I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
20
26
,
p
p
.
2
9
5
9
~
2
9
7
2
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ijer
e
.
v
15
i
4
.
3
9
0
5
7
2959
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Policy
–
g
o
v
erna
nc
e
–
culture
dyna
mics
in
M
y
a
nma
r e
duca
tion
reform: i
mplica
ti
o
ns for trans
form
a
tiona
l leaders
hip
practice
Chi Che,
Wi
n P
a
P
a
T
un
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
,
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
,
P
a
y
a
p
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
C
h
i
a
n
g
M
a
i
,
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Feb
10
,
2
0
2
6
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
n
17
,
2
0
2
6
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
l
7
,
2
0
2
6
M
y
a
n
m
a
r’s
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
re
f
o
rm
fa
c
e
s
a
p
e
rsiste
n
t
e
n
a
c
tme
n
t
g
a
p
b
e
c
a
u
se
p
o
li
c
y
in
te
n
t
is
fil
tere
d
t
h
ro
u
g
h
g
o
v
e
r
n
a
n
c
e
fe
a
sib
il
it
y
a
n
d
c
u
lt
u
ra
ll
y
g
ro
u
n
d
e
d
le
g
it
ima
c
y
n
o
rm
s.
Th
is
stu
d
y
e
x
a
m
in
e
d
wh
e
th
e
r
tran
sfo
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
l
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
s
a
s
a
m
e
d
iatio
n
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
th
a
t
b
u
ffe
rs
p
o
li
c
y
–
g
o
v
e
rn
a
n
c
e
m
isa
li
g
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
wh
a
t
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
t
h
a
t
b
u
ffe
ri
n
g
is
stro
n
g
e
r.
Th
e
n
o
v
e
l
ty
o
f
th
is
stu
d
y
li
e
s
i
n
p
r
o
p
o
si
n
g
a
n
d
tes
ti
n
g
a
n
i
n
teg
ra
te
d
p
o
li
c
y
–
g
o
v
e
r
n
a
n
c
e
–
c
u
lt
u
re
(P
G
C)
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
m
e
d
iati
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
t
h
a
t
e
x
p
lai
n
s
re
fo
rm
e
n
a
c
tme
n
t
th
ro
u
g
h
th
e
jo
in
t
e
ffe
c
ts
o
f
stru
c
tu
ra
l
m
isa
li
g
n
m
e
n
t,
l
e
a
d
e
rsh
ip
b
u
ffe
rin
g
,
a
n
d
c
u
lt
u
ra
ll
y
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
e
d
leg
it
ima
c
y
.
An
e
x
p
lan
a
t
o
ry
s
e
q
u
e
n
ti
a
l
m
ix
e
d
-
m
e
th
o
d
s
d
e
sig
n
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
a
two
-
wa
v
e
ti
m
e
-
lag
s
u
rv
e
y
o
f
tea
c
h
e
rs
a
n
d
m
id
d
le l
e
a
d
e
rs fro
m
4
8
sc
h
o
o
ls (
N=
7
2
0
)
wi
th
se
m
i
-
stru
c
tu
re
d
i
n
terv
iew
s
to
c
larify
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
s.
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
m
o
d
e
ls
sh
o
we
d
a
c
c
e
p
tab
le
-
to
-
stro
n
g
fi
t
(CF
A:
CF
I=
0
.
9
5
6
,
TL
I=
0
.
9
4
8
,
RM
S
EA=
0
.
0
4
4
,
S
RM
R=
0
.
0
4
1
).
M
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
S
EM
(ICC
_
RE=0
.
1
1
)
in
d
ica
ted
t
h
a
t
p
o
li
c
y
–
g
o
v
e
r
n
a
n
c
e
m
isa
li
g
n
m
e
n
t
d
irec
tl
y
re
d
u
c
e
d
re
fo
rm
e
n
a
c
t
m
e
n
t
(β=
−
0
.
1
5
,
p
=
.
0
0
3
)
wh
il
e
in
c
re
a
sin
g
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
m
e
d
iatio
n
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
(β=
0
.
2
5
,
p
<
.
0
0
1
)
,
wh
ich
i
n
tu
r
n
p
re
d
icte
d
e
n
a
c
tme
n
t
(β=
0
.
3
0
,
p
<
.
0
0
1
),
y
ield
in
g
a
p
o
siti
v
e
in
d
irec
t
e
ffe
c
t
(a
b
=
0
.
0
7
5
,
p
<
.
0
0
1
).
Cu
lt
u
ra
l
n
o
rm
s
stre
n
g
t
h
e
n
e
d
th
e
lea
d
e
rsh
i
p
–
e
n
a
c
tme
n
t
li
n
k
(β=
0
.
1
0
,
p
=
.
0
0
1
),
p
ro
d
u
c
in
g
m
o
d
e
ra
ted
m
e
d
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
se
fin
d
i
n
g
s
su
g
g
e
st
th
a
t
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
c
a
n
b
u
ffe
r
—
b
u
t
c
a
n
n
o
t
re
p
lac
e
—
p
o
li
c
y
–
g
o
v
e
rn
a
n
c
e
c
o
h
e
re
n
c
e
a
n
d
p
ro
v
i
d
e
d
iag
n
o
stic
lo
g
ic
fo
r
re
fo
rm
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
u
n
d
e
r
leg
it
ima
c
y
c
o
n
stra
i
n
ts.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
u
ltu
r
al
leg
itima
cy
n
o
r
m
s
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
r
ef
o
r
m
en
ac
tm
en
t
Mu
ltil
ev
el
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
Po
licy
–
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
C
h
i Ch
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
L
e
ad
er
s
h
ip
,
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
C
o
lleg
e,
Pay
ap
Un
iv
er
s
ity
C
h
ian
g
Ma
i 5
0
0
0
0
,
T
h
ailan
d
E
m
ail:
ch
i_
c@
p
ay
ap
.
ac
.
th
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
My
an
m
ar
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
ef
o
r
m
ag
en
d
a
h
as
lo
n
g
b
ee
n
f
r
am
ed
as
a
p
ath
way
to
n
atio
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
s
o
cial
co
h
esio
n
,
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
-
ca
p
ital
u
p
g
r
ad
in
g
;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
co
u
p
p
er
i
o
d
h
as
in
ten
s
if
ied
s
y
s
tem
ic
f
r
ag
ilit
y
an
d
wid
en
ed
th
e
d
i
s
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
r
ef
o
r
m
in
ten
t
an
d
f
ea
s
ib
le
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
R
ec
en
t
ev
id
en
ce
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
h
o
w
p
o
licy
tu
r
b
u
l
en
ce
,
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
,
an
d
s
o
cio
-
cu
ltu
r
al
s
h
if
ts
h
a
v
e
r
esh
ap
ed
ac
ce
s
s
,
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
a
l
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
ac
r
o
s
s
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
b
ey
o
n
d
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
I
m
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
r
esear
ch
r
ep
ea
ted
l
y
s
h
o
ws
th
a
t
r
ef
o
r
m
r
ar
ely
m
o
v
es
lin
ea
r
ly
f
r
o
m
ce
n
tr
al
p
o
licy
d
esig
n
to
class
r
o
o
m
ch
an
g
e;
in
s
tead
,
it
is
tr
an
s
lated
th
r
o
u
g
h
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ativ
e
r
o
u
tin
es,
m
ater
ial
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
lo
ca
l
ac
to
r
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
,
wh
ich
ca
n
d
iv
er
g
e
s
h
ar
p
ly
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ettin
g
s
an
d
lev
els
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
I
n
cr
is
is
-
af
f
ec
ted
co
n
tex
ts
,
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
’
s
r
o
le
also
ex
p
a
n
d
s
b
ey
o
n
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
to
s
af
eg
u
a
r
d
in
g
co
n
tin
u
ity
,
le
g
itima
cy
,
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
,
f
u
r
th
er
s
tr
etch
in
g
alr
ea
d
y
lim
ited
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ca
p
ac
ity
[
6
]
.
My
a
n
m
ar
illu
s
tr
ates
th
ese
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
ch
allen
g
es
ac
u
tely
.
E
v
e
n
wh
e
n
r
ef
o
r
m
g
o
als
ar
e
f
o
r
m
ally
ar
ticu
lated
,
en
ac
tm
en
t
is
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
b
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
2
9
5
9
-
2
972
2960
u
n
ev
en
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ca
p
ac
ity
,
f
r
ag
ile
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
s
ch
o
o
lin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
h
a
p
ed
b
y
i
n
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
wh
ich
ca
n
m
ak
e
“r
ef
o
r
m
”
ap
p
ea
r
as
co
m
p
lian
ce
lab
o
r
r
ath
er
th
an
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
wo
r
k
[
7
]
–
[
9
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
s
ch
o
o
ls
m
ay
b
ec
o
m
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
ely
leg
ib
le
—
ab
le
to
r
e
p
o
r
t
ac
tiv
ity
—
with
o
u
t
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
th
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
d
ep
th
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l l
ea
r
n
in
g
g
ain
s
.
C
r
u
cially
,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
is
also
m
ed
iated
b
y
cu
ltu
r
ally
e
m
b
ed
d
e
d
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
a
b
o
u
t
au
th
o
r
ity
,
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
a
n
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
r
o
le
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
with
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
Au
to
n
o
m
y
r
ef
o
r
m
s
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
ar
e
r
a
r
ely
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
as
p
u
r
e
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t;
t
h
ey
ar
e
in
ter
p
r
ete
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
c
o
u
n
tab
ilit
y
p
r
ess
u
r
es,
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
lo
g
ics,
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
n
o
r
m
s
th
at
s
h
ap
e
wh
at
ac
to
r
s
p
er
ce
iv
e
as
s
af
e,
leg
itima
te,
an
d
wo
r
th
wh
ile
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
W
h
er
e
th
ese
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
ar
e
m
is
alig
n
ed
with
r
e
f
o
r
m
d
em
a
n
d
s
,
s
ch
o
o
ls
m
a
y
p
r
o
tect
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
av
o
id
r
is
k
r
ath
er
th
an
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t
with
n
ew
p
r
ac
tices
[
1
2
]
.
W
h
en
r
ef
o
r
m
is
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
ex
ter
n
ally
im
p
o
s
ed
,
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
ely
b
u
r
d
e
n
s
o
m
e,
o
r
n
o
r
m
ativ
ely
m
is
f
itti
n
g
,
lo
ca
l
ac
to
r
s
m
ay
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
y
m
b
o
lic
co
m
p
lian
ce
—
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
an
d
m
ee
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
—
wh
ile
with
h
o
ld
in
g
d
is
cr
etio
n
ar
y
e
f
f
o
r
t
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ed
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ch
a
n
g
e.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
ev
id
e
n
ce
th
at
th
e
d
esig
n
–
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
g
ap
in
au
to
n
o
m
y
an
d
ac
co
u
n
t
ab
ilit
y
r
ef
o
r
m
s
is
o
f
ten
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
f
o
r
m
al
p
o
licy
s
tatem
en
ts
an
d
th
e
liv
e
d
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
u
n
d
er
wh
ic
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
o
p
er
ate
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
ese
r
ea
liti
es
r
aise
a
p
r
ac
tical
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
q
u
esti
o
n
:
u
n
d
er
wh
at
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
ca
n
s
ch
o
o
l
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
lead
er
s
co
n
v
e
r
t
r
ef
o
r
m
i
n
ten
t
in
to
leg
itima
te,
f
ea
s
ib
le,
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ed
p
r
ac
tice
—
r
ath
e
r
th
an
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
ad
h
er
en
ce
—
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ed
an
d
u
n
s
tab
le
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
?
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
R
elate
d
wo
r
k
o
n
d
ata
-
b
ased
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
a
n
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
also
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
wh
en
m
an
ag
e
r
ial
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
u
tp
ac
e
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
ca
p
ac
ity
,
r
ef
o
r
m
s
ca
n
b
ec
o
m
e
tech
n
ically
en
ac
ted
b
u
t e
d
u
ca
tio
n
ally
th
in
[
1
8
]
.
A
g
r
o
win
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
ip
ex
p
lain
s
wh
y
r
ef
o
r
m
s
s
tall,
b
u
t
it
o
f
ten
d
o
es
s
o
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
ar
tially
s
ep
ar
ated
len
s
es.
Po
licy
en
ac
tm
en
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
ar
g
u
e
th
at
p
o
licy
is
n
o
t
s
im
p
ly
“im
p
lem
en
ted
”;
it
is
in
ter
p
r
eted
,
tr
a
n
s
lated
,
an
d
r
ec
o
n
s
titu
ted
b
y
ac
to
r
s
wo
r
k
in
g
with
in
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al,
m
ater
ial,
an
d
p
o
liti
ca
l
co
n
tex
ts
—
s
o
id
en
tical
p
o
licy
tex
ts
ca
n
y
ield
d
iv
er
g
en
t
p
r
ac
tices
ac
r
o
s
s
s
it
es
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
en
ac
tm
en
t
v
iew
alig
n
s
with
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
wi
n
g
th
at
p
o
licy
co
h
er
en
ce
,
cla
r
ity
,
an
d
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
r
elev
an
ce
s
h
ap
e
h
o
w
r
e
f
o
r
m
m
ess
ag
es
b
ec
o
m
e
r
o
u
tin
i
ze
d
in
to
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
d
ec
is
i
o
n
s
,
d
o
c
u
m
en
tatio
n
p
r
ac
tices,
an
d
class
r
o
o
m
in
s
t
r
u
ctio
n
.
C
o
llectiv
e
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
is
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
c
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
d
u
r
in
g
ch
a
n
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
b
ec
au
s
e
it
d
eter
m
in
es
wh
eth
er
r
ef
o
r
m
is
tr
ea
ted
as
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
r
as
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
wo
r
k
to
b
e
m
a
n
ag
ed
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
E
m
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
d
a
ily
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
y
n
a
m
ics
lik
ewise
in
d
icate
th
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
is
o
f
ten
en
ac
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
icr
o
-
lev
el
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
th
at
s
h
ap
e
m
o
tiv
a
tio
n
,
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
,
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
4
]
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
r
esear
ch
co
m
p
lem
en
ts
en
ac
tm
en
t
ac
co
u
n
ts
b
y
f
o
r
eg
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
th
at
m
ak
es
r
ef
o
r
m
f
ea
s
ib
le
o
r
f
r
a
g
ile.
Dec
is
io
n
r
ig
h
ts
,
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
io
n
lo
g
ics
d
elim
it
wh
at
lead
er
s
ca
n
d
o
—
ev
en
wh
en
d
ec
en
tr
al
izatio
n
is
f
o
r
m
ally
d
ec
lar
ed
—
th
er
eb
y
s
h
ap
in
g
h
o
w
s
ch
o
o
ls
b
alan
ce
v
er
tical
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
h
o
r
izo
n
ta
l
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
[
2
5
]
–
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
p
r
ac
tice,
au
to
n
o
m
y
r
ef
o
r
m
s
ca
n
am
p
lify
wo
r
k
lo
ad
an
d
co
m
p
lian
ce
p
r
ess
u
r
es
wh
en
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
r
ewa
r
d
r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
o
v
e
r
lear
n
i
n
g
an
d
wh
en
d
is
cr
etio
n
ar
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
r
em
ain
lim
ited
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
Un
d
er
s
u
ch
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
b
ec
o
m
es
a
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
-
o
r
ien
ted
lead
er
s
h
ip
r
at
h
er
th
an
a
p
latf
o
r
m
en
ab
lin
g
it
[
3
0
]
.
C
u
ltu
r
e
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
ip
ad
d
s
a
th
ir
d
s
tr
an
d
:
n
o
r
m
s
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
h
ier
a
r
ch
y
,
f
ac
e
-
s
av
in
g
,
an
d
co
n
f
lict
av
o
i
d
an
ce
s
h
ap
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
atter
n
s
,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
lear
n
i
n
g
,
in
itiativ
e
-
tak
in
g
,
an
d
th
e
s
o
cial
leg
itima
cy
o
f
ch
an
g
e
s
tr
ateg
ies.
R
ec
en
t
wo
r
k
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
is
n
o
t
m
er
ely
tech
n
ical
—
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
wh
et
h
er
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
ar
e
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
as
leg
itima
te
an
d
cu
ltu
r
ally
co
n
g
r
u
en
t
[
3
1
]
–
[
3
3
]
.
I
n
p
a
r
allel,
r
esear
ch
o
n
d
ig
itally
o
r
ien
ted
r
ef
o
r
m
ca
p
ac
ity
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
at
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
a
n
d
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
-
en
ab
led
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
b
u
ild
in
g
,
n
o
t o
n
l
y
p
o
licy
m
an
d
ates [
3
4
]
–
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
a
r
g
u
es
th
at
My
an
m
ar
’
s
r
ef
o
r
m
o
u
tco
m
es
ar
e
b
est
ex
p
lain
ed
n
o
t
b
y
is
o
lati
n
g
p
o
licy
,
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
,
an
d
cu
ltu
r
e
as
s
e
p
ar
ate
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
,
b
u
t
b
y
e
x
a
m
in
in
g
h
o
w
t
h
ey
i
n
ter
ac
t
to
s
h
ap
e
lead
e
r
s
’
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
m
an
eu
v
er
a
n
d
th
e
leg
itima
cy
o
f
r
e
f
o
r
m
en
ac
tm
e
n
t.
E
x
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies f
r
eq
u
en
tly
f
o
r
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
i)
p
o
licy
tar
g
ets
an
d
d
esig
n
;
ii)
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
;
o
r
iii)
cu
ltu
r
al
b
ar
r
ier
s
an
d
en
ab
lin
g
n
o
r
m
s
.
W
h
at
is
le
s
s
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
is
an
in
teg
r
ated
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
p
o
licy
s
ig
n
als,
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
ts
,
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
d
y
n
am
ically
co
m
b
in
e
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
at
lead
er
s
ca
n
p
la
u
s
ib
ly
d
o
—
an
d
h
o
w
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tice
m
ed
iates
th
ese
d
y
n
am
ics
in
r
e
al
tim
e.
T
h
is
g
ap
m
atter
s
b
ec
au
s
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
an
d
r
ef
o
r
m
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
itiativ
es
o
f
ten
b
o
r
r
o
w
“b
est
-
p
r
ac
tice”
m
o
d
els
with
o
u
t
s
p
ec
if
y
in
g
th
e
c
o
n
tex
tu
al
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
u
n
d
er
wh
ic
h
s
u
ch
p
r
ac
tices
a
r
e
f
ea
s
ib
le,
l
eg
itima
te,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
[
3
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
o
licy
–
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
–
c
u
ltu
r
e
(
PGC
)
–
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
e
d
iatio
n
m
o
d
el
an
d
clar
if
ies
h
o
w
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iates
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
am
o
n
g
p
o
licy
in
ten
t,
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
f
e
asib
ilit
y
,
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
leg
itima
cy
to
s
h
ap
e
r
ef
o
r
m
en
ac
tm
en
t a
n
d
d
o
wn
s
tr
ea
m
o
u
tco
m
es.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
r
e
f
o
r
m
s
u
cc
ess
d
ep
e
n
d
s
n
o
t
o
n
ly
o
n
p
o
licy
s
tr
en
g
th
b
u
t
also
o
n
wh
eth
e
r
lead
er
s
h
ip
ca
n
r
ec
o
n
cile
th
r
ee
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
d
em
a
n
d
s
:
c
o
h
er
en
ce
with
p
o
licy
s
ig
n
als,
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
with
in
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
an
d
le
g
itima
cy
with
in
cu
ltu
r
ally
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
ex
p
lain
s
wh
y
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
P
o
licy
–
g
o
ve
r
n
a
n
ce
–
c
u
ltu
r
e
d
yn
a
mics in
Mya
n
ma
r
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
r
efo
r
m
…
(
C
h
i Ch
e
)
2961
s
am
e
p
o
licy
m
ay
y
ield
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
en
ac
tm
en
t
p
atter
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ch
o
o
ls
:
lead
er
s
v
ar
y
in
t
h
eir
c
ap
ac
ity
to
tr
an
s
late
p
o
licy
in
to
ac
tio
n
a
b
le
r
o
u
tin
e
s
,
to
n
av
ig
ate
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
an
d
to
em
b
e
d
ch
an
g
e
with
in
lo
ca
lly
ac
ce
p
tab
le
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
p
ar
tic
ip
atio
n
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
ese
d
y
n
a
m
ics
ar
e
esp
ec
ially
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tial
in
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
wh
er
e
in
itiati
v
e
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
m
u
s
t
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
cu
ltu
r
ally
leg
itima
te
f
o
r
m
s
to
av
o
id
s
y
m
b
o
lic
co
m
p
lian
ce
an
d
m
ain
tain
r
elatio
n
al
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
is
also
f
r
am
ed
as
a
n
ev
alu
atio
n
-
o
r
ien
ted
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
to
o
l,
s
p
ec
if
y
i
n
g
in
ter
p
r
etab
le
p
ath
way
s
an
d
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
y
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
th
at
ca
n
g
u
id
e
r
ef
o
r
m
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
b
y
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
i)
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
ef
f
ec
ts
;
ii)
lead
er
s
h
ip
b
u
f
f
e
r
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
; a
n
d
iii)
leg
itima
cy
-
c
o
n
d
itio
n
e
d
en
ac
tm
en
t
d
y
n
a
m
ics.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
PGC
–
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
e
d
iatio
n
m
o
d
el
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
r
ef
o
r
m
en
ac
tm
e
n
t in
My
a
n
m
ar
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
v
an
ce
s
th
r
ee
test
ab
le
h
y
p
o
th
eses
:
−
H1
(
Misalig
n
m
en
t
→
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
→
en
ac
tm
en
t
;
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
y
m
ed
iatio
n
)
:
h
ig
h
er
p
er
ce
iv
ed
p
o
licy
–
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
(
PGM)
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
lo
wer
r
e
f
o
r
m
en
ac
tm
e
n
t
(
R
E
)
,
w
h
ile
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
b
ein
g
ass
o
ciate
d
with
s
tr
o
n
g
er
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
p
r
a
ctice
s
(
T
L
MP)
th
at
p
ar
tially
o
f
f
s
et
th
e
e
n
ac
tm
en
t p
en
alty
v
ia
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
d
ir
ec
t p
ath
way
(
PGM
→
T
L
MP
→
R
E
)
.
−
H2
(
C
u
ltu
r
al
n
o
r
m
s
as
a
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
)
:
cu
ltu
r
al
n
o
r
m
s
(
C
N)
m
o
d
er
ate
th
e
ass
o
ci
atio
n
b
etwe
en
T
L
MP
an
d
R
E
,
s
u
ch
th
at
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
T
L
MP
a
n
d
e
n
ac
tm
en
t
is
s
tr
o
n
g
er
u
n
d
e
r
h
ig
h
er
leg
itima
c
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
−
H3
(
Mo
d
e
r
ated
m
ed
iatio
n
)
:
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
PGM
o
n
R
E
v
ia
T
L
MP
is
co
n
d
itio
n
al
o
n
C
N,
s
u
ch
th
at
th
e
m
ed
iated
(
b
u
f
f
e
r
in
g
)
p
ath
way
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
as C
N
in
cr
ea
s
es.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n a
nd
pro
ce
du
re
s
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ted
a
n
ex
p
lan
a
to
r
y
s
eq
u
en
tial
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
d
esig
n
an
ch
o
r
ed
i
n
h
y
p
o
th
es
is
test
in
g
.
T
h
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
p
h
ase
test
ed
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PGC
–
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
m
o
d
el
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
u
s
in
g
a
two
-
wav
e
tim
e
-
lag
s
u
r
v
ey
to
r
ed
u
ce
s
am
e
-
s
o
u
r
ce
,
s
am
e
-
tim
e
in
f
latio
n
.
W
av
e
1
ca
p
tu
r
ed
PGM,
T
L
MP,
C
N,
an
d
co
v
ar
iates;
W
av
e
2
(
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
2
–
4
wee
k
s
later
)
ca
p
tu
r
e
d
R
E
.
T
h
e
q
u
alitativ
e
p
h
ase
f
o
llo
wed
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
o
d
elin
g
a
n
d
u
s
ed
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
te
r
v
i
ews
to
clar
if
y
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
alig
n
ed
to
p
o
licy
tr
an
s
latio
n
,
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
n
av
ig
atio
n
,
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
leg
itima
tio
n
.
T
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
ter
p
r
eta
b
ilit
y
an
d
r
e
p
licab
ilit
y
,
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
wer
e
o
p
er
atio
n
aliz
ed
to
m
atch
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
d
o
m
ain
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
PGM
;
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
p
r
ac
tices;
CN
;
RE
)
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
ed
s
in
th
r
ee
s
tep
s
:
i
)
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
ta
tis
tic
s
an
d
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
;
ii
)
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
v
alid
atio
n
;
an
d
iii
)
m
u
ltil
ev
el
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
test
s
o
f
m
e
d
iatio
n
,
m
o
d
er
at
io
n
,
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
r
ated
m
ed
iatio
n
.
Qu
alitativ
e
p
h
ase
(
m
ec
h
an
is
m
clar
if
icatio
n
)
an
d
tr
u
s
two
r
th
in
ess
.
Af
ter
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
m
u
ltil
ev
el
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
MSE
M
)
r
esu
lts
,
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
ter
v
iews
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
with
n
=2
4
in
f
o
r
m
a
n
ts
,
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
a
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
-
v
ar
iatio
n
s
u
b
s
am
p
le
o
f
1
2
s
ch
o
o
ls
r
e
p
r
e
s
en
tin
g
co
n
tr
asti
n
g
q
u
an
titativ
e
p
r
o
f
iles
(
4
s
ch
o
o
l
s
p
er
p
r
o
f
ile:
h
i
g
h
T
L
MP/h
ig
h
R
E
;
h
ig
h
T
L
MP/lo
w
R
E
;
lo
w
T
L
MP/lo
w
R
E
)
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
an
ts
in
clu
d
ed
s
ch
o
o
l
le
ad
er
s
an
d
im
p
lem
e
n
ter
s
(
e.
g
.
,
6
p
r
i
n
cip
als,
8
m
id
d
le
lead
er
s
,
an
d
1
0
teac
h
er
s
)
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
b
o
t
h
m
ed
iatio
n
p
r
ac
t
ice
an
d
en
ac
tm
en
t
e
x
p
er
ien
c
e.
E
ac
h
in
ter
v
iew
last
ed
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
4
5
–
60
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
2
9
5
9
-
2
972
2962
m
in
u
tes
an
d
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
a
q
u
iet,
p
r
iv
ate
s
ettin
g
at
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t’
s
s
ch
o
o
l
o
r
,
wh
en
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
,
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
ec
u
r
e
o
n
lin
e
m
ee
tin
g
p
latf
o
r
m
.
W
ith
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t,
in
ter
v
iews
wer
e
au
d
io
-
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
;
wh
en
au
d
io
-
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
wa
s
n
o
t
f
ea
s
ib
le,
d
etailed
wr
itte
n
n
o
tes
wer
e
tak
en
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
ter
v
iew
an
d
ex
p
an
d
ed
im
m
ed
iately
af
ter
war
d
.
I
n
ter
v
iew
p
r
o
m
p
ts
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
r
ee
m
ec
h
an
is
m
d
o
m
ain
s
:
p
o
licy
tr
an
s
latio
n
,
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
n
av
i
g
atio
n
,
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
leg
itima
tio
n
.
Au
d
io
f
i
les
an
d
n
o
tes
wer
e
tr
an
s
cr
ib
ed
in
to
an
aly
za
b
le
te
x
t
an
d
d
e
-
id
en
tifie
d
b
e
f
o
r
e
co
d
in
g
.
T
r
u
s
two
r
th
i
n
ess
was
s
tr
en
g
th
en
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
i)
a
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
in
te
r
v
iew
p
r
o
to
co
l
an
d
au
d
it
tr
ail
;
ii)
co
d
eb
o
o
k
-
b
ased
th
em
atic
co
d
in
g
with
p
ee
r
d
eb
r
ief
in
g
an
d
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies
;
iii)
m
em
b
er
-
ch
ec
k
in
g
o
f
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
w
h
er
e
f
ea
s
ib
le
;
an
d
iv
)
tr
ian
g
u
latio
n
b
etwe
en
q
u
an
titativ
e
p
atter
n
s
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
th
em
es u
s
in
g
jo
in
t
d
is
p
lay
s
.
2
.
2
.
Set
t
ing
,
s
a
m
pli
ng
,
a
nd
c
rit
er
ia
f
o
r
inclu
s
io
n a
nd
ex
clus
io
n
T
h
e
an
al
y
tic
d
esig
n
tar
g
ets
My
an
m
ar
’
s
b
asic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
ef
o
r
m
co
n
tex
t,
wh
er
e
en
ac
tm
en
t
is
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
p
o
licy
s
ig
n
als,
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
an
d
cu
ltu
r
all
y
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
leg
iti
m
ac
y
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
.
T
o
r
ef
lect
th
is
co
n
tex
t
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
a
clu
s
ter
ed
s
ch
o
o
l
s
u
r
v
ey
d
esig
n
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
clu
s
ter
ed
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
s
taf
f
n
ested
wi
th
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
)
an
d
r
ef
o
r
m
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
u
n
ev
e
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
v
ar
y
i
n
g
leg
itima
cy
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
Sch
o
o
ls
wer
e
elig
ib
le
if
t
h
e
y
wer
e
i)
b
asic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ch
o
o
ls
o
p
e
r
atin
g
u
n
d
er
th
e
n
atio
n
al
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
;
ii)
ac
tiv
ely
en
g
ag
e
d
with
r
ef
o
r
m
-
r
elate
d
d
i
r
ec
tiv
es/p
r
ac
tices
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
er
io
d
;
an
d
iii)
ab
le
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
teac
h
in
g
s
taf
f
a
n
d
m
id
d
le
lead
e
r
s
f
o
r
s
u
r
v
ey
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
R
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
elig
ib
le
if
t
h
ey
wer
e
teac
h
er
s
o
r
m
id
d
le
lead
e
r
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
at
th
e
s
am
p
led
s
ch
o
o
l
an
d
h
ad
s
u
f
f
icien
t
te
n
u
r
e
t
o
r
ep
o
r
t
o
n
s
ch
o
o
l
r
o
u
tin
es
(
e.
g
.
,
≥
6
m
o
n
th
s
)
.
R
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
ex
clu
d
e
d
if
th
ey
wer
e
in
co
m
p
lete
b
e
y
o
n
d
p
r
esp
ec
if
ied
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
o
r
s
h
o
wed
in
v
alid
p
atter
n
s
.
A
m
u
lti
-
s
tag
e
s
am
p
lin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
was
u
s
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
co
n
tex
tu
al
v
ar
iatio
n
in
My
an
m
ar
’
s
b
asic
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
r
ef
o
r
m
s
ettin
g
.
First,
s
ch
o
o
ls
wer
e
s
tr
atif
ied
b
y
lev
el
(
p
r
im
ar
y
/m
id
d
le/h
ig
h
)
a
n
d
lo
ca
lity
(
u
r
b
an
/p
er
i
-
u
r
b
a
n
/r
u
r
a
l)
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
.
Seco
n
d
,
s
ch
o
o
ls
with
in
s
tr
ata
wer
e
s
elec
ted
as
clu
s
ter
s
,
an
d
s
taf
f
with
in
s
elec
ted
s
ch
o
o
ls
wer
e
in
v
ited
to
p
ar
ticip
ate.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
am
p
le
co
m
p
r
is
ed
4
8
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
7
2
0
u
s
ab
le
r
esp
o
n
s
es
(
1
5
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
/s
ch
o
o
l)
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
f
er
en
ce
.
Stra
tu
m
co
u
n
ts
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ates a
r
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Stra
tu
m
c
o
u
n
ts
an
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
r
ates
S
c
h
o
o
l
l
e
v
e
l
Lo
c
a
l
i
t
y
S
c
h
o
o
l
s (
n
)
S
t
a
f
f
i
n
v
i
t
e
d
(
n
)
U
sab
l
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
s (
n
)
P
r
i
mary
U
r
b
a
n
6
1
0
8
90
P
r
i
mary
P
e
r
i
-
u
r
b
a
n
5
90
75
P
r
i
mary
R
u
r
a
l
5
90
75
M
i
d
d
l
e
U
r
b
a
n
6
1
0
8
90
M
i
d
d
l
e
P
e
r
i
-
u
r
b
a
n
5
90
75
M
i
d
d
l
e
R
u
r
a
l
5
90
75
H
i
g
h
U
r
b
a
n
6
1
0
8
90
H
i
g
h
P
e
r
i
-
u
r
b
a
n
5
90
75
H
i
g
h
R
u
r
a
l
5
90
75
To
t
a
l
48
8
6
4
7
2
0
N
o
t
e
s
:
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
u
s
a
b
l
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
se
r
a
t
e
:
8
3
.
3
%
(
7
2
0
/
8
6
4
)
;
R
e
s
p
o
n
se
r
a
t
e
=
u
sa
b
l
e
r
e
sp
o
n
ses÷
st
a
f
f
i
n
v
i
t
e
d
×
1
0
0
.
2
.
3
.
M
ea
s
ures,
da
t
a
prepa
ra
t
io
n,
a
nd
a
na
ly
t
ic
s
t
ra
t
e
g
y
All
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
wer
e
o
p
er
atio
n
alize
d
to
m
atch
th
e
PGC
–
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
m
o
d
el
.
W
h
e
r
e
s
u
itab
le
m
ea
s
u
r
es
wer
e
av
ailab
le,
item
s
wer
e
ad
ap
ted
t
o
My
an
m
ar
’
s
r
ef
o
r
m
lan
g
u
a
g
e
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
r
ea
liti
es;
wh
er
e
g
ap
s
ex
is
ted
,
item
s
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
c
o
n
tex
t
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
in
clu
d
ed
:
PGM
as
a
p
r
ed
ict
o
r
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
m
is
m
atch
b
etwe
en
r
ef
o
r
m
d
em
a
n
d
s
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
s
u
p
p
o
r
t (
au
th
o
r
ity
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
)
;
T
L
MP
as
a
m
ed
iato
r
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
th
at
tr
an
s
late
p
o
licy
in
to
wo
r
k
ab
le
s
tep
s
,
n
av
ig
ate
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
cu
ltu
r
al
leg
itima
cy
;
C
N
as
a
m
o
d
er
ato
r
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
h
ier
ar
ch
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
co
n
f
lict
av
o
id
an
ce
s
h
ap
in
g
th
e
leg
itima
cy
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
ac
tio
n
;
an
d
R
E
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
u
tco
m
e
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
r
ef
o
r
m
-
alig
n
e
d
p
r
ac
tices
(
e
.
g
.
,
lear
n
e
r
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
lan
n
in
g
,
in
clu
s
iv
e
r
o
u
tin
es).
I
tem
s
wer
e
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
u
s
in
g
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
f
o
r
m
at
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
laten
t
-
v
a
r
iab
le
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etab
ilit
y
.
T
L
MP
was
m
o
d
eled
as
a
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
wit
h
th
r
ee
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
alig
n
ed
to
Fig
u
r
e
1
:
p
o
licy
t
r
an
s
latio
n
,
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
n
av
ig
atio
n
,
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
leg
itima
tio
n
.
T
r
an
s
latio
n
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
ad
ap
tatio
n
f
o
llo
we
d
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
r
o
ce
s
s
:
f
o
r
war
d
tr
an
s
latio
n
b
y
b
ilin
g
u
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
b
ac
k
-
tr
an
s
l
atio
n
,
ex
p
er
t
r
ev
iew
f
o
r
co
n
ten
t
r
elev
a
n
ce
a
n
d
cu
ltu
r
al
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
,
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
in
ter
v
iews
with
a
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
teac
h
er
s
/lead
er
s
to
r
ef
in
e
am
b
ig
u
o
u
s
wo
r
d
in
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
P
o
licy
–
g
o
ve
r
n
a
n
ce
–
c
u
ltu
r
e
d
yn
a
mics in
Mya
n
ma
r
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
r
efo
r
m
…
(
C
h
i Ch
e
)
2963
Giv
en
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
m
e
d
iatio
n
,
m
o
d
er
atio
n
,
an
d
c
o
n
d
itio
n
al
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
,
a
p
r
i
o
r
i
Mo
n
te
C
ar
lo
s
im
u
latio
n
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
d
u
r
in
g
s
tu
d
y
p
lan
n
i
n
g
to
ev
al
u
ate
d
esig
n
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
d
esti
m
ato
r
s
tab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
p
lau
s
ib
le
f
ield
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
e.
g
.
,
clu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
m
is
s
in
g
n
ess
)
,
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
p
r
esp
ec
if
ied
an
al
y
s
is
d
ec
is
io
n
r
u
les.
Pre
s
p
ec
if
ied
in
p
u
ts
r
ef
lecte
d
s
m
all
-
to
-
m
o
d
er
ate
s
tan
d
a
r
d
ized
p
ath
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
p
l
au
s
ib
le
clu
s
ter
in
g
(
in
tr
ac
lass
co
r
r
elatio
n
f
o
r
R
E
in
th
e
0
.
0
5
–
0
.
1
5
r
an
g
e)
,
a
n
d
m
is
s
in
g
n
ess
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
(
5
–
1
5
%
item
n
o
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
MA
R
)
.
Simu
latio
n
s
ev
alu
ated
p
o
wer
f
o
r
i)
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
(
P
GM
→T
L
MP→
R
E
)
an
d
ii)
m
o
d
er
ated
m
e
d
iatio
n
in
v
o
lv
in
g
C
N,
u
s
in
g
b
o
o
t
s
tr
ap
p
ed
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
in
ter
v
al
co
v
er
a
g
e,
c
o
n
v
er
g
en
ce
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
,
an
d
n
o
n
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
.
Dec
is
io
n
r
u
les
wer
e
p
r
esp
ec
if
ied
:
if
clu
s
ter
in
g
was
n
o
n
tr
i
v
ial
(
e.
g
.
,
in
tr
ac
lass
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t (
I
C
C
)
≥
0
.
1
0
an
d
d
esig
n
ef
f
ec
t>2
)
,
an
a
ly
s
es d
ef
au
lted
to
MSE
M;
o
th
er
wis
e,
s
in
g
le
-
lev
el
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
eli
n
g
(
SEM
)
with
clu
s
ter
-
r
o
b
u
s
t stan
d
ar
d
er
r
o
r
s
was a
p
p
lied
.
2
.
3
.
1
.
Da
t
a
prepa
ra
t
io
n a
nd
qu
a
lity
chec
k
s
Data
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
v
alid
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
atter
n
s
(
e.
g
.
,
s
tr
aig
h
t
-
lin
in
g
)
,
o
u
t
-
of
-
r
an
g
e
v
alu
es,
an
d
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
m
is
s
in
g
n
ess
.
Mi
s
s
i
n
g
d
ata
wer
e
h
an
d
led
u
s
in
g
f
u
ll
-
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
a
x
im
u
m
li
k
elih
o
o
d
(
FIM
L
)
in
SEM
,
with
m
u
ltip
le
im
p
u
tatio
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
as
a
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
c
h
ec
k
.
T
o
ass
ess
p
o
ten
tial
co
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
b
ias,
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
s
en
s
itiv
ity
ch
ec
k
s
co
m
p
ar
e
d
b
aselin
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
m
o
d
els
ag
ain
s
t
alter
n
ativ
es
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
laten
t
m
eth
o
d
f
ac
to
r
o
r
m
a
r
k
er
-
s
ty
le
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
.
Ag
g
r
e
g
atio
n
to
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
lev
el
(
wh
er
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
m
u
ltil
ev
el
m
o
d
elin
g
o
r
clim
ate
-
lik
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts)
was
c
o
n
d
u
cted
o
n
ly
wh
en
with
in
-
g
r
o
u
p
a
g
r
ee
m
e
n
t
m
et
p
r
esp
ec
if
ied
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
s
(
e.
g
.
,
I
C
C
an
d
a
g
r
ee
m
e
n
t
in
d
ices)
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
i
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
wer
e
ju
s
tifie
d
em
p
ir
ically
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
Ana
ly
t
ica
l st
ra
t
e
g
y
Me
asu
r
em
en
t
v
alid
ity
was
ev
alu
ated
v
ia
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
t
o
r
an
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
,
in
clu
d
in
g
test
in
g
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
T
L
MP.
Mo
d
el
f
it
was
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
g
l
o
b
al
f
it
in
d
ice
s
(
C
FI/T
L
I
,
R
MSE
A,
SR
M
R
)
alo
n
g
s
id
e
f
ac
t
o
r
l
o
ad
i
n
g
s
an
d
r
esid
u
al
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
was
ass
e
s
s
ed
v
ia
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
an
d
o
m
eg
a;
co
n
v
er
g
en
t/
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
was
ev
al
u
ated
v
ia
a
v
er
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
an
d
in
ter
-
f
ac
to
r
r
elatio
n
s
.
Hy
p
o
th
eses
wer
e
tes
ted
u
s
in
g
SEM
/MSE
M
with
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
esti
m
ato
r
s
(
ML
R
b
y
d
ef
au
lt;
W
L
SMV
if
item
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
war
r
a
n
ted
)
.
H
1
was
ev
alu
ated
v
ia
m
ed
iatio
n
(
P
GM
→T
L
MP→
R
E
)
with
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
ed
co
n
f
id
e
n
c
e
in
ter
v
als
f
o
r
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
e
cts.
H2
was
te
s
ted
v
ia
in
t
er
ac
tio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
T
L
MP×
C
N→
R
E
)
.
H3
was
test
ed
as
m
o
d
er
ated
m
ed
ia
tio
n
,
esti
m
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
al
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
at
lo
w/m
ea
n
/h
ig
h
le
v
els
o
f
C
N
(
−1
SD,
m
ea
n
,
+1
SD)
.
M
o
d
els
in
clu
d
ed
th
eo
r
etica
lly
ju
s
tifie
d
co
v
ar
iates
(
e.
g
.
,
s
ch
o
o
l
lev
el,
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ize,
lead
er
ten
u
r
e,
lo
ca
lity
,
r
e
s
o
u
r
cin
g
p
r
o
x
ies).
R
o
b
u
s
tn
es
s
ch
ec
k
s
ex
am
in
ed
alter
n
ativ
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
s
(
e.
g
.
,
laten
t
v
s
.
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
R
E
)
,
alter
n
ativ
e
esti
m
ato
r
s
,
a
n
d
s
tr
atif
ied
an
aly
s
es
b
y
s
ch
o
o
l le
v
el
wh
en
s
am
p
le
s
ize
p
er
m
itted
.
2
.
3
.
3
.
Q
ua
lita
t
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
a
nd
inte
g
ra
t
io
n
I
n
ter
v
iew
d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
t
h
em
atic
an
al
y
s
is
g
u
id
ed
b
y
th
e
PGC
d
o
m
ain
s
.
A
co
d
eb
o
o
k
co
m
b
in
ed
d
ed
u
ctiv
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies
(
p
o
licy
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
,
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
n
av
ig
atio
n
,
c
u
ltu
r
al
leg
itima
tio
n
)
with
in
d
u
ctiv
e
th
e
m
es
(
e.
g
.
,
r
is
k
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
co
m
p
lian
ce
s
ig
n
alin
g
,
in
f
o
r
m
al
n
eg
o
tiatio
n
)
.
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
jo
i
n
t
d
is
p
lay
s
a
n
d
n
a
r
r
ativ
e
wea
v
in
g
,
lin
k
in
g
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
p
atter
n
s
to
m
ec
h
an
is
m
ex
p
la
n
atio
n
s
an
d
clar
if
y
in
g
wh
y
s
im
ilar
p
o
licy
co
n
d
itio
n
s
y
ield
ed
d
iv
er
g
en
t
e
n
ac
tm
en
t
o
u
tco
m
es
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ites
.
E
th
ical
ap
p
r
o
v
al
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
eth
ics
r
ev
iew
b
o
d
y
p
r
io
r
to
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
Par
ticip
ati
o
n
was
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
,
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t
was
s
ec
u
r
ed
f
r
o
m
all
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
,
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
was
p
r
o
tecte
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
de
-
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
p
r
ac
tic
es
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
p
r
ev
e
n
t
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
a
n
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
o
r
in
d
i
v
id
u
als in
lig
h
t
o
f
co
n
te
x
tu
al
s
en
s
itiv
ities
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
Da
t
a
s
et
a
nd
da
t
a
qu
a
lity
chec
k
s
T
h
e
f
in
al
an
aly
tic
s
am
p
le
c
o
m
p
r
is
ed
4
8
s
ch
o
o
ls
(
J
=4
8
)
a
n
d
7
2
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
N=
7
2
0
)
,
p
r
im
ar
ily
teac
h
er
s
an
d
m
id
d
le
lead
er
s
,
with
an
av
e
r
ag
e
clu
s
ter
s
ize
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
5
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
p
er
s
ch
o
o
l.
I
te
m
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
ca
p
tu
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
-
ty
p
e
s
ca
le,
wh
er
e
h
i
g
h
er
v
alu
es
i
n
d
icate
s
tr
o
n
g
er
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
e
f
o
ca
l
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
(
f
o
r
P
GM
,
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
es
in
d
icate
s
tr
o
n
g
er
p
er
ce
iv
ed
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t)
.
I
tem
-
le
v
el
m
is
s
in
g
n
ess
was
9
.
8
%.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
p
r
esp
ec
if
ie
d
an
al
y
s
is
p
lan
,
m
is
s
in
g
d
ata
wer
e
h
a
n
d
led
u
s
in
g
FIM
L
with
in
th
e
SEM
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
u
n
d
e
r
a
m
is
s
in
g
-
at
-
r
an
d
o
m
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
.
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tics
in
d
icate
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
b
etwe
en
-
s
ch
o
o
l
v
ar
ian
ce
in
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
u
tco
m
e,
R
E
,
with
an
I
C
C
o
f
0
.
1
1
an
d
a
d
esig
n
ef
f
ec
t
ex
ce
ed
in
g
2
.
As
th
is
s
atis
f
ied
th
e
p
r
esp
ec
if
ie
d
d
ec
is
io
n
r
u
le
f
o
r
m
u
ltil
ev
el
esti
m
atio
n
,
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
p
r
o
ce
ed
e
d
u
s
in
g
MSE
M.
Dat
a
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
d
id
n
o
t
r
e
v
ea
l
an
o
m
alo
u
s
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
atter
n
s
o
r
o
u
t
-
of
-
r
an
g
e
v
al
u
es,
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
s
h
o
wed
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
ce
n
tr
al
te
n
d
en
c
y
an
d
d
i
s
p
er
s
io
n
ac
r
o
s
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
2
9
5
9
-
2
972
2964
3
.
2
.
Descript
iv
e
s
t
a
t
is
t
ics a
nd
biv
a
ria
t
e
a
s
s
o
cia
t
io
ns
T
ab
le
2
r
ep
o
r
ts
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
t
atis
tics
an
d
ze
r
o
-
o
r
d
er
co
r
r
el
atio
n
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
f
o
u
r
f
o
ca
l
co
n
s
tr
u
cts:
PGM,
T
L
MP,
C
N,
an
d
R
E
.
Acr
o
s
s
th
e
s
am
p
le,
m
ea
n
le
v
els
clu
s
ter
ed
in
th
e
m
i
d
-
to
-
u
p
p
er
r
an
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
ca
le;
im
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
in
d
icat
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
ac
r
o
s
s
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
p
atter
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
an
in
ter
p
r
etab
le
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
b
asis
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t m
u
ltil
ev
el
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
s
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
p
atter
n
was
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
lo
g
ic
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
.
PGM
was
n
eg
ativ
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
wit
h
R
E
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
p
er
ce
iv
ed
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
r
ef
o
r
m
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
wea
k
er
en
ac
tm
en
t.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
PGM
s
h
o
wed
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
with
T
L
MP,
in
d
icatin
g
a
c
o
m
p
en
s
ato
r
y
p
atter
n
i
n
wh
i
ch
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
is
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
b
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
e
d
iatio
n
e
f
f
o
r
t.
Acr
o
s
s
th
e
s
am
p
le,
m
ea
n
le
v
els
clu
s
ter
ed
in
th
e
m
id
-
to
-
u
p
p
er
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
ca
le;
im
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
a
n
d
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
p
atter
n
in
d
icate
m
e
an
in
g
f
u
l
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
an
d
b
etwe
en
-
ca
s
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiatio
n
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
en
ac
tm
e
n
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
r
ath
er
th
an
u
n
if
o
r
m
ce
ilin
g
ef
f
ec
ts
.
C
N
s
h
o
wed
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
ely
s
m
all
b
iv
ar
iate
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
with
th
e
o
th
er
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts,
wh
ich
is
th
eo
r
etica
lly
p
lau
s
ib
le
g
iv
en
its
r
o
le
a
s
a
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
r
ath
er
th
an
a
d
ir
ec
t
d
r
iv
er
o
f
en
ac
tm
en
t.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
ese
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
n
in
itial
d
escr
ip
ti
v
e
b
asis
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
m
u
ltil
ev
el
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
an
d
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
(
N=
7
2
0
)
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
M
e
a
n
SD
1
2
3
4
1
.
P
G
M
4
.
3
6
0
.
9
2
1
.
0
0
2
.
TL
M
P
4
.
8
8
0
.
7
9
0
.
2
4
*
*
*
1
.
0
0
3
.
C
N
4
.
9
1
0
.
8
3
0
.
1
2
*
*
0
.
1
0
*
*
1
.
0
0
4
.
R
E
4
.
5
2
0
.
8
6
−
0
.
1
8
*
*
*
0
.
3
8
*
*
*
−
0
.
0
6
1
.
0
0
N
o
t
e
:
A
l
l
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s a
r
e
me
a
su
r
e
d
o
n
5
Li
k
e
r
t
-
t
y
p
e
s
c
a
l
e
s (h
i
g
h
e
r
sco
r
e
s i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
st
r
o
n
g
e
r
p
r
e
se
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
)
.
E
n
t
r
i
e
s
a
r
e
P
e
a
r
s
o
n
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s.
***
p
<
.
0
0
1
,
**
p
<
.
0
1
.
3
.
3
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
mo
del,
s
t
ruct
ura
l r
esu
lt
s
,
a
nd
hy
po
t
h
esis
t
ests
Me
asu
r
em
en
t
v
alid
ity
was
ev
alu
ated
p
r
io
r
to
s
tr
u
ctu
r
a
l
m
o
d
elin
g
.
T
h
e
C
FA
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
p
r
esp
ec
if
ied
laten
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
PGM,
C
N,
an
d
R
E
,
an
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
T
L
MP
with
th
r
ee
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
—
p
o
lic
y
tr
an
s
latio
n
,
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
n
av
i
g
atio
n
,
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
leg
itima
ti
o
n
.
As
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
3
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
d
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
f
ell
with
in
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
an
g
es
ac
r
o
s
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
esti
m
ates
(
o
m
eg
a
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
)
in
d
icate
d
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
C
o
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
AVE
v
al
u
es
m
ee
tin
g
o
r
ex
ce
e
d
in
g
c
o
m
m
o
n
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
s
ac
r
o
s
s
co
n
s
tr
u
c
ts
,
an
d
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
m
o
d
el
f
it
in
d
ices
in
d
icate
d
ac
ce
p
tab
le
-
to
-
s
tr
o
n
g
f
it
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
s
e
r
esu
lts
ju
s
tifie
d
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
to
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
i
n
g
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
laten
t v
ar
ia
b
les.
T
ab
le
3
.
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
t q
u
ality
s
u
m
m
ar
y
(
C
FA; N=
7
2
0
)
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
I
t
e
ms
S
t
d
.
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
r
a
n
g
e
M
c
D
o
n
a
l
d
’
s
o
me
g
a
(
ω
)
CR
AVE
P
G
M
6
0
.
6
2
–
0
.
8
1
0
.
8
5
0
.
8
6
0
.
5
2
TLM
P
,
2
n
d
-
o
r
d
e
r
1
2
(
3
×
4
)
0
.
6
4
–
0
.
8
7
0
.
9
1
0
.
9
2
0
.
5
7
└
P
o
l
i
c
y
t
r
a
n
s
l
a
t
i
o
n
4
0
.
6
7
–
0
.
8
6
0
.
8
8
0
.
8
9
0
.
5
8
└
G
o
v
e
r
n
a
n
c
e
n
a
v
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
4
0
.
6
4
–
0
.
8
4
0
.
8
6
0
.
8
7
0
.
5
4
└
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
e
g
i
t
i
ma
t
i
o
n
4
0
.
6
6
–
0
.
8
7
0
.
8
9
0
.
9
0
0
.
6
0
CN
6
0
.
6
0
–
0
.
7
9
0
.
8
3
0
.
8
4
0
.
5
0
RE
8
0
.
6
1
–
0
.
8
5
0
.
8
8
0
.
8
9
0
.
5
3
N
o
t
e
:
S
t
d
.
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
r
a
n
g
e
r
e
f
e
r
s
t
o
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
f
a
c
t
o
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
s
f
o
r
i
t
e
ms
o
n
t
h
e
i
r
i
n
t
e
n
d
e
d
l
a
t
e
n
t
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
.
TLM
P
i
s s
p
e
c
i
f
i
e
d
a
s a
sec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
e
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
t
h
r
e
e
f
i
r
s
t
-
o
r
d
e
r
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s (4
i
t
e
ms e
a
c
h
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
esti
m
ated
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
co
ef
f
icie
n
ts
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
MSE
M
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
v
is
u
ally
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
PGM,
T
L
MP,
C
N,
an
d
R
E
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
d
i
ag
r
am
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ed
iate
d
p
ath
way
f
r
o
m
PGM
to
R
E
th
r
o
u
g
h
T
L
MP,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
H1
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
PGM
o
n
R
E
.
I
t
also
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
m
o
d
er
atin
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
C
N
o
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
T
L
MP
an
d
R
E
,
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
H2
.
T
a
k
en
to
g
eth
er
,
t
h
e
s
e
p
ath
s
in
d
icate
a
co
n
d
itio
n
al
in
d
ir
ec
t p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
m
o
d
e
r
ated
m
ed
i
atio
n
lo
g
ic
s
p
ec
if
ied
i
n
H3
.
T
ab
le
4
r
e
p
o
r
ts
th
e
f
u
ll
s
et
o
f
MSE
M
esti
m
ates
f
o
r
H1
–
H3
.
T
h
e
a
-
p
ath
(
PGM→T
L
MP)
was
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
g
r
ea
ter
p
er
ce
iv
ed
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
e
d
to
s
tr
o
n
g
e
r
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
p
r
ac
tice
s
.
T
h
e
b
-
p
ath
(
T
L
MP→R
E
)
was
also
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
e
claim
th
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
p
r
ac
tices
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
s
tr
o
n
g
er
R
E
.
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
PGM
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
P
o
licy
–
g
o
ve
r
n
a
n
ce
–
c
u
ltu
r
e
d
yn
a
mics in
Mya
n
ma
r
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
r
efo
r
m
…
(
C
h
i Ch
e
)
2965
R
E
(
c′)
was
n
eg
ativ
e
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
ca
r
r
ies
an
en
ac
tm
e
n
t
p
en
alty
e
v
en
a
f
ter
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
.
I
m
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
(
ab
)
was
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
p
a
r
tial
m
ed
iatio
n
:
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
f
s
et
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
an
d
en
ac
tm
e
n
t,
b
u
t
d
o
n
o
t
elim
in
ate
it
e
n
tire
ly
.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
H1
an
d
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t w
ith
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
“c
o
m
p
en
s
ato
r
y
m
ed
iatio
n
”
lo
g
ic.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
s
tim
ated
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
(
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
co
e
f
f
icie
n
ts
)
T
ab
le
4
.
MSE
M
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
H
1
–
H3
(
N=
7
2
0
; J=4
8
s
ch
o
o
ls
)
P
a
t
h
/
Ef
f
e
c
t
Est
i
m
a
t
e
(
β)
SE
9
5
%
C
I
p
P
G
M
→
TL
M
P
(
a
p
a
t
h
)
0
.
2
5
0
.
0
4
[
0
.
1
7
,
0
.
3
3
]
<
.
0
0
1
TLM
P
→
R
E
(
b
p
a
t
h
)
0
.
3
0
0
.
0
5
[
0
.
2
0
,
0
.
4
0
]
<
.
0
0
1
P
G
M
→
R
E
(
d
i
r
e
c
t
,
c
′
)
−
0
.
1
5
0
.
0
5
[
−
0
.
2
5
,
−
0
.
0
5
]
.
0
0
3
TLM
P
×
C
N
→
R
E
(
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
;
H
2
)
0
.
1
0
0
.
0
3
[
0
.
0
4
,
0
.
1
6
]
.
0
0
1
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
(
H
1
)
:
a
×
b
0
.
0
7
5
0
.
0
1
8
[
0
.
0
4
1
,
0
.
1
1
2
]
<
.
0
0
1
To
t
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
:
c
′
+
(
a
×
b
)
−
0
.
0
7
5
—
—
—
Mo
d
er
atio
n
r
esu
lts
f
u
r
th
e
r
in
d
icate
d
th
at
C
N
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
o
d
er
ated
th
e
T
L
MP→R
E
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
.
T
h
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
ter
m
(
T
L
MP×
C
N)
was
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
im
p
ly
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
as
s
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
an
d
en
a
ctm
en
t
b
ec
o
m
es
s
tr
o
n
g
er
as
C
N
em
p
h
asizin
g
h
ier
ar
ch
y
an
d
co
n
f
lict
av
o
id
a
n
ce
in
ten
s
if
y
.
Su
b
s
tan
tiv
ely
,
th
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
m
ed
iatio
n
is
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
wh
en
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
cu
ltu
r
a
lly
leg
itima
te
en
ac
tm
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
u
n
d
e
r
s
tr
o
n
g
er
leg
it
im
ac
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
H2
.
B
ec
au
s
e
C
N
m
o
d
er
ated
th
e
b
-
p
ath
,
th
e
m
ed
iatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
ec
am
e
co
n
d
itio
n
al,
y
ield
i
n
g
m
o
d
er
ated
m
e
d
iatio
n
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
H3
.
C
o
n
d
itio
n
al
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
lo
w,
m
ea
n
,
an
d
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
C
N,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
y
r
o
le
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
as
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
an
d
co
n
f
lict
-
av
o
i
d
an
t
n
o
r
m
s
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
s
alien
t.
I
n
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l
ter
m
s
,
th
is
p
atter
n
im
p
lies
th
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
m
atter
s
m
o
s
t
in
c
o
n
tex
ts
wh
er
e
cu
ltu
r
al
leg
itima
c
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
h
ei
g
h
ten
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
ac
e
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
r
elatio
n
al
tr
u
s
t
-
b
u
ild
in
g
,
an
d
co
n
s
u
ltatio
n
th
at
p
r
eser
v
es
r
o
le
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
.
T
o
m
ak
e
t
h
e
m
o
d
er
atio
n
ef
f
ec
t
v
is
u
ally
in
t
er
p
r
etab
le,
Fig
u
r
e
3
p
l
o
ts
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
T
L
MP
an
d
R
E
at
lo
w
v
er
s
u
s
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
C
N.
T
h
e
p
lo
tted
s
lo
p
es
s
h
o
w
a
s
teep
er
T
L
MP
→R
E
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
u
n
d
er
h
ig
h
C
N
th
an
u
n
d
er
lo
w
C
N,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
ter
m
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
t
ex
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
e
d
iatio
n
p
r
ac
tices in
s
h
ap
in
g
en
ac
tm
en
t.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
h
er
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PGC
–
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iati
o
n
m
o
d
el
.
PGM
ex
h
ib
ited
a
d
i
r
ec
t
n
e
g
at
iv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
R
E
,
wh
i
le
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
p
r
ac
tices
p
ar
tially
o
f
f
s
et
th
is
p
en
alty
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
p
at
h
way
.
CN
f
u
n
ctio
n
ed
as
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
y
co
n
d
itio
n
,
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
le
ad
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
o
n
en
ac
t
m
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
a
co
n
d
it
io
n
al
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
m
o
d
e
r
ated
m
e
d
iatio
n
.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
alig
n
s
wi
th
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
ce
n
tr
al
claim
th
at
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
o
p
er
ates
as
a
m
ed
i
atin
g
p
r
ac
tice
th
at
r
ec
o
n
ciles
p
o
licy
in
te
n
t,
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
leg
itima
cy
to
s
h
ap
e
RE
an
d
o
u
tco
m
es.
3
.
4
.
Q
ua
lit
a
t
iv
e
re
s
ults
Acr
o
s
s
in
ter
v
iews,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
escr
ib
ed
R
E
a
s
a
n
eg
o
tiated
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
h
ap
e
d
b
y
h
o
w
lead
er
s
in
ter
p
r
et
p
o
licy
d
e
m
an
d
s
,
m
a
n
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
e
le
g
itima
cy
in
s
ch
o
o
l
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
T
h
r
ee
t
h
em
es
e
m
er
g
ed
th
at
m
a
p
d
ir
ec
tly
o
n
t
o
th
e
PGC
m
ec
h
an
is
m
lo
g
ic
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
:
p
o
licy
tr
an
s
latio
n
in
to
wo
r
k
a
b
le
p
r
i
o
r
ities
,
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
n
a
v
ig
atio
n
u
n
d
e
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
li
an
ce
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
leg
itima
tio
n
to
r
ed
u
ce
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
p
r
o
tect
f
a
ce
.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
ese
t
h
em
es
ex
p
lain
w
h
y
t
h
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
ws
a
n
eg
ativ
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
PGM
o
n
en
ac
tm
en
t,
al
o
n
g
s
id
e
a
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
y
in
d
ir
ec
t
p
ath
way
th
r
o
u
g
h
T
L
MP.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
2
9
5
9
-
2
972
2966
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
n
ter
ac
tio
n
p
lo
t
: e
f
f
e
ct
o
f
T
L
MP
o
n
R
E
at
lo
w
v
s
.
h
ig
h
CN
3
.
4
.
1
.
T
hem
e
1
:
po
licy
t
ra
ns
la
t
io
n a
s
“
s
ens
em
a
k
ing
f
o
r
a
c
t
io
n”
Par
ticip
an
ts
em
p
h
asized
th
at
m
is
alig
n
ed
o
r
a
m
b
ig
u
o
u
s
d
ir
ec
tiv
es
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
lea
d
er
s
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
co
m
p
lex
ity
i
n
to
c
o
n
cr
ete
r
o
u
t
in
es
th
at
teac
h
er
s
co
u
ld
im
p
lem
en
t
with
o
u
t
co
n
s
tan
t
r
ei
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
L
ea
d
er
s
wer
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as
f
ilter
in
g
p
o
licy
s
ig
n
als,
clar
if
y
in
g
“w
h
at
co
u
n
ts
,
”
an
d
alig
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
ep
ar
tm
en
ts
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
f
r
a
g
m
en
ted
en
ac
tm
e
n
t.
On
e
m
id
d
le
lead
er
n
o
ted
:
“
w
h
en
p
o
li
cies
ch
a
n
g
e
q
u
ickly
,
tea
ch
ers
d
o
n
’
t
r
esis
t
th
e
g
o
a
l
—
th
ey
r
esis
t
th
e
co
n
fu
s
io
n
.
Ou
r
r
o
le
is
to
tr
a
n
s
la
te
th
e
p
o
li
cy
in
to
s
tep
s
th
a
t
fit
th
e
timeta
b
le
a
n
d
th
e
cla
s
s
r
o
o
m
r
ea
lity
.
”
An
o
th
er
teac
h
er
ex
p
lain
ed
th
at
en
ac
tm
e
n
t
im
p
r
o
v
ed
wh
e
n
lead
er
s
“
tu
r
n
ed
p
o
licy
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
in
to
a
ch
ec
klis
t
th
a
t
ma
tch
e
d
o
u
r
t
ea
ch
in
g
cy
cle
,
”
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
p
o
licy
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
r
e
ad
in
ess
ev
en
wh
en
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
c
o
h
er
en
ce
is
wea
k
.
3
.
4
.
2
.
T
hem
e
2
:
g
o
v
er
na
nce
na
v
ig
a
t
io
n a
nd
cult
ura
l le
g
it
im
a
t
io
n a
s
leg
it
i
m
a
cy
wo
rk
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
s
talled
wh
en
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
r
o
u
tin
es
(
ap
p
r
o
v
als,
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
,
in
s
p
ec
tio
n
cy
cles)
c
o
n
f
licte
d
with
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
ca
p
ac
ity
.
L
ea
d
er
s
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
ac
ted
as
b
r
o
k
e
r
s
—
n
eg
o
tiatin
g
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
,
r
ea
llo
ca
tin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
a
n
d
s
eq
u
en
cin
g
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
to
p
r
o
tec
t
teac
h
in
g
tim
e.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
CN
s
h
ap
ed
wh
eth
er
lead
er
s
h
ip
ac
tio
n
s
wer
e
ac
ce
p
ted
as
leg
itima
te.
Par
ticip
an
ts
d
escr
ib
ed
th
e
n
ee
d
to
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
r
ef
o
r
m
s
in
way
s
th
at
p
r
eser
v
e
d
h
ar
m
o
n
y
an
d
av
o
id
ed
p
u
b
lic
b
lam
e.
A
teac
h
er
s
h
ar
ed
:
“
p
eo
p
le
w
ill
fo
llo
w
,
b
u
t
o
n
ly
if
th
ey
feel
r
esp
ec
ted
.
I
f
lea
d
ers
p
u
s
h
to
o
h
a
r
d
,
tea
ch
ers
co
mp
ly
o
n
p
a
p
er
b
u
t
n
o
t
in
p
r
a
ctice
.
”
A
p
r
in
cip
al
-
lev
el
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
im
ilar
ly
s
t
ated
:
“
w
e
n
ee
d
to
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
ch
a
n
g
e
w
ith
o
u
t
ma
kin
g
a
n
yo
n
e
lo
s
e
fa
ce
;
o
th
er
w
is
e,
r
es
is
ta
n
ce
b
ec
o
mes
s
ilen
t
.
”
T
h
ese
ac
c
o
u
n
ts
alig
n
with
th
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
m
o
d
er
atio
n
r
esu
lts
b
y
illu
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
s
tr
o
n
g
er
leg
itima
cy
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
am
p
lify
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
lead
er
s
h
i
p
m
ed
i
atio
n
f
o
r
tr
an
s
latin
g
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t in
to
en
ac
tm
e
n
t.
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
Rec
a
p
o
f
pu
rpo
s
e
a
nd
m
o
del (
P
G
C
–
lea
dersh
ip m
e
dia
t
io
n m
o
del
;
H
1
–
H3)
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
e
x
am
in
ed
wh
eth
er
an
d
h
o
w
PGM
s
h
ap
es
RE
in
My
an
m
ar
,
an
d
wh
eth
er
TLMP
b
u
f
f
er
t
h
is
ef
f
ec
t
u
n
d
er
cu
ltu
r
ally
b
o
u
n
d
ed
leg
itima
cy
n
o
r
m
s
.
E
v
id
e
n
ce
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
a
two
-
wav
e
tim
e
-
lag
clu
s
ter
ed
s
ch
o
o
l
s
u
r
v
ey
(
4
8
s
ch
o
o
ls
;
N=
7
2
0
)
an
al
y
ze
d
with
v
alid
ated
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
els
an
d
m
u
ltil
ev
el
SEM
,
co
m
p
lem
en
ted
b
y
m
ec
h
an
is
m
-
o
r
ien
ted
in
ter
v
iews.
Misalig
n
m
en
t
r
e
d
u
ce
d
en
ac
tm
e
n
t
d
ir
ec
tly
,
b
u
t
in
cr
ea
s
ed
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
p
r
ac
tic
es
th
at
p
ar
tially
o
f
f
s
et
th
is
p
en
alty
;
th
e
b
u
f
f
e
r
in
g
p
ath
w
ay
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ed
as
cu
ltu
r
al
leg
itima
cy
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
in
ten
s
if
ied
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
r
ef
r
am
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
as
alig
n
m
en
t
-
b
u
ild
in
g
m
e
d
iatio
n
(
tr
an
s
latio
n
–
n
av
i
g
atio
n
–
leg
itima
tio
n
)
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
ev
alu
atio
n
-
o
r
ien
ted
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
f
o
r
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
c
ap
ac
ity
an
d
leg
itima
cy
c
o
n
d
i
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
h
e
r
en
t
p
atter
n
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
PGC
–
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
m
o
d
el
.
At
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
lev
el,
PGM
s
h
o
wed
a
n
eg
ativ
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
with
R
E
(
r
=−
0
.
1
8
)
,
wh
ile
T
L
MP
was
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
R
E
(
r
=0
.
3
8
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
m
i
s
alig
n
m
en
t
is
an
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
b
u
r
d
en
wh
e
r
ea
s
m
ed
ia
tio
n
p
r
ac
tices
ar
e
en
ac
tm
en
t
-
en
ab
li
n
g
(
T
ab
le
2
)
.
Me
asu
r
em
en
t
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
wer
e
em
p
ir
ically
u
s
ab
le
f
o
r
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
,
with
s
tr
o
n
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ac
ce
p
tab
l
e
f
it
(
C
FI=
0
.
9
5
6
;
T
L
I
=0
.
9
4
8
;
R
MSE
A=
0
.
0
4
4
;
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
P
o
licy
–
g
o
ve
r
n
a
n
ce
–
c
u
ltu
r
e
d
yn
a
mics in
Mya
n
ma
r
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
r
efo
r
m
…
(
C
h
i Ch
e
)
2967
SR
M
R
=0
.
0
4
1
)
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
lo
ad
in
g
r
an
g
es
(
T
ab
le
3
)
.
Stru
ctu
r
ally
,
th
e
m
u
ltil
ev
el
d
i
ag
n
o
s
tics
(
I
C
C
f
o
r
R
E
=0
.
1
1
)
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
p
r
esp
ec
if
ied
s
h
if
t
to
MSE
M,
wh
ich
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
RE
p
lau
s
ib
ly
v
ar
ies
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ch
o
o
ls
as o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
c
o
n
t
ex
ts
r
ath
er
th
an
p
u
r
el
y
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
.
4
.
2
.
I
nte
rpre
t
a
t
io
n
o
f
k
ey
ef
f
ec
t
s
4
.
2
.
1
.
Co
m
pens
a
t
o
ry
m
edia
t
i
o
n (
H
1
)
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
m
ed
iatio
n
b
est
in
ter
p
r
et
ed
as
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
y
r
ath
er
th
an
f
u
lly
r
esto
r
ativ
e.
PGM
r
etain
ed
a
n
eg
ativ
e
d
ir
ec
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
with
en
ac
tm
en
t
(
c′=−
0
.
1
5
,
p
=.
0
0
3
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
wh
en
p
o
licy
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
ex
ce
ed
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
—
d
ec
is
io
n
r
ig
h
ts
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
—
s
ch
o
o
ls
f
ac
e
a
m
e
asu
r
ab
le
en
ac
tm
e
n
t
p
e
n
alty
(
T
ab
le
4
)
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
PGM
was
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
T
L
MP
(
a=
0
.
2
5
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
,
an
d
T
L
MP
was
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
e
n
ac
tm
en
t
(
b
=0
.
3
0
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
was
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
ab
=0
.
0
7
5
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
lead
er
s
’
m
ed
iatio
n
wo
r
k
o
f
f
s
ets
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
to
tal
ef
f
ec
t
r
em
ain
ed
n
eg
ativ
e
(
−0
.
0
7
5
)
,
m
ea
n
in
g
t
h
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
b
u
f
f
er
s
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
b
u
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
elim
in
ate
it.
T
h
is
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
w
ith
p
o
licy
en
ac
tm
en
t
r
esear
c
h
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
r
ef
o
r
m
is
tr
an
s
lated
r
ath
er
th
an
m
ec
h
an
ically
im
p
lem
en
ted
,
a
n
d
th
at
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
u
tco
m
es
d
ep
en
d
h
ea
v
ily
o
n
h
o
w
l
o
ca
l
ac
to
r
s
in
ter
p
r
et
an
d
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
p
o
licy
u
n
d
er
co
n
tex
t
u
al
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
1
]
.
I
t
also
alig
n
s
with
c
o
llectiv
e
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
ip
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
t
h
at
p
o
licy
co
h
e
r
en
ce
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tical
r
elev
an
ce
s
h
a
p
e
wh
eth
e
r
r
ef
o
r
m
is
en
ac
ted
as
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
r
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
co
m
p
lian
ce
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
ter
m
s
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
eso
n
ate
with
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
au
to
n
o
m
y
an
d
ac
c
o
u
n
ta
b
ilit
y
r
ef
o
r
m
s
o
f
ten
g
en
er
ate
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
tr
ain
wh
en
f
o
r
m
al
d
ec
e
n
tr
aliza
tio
n
is
n
o
t
m
atch
ed
b
y
u
s
ab
le
au
t
h
o
r
ity
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
ts
[
7
]
–
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
e
n
s
ato
r
y
r
o
le
o
f
T
L
MP
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
f
u
r
th
er
ex
ten
d
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
r
esear
c
h
b
y
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
m
atter
s
n
o
t
m
er
ely
as
a
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
s
ty
le,
b
u
t
as
p
r
ac
tical
m
ed
iatio
n
w
o
r
k
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
lea
d
er
s
tr
an
s
late
p
o
licy
in
t
o
ac
tio
n
ab
le
r
o
u
tin
es,
n
av
i
g
ate
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
ef
f
o
r
t u
n
d
er
f
r
ag
ile
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
4
]
–
[
3
0
]
.
4
.
2
.
2
.
M
o
dera
t
io
n a
nd
co
nd
it
io
na
lity
(
H
2
–
H
3
)
CN
f
u
n
ctio
n
ed
as
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
y
co
n
d
itio
n
r
ath
er
th
an
a
d
o
m
in
an
t
b
iv
ar
iate
d
r
iv
er
,
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
m
o
d
est
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
C
N
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
I
n
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
,
C
N
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
o
d
er
ated
th
e
T
L
MP→R
E
p
ath
(
in
ter
ac
tio
n
β=0
.
1
0
,
p
=
.
0
0
1
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
T
L
MP
is
m
o
r
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
en
ac
tm
en
t
as
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
lict
-
av
o
id
an
t
n
o
r
m
s
in
ten
s
if
y
(
T
ab
le
4
;
Fig
u
r
e
3
)
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
in
ter
p
r
e
ted
as
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
h
ier
ar
ch
y
its
elf
im
p
r
o
v
es
r
ef
o
r
m
o
u
tco
m
es;
r
ath
er
,
it
in
d
icate
s
th
at
leg
itima
cy
co
n
s
t
r
ain
ts
alter
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
u
n
d
er
wh
ich
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
is
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
r
ec
e
n
t
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
i
p
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
at
lead
er
s
h
i
p
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
is
cu
ltu
r
ally
s
itu
ated
an
d
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
wh
eth
er
lead
er
s
h
ip
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
leg
itima
te,
r
elatio
n
ally
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate,
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
ally
co
n
g
r
u
en
t
[
3
1
]
–
[
3
3
]
.
I
t
also
alig
n
s
with
wo
r
k
s
h
o
win
g
t
h
at
s
ch
o
o
l
lead
e
r
s
’
in
f
lu
en
ce
is
e
n
ac
ted
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
ev
er
y
d
a
y
in
ter
ac
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
th
at
s
h
ap
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
tr
u
s
t,
m
ea
n
in
g
-
m
ak
in
g
,
an
d
willin
g
n
ess
to
en
g
a
g
e
in
ch
an
g
e
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
R
elate
d
ev
id
en
ce
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
s
ch
o
o
l
cu
ltu
r
e,
r
esil
ien
ce
,
an
d
teac
h
er
co
m
m
itm
en
t
m
o
r
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
wh
en
lead
er
s
cr
ea
te
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ically
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
ally
s
af
e
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
f
o
r
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
[
2
8
]
–
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
th
is
h
el
p
s
ex
p
lain
wh
y
T
L
MP
h
ad
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
en
ac
tm
e
n
t
p
ay
o
f
f
u
n
d
er
h
ig
h
er
C
N:
in
co
n
tex
ts
wh
e
r
e
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
f
r
o
n
tatio
n
,
r
ap
id
r
ed
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
a
u
th
o
r
it
y
,
o
r
o
p
en
d
is
s
en
t
is
cu
ltu
r
ally
co
s
tly
,
en
ac
tm
en
t
d
ep
en
d
s
m
o
r
e
h
ea
v
ily
o
n
f
ac
e
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
r
esp
ec
tf
u
l
co
n
s
u
ltatio
n
,
an
d
cu
ltu
r
ally
leg
itima
te
co
alitio
n
-
b
u
ild
in
g
.
B
ec
au
s
e
C
N
m
o
d
er
ated
th
e
b
-
p
ath
,
th
e
m
ed
iatio
n
b
ec
am
e
co
n
d
itio
n
al,
wh
ich
is
th
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tiv
e
co
r
e
o
f
H3
.
T
h
e
im
p
lied
p
atter
n
is
th
at
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
p
ath
way
(
PGM→T
L
MP→
R
E
)
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
as
leg
itima
cy
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
r
is
e:
wh
en
C
N
i
s
h
ig
h
er
,
t
h
e
en
ac
tm
en
t
g
ai
n
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
T
L
MP
ar
e
lar
g
er
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
e
x
ten
d
s
p
r
io
r
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
cu
ltu
r
e
r
esear
ch
b
y
s
h
o
win
g
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
at
cu
ltu
r
e
s
h
a
p
es
r
ef
o
r
m
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
b
u
t
th
at
it
also
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
t
h
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
p
ath
way
lin
k
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
i
s
alig
n
m
en
t
to
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
en
ac
tm
en
t
o
u
tc
o
m
es
[
3
1
]
–
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
claim
th
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
is
m
o
s
t
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tial
p
r
ec
is
ely
in
th
e
co
n
tex
ts
wh
er
e
ch
an
g
e
is
h
ar
d
est
to
le
g
itima
te.
Pu
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
tly
,
lead
e
r
s
’
ca
p
ac
ity
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
cu
lt
u
r
ally
ac
ce
p
tab
le
m
o
v
em
en
t
b
ec
o
m
es
a
k
ey
m
ec
h
an
is
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
-
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ed
r
e
f
o
r
m
s
ca
n
s
till
b
e
en
ac
ted
as
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
r
ath
er
th
an
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
c
o
m
p
lian
ce
r
o
u
tin
es.
4
.
3
.
Co
ntr
ibu
t
io
ns
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
p
r
i
m
ar
y
co
n
tr
i
b
u
t
io
n
is
to
s
h
if
t
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
f
r
o
m
s
in
g
le
-
f
ac
to
r
ac
c
o
u
n
ts
—
p
o
l
icy
d
esig
n
alo
n
e,
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
alo
n
e,
o
r
cu
ltu
r
e
alo
n
e
—
to
war
d
an
in
teg
r
ated
v
iew
o
f
en
ac
tm
en
t
as
an
in
ter
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
em
p
ir
ical
p
atter
n
in
T
ab
le
4
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
a
lay
er
ed
lo
g
ic:
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
d
e
p
r
ess
es
en
ac
tm
en
t
d
ir
ec
tly
,
y
et
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
ac
tiv
ates
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
ef
f
o
r
t,
wh
ic
h
p
ar
tially
o
f
f
s
ets
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
2
9
5
9
-
2
972
2968
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
is
in
ter
ac
tio
n
f
r
a
m
in
g
h
el
p
s
ex
p
l
ain
wh
y
r
ef
o
r
m
s
ca
n
s
h
o
w
p
o
ck
ets
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
ess
with
o
u
t
s
y
s
tem
-
wid
e
co
n
s
is
te
n
cy
:
s
ch
o
o
ls
with
s
tr
o
n
g
er
m
ed
iatio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
ca
n
b
u
f
f
er
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
u
n
ev
en
en
ac
tm
en
t
ac
r
o
s
s
co
n
tex
ts
.
I
n
th
is
r
esp
ec
t,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
lem
en
ts
p
r
io
r
wo
r
k
o
n
e
n
ac
tm
en
t,
d
ec
en
tr
aliza
tio
n
,
an
d
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
-
with
-
ac
c
o
u
n
tab
ilit
y
b
y
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
g
ap
s
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
o
licy
-
d
esig
n
f
ailu
r
es,
b
u
t
also
alig
n
m
en
t
f
ailu
r
e
s
ac
r
o
s
s
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e,
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
,
a
n
d
c
u
ltu
r
ally
l
eg
itima
te
lead
er
s
h
ip
ac
tio
n
[
1
3
]
–
[
2
1
]
.
A
s
ec
o
n
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
co
n
ce
p
tu
al.
R
ath
er
th
an
tr
ea
tin
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
as
a
g
en
er
alize
d
s
ty
le,
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
p
r
ac
tice
-
o
r
ien
ted
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
—
TLMP
—
th
at
d
o
es
t
h
r
ee
k
in
d
s
o
f
wo
r
k
u
n
d
er
r
e
f
o
r
m
p
r
ess
u
r
e:
tr
an
s
latin
g
p
o
licy
in
to
wo
r
k
a
b
le
s
tep
s
,
n
av
ig
atin
g
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
an
d
leg
itima
tin
g
ch
an
g
e
cu
ltu
r
all
y
.
T
h
is
ex
ten
d
s
th
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
li
ter
atu
r
e,
wh
ich
h
as
lin
k
ed
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
to
teac
h
er
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
s
ch
o
o
l
cu
ltu
r
e,
a
n
d
r
esil
ien
ce
[
2
4
]
–
[
3
5
]
,
b
y
s
p
ec
if
y
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
co
n
te
x
t
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
m
ed
iatio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
r
ef
o
r
m
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
eq
u
ally
clea
r
.
Fo
r
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
lead
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tr
ain
ed
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
v
is
io
n
-
s
ettin
g
o
r
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
,
b
u
t
also
in
p
o
licy
tr
an
s
latio
n
,
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
n
a
v
ig
atio
n
,
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
ally
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
leg
itima
tio
n
.
T
h
is
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
io
r
ev
id
e
n
ce
th
at
r
ef
o
r
m
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
wh
en
lead
er
s
ca
n
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
,
b
u
i
ld
tr
u
s
t,
an
d
ad
ap
t
ch
an
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
to
lo
ca
l
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
c
u
ltu
r
es
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
Fo
r
p
o
licy
an
d
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
d
esig
n
,
th
e
r
e
s
u
lts
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
th
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
tr
ea
t
ed
as
a
s
u
b
s
titu
te
f
o
r
co
h
er
e
n
t
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
ar
ch
itectu
r
e.
Stu
d
ies
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
d
ec
e
n
tr
aliza
tio
n
,
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
r
e
f
o
r
m
r
ep
e
ated
ly
s
h
o
w
th
at
r
e
f
o
r
m
s
b
e
co
m
e
f
r
a
g
ile
wh
en
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
d
em
a
n
d
s
ar
e
n
o
t
m
atch
ed
b
y
u
s
ab
le
au
th
o
r
ity
,
r
o
le
clar
ity
,
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
7
]
–
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
s
th
at
ev
en
s
tr
o
n
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
c
an
n
o
t
f
u
lly
c
o
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
p
er
s
is
ten
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t.
Fin
ally
,
t
h
e
m
o
d
er
atio
n
e
f
f
ec
t
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
l
eg
itima
cy
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
tr
ea
ted
a
s
a
r
ef
o
r
m
r
eso
u
r
ce
r
ath
er
th
an
m
er
ely
a
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
.
I
n
h
i
g
h
er
-
h
ier
ar
c
h
y
s
ettin
g
s
,
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
lear
n
in
g
m
a
y
n
ee
d
to
b
e
s
tag
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
ac
e
-
p
r
eser
v
in
g
an
d
r
elatio
n
ally
s
af
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
wh
ich
ec
h
o
es r
ec
en
t w
o
r
k
o
n
cu
ltu
r
ally
co
n
g
r
u
en
t
lead
er
s
h
i
p
an
d
cr
is
is
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
s
ch
o
o
l
lead
er
s
h
ip
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
T
o
g
eth
e
r
,
th
ese
im
p
licatio
n
s
p
o
s
itio
n
th
e
PGC
–
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
m
o
d
el
as a
u
s
ef
u
l e
v
alu
atio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
d
iag
n
o
s
in
g
wh
eth
er
wea
k
en
ac
tm
en
t
is
d
r
iv
en
p
r
im
ar
ily
b
y
PGM
,
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
ed
iatio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
,
o
r
u
n
r
eso
lv
ed
leg
itima
cy
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
R
ep
o
s
itio
n
in
g
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
as
m
ed
iatio
n
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icien
ts
in
T
ab
le
4
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
clea
r
lo
g
ic
ch
ain
f
o
r
th
is
r
ep
o
s
itio
n
in
g
:
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
p
r
ed
icts
m
ed
iatio
n
ef
f
o
r
t
(
a
-
p
ath
)
,
m
ed
iatio
n
p
r
ed
icts
en
ac
tm
en
t
(
b
-
p
ath
)
,
an
d
th
e
m
ed
iatio
n
p
ay
o
f
f
is
lar
g
er
u
n
d
er
s
tr
o
n
g
er
leg
itima
cy
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
(
in
ter
ac
tio
n
)
.
4
.
4
.
I
m
pli
ca
t
i
o
ns
f
o
r
lea
dersh
ip dev
elo
pm
ent
a
nd
s
cho
o
l
-
lev
el
pra
ct
ice
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
izes
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
ca
p
ac
ity
-
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
p
licitly
tr
ain
l
ea
d
er
s
f
o
r
m
ed
iatio
n
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
o
r
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
W
h
er
e
m
is
alig
n
m
e
n
t
is
p
r
esen
t,
lead
e
r
s
n
ee
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
f
o
r
i
)
p
o
licy
tr
an
s
latio
n
—
tu
r
n
in
g
b
r
o
ad
d
ir
ec
tiv
es
in
to
s
tag
ed
p
r
io
r
ities
,
r
o
u
tin
es,
an
d
s
h
o
r
t
-
cy
cle
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
;
ii)
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
n
av
ig
atio
n
—
s
ec
u
r
in
g
p
e
r
m
is
s
io
n
s
,
m
o
b
ilizin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
f
r
am
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
as
p
o
licy
f
u
lf
illme
n
t
r
ath
er
th
an
au
th
o
r
ity
ch
allen
g
e;
an
d
iii)
cu
ltu
r
al
leg
itima
tio
n
—
u
s
in
g
tr
u
s
t
-
b
u
ild
in
g
an
d
f
ac
e
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
th
at
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
lea
r
n
in
g
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tatio
n
b
e
co
m
e
s
o
cially
s
af
e.
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
r
atio
n
p
atter
n
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
at
th
is
th
ir
d
elem
en
t
is
n
o
t
“so
f
t
ad
d
-
o
n
,
”
b
u
t
a
co
n
d
i
tio
n
th
at
am
p
lifie
s
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
m
e
d
iatio
n
p
r
a
ctice
s
o
n
en
ac
tm
en
t.
I
m
p
lic
atio
n
s
f
o
r
p
o
licy
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
y
m
ed
iatio
n
p
att
er
n
y
ield
s
a
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
m
ess
ag
e:
if
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
p
er
s
is
ts
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
b
ec
o
m
es
a
co
m
p
e
n
s
ato
r
y
m
ec
h
an
is
m
—
u
s
ef
u
l
b
u
t
in
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t.
T
h
e
n
eg
ativ
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
PGM
(
c′=−
0
.
1
5
)
in
d
icate
s
th
at
s
y
s
tem
s
s
h
o
u
ld
r
ed
u
ce
av
o
id
ab
le
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ally
b
y
alig
n
in
g
tar
g
ets
with
d
ec
is
io
n
r
ig
h
ts
,
r
o
le
clar
ity
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
g
u
id
an
ce
.
Do
in
g
s
o
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
c
o
n
s
tan
t
tr
an
s
latio
n
an
d
n
eg
o
tiatio
n
at
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
lev
el
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
th
at
en
ac
tm
e
n
t
b
ec
o
m
es
r
o
u
tin
e
r
ath
er
th
a
n
lead
e
r
-
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t.
I
n
p
r
ac
tical
ter
m
s
,
r
ef
o
r
m
p
ac
k
ag
es
s
h
o
u
ld
s
p
ec
if
y
wh
at
s
ch
o
o
ls
m
ay
a
d
ap
t
v
er
s
u
s
m
u
s
t
co
m
p
ly
with
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
wo
r
k
ab
le
to
o
l
k
its
,
an
d
b
u
ild
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
lo
o
p
s
th
at
allo
w
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
to
lear
n
f
r
o
m
e
n
ac
tm
en
t r
ea
liti
es r
ath
e
r
th
an
en
f
o
r
cin
g
co
m
p
lian
ce
s
ig
n
als th
at
m
ask
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
f
r
ag
ilit
y
.
Fro
m
an
ev
alu
atio
n
s
tan
d
p
o
i
n
t,
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
lo
g
ic
f
o
r
id
en
tify
i
n
g
w
h
eth
er
wea
k
en
ac
tm
en
t
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
r
iv
en
b
y
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
(
PGM)
,
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
m
ed
iatio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
(
T
L
MP)
,
o
r
leg
itima
cy
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
(
C
N)
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
m
o
r
e
tar
g
eted
r
ef
o
r
m
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
r
ath
er
th
an
g
en
er
ic
co
m
p
lian
ce
-
b
ased
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
C
u
ltu
r
al
im
p
licatio
n
s
:
leg
itima
cy
as
a
r
ef
o
r
m
r
eso
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
ef
f
ec
t
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
leg
itima
cy
is
n
o
t
s
im
p
ly
a
“c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t”
b
u
t
also
a
d
esig
n
p
ar
am
eter
:
r
ef
o
r
m
s
m
o
v
e
wh
e
n
lead
er
s
ca
n
f
r
am
e
ch
an
g
e
in
c
u
ltu
r
ally
ac
ce
p
tab
l
e
way
s
.
I
n
h
ig
h
-
h
ier
a
r
ch
y
c
o
n
tex
ts
,
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
c
h
an
g
e
m
a
y
n
ee
d
to
b
e
s
tag
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
tecte
d
m
icr
o
-
s
p
ac
es
(
e.
g
.
,
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
t
team
s
,
less
o
n
s
tu
d
y
g
r
o
u
p
s
)
wh
er
e
v
o
ice
in
cr
ea
s
es
g
r
ad
u
ally
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
is
d
eli
v
er
ed
in
f
ac
e
-
p
r
eser
v
in
g
f
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
r
ef
o
r
m
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
h
o
u
ld
in
clu
d
e
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
f
ac
ilit
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
r
ath
er
th
an
im
p
o
r
t
in
g
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
m
o
d
els
th
at
p
r
esu
m
e
lo
w
p
o
wer
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
h
ig
h
to
ler
a
n
ce
f
o
r
d
ir
ec
t c
r
itiq
u
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.