e
si
s
,
N
a
r
e
su
a
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
P
h
i
t
s
a
n
u
l
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k
,
T
h
a
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l
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n
d
,
2
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.
[
O
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l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
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:
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t
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:
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.
a
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.
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h
/
d
sp
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[
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5
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[
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