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in
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ter
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s
[
1
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.
T
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[
2
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,
[
3
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.
MD
ex
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p
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as “
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Var
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f
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m
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m
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p
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av
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(
MB).
R
o
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l.
[
4
]
s
h
o
wed
th
at
MD
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
ad
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lescen
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b
u
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in
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b
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r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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I
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J
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Vo
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15
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No
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4
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Au
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20
26
:
3
0
4
9
-
3
0
5
9
3050
L
ee
an
d
J
u
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[
5
]
d
is
co
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a
p
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co
r
r
elatio
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b
etwe
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web
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is
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ey
[
6
]
r
ep
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ted
th
at
MD
p
o
s
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co
r
r
elate
s
with
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g
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co
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ter
p
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eh
av
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[
1
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T
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ated
in
h
ig
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ed
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asin
g
,
as
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ea
s
y
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ce
s
s
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tific
ial
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tellig
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AI
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ased
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ls
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at
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n
co
u
r
a
g
e
u
n
eth
ical
b
eh
av
io
r
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Ho
wev
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h
i
g
h
MD
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o
es
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o
t a
lway
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esu
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B
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R
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at
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ter
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tectiv
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f
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s
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p
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if
icall
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ar
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s
tr
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s
(
C
S)
,
c
an
m
itig
ate
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
MD
.
CS
ar
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
o
r
al
tr
aits
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at
co
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tr
ib
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te
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f
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ea
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well
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liv
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life
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
C
S
in
clu
d
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e
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aits
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esi
lien
ce
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
wel
l
-
b
ein
g
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
als
with
h
ig
h
C
S
ten
d
to
ex
h
ib
it
s
tr
o
n
g
m
o
r
al
r
esil
i
en
ce
ev
en
u
n
d
er
s
o
cial
o
r
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
ess
u
r
e
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
n
eg
ativ
e
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
MD
an
d
C
S h
as a
ls
o
b
ee
n
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
Fer
ac
o
an
d
C
asali
[
1
4
]
,
wh
o
s
tate
th
at
C
S
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
ten
d
en
c
y
to
war
d
d
is
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
MB.
Fro
m
t
h
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
o
r
al
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
,
eth
ical
b
eh
a
v
io
r
is
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
in
ter
ac
t
io
n
s
b
etwe
en
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
(
MD
)
an
d
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ac
to
r
s
(
C
S)
[
1
5
]
.
MD
wea
k
e
n
s
m
o
r
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
w
h
ile
C
S
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
it
a
n
d
f
ac
ilit
ates
p
r
o
s
o
cial
ten
d
e
n
cie
s
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
t
h
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
as
AI
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
ar
e
r
ap
id
ly
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
t
o
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
cr
ea
tin
g
n
ew
m
o
r
al
d
ilem
m
as
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
n
d
u
ct
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
MD
is
q
u
ite
ex
ten
s
iv
e
[
2
]
,
[
6
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
g
a
p
s
r
e
m
ain
.
First,
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ag
g
r
ess
io
n
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
ch
ea
tin
g
,
b
u
t
f
ew
h
av
e
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
MD
an
d
MB
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
.
Seco
n
d
,
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
a
cto
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
C
S,
ar
e
r
ar
ely
in
clu
d
ed
in
m
o
r
al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
m
o
d
els,
d
esp
ite
t
h
eir
p
o
te
n
tial
to
m
itig
ate
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
MD
an
d
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
em
p
i
r
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
em
.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
e
en
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
elem
e
n
tar
y
an
d
m
id
d
le
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
ile
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
em
ain
lim
ited
[
1
]
.
Mo
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
ex
is
t
in
g
s
tu
d
ies
ten
d
to
ex
am
in
e
th
ese
v
ar
iab
les
in
is
o
latio
n
r
ath
er
th
an
with
in
a
n
in
teg
r
ativ
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
allo
ws
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
r
is
k
an
d
p
r
o
tectiv
e
m
o
r
al
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
lack
em
p
ir
ically
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
els
to
q
u
an
tif
y
th
e
r
elativ
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
M
D
an
d
C
S
to
M
B
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
AI
-
m
ed
iated
le
ar
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
g
ap
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
an
in
teg
r
ativ
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
ex
am
in
es
th
e
in
ter
p
lay
am
o
n
g
MD
,
C
S,
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
MB
with
in
an
AI
-
d
r
iv
en
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
te
x
t.
B
ey
o
n
d
th
eo
r
etica
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ev
alu
atio
n
b
y
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
th
at
en
ab
les
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
ass
es
s
b
o
th
r
is
k
(
MD
)
a
n
d
p
r
o
tectiv
e
(
C
S)
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
MB.
B
y
m
o
d
elin
g
th
ese
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
e
v
alu
ativ
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
ca
n
in
f
o
r
m
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
itiativ
es,
d
ig
ital
eth
ics
p
o
licies,
an
d
AI
-
in
teg
r
ated
lear
n
in
g
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
c
atio
n
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
th
at
p
r
im
ar
ily
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
b
iv
ar
iate
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
e
v
a
lu
atio
n
m
o
d
el
t
h
at
esti
m
ates
d
ir
ec
t,
in
d
ir
ec
t,
an
d
to
tal
ef
f
ec
ts
am
o
n
g
MD
,
C
S,
an
d
MB.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
ab
les
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
h
o
w
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
m
ay
b
u
f
f
e
r
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
ten
d
en
cies
in
d
ig
itally
m
ed
iated
ac
ad
em
ic
c
o
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
u
r
th
er
ad
v
a
n
ce
s
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
r
ee
way
s
:
i
)
ex
ten
d
in
g
B
an
d
u
r
a
’
s
MD
m
o
d
el
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
C
S
as
a
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ac
to
r
;
ii
)
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
a
d
u
al
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
o
r
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
r
is
k
(
MD
)
an
d
p
r
o
tectiv
e
(
C
S)
f
ac
t
o
r
s
;
an
d
iii
)
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
f
r
o
m
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
r
e
b
y
en
r
ich
i
n
g
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
s
c
h
o
lar
s
h
ip
in
m
o
r
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
ex
am
i
n
in
g
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
in
ter
p
lay
b
et
wee
n
MD
an
d
C
S
is
n
o
t
m
er
el
y
a
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
e
n
d
ea
v
o
r
b
u
t
a
n
ec
ess
ar
y
e
v
alu
ativ
e
s
tep
to
war
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
s
y
s
tem
atica
l
ly
ad
d
r
ess
MB
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
er
a.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
g
ap
s
an
d
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
r
ee
p
r
im
a
r
y
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
−
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
lev
els o
f
MD
,
CS
,
an
d
MB
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
?
−
Ho
w
d
o
es
MD
r
elate
to
CS
an
d
MB
?
−
Ho
w
do
CS
f
u
n
ctio
n
as a
m
ed
i
atin
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
MD
an
d
MB
?
T
o
ex
am
in
e
th
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
SEM
)
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
m
o
d
el.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
wer
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
:
−
MD
p
o
s
itiv
ely
p
r
ed
icts
MB
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
(
H
1
)
.
−
MD
n
eg
ativ
ely
p
r
ed
icts
CS
(
H2
)
.
−
CS
n
eg
ativ
ely
p
r
ed
ict
MB
(
H3
)
.
−
CS
m
ed
iate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twee
n
MD
an
d
MB
(
H4
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Mo
r
a
l d
is
en
g
a
g
eme
n
t,
c
h
a
r
a
c
ter s
tr
en
g
th
s
,
a
n
d
ma
la
d
a
p
tive
b
eh
a
vio
r
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
ivers
ity
…
(
A
kh
ma
d
S
ya
h
r
i
)
3051
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
q
u
an
t
itativ
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
al
d
esig
n
t
o
ex
am
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
a
m
o
n
g
MD
,
CS
,
an
d
MB
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
was
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
a
th
eo
r
etica
lly
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
d
er
i
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
MD
th
eo
r
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
B
an
d
u
r
a
[
2
]
.
Data
an
al
y
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
p
a
r
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
es
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
PLS
-
SEM
)
with
Sm
ar
tPLS
4
.
0
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
was
s
elec
ted
d
u
e
to
its
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
in
an
aly
zi
n
g
co
m
p
le
x
p
r
ed
ict
iv
e
m
o
d
els
in
v
o
lv
in
g
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
an
d
m
e
d
iatio
n
e
f
f
ec
ts
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
s
tu
d
ies th
at
em
p
h
asize
v
ar
ian
c
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
an
d
t
h
eo
r
y
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t r
at
h
er
th
a
n
s
tr
ict
m
o
d
e
l c
o
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
.
All
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
r
ec
eiv
ed
eth
ical
ap
p
r
o
v
al
f
r
o
m
th
e
UI
N
Ma
tar
am
R
esear
ch
E
th
ics
C
o
m
m
ittee
(
Ap
p
r
o
v
al
No
.
7
2
9
/2
0
2
5
)
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ad
h
e
r
ed
to
t
h
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
u
tlin
ed
i
n
th
e
Dec
lar
atio
n
o
f
Helsin
k
i,
in
clu
d
in
g
o
b
tai
n
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t,
en
s
u
r
in
g
p
a
r
ticip
an
t a
n
o
n
y
m
ity
,
an
d
g
u
ar
a
n
teein
g
th
e
r
ig
h
t to
with
d
r
aw
at
an
y
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
B
ef
o
r
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
co
n
s
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
o
n
lin
e
co
n
s
en
t
f
o
r
m
.
A
to
tal
o
f
5
0
0
ac
tiv
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
UI
N
Ma
tar
am
wer
e
r
ec
r
u
ited
u
s
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
cr
iter
ia:
i
)
en
r
o
llm
en
t
in
at
least
t
h
e
th
ir
d
s
em
ester
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
ac
a
d
em
ic
m
atu
r
ity
;
ii
)
p
r
io
r
c
o
m
p
letio
n
o
f
c
o
u
r
s
es
in
r
elig
i
o
u
s
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
o
r
et
h
ics
to
en
s
u
r
e
f
am
iliar
ity
with
m
o
r
a
l
co
n
ce
p
ts
;
an
d
iii
)
f
u
ll
a
n
d
h
o
n
est
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
all
r
es
ea
r
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
s
am
p
le
s
ize
m
ee
ts
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
PLS
-
SEM
,
wh
ich
g
e
n
er
ally
s
u
g
g
est
a
r
ati
o
o
f
5
–
1
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
p
er
in
d
icato
r
[
1
9
]
.
Giv
e
n
th
e
6
6
in
d
icat
o
r
s
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
m
o
d
el,
th
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
5
0
0
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
2
.
2
.
Va
lid
a
t
io
n o
f
t
he
ins
t
rum
ent
B
ef
o
r
e
th
e
m
ain
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
,
t
h
e
th
r
ee
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
wer
e
e
v
alu
ated
b
y
a
p
an
el
o
f
th
r
ee
ex
p
er
ts
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
t
en
t
v
alid
ity
an
d
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
alig
n
m
en
t
with
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
u
n
d
e
r
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
A
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
in
g
7
5
s
tu
d
en
ts
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ev
a
lu
ate
th
e
clar
ity
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
item
s
,
r
esp
o
n
s
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
an
d
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
p
ilo
t
r
e
s
u
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
clea
r
ly
u
n
d
e
r
s
to
o
d
8
9
%
o
f
item
s
an
d
th
at
in
itia
l
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
s
ati
s
f
ac
to
r
y
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
α
=
0
.
8
1
)
[
1
9
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
wer
e
d
ee
m
e
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
f
u
ll
-
s
ca
le
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
th
r
ee
v
al
id
ated
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
s
ca
les
:
i
)
t
h
e
MD
s
ca
le
[
2
]
,
wh
ich
m
ea
s
u
r
es
k
ey
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
s
u
ch
as
m
o
r
al
ju
s
tific
atio
n
,
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
an
d
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
eu
p
h
em
is
tic
lab
elin
g
,
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
an
d
th
e
m
in
im
izatio
n
o
f
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
;
ii
)
t
h
e
CS
s
ca
le
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
wh
ic
h
en
co
m
p
ass
es
s
ix
co
r
e
d
o
m
ain
s
o
f
v
ir
tu
e,
in
clu
d
in
g
c
o
u
r
ag
e
,
wis
d
o
m
,
ju
s
tice,
h
u
m
an
ity
,
t
r
an
s
ce
n
d
en
ce
,
a
n
d
tem
p
er
an
ce
;
iii
)
t
h
e
MB
s
ca
le
[
1
]
,
[
6
]
,
wh
ich
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ac
a
d
em
ic
d
is
h
o
n
esty
,
ag
g
r
ess
io
n
,
an
d
m
an
ip
u
lativ
e
ten
d
en
cies.
All
item
s
wer
e
r
ated
o
n
a
f
o
u
r
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
e
r
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
a
g
r
ee
)
to
4
(
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
ag
r
ee
)
.
T
h
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
wer
e
tr
an
s
lated
,
p
ilo
ted
,
an
d
r
ev
is
ed
b
ased
o
n
e
x
p
er
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
en
s
u
r
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
clar
ity
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
wer
e
ass
e
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
.
I
n
d
icato
r
s
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
v
alid
wh
en
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
i
n
g
s
wer
e
≥
0
.
5
0
,
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
v
alid
ity
was
estab
lis
h
ed
wh
en
th
e
av
er
ag
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
te
d
(
AVE
)
ex
ce
ed
ed
0
.
5
0
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
was
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
≥
0
.
7
0
)
a
n
d
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
al
p
h
a
(
α
≥
0
.
7
0
)
.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t
v
a
lid
ity
was
f
u
r
t
h
er
e
v
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
cr
o
s
s
-
lo
ad
in
g
s
an
d
th
e
Fo
r
n
ell
-
L
ar
ck
e
r
cr
iter
i
o
n
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
a
nd
da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Data
wer
e
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
a
d
m
in
is
ter
ed
v
ia
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
an
aly
tical
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
was
c
o
n
d
u
cted
in
t
wo
s
tag
es.
I
n
itially
,
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
ex
am
in
e
th
e
lev
els
o
f
MD
,
CS
,
an
d
MB
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
i
n
f
er
en
tial
an
aly
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
PLS
-
SEM
[
2
1
]
,
wit
h
Sm
ar
tPLS
4
.
0
.
T
h
is
s
tag
e
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
it
y
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
,
ass
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
p
ath
c
o
e
f
f
icien
ts
an
d
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
(
R
²)
,
ex
am
in
in
g
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
v
ia
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
f
latio
n
f
ac
to
r
(
VI
F≤
3
)
,
an
d
test
in
g
m
ed
iatio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
u
s
in
g
a
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
in
g
r
esam
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
1
9
]
.
2
.
4
.
M
et
ho
do
lo
g
ica
l c
o
ns
idera
t
io
ns
a
nd
lim
it
a
t
io
ns
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ted
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
d
esig
n
a
n
d
u
til
ized
PLS
-
SEM
to
an
aly
ze
th
eo
r
etica
lly
s
p
ec
if
ied
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
W
h
ile
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
e
x
am
in
atio
n
o
f
c
o
m
p
lex
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
els,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
er
m
it
ca
u
s
al
in
f
er
en
ce
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
id
en
tifie
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
as
ass
o
ciativ
e
r
ath
er
th
an
ca
u
s
al.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
li
n
g
wit
h
in
a
s
in
g
le
I
s
lam
ic
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
(
UI
N
Ma
tar
am
)
m
ay
lim
it
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
’
p
r
io
r
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
eth
ics
-
r
elate
d
c
o
u
r
s
ewo
r
k
m
ay
also
s
h
ap
e
th
eir
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
CS
an
d
m
o
r
al
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
,
s
itu
atin
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
with
in
a
v
alu
e
-
b
ase
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
0
4
9
-
3
0
5
9
3052
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es
m
ay
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
o
cial
d
esira
b
ilit
y
b
ias.
Alth
o
u
g
h
s
tatis
t
ical
v
alid
ity
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
s
atis
f
ied
,
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
a
r
tifa
cts
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
co
m
p
letely
r
u
led
o
u
t.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
er
m
u
lt
i
-
s
ite,
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al,
an
d
m
u
lti
-
in
f
o
r
m
a
n
t
d
esig
n
s
to
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
3
.
1
.
1
.
Descript
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
wer
e
c
alcu
lated
to
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
ten
d
en
cies
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
iab
les,
n
am
ely
MD
,
CS
,
an
d
MB
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
s
tati
s
tics
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
in
itial
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
t
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
ten
d
en
cies
an
d
v
ar
ia
b
ilit
y
o
f
ea
ch
v
ar
iab
le,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
a
clea
r
er
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
p
r
o
f
iles
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
an
aly
zin
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
d
ata
h
elp
s
id
en
tify
p
atter
n
s
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
im
b
alan
ce
s
a
m
o
n
g
v
ar
iab
les,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
in
r
elat
io
n
to
th
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
ce
o
f
MB
o
r
th
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
tr
aits
.
T
h
is
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
an
aly
s
is
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
in
f
er
en
tial
test
in
g
an
d
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
at
t
h
e
d
ata
s
atis
f
y
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
tatis
tical
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
As
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
1
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
m
o
d
er
ate
le
v
els
o
f
MD
,
C
S,
an
d
MB.
T
h
e
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
m
o
r
al
ju
s
ti
f
icatio
n
(
4
4
.
7
%)
in
d
icate
s
th
at
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ten
d
to
r
atio
n
a
lize
b
eh
av
io
r
s
th
at
v
io
late
ac
ad
em
ic
o
r
s
o
cial
n
o
r
m
s
.
Su
ch
r
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
m
ay
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
v
u
ln
er
a
b
ilit
y
to
m
alad
ap
tiv
e
ten
d
en
cies.
T
ab
le
1
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
d
ata
o
f
MD
,
CS
,
an
d
MB
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
I
t
e
ms
M
e
a
n
(
M
)
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
S
D
)
D
o
mi
n
a
n
t
d
i
me
n
s
i
o
n
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
MD
18
2
.
6
0
0
.
6
2
M
o
r
a
l
j
u
st
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
4
4
.
7
CS
24
2
.
5
7
0
.
6
0
W
i
sd
o
m s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
s
2
2
.
0
MB
24
2
.
5
0
0
.
6
7
A
g
g
r
e
ss
i
o
n
4
1
.
0
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
CS
ap
p
ea
r
at
a
m
o
d
er
ate
le
v
el,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
with
in
th
e
wis
d
o
m
s
tr
en
g
th
s
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
wh
ich
r
ef
lects
co
g
n
itiv
e
ca
p
a
cities
r
elate
d
to
eth
ical
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
o
m
e
m
o
r
al
-
ac
tio
n
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
ap
p
ea
r
wea
k
er
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ay
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
eth
ical
v
alu
es
co
g
n
itiv
ely
b
u
t
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
if
f
icu
lty
tr
an
s
latin
g
th
em
in
t
o
co
n
s
is
ten
t
b
eh
av
i
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
o
cial
p
r
ess
u
r
e.
MB
is
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
r
e
f
lecte
d
in
em
o
tio
n
al
o
r
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
ag
g
r
ess
io
n
an
d
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
,
r
ath
er
th
a
n
d
elib
er
ate
m
is
co
n
d
u
ct.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
em
o
tio
n
al
r
eg
u
l
atio
n
an
d
s
itu
atio
n
al
s
tr
ess
m
ay
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
ten
d
en
cies
in
ac
ad
em
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
3
.
1
.
2
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
m
o
del e
v
a
lua
t
io
n
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
was
ass
es
s
ed
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
r
el
iab
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
is
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
clu
d
ed
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a,
CR
,
an
d
AVE
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
al
p
h
a
an
d
C
R
wer
e
u
s
e
d
to
ass
ess
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
c
y
,
wh
ile
AVE
was
u
s
ed
to
ass
es
s
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
ea
c
h
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
ex
p
lain
s
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
its
in
d
icato
r
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
ed
u
s
e
o
f
th
ese
in
d
ice
s
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
o
r
e
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
q
u
a
lity
with
in
th
e
S
E
M
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
m
e
et
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
s
y
ch
o
m
et
r
ic
c
r
iter
ia
p
r
io
r
to
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
e
l
an
aly
s
is
.
T
ab
le
2
in
d
icate
s
th
at
all
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
e
x
h
ib
it
s
tr
o
n
g
in
te
r
n
al
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
elia
b
ilit
y
,
as
r
e
f
lecte
d
b
y
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
an
d
C
R
v
alu
es e
x
ce
ed
in
g
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
7
0
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
AVE
v
alu
es f
o
r
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts ar
e
ab
o
v
e
0
.
5
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
ad
eq
u
ate
co
n
v
er
g
en
t v
alid
ity
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
estab
lis
h
ed
PLS
-
SEM
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
CR
AVE
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
MD
0
.
9
6
4
0
.
9
7
1
0
.
8
4
7
R
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
v
a
l
i
d
CS
0
.
9
4
5
0
.
9
5
6
0
.
7
8
3
R
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
v
a
l
i
d
MB
0
.
8
9
7
0
.
9
3
6
0
.
8
2
9
R
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
v
a
l
i
d
3
.
1
.
3
.
Str
uct
ura
l m
o
del
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
laten
t
v
a
r
iab
les
wer
e
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
p
at
h
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
els,
an
d
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
o
f
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
(
R
²)
.
Path
co
ef
f
icien
ts
(
β)
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
co
n
s
tr
u
c
ts
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
t
-
v
alu
es
an
d
p
-
v
alu
es
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
ea
ch
h
y
p
o
th
esized
p
ath
.
A
t
-
v
alu
e
ex
ce
ed
in
g
1
.
9
6
an
d
a
p
-
v
alu
e
b
elo
w
0
.
0
5
in
d
icate
s
tatis
t
ical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
R
²
was
ex
am
in
ed
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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8
8
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2
Mo
r
a
l d
is
en
g
a
g
eme
n
t,
c
h
a
r
a
c
ter s
tr
en
g
th
s
,
a
n
d
ma
la
d
a
p
tive
b
eh
a
vio
r
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
ivers
ity
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(
A
kh
ma
d
S
ya
h
r
i
)
3053
ass
es
s
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
we
r
,
with
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
es
in
d
icatin
g
a
g
r
ea
ter
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
e
d
u
s
e
o
f
th
ese
in
d
icato
r
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
in
PLS
-
SEM
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
is
an
aly
s
is
en
s
u
r
e
s
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
ad
eq
u
ately
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
MD
,
C
S,
an
d
MB.
As
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
3
,
MD
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
elate
d
to
b
o
t
h
C
S
(
β=0
.
5
4
8
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
an
d
MB
(
β=0
.
8
3
0
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
ass
o
ciatio
n
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
etwe
en
MD
an
d
MB,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
h
ig
h
er
MD
lev
els
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
m
alad
ap
tiv
e
ten
d
en
cies a
m
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Stru
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
r
esu
lts
P
a
t
h
β
t
-
v
a
l
u
e
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
R
e
s
u
l
t
MD
→
CS
0
.
5
4
8
1
7
.
9
9
3
<
0
.
0
0
1
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
CS
→
MB
-
0
.
4
1
1
1
0
.
1
6
7
<
0
.
0
0
1
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
MD
→
MB
0
.
8
3
0
2
7
.
8
5
1
<
0
.
0
0
1
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
Un
ex
p
ec
ted
ly
,
MD
is
also
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
CS
(
β=
0
.
5
4
8
)
.
W
ith
in
th
e
m
o
r
al
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
B
an
d
u
r
a
[
3
]
,
th
is
r
esu
lt
is
p
ar
ad
o
x
ical,
as
MD
is
g
en
er
ally
ex
p
ec
t
ed
to
wea
k
en
m
o
r
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
s
h
o
u
ld
th
er
ef
o
r
e
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
c
au
tio
u
s
ly
.
T
h
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
m
ay
r
ef
lect
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
n
o
n
-
m
o
r
al
attr
ib
u
tes
with
in
th
e
CS
s
ca
le
(
e.
g
.
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
o
r
cr
ea
tiv
ity
)
,
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
cial
d
esira
b
ilit
y
b
ias
in
s
e
lf
-
r
ep
o
r
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
o
r
co
n
tex
tu
al
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
r
elate
d
to
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
r
elig
io
u
s
id
en
tity
.
C
S
ex
h
ib
it
a
n
eg
ativ
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
MB
(
β=−0
.
4
1
1
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
s
tr
o
n
g
er
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
m
o
r
al
ca
p
a
cities
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
lo
w
er
MB
lev
els.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts ar
e
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
As
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
MD
is
d
ir
ec
tly
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
wit
h
b
o
th
C
S
an
d
MB/P
M
o
r
“
p
eril
a
ku
ma
la
d
a
p
tif
”
.
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
in
d
icate
s
th
at
MD
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
3
0
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
C
S
(
R
²=
0
.
3
0
0
)
,
wh
ile
MD
an
d
C
S
jo
in
tly
ex
p
lain
4
8
%
o
f
th
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
in
MB
(
R
²=
0
.
4
8
4
)
.
T
h
e
s
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
m
o
d
e
r
ate
lev
el
o
f
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
in
ac
c
o
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
ten
d
en
cies.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Stru
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
3
.
1
.
4
.
M
edia
t
io
n a
na
ly
s
is
A
m
ed
iatio
n
a
n
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ex
am
in
e
wh
eth
er
C
S
m
ed
iates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twee
n
MD
an
d
MB.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
e
f
f
ec
t
was
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
in
g
r
e
s
am
p
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
Sm
ar
tPLS
.
B
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
in
g
is
wid
ely
r
e
co
m
m
en
d
ed
in
PLS
-
SEM
b
ec
au
s
e
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
ass
u
m
e
n
o
r
m
al
d
ata
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
esti
m
ates
o
f
in
d
ir
ec
t
e
f
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
m
ed
iatio
n
ef
f
ec
t
was
ev
alu
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
ce
o
f
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
p
ath
,
wh
er
e
a
t
-
v
alu
e
g
r
ea
te
r
th
an
1
.
9
6
an
d
a
p
-
v
alu
e
less
th
an
0
.
0
5
in
d
icate
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
m
e
d
iatio
n
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
in
d
i
r
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
at
m
ed
iatio
n
an
aly
s
is
is
e
s
s
en
tial
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
b
y
wh
ich
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
es d
ee
p
er
in
s
ig
h
t in
to
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
C
S a
s
a
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
m
ec
h
an
is
m
lin
k
in
g
MD
an
d
MB.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
0
4
9
-
3
0
5
9
3054
As
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
4
,
th
e
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
in
g
an
aly
s
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
MD
o
n
M
B
th
r
o
u
g
h
C
S is
s
tat
is
tical
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t (
β=−0
.
2
2
5
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt su
g
g
ests
th
at
C
S p
ar
tially
m
ed
iates th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
MD
an
d
MB.
Alth
o
u
g
h
C
S
r
ed
u
ce
s
M
D
’
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
,
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
v
ar
iab
les
r
em
ain
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
in
d
icatin
g
p
ar
tial
m
ed
ia
tio
n
.
T
h
e
to
tal
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
MD
o
n
MB
r
em
ain
ed
p
o
s
itiv
e,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
MD
co
n
tin
u
es to
p
la
y
a
d
o
m
in
an
t
r
o
le
d
esp
ite
C
S
’
s
m
ed
iatin
g
in
f
lu
en
ce
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Me
d
iatio
n
ef
f
ec
t
P
a
t
h
β
t
-
v
a
l
u
e
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
M
e
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
MD
→
CS
→
MB
−
0
.
2
2
5
7
.
9
8
1
<
0
.
0
0
1
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
m
e
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
3
.
2
.
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
3
.
2
.
1
.
O
v
er
v
iew
o
f
MD
lev
els,
CS
,
a
nd
MB
i
n stude
nts
Descr
ip
tiv
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
i
n
d
icate
t
h
at
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
MD
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
alig
n
s
with
B
an
d
u
r
a’
s
m
o
r
al
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
,
wh
ich
s
u
g
g
ests
t
h
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
m
ay
tem
p
o
r
ar
ily
d
is
en
g
ag
e
f
r
o
m
th
eir
in
ter
n
al
m
o
r
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
g
n
itiv
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
s
u
ch
as
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
m
o
r
al
ju
s
tific
atio
n
,
an
d
eu
p
h
em
is
tic
lab
e
lin
g
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
ese
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
,
in
d
iv
id
u
als
r
ein
ter
p
r
et
u
n
eth
ical
b
e
h
av
io
r
as a
cc
ep
tab
le,
th
er
eb
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
m
o
r
al
s
elf
-
s
an
ctio
n
s
a
n
d
f
ac
i
litatin
g
MB
.
W
ith
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ettin
g
s
,
s
u
ch
d
is
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
m
a
n
if
est
in
ac
ad
em
ic
m
is
co
n
d
u
ct
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
.
E
m
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ay
r
atio
n
alize
ac
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
ac
ad
e
m
ic
c
h
ea
tin
g
,
p
lag
iar
is
m
,
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
m
an
ip
u
latio
n
,
a
n
d
o
n
lin
e
ag
g
r
ess
io
n
w
h
en
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
ar
e
ac
tiv
ated
[
6
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
2
]
–
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
m
o
r
al
ju
s
tific
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
k
ey
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
allo
ws in
d
iv
id
u
als to
f
r
a
m
e
u
n
et
h
ical
co
n
d
u
ct
as n
ec
ess
ar
y
o
r
h
ar
m
less
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
f
u
r
th
e
r
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
d
ig
italizatio
n
o
f
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
m
ay
in
ten
s
if
y
th
ese
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
Awd
r
y
a
n
d
I
v
es
[
2
5
]
r
ep
o
r
t
th
at
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
r
ess
u
r
e
c
o
m
b
in
ed
with
d
ig
ital
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
in
cr
ea
s
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ten
d
e
n
cy
to
r
atio
n
alize
co
n
t
r
ac
t
ch
ea
ti
n
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
h
o
s
twr
itin
g
s
er
v
ices
o
r
d
eleg
atin
g
ac
ad
em
ic
wo
r
k
to
t
h
ir
d
p
ar
ties
.
Similar
ly
,
Sto
esz
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
an
o
n
y
m
ity
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tan
ce
in
o
n
li
n
e
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
in
c
r
ea
s
e
to
ler
an
ce
to
wa
r
d
p
lag
iar
i
s
m
an
d
ass
ig
n
m
e
n
t
m
an
ip
u
latio
n
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ab
le
d
y
n
am
ics
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
o
n
lin
e
ag
g
r
ess
io
n
,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
o
n
lin
e
d
is
in
h
ib
itio
n
ef
f
ec
t
r
ed
u
ce
s
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
c
o
n
tr
o
l
an
d
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
s
MD
,
th
er
eb
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ag
g
r
ess
iv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
[
2
7
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
MD
an
d
MB
is
n
o
t
en
tire
ly
u
n
if
o
r
m
ac
r
o
s
s
co
n
tex
ts
.
B
u
s
s
ey
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
s
h
o
ws
th
a
t
s
tr
es
s
f
u
l
an
d
h
ig
h
ly
co
m
p
e
titi
v
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
em
p
lo
y
d
is
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
to
p
r
o
tect
th
eir
m
o
r
al
s
elf
-
im
ag
e.
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
ely
,
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
f
a
cto
r
s
s
u
ch
as
d
ig
ital
eth
ics
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
tr
o
n
g
ac
ad
em
ic
in
t
eg
r
ity
p
o
licies,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
ca
n
m
itig
ate
ten
d
en
cies to
war
d
d
is
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
MD
b
ec
o
m
es
s
tr
o
n
g
er
wh
en
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
eth
ical
n
o
r
m
s
ar
e
wea
k
,
b
u
t
m
ay
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
wh
en
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
ac
tiv
ely
cu
ltiv
ate
eth
ical
ac
ad
e
m
ic
cu
ltu
r
es.
W
ith
in
v
alu
e
-
b
a
s
ed
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
MD
lev
els
m
ay
in
d
ic
ate
a
d
is
cr
ep
an
c
y
b
etwe
en
in
t
er
n
alize
d
r
elig
io
u
s
v
alu
es
an
d
ev
er
y
d
ay
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
is
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
p
ir
itu
al
v
alu
es,
an
d
d
ig
ital
eth
ics
liter
ac
y
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
in
ter
n
al
m
o
r
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
also
in
d
icate
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
r
elativ
ely
s
tr
o
n
g
lev
els
o
f
CS
.
C
S
r
ep
r
esen
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
attr
ib
u
tes
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
eth
ical
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
a
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Stu
d
en
ts
wh
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
in
teg
r
ity
,
p
e
r
s
ev
e
r
an
ce
,
s
elf
-
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
p
r
ac
tic
al
wis
d
o
m
ten
d
to
ex
h
ib
it st
r
o
n
g
e
r
m
o
r
al
r
eg
u
lati
o
n
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
r
esis
tan
ce
to
MB ten
d
en
cies.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
alig
n
s
with
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
f
r
o
m
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
o
r
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asize
th
at
eth
ical
b
eh
av
io
r
em
er
g
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
p
r
o
tectiv
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
E
m
p
ir
ica
l
r
esear
ch
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
id
en
tifie
s
C
S
as
a
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ac
to
r
s
t
h
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
s
o
cial
b
eh
av
i
o
r
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
.
S
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
[
3
0
]
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
a
t
C
S
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
p
o
s
itiv
ely
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
esil
ien
ce
,
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
an
d
p
r
o
s
o
cial
en
g
ag
em
en
t.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
p
r
o
tectiv
e
r
o
le
o
f
C
S
is
n
o
t
u
n
c
o
n
d
itio
n
al.
Sev
e
r
al
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
p
o
s
s
ess
p
o
s
itiv
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
attr
ib
u
tes
m
ay
s
till
ac
tiv
ate
d
is
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
u
n
d
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
h
ig
h
c
o
m
p
etitio
n
,
s
o
cial
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e,
o
r
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
a
l n
o
r
m
s
[
3
1
]
–
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
C
S
as
a
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ac
to
r
d
ep
en
d
s
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
o
n
co
n
te
x
tu
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Su
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
in
ter
n
aliza
tio
n
o
f
v
al
u
es
s
tr
en
g
th
en
t
h
e
p
r
o
tectiv
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
C
S,
wh
er
ea
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
th
at
im
p
licitly
ju
s
tify
d
e
v
ian
t
b
eh
av
io
r
m
ay
wea
k
e
n
it.
T
h
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
C
S
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
a
l
o
u
tco
m
es
is
also
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
th
e
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
MD
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
MB,
wh
er
ea
s
C
S
is
a
p
r
o
tectiv
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
r
eso
u
r
ce
.
H
o
wev
er
,
ch
ar
ac
ter
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
itiativ
es
alo
n
e
m
ay
b
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
with
o
u
t
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
is
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ef
lectiv
e
m
o
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
d
ig
ital e
th
ics in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t a
ca
d
em
ic
in
t
eg
r
ity
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Mo
r
a
l d
is
en
g
a
g
eme
n
t,
c
h
a
r
a
c
ter s
tr
en
g
th
s
,
a
n
d
ma
la
d
a
p
tive
b
eh
a
vio
r
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
ivers
ity
…
(
A
kh
ma
d
S
ya
h
r
i
)
3055
3
.
2
.
2
.
T
he
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
MD
o
n
CS
a
nd
MB
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
MD
was
p
o
s
itiv
ely
r
elate
d
to
b
o
th
CS
an
d
MB
.
W
h
ile
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
MD
→MB
ass
o
ciat
io
n
is
th
eo
r
etica
lly
co
n
s
is
ten
t
wi
th
Alb
er
t
B
an
d
u
r
a
’
s
m
o
r
al
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
lati
o
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
MD
→C
S
as
s
o
ciatio
n
p
o
s
es
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
p
ar
ad
o
x
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
d
iv
er
g
es
f
r
o
m
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
th
eo
r
etica
l
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
w
h
ich
wo
u
ld
p
r
ed
ict
a
n
eg
ativ
e
o
r
n
o
n
-
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
o
r
al
attr
ib
u
tes
[
3
6
]
.
W
ith
in
B
an
d
u
r
a
’
s
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
C
S
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
o
r
al
r
esil
ien
ce
(
e.
g
.
,
wis
d
o
m
,
co
u
r
ag
e,
h
u
m
a
n
ity
,
ju
s
tice,
s
elf
-
co
n
tr
o
l,
a
n
d
tr
an
s
ce
n
d
en
c
e)
th
at
d
r
iv
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
g
r
o
w
th
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
wis
d
o
m
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
C
S
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
in
d
iv
id
u
als’
ca
r
e
er
o
u
tlo
o
k
a
n
d
en
h
an
ce
s
th
eir
s
en
s
e
o
f
o
p
tim
is
m
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
if
h
ig
h
MD
m
ea
n
s
th
at
a
p
er
s
o
n
m
o
r
e
o
f
ten
ju
s
tifie
s
u
n
eth
ical
ac
tio
n
s
,
th
en
th
eir
m
o
r
al
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
wea
k
en
,
a
n
d
th
ei
r
p
o
s
itiv
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
h
o
u
ld
d
im
in
is
h
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
o
f
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
a
n
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
MD
→C
S
s
ee
m
s
to
co
n
tr
ad
ict
th
is
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
.
B
asically
,
C
S,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
0
]
,
[
3
8
]
,
c
o
n
tain
s
m
o
r
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
t
en
d
ed
to
“im
p
r
o
v
e
o
n
eself
an
d
o
th
er
s
”
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
MD
leg
itimiz
es
h
ar
m
f
u
l
c
o
n
d
u
ct.
T
r
ad
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
MD
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
attr
ib
u
tes
s
u
ch
as
C
S wo
u
ld
th
er
ef
o
r
e
b
e
ex
p
ec
t
ed
to
b
e
n
eg
ativ
e
o
r
,
at
a
m
in
i
m
u
m
,
n
o
n
-
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t.
C
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
with
B
an
d
u
r
a
’
s
th
eo
r
y
is
ev
id
en
t
in
th
e
MD
→MB
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
liter
atu
r
e
r
ep
ea
ted
ly
s
tates
th
at
MD
is
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
co
r
r
elate
d
with
d
ev
ia
n
t
an
d
ag
g
r
ess
iv
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
h
ig
h
er
MD
is
as
s
o
ciate
d
with
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
v
e
r
b
al
v
io
len
ce
[
3
9
]
–
[
4
1
]
.
Ma
n
y
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
also
s
h
o
w
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
e
n
MD
an
d
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
in
g
/o
n
li
n
e
ag
g
r
ess
iv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
[
4
]
,
[
6
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
MD
allo
ws a
p
er
s
o
n
to
ac
t a
g
ain
s
t m
o
r
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
with
o
u
t g
u
ilt.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
MD
→MB r
esu
l
t is co
n
s
is
ten
t w
ith
p
r
io
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
:
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
th
e
MD
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
g
ag
e
in
MB
(
e.
g
.
,
ac
ad
em
ic
ch
ea
tin
g
,
tr
o
llin
g
,
o
r
o
n
lin
e
ag
g
r
ess
io
n
)
.
T
h
is
is
i
n
lin
e
with
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
’
s
s
tatem
en
t
th
at
MD
“
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
s
with
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
p
er
p
etr
atio
n
”
in
g
e
n
er
al
an
d
in
d
ee
d
“
in
cr
ea
s
es a
g
g
r
ess
iv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
”
[
4
2
]
.
B
an
d
u
r
a
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
alize
s
MD
a
s
a
s
et
o
f
s
elf
-
d
ec
ep
tiv
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
th
at
allo
w
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
t
o
p
r
eser
v
e
th
eir
s
elf
-
esteem
an
d
m
ain
tain
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
o
r
al
s
elf
-
im
ag
e
w
h
ile
en
g
ag
i
n
g
i
n
im
m
o
r
al
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
b
y
b
lam
in
g
th
e
v
ictim
o
r
r
atio
n
alizin
g
t
h
eir
ac
tio
n
s
,
p
e
r
p
et
r
ato
r
s
ca
n
co
n
tin
u
e
t
o
“m
ai
n
tain
th
eir
im
ag
e
as
g
o
o
d
p
eo
p
le”
ev
e
n
as
th
ey
e
n
g
ag
e
i
n
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
ac
ts
.
I
n
s
el
f
-
r
ep
o
r
t
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
,
p
eo
p
le
with
h
ig
h
MD
m
ay
r
ate
th
em
s
elv
es
o
v
er
ly
p
o
s
itiv
ely
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
ey
r
ep
o
r
t
h
i
g
h
C
S
to
m
ain
tain
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
t
h
eir
s
elf
-
im
a
g
e
(
e.
g
.
,
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
em
s
elv
es
h
o
n
est,
s
tr
o
n
g
,
an
d
d
eter
m
in
ed
)
,
ev
e
n
th
o
u
g
h
th
eir
ac
tu
al
b
eh
av
io
r
d
e
v
iates
f
r
o
m
th
is
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
h
al
o
ef
f
ec
t o
r
o
v
e
r
claim
in
g
b
ias,
in
wh
ic
h
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
ab
s
o
r
b
o
v
er
ly
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
r
ess
io
n
s
o
f
th
em
s
elv
es
[
5
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
C
S
it
s
elf
i
s
co
m
p
lex
.
C
S
en
co
m
p
ass
es
v
ar
io
u
s
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
tr
aits
,
n
o
t
all
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
i
n
h
er
en
tly
“m
o
r
al
”
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
v
alu
es
s
u
ch
as
in
g
en
u
ity
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
o
r
s
elf
-
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
at
m
ay
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
d
if
f
er
e
n
tly
b
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
I
f
th
e
C
S
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
es
elem
en
ts
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
o
r
r
esil
ien
ce
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
MD
(
wh
o
m
ay
b
e
m
an
ip
u
lativ
e)
m
ay
ac
tu
ally
r
ate
th
em
s
elv
es
as
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
in
th
ese
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
in
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
(
v
alu
es
i
n
ac
tio
n
o
r
VI
A
y
o
u
th
v
s
VI
A
a
d
u
lt)
m
ay
y
ield
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
r
esu
lts
,
s
o
ass
ess
in
g
C
S
in
s
tu
d
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
m
a
y
lea
d
to
a
g
e
-
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
ias
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
is
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
ea
n
s
th
at
n
o
t
all
C
S
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
wi
ll
r
ea
ct
th
e
s
am
e
way
to
MD
[
4
4
]
,
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
h
o
ws
th
at
C
S
is
clo
s
e
ly
r
elate
d
to
o
p
tim
is
m
an
d
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
[
4
6
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
wh
e
n
in
d
iv
id
u
als
a
ctiv
ate
d
is
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
th
ey
m
a
y
r
ein
ter
p
r
et
m
o
r
ally
q
u
esti
o
n
a
b
le
b
eh
av
io
r
as
ju
s
tifie
d
o
r
d
ef
e
n
s
iv
e,
allo
win
g
th
em
t
o
co
n
tin
u
e
to
r
ate
th
em
s
elv
es h
i
g
h
ly
o
n
tr
aits
s
u
ch
as c
o
u
r
a
g
e
o
r
wis
d
o
m
[
4
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
MD
an
d
C
S
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
ca
u
tio
u
s
ly
.
I
t
m
a
y
r
e
f
lect
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
t b
ias,
co
n
ce
p
t
u
al
o
v
e
r
la
p
with
in
th
e
C
S
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
o
r
c
u
ltu
r
ally
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
ten
d
en
cies
to
war
d
m
o
r
al
s
elf
-
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
r
ath
er
t
h
an
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tiv
e
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
in
g
e
f
f
ec
t.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
s
tr
o
n
g
r
elig
io
u
s
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
te
n
r
e
p
o
r
t
h
ig
h
er
s
p
ir
itu
ality
an
d
C
S
[
4
8
]
.
I
n
v
alu
e
-
b
ased
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
,
en
d
o
r
s
in
g
h
ig
h
C
S
m
ay
s
er
v
e
to
m
ai
n
tain
a
co
h
er
e
n
t
m
o
r
al
i
d
en
ti
ty
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
ch
ar
ac
ter
an
d
r
elig
io
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
e
x
ten
d
b
e
y
o
n
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
m
o
r
al
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
em
p
h
asize
co
n
s
is
ten
t
m
o
r
al
en
ac
tm
en
t,
e
m
o
tio
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
a
n
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
p
r
ac
tic
e,
th
er
e
b
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
r
elian
ce
o
n
MD
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
I
m
p
o
r
ta
n
tly
,
th
is
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
in
ter
p
r
ete
d
as
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
MD
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
m
o
r
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
.
Giv
en
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
an
d
r
elian
ce
o
n
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
,
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
MD
→C
S
ass
o
c
iatio
n
m
ay
r
ef
lect
s
o
cial
d
e
s
ir
ab
ilit
y
b
ias,
s
elf
-
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
ten
d
en
cies,
o
r
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
o
v
er
lap
with
in
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
r
ath
er
th
an
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tiv
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
ef
f
ec
t.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
u
s
in
g
m
u
lti
-
m
eth
o
d
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
o
r
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
esig
n
s
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
clar
if
y
th
i
s
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
Fro
m
an
ev
alu
ativ
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
is
p
ar
ad
o
x
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
lim
itatio
n
o
f
r
ely
in
g
s
o
lely
o
n
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
iv
ed
ch
ar
ac
ter
in
d
icato
r
s
in
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ass
ess
m
en
ts
.
Un
iv
er
s
ities
th
at
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
m
ay
o
v
er
esti
m
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
o
r
al
in
te
g
r
ity
,
ev
e
n
as
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
o
p
er
ate
b
e
n
ea
th
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
is
ca
lls
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
ally
an
ch
o
r
ed
ev
al
u
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
0
4
9
-
3
0
5
9
3056
3
.
2
.
3
.
T
he
influence
o
f
CS
a
s
a
m
edia
t
ing
v
a
ria
ble in t
he
re
la
t
io
ns
hip
bet
wee
n
MD
a
n
d
MB
T
h
e
p
ath
an
aly
s
is
id
en
tifie
d
a
p
ar
tial
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
CS
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
MD
an
d
MB
(
β=
–
0
.
2
2
5
,
p
<0
.
0
1
)
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
C
S
m
itig
ates
th
e
a
d
v
er
s
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
MD
o
n
MB,
MD
co
n
tin
u
es
to
ex
er
t
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
MB.
Fro
m
a
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t
,
p
ar
tial
m
ed
iatio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
th
e
m
ed
iato
r
r
ed
u
ce
s
,
b
u
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
f
u
lly
elim
in
ate,
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
o
n
th
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
is
p
atter
n
,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
0
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
c
y
b
er
-
m
o
r
al
liter
ac
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
e
d
icts
lo
wer
le
v
els
o
f
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
o
n
ly
p
a
r
tially
m
ed
iated
b
y
MD
.
I
n
th
at
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
MD
p
ath
way
was
p
ar
tial:
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
h
ig
h
cy
b
e
r
-
m
o
r
al
liter
ac
y
s
u
p
p
r
ess
ed
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
,
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
MD
s
till
ap
p
ea
r
ed
.
Similar
ly
,
f
o
r
C
S
an
d
MD
,
th
e
p
ar
tial
m
o
d
el
in
d
icate
s
th
at
C
S
p
ar
tially
b
u
f
f
er
s
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
MD
r
at
h
er
th
an
co
m
p
l
etely
.
C
S
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
tr
ait
with
m
o
r
al
v
alu
e
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
o
p
ti
m
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
.
C
S,
s
u
ch
as
s
elf
-
co
n
tr
o
l,
g
r
at
itu
d
e,
p
er
s
ev
er
a
n
ce
,
en
th
u
s
iasm,
an
d
em
p
ath
y
,
ar
e
g
en
er
ally
co
n
s
id
er
ed
p
r
o
tecti
v
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
en
h
an
ce
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
m
ain
tain
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
[
5
1
]
.
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
s
h
o
ws
th
at
C
S
ca
n
s
u
p
p
r
ess
th
e
em
e
r
g
en
ce
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Fin
d
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
s
is
t
en
tly
s
h
o
w
th
at
CS
p
lay
s
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
r
o
tectiv
e
r
o
le
in
p
o
s
itiv
e
ad
o
lescen
t
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t.
Stre
n
g
th
e
n
in
g
m
o
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
g
u
i
d
an
ce
,
an
d
co
ac
h
in
g
th
at
en
h
an
ce
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
q
u
alities
s
u
ch
as
g
r
atitu
d
e
a
n
d
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
f
o
r
o
t
h
er
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
em
o
tio
n
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
s
o
cial
co
n
ce
r
n
,
an
d
em
p
ath
y
,
th
er
eb
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
a
d
o
lescen
ts
’
ten
d
en
c
y
to
en
g
ag
e
in
r
is
k
y
b
eh
av
io
r
a
n
d
o
n
li
n
e
ag
g
r
ess
io
n
[
5
2
]
.
T
h
ese
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
es
wea
k
en
n
eg
ativ
e
em
o
tio
n
al
im
p
u
ls
es
s
u
ch
as
an
g
er
o
r
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
,
wh
ich
o
f
t
en
tr
ig
g
er
ag
g
r
ess
iv
e
ac
tio
n
s
i
n
th
e
d
ig
ital sp
ac
e
[
1
5
]
,
[
4
2
]
,
[
5
3
]
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
s
h
o
w
th
at
C
S
ac
ts
as
a
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ac
to
r
,
wea
k
en
i
n
g
t
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
MD
o
n
MB
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
r
o
s
o
cia
l
ten
d
en
cies
an
d
m
o
r
al
o
r
ien
ta
tio
n
[
1
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
also
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
tecti
v
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
C
S
is
n
o
t
ab
s
o
lu
te;
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
C
S
an
d
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
al
co
n
tex
t
[
4
9
]
.
C
er
tain
s
tr
en
g
th
s
ca
n
f
u
n
c
tio
n
am
b
ig
u
o
u
s
ly
u
n
d
e
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
r
ess
u
r
es,
p
ar
t
icu
lar
ly
in
a
n
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
an
d
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
d
ig
ital
s
p
ac
es,
ca
n
o
v
e
r
r
id
e
i
n
ter
n
al
m
o
r
al
co
n
tr
o
l
e
v
en
w
h
en
C
S
is
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
[
5
4
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
C
S
’
s
m
ed
iatio
n
is
p
ar
tial
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
m
p
lex
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
i
n
ter
n
al
a
n
d
s
itu
atio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
wh
er
eb
y
C
S
wea
k
en
s
,
b
u
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
m
p
letely
n
e
g
ate,
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
MD
o
n
MB.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
CS
p
lay
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
m
itig
atin
g
th
e
a
d
v
er
s
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
M
D
o
n
MB,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
with
in
d
i
g
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
wh
er
e
an
o
n
y
m
ity
is
p
r
e
v
alen
t
a
n
d
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
o
f
MD
ar
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
.
I
n
s
till
in
g
v
alu
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
ch
ar
ac
ter
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as
cu
ltiv
atin
g
g
r
atitu
d
e,
em
p
ath
y
,
eth
ical
r
ef
lectio
n
,
an
d
d
ig
ita
l
m
o
r
al
liter
ac
y
,
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
ad
o
lesce
n
ts
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
h
elp
p
r
e
v
en
t
cy
b
er
ag
g
r
ess
io
n
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
b
ec
au
s
e
C
S
m
ed
iatio
n
is
p
ar
tial,
a
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
n
ee
d
ed
th
at
n
o
t
o
n
ly
im
p
r
o
v
es
eth
ical
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
b
u
t
also
f
o
s
ter
s
th
e
in
ter
n
aliza
tio
n
o
f
v
alu
es
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
T
h
u
s
,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
co
lleg
e
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
d
ig
ital
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
k
ey
to
r
ed
u
cin
g
te
n
d
en
cies
to
war
d
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
s
h
a
p
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
o
s
o
cial
b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
p
ar
tial
m
ed
iatio
n
p
atter
n
also
ca
r
r
ies
im
p
o
r
t
an
t
p
o
licy
im
p
licatio
n
s
.
Stre
n
g
th
en
in
g
C
S
alo
n
e
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
i
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
s
im
u
lt
an
eo
u
s
ly
allo
w
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
at
n
o
r
m
alize
MD
.
Hig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licies
m
u
s
t
th
er
ef
o
r
e
ad
d
r
ess
b
o
th
in
ter
n
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
,
d
ig
ital
a
n
o
n
y
m
ity
,
a
n
d
wea
k
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
An
in
teg
r
ativ
e
m
o
d
el
co
m
b
in
in
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
d
ig
ital
eth
ics
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
,
a
n
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
t
ac
ad
em
ic
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
m
a
y
b
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
th
an
is
o
lated
c
h
ar
ac
t
er
-
b
u
ild
in
g
in
itiativ
es.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
s
th
at
MD
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
k
ey
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
m
ec
h
an
is
m
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
MB
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
CS
p
ar
tially
r
ed
u
ce
th
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
,
b
u
t
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t
f
u
lly
elim
in
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
MD
.
T
h
eo
r
etica
lly
,
th
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
ex
ten
d
B
an
d
u
r
a
’
s
MD
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
CS
as a
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ac
to
r
with
in
a
m
o
r
al
r
e
g
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el.
Pra
ctica
lly
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
d
ig
ital
eth
ics
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
in
teg
r
ity
p
o
licies
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
m
o
r
al
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
in
d
ig
itally
m
ed
iated
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
lim
ited
b
y
its
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
an
d
s
in
g
le
-
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
am
p
le.
Fu
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
em
p
l
o
y
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
an
d
m
u
lti
-
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
s
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
is
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Mo
r
a
l d
is
en
g
a
g
eme
n
t,
c
h
a
r
a
c
ter s
tr
en
g
th
s
,
a
n
d
ma
la
d
a
p
tive
b
eh
a
vio
r
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
ivers
ity
…
(
A
kh
ma
d
S
ya
h
r
i
)
3057
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
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T
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M
E
N
T
T
h
is
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u
r
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u
s
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C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
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ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
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o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
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Vi
Su
P
Fu
Ak
h
m
ad
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ah
r
i
✓
✓
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Nim
atu
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awisd
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✓
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Sri
Af
s
in
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✓
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C
:
C
o
n
c
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p
t
u
a
l
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z
a
t
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M
:
M
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f
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t
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tu
d
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n
v
o
lv
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n
g
h
u
m
an
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
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ec
eiv
ed
ap
p
r
o
v
a
l
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
’
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
R
ev
iew
B
o
ar
d
(
I
R
B
)
o
r
an
eq
u
iv
alen
t
eth
ics
co
m
m
ittee
an
d
was
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
in
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
ap
p
licab
le
n
atio
n
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
o
licies,
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les o
f
t
h
e
Dec
lar
atio
n
o
f
Helsin
k
i.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
Data
av
ailab
ilit
y
d
o
es n
o
t a
p
p
l
y
to
th
is
p
ap
e
r
as n
o
n
ew
d
ata
wer
e
cr
ea
ted
o
r
an
aly
ze
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
M
a
f
t
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