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h
a
n
ce
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
ag
ilit
y
,
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
q
u
ality
,
an
d
alig
n
m
en
t
with
s
tr
ateg
ic
g
o
als
,
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
tin
g
o
r
g
an
izati
o
n
al
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
C
r
o
s
s
-
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
a
n
d
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
d
ig
ital
s
p
ac
es
f
a
cilitate
co
-
cr
ea
tio
n
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
h
ar
in
g
,
a
n
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
o
o
lin
g
th
at
a
d
d
r
ess
g
l
o
b
al
ch
allen
g
es
b
ey
o
n
d
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
a
l
ca
p
ac
ity
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
W
ith
o
u
t
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
,
s
y
s
tem
-
lev
el
d
ig
ital
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
f
ac
u
lties
,
I
T
u
n
its
,
a
n
d
p
ar
tn
er
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
r
is
k
f
r
a
g
m
en
ted
in
itiativ
es
th
at
th
r
ea
te
n
co
m
p
etitiv
en
ess
in
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
l
y
d
ig
itized
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
On
lin
e
co
llectiv
e
ef
f
icac
y
(
OC
E
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
h
ar
ed
b
elief
am
o
n
g
m
em
b
e
r
s
o
f
a
d
ig
ital
g
r
o
u
p
th
at
th
ey
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ac
h
ie
v
e
co
m
m
o
n
g
o
als
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
o
r
d
in
ated
ac
tio
n
v
ia
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Un
li
k
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
o
r
o
b
jectiv
e
g
r
o
u
p
ca
p
ac
ity
,
OC
E
r
ef
lects
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
co
llectiv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
o
b
jectiv
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ig
itally
m
ed
iated
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
v
id
e
o
co
n
f
er
en
cin
g
,
f
o
r
u
m
s
,
an
d
s
o
cial
m
e
d
ia
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ac
ad
em
ic
s
ettin
g
s
,
OC
E
o
p
er
ates
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
clu
d
in
g
s
o
cial
p
r
esen
ce
-
th
e
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
th
at
o
th
er
s
ar
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ically
p
r
esen
t
in
v
ir
tu
al
s
p
ac
es
-
g
r
o
u
p
co
h
esio
n
,
an
d
c
o
llab
o
r
ati
v
e
en
g
ag
em
en
t
th
at
f
o
s
ter
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Hig
h
er
OC
E
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
g
r
o
u
p
m
is
s
io
n
s
,
p
r
o
m
o
tes
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
h
ar
in
g
an
d
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
in
f
o
r
m
al
s
o
cial
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
th
at
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
an
d
m
u
tu
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
with
i
n
o
n
lin
e
ac
ad
em
ic
co
m
m
u
n
ities
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
lab
o
r
-
in
ten
s
iv
e
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ato
r
s
,
a
n
d
ass
is
tan
t
lectu
r
er
s
co
n
s
titu
te
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
d
r
i
v
in
g
b
o
th
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
Facu
lty
m
em
b
er
s
s
er
v
e
as
t
h
e
s
tr
ateg
ic,
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al,
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
-
c
r
ea
tio
n
b
ac
k
b
o
n
e,
d
esig
n
in
g
cu
r
r
icu
la
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
co
n
ten
t,
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
r
esear
ch
th
at
g
en
er
ates
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
-
r
elev
an
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
an
d
s
h
ap
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
co
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
v
alu
es
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
[
5
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
eir
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
co
m
m
itm
en
t
a
r
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
em
b
ed
d
i
n
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
as
a
co
r
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
r
io
r
ity
r
ath
er
th
an
p
er
ip
h
e
r
al
in
itiativ
e
[
2
9
]
–
[
3
1
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
ass
is
tan
t
lectu
r
er
s
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ato
r
s
-
r
e
f
er
r
ed
t
o
as
Heia
’
a
Mo
’
awe
n
a
in
th
e
E
g
y
p
tian
co
n
tex
t
-
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
a
n
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
b
ac
k
b
o
n
e
,
p
o
s
s
es
s
in
g
tech
n
ical
ex
p
er
tis
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
tr
an
s
latin
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
p
o
licies
in
to
co
n
cr
ete
ca
m
p
u
s
p
r
ac
tices in
r
eso
u
r
ce
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t sy
s
tem
s
[
3
2
]
–
[
3
4
]
.
R
ec
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
E
g
y
p
t
h
av
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
f
ac
u
lty
c
o
l
lab
o
r
ativ
e
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
f
o
r
cin
g
a
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
co
o
p
er
atio
n
t
o
s
cr
ee
n
-
m
ed
iated
co
llectiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
E
g
y
p
t
’
s
s
u
s
tain
ed
in
v
estme
n
t in
I
C
T
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
s
in
ce
th
e
m
id
-
1
9
8
0
s
,
co
u
p
led
with
th
e
2
0
1
6
lau
n
ch
o
f
th
e
E
g
y
p
tian
Kn
o
wled
g
e
B
an
k
an
d
Mi
n
is
tr
y
-
d
r
iv
en
lear
n
i
n
g
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
estab
lis
h
ed
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
d
ig
ital
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
ac
ce
ler
ated
th
is
s
h
if
t,
with
p
u
b
lic
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
itially
ad
o
p
tin
g
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
s
u
ch
as
W
h
atsAp
p
an
d
Fa
ce
b
o
o
k
as
f
o
r
m
a
l
d
is
tan
ce
-
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
n
atio
n
wi
d
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
T
ea
m
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
h
ip
s
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
is
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
al
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
n
o
r
m
alize
d
p
latf
o
r
m
-
b
ased
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
clo
u
d
-
b
ased
c
o
o
r
d
in
atio
n
,
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
cr
o
s
s
-
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
r
ep
lacin
g
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l
ca
m
p
u
s
-
b
o
u
n
d
e
d
m
ee
tin
g
s
with
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
a
n
d
asy
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
d
ig
ital
e
x
ch
an
g
es,
th
o
u
g
h
h
ie
r
ar
ch
ica
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es a
n
d
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
co
n
tin
u
e
s
h
ap
in
g
a
d
o
p
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
OC
E
an
d
OSD
ca
n
b
e
th
eo
r
etica
lly
ex
p
lain
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
B
an
d
u
r
a
’
s
s
o
cial
co
g
n
itiv
e
th
eo
r
y
,
wh
ich
p
o
s
it
s
th
at
co
llectiv
e
ef
f
icac
y
-
a
g
r
o
u
p
’
s
s
h
ar
ed
b
elief
in
its
co
n
jo
in
t
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
o
r
g
an
ize
an
d
ex
ec
u
te
ac
tio
n
s
-
em
er
g
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
iad
ic
r
ec
ip
r
o
ca
l
d
eter
m
in
is
m
in
v
o
lv
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
g
n
itio
n
,
b
eh
av
io
r
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
[
4
0
]
–
[
4
2
]
.
I
n
d
ig
itally
m
ed
iated
ac
ad
e
m
ic
co
n
te
x
ts
,
h
ig
h
OC
E
in
cr
ea
s
es
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
,
an
d
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
q
u
ality
,
d
r
iv
i
n
g
team
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
at
en
h
an
c
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
esil
ien
ce
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
C
o
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
th
e
o
r
etica
l
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
-
in
clu
d
i
n
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
b
ased
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
th
eo
r
ies,
co
n
n
ec
tiv
i
s
m
’
s
em
p
h
asis
o
n
n
etwo
r
k
ed
k
n
o
wled
g
e
c
r
ea
tio
n
,
a
n
d
s
o
cia
l
ex
ch
an
g
e
th
e
o
r
y
’
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
r
ec
ip
r
o
ca
l
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
-
co
llectiv
ely
e
x
p
lain
h
o
w
r
e
p
ea
ted
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
d
ig
ital
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
ac
cu
m
u
lates
s
o
cial
ca
p
ital,
ad
ap
tiv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
r
o
u
tin
es
ess
en
t
ial
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t [
4
5
]
–
[
4
7
]
.
Desp
ite
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
r
esear
ch
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
o
f
f
lin
e
co
llectiv
e
ef
f
icac
y
p
r
ed
ict
p
r
o
-
e
n
v
ir
o
n
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m
es,
th
r
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cr
itical
lim
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n
s
p
er
s
is
t
[
4
8
]
–
[
5
2
]
.
Prio
r
s
tu
d
ie
s
f
o
cu
s
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
o
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in
d
iv
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al
o
r
o
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f
li
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s
tr
u
cts,
o
v
er
l
o
o
k
in
g
th
e
s
h
ar
ed
d
ig
ital
n
atu
r
e
o
f
c
o
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te
m
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o
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ar
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ac
ad
em
ic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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d
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c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
On
lin
e
co
llective
effica
cy
a
n
d
its
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
w
ith
o
r
g
a
n
iz
a
tio
n
a
l su
s
ta
in
a
b
le
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(
A
s
h
r
a
f R
a
g
a
b
I
b
r
a
h
im
)
2777
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
[
4
8
]
–
[
5
0
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ex
is
tin
g
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
esear
ch
tr
ea
ts
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
as
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
-
lev
el
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
ig
n
o
r
in
g
c
o
llectiv
e
d
ig
ital
b
elief
s
[
5
3
]
–
[
5
5
]
.
Mo
s
t
cr
itically
,
n
o
s
tu
d
y
h
as
ex
am
in
ed
h
o
w
s
h
ar
ed
b
elief
s
ab
o
u
t
c
o
llectiv
e
d
ig
ital
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
p
r
e
d
ict
tr
ip
le
-
b
o
tto
m
-
lin
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
u
tco
m
es in
h
i
g
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
leav
in
g
OC
E
as a
n
en
tire
ly
u
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
b
r
id
g
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
[
5
6
]
,
[
5
7
]
.
Desp
ite
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
th
eo
r
etica
l
r
atio
n
ale
lin
k
in
g
OC
E
to
OSD
an
d
th
e
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
E
g
y
p
tian
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
llo
win
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
n
o
e
m
p
ir
ical
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
h
as
d
ir
ec
tly
ex
am
in
ed
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
al
co
n
te
x
t
-
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
cr
itical
g
ap
at
th
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
r
esear
ch
an
d
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
is
cr
itica
l
g
ap
b
y
ex
am
i
n
in
g
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
OC
E
an
d
OSD
o
u
tco
m
es
am
o
n
g
E
g
y
p
tian
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
ev
i
d
en
ce
-
b
ased
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
lev
er
ag
e
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
to
ad
v
a
n
ce
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
ag
en
d
as
i
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
co
n
tex
ts
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
p
u
r
s
u
es
two
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
es:
f
ir
s
t,
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
n
atu
r
e
a
n
d
s
tr
e
n
g
th
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
OC
E
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
OSD
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
am
o
n
g
E
g
y
p
tian
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
;
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
,
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
e
x
ten
t
to
w
h
ich
OC
E
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
p
r
ed
ict
o
v
er
all
OSD
o
u
tco
m
es
wh
e
n
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
s
h
ar
ed
v
ar
ian
c
e
am
o
n
g
p
r
e
d
icto
r
s
.
T
o
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
th
ese
o
b
jectiv
es,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
an
s
wer
two
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
−
W
h
at
is
th
e
n
atu
r
e
an
d
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
OC
E
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
OSD
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
?
−
T
o
wh
at
ex
ten
t
d
o
OC
E
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
p
r
ed
ict
OSD
o
u
tco
m
es
wh
en
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
s
h
a
r
ed
v
ar
ian
ce
am
o
n
g
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
?
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Study
des
ig
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
l
o
y
ed
a
q
u
an
ti
tativ
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
al
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
,
s
elec
ted
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es
an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
al
d
esig
n
is
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
ex
am
in
in
g
t
h
e
n
atu
r
e,
s
tr
en
g
t
h
,
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
v
a
r
iab
les
an
d
f
o
r
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
o
f
o
n
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
p
o
n
an
o
th
er
with
o
u
t
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
m
an
ip
u
latio
n
,
d
ir
ec
tly
alig
n
in
g
with
o
u
r
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
OC
E
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
OSD
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
is
wid
ely
estab
lis
h
ed
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
r
esear
ch
wh
e
n
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
aim
is
to
m
ap
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
ts
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
o
e
s
tab
lis
h
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
ca
u
s
atio
n
.
2
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
two
-
s
tag
e
s
am
p
lin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
v
alid
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
A
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
was
s
elec
ted
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
with
d
ir
ec
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
o
n
li
n
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
ac
ad
em
ic
s
ettin
g
s
,
m
ak
in
g
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
in
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
ca
p
t
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
tar
g
et
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
[
5
8
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
well
-
estab
lis
h
ed
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
r
esear
ch
wh
er
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
-
r
elev
a
n
t
ex
p
er
tis
e
is
a
p
r
er
eq
u
is
ite
f
o
r
v
alid
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
[
5
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
etr
ic
v
alid
atio
n
s
am
p
le
co
m
p
r
is
ed
4
7
3
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
an
d
teac
h
i
n
g
ass
is
tan
ts
f
r
o
m
Al
-
Azh
ar
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
m
ain
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
co
m
p
r
is
ed
6
4
7
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
to
s
atis
f
y
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
m
in
im
u
m
r
atio
o
f
1
0
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
p
er
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
v
ar
iab
le
f
o
r
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
an
al
y
s
is
[
6
0
]
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
s
u
f
f
icien
t
s
tatis
t
ical
p
o
wer
f
o
r
th
e
p
la
n
n
ed
a
n
aly
s
es.
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
r
ec
r
u
ited
v
i
a
a
v
er
if
ied
W
h
atsAp
p
g
r
o
u
p
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
f
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
f
a
cu
lty
m
em
b
er
s
,
in
wh
ich
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
af
f
iliatio
n
was
v
er
if
ied
u
s
in
g
o
f
f
icial
id
en
tific
atio
n
ca
r
d
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
elec
tr
o
n
ically
v
i
a
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
d
u
r
in
g
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
-
3
0
,
2
0
2
5
,
in
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
em
ester
o
f
th
e
2025
-
2
0
2
6
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
.
T
a
b
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
b
o
th
s
am
p
les,
in
clu
d
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
r
a
n
k
,
g
en
d
er
,
s
elf
-
r
e
p
o
r
ted
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
lev
el,
an
d
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
.
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
dev
elo
pm
en
t
T
h
e
OC
E
s
ca
le
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
Glass
m
an
et
a
l.
[
6
1
]
was
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
'
p
er
c
ep
tio
n
s
o
f
th
eir
co
llectiv
e
ef
f
icac
y
in
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
is
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
a
s
ix
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
o
d
el
r
ef
lectin
g
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
at
two
lev
els
(
p
ar
ticip
an
t
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
)
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
o
n
lin
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
:
s
o
cial
p
r
esen
ce
,
en
g
ag
em
en
t
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
a
u
g
m
en
tatio
n
.
E
ac
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
p
e
r
ates
at
b
o
th
p
ar
ticip
an
t
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
lev
els,
y
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ato
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ated
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m
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ter
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im
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io
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c
o
r
r
elatio
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s
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o
s
ite
r
eliab
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y
co
ef
f
i
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ts
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cial,
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o
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s
im
p
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em
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t
an
d
lear
n
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g
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ir
o
n
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en
tal
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r
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ip
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cial
r
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o
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d
alig
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an
d
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em
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ly
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ee
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5
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s
tr
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ly
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ato
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aly
s
is
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ield
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s
atis
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y
f
it
in
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ices
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f
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0
3
0
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9
2
7
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FI=
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7
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MSE
A=
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0
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m
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th
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f
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Fo
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n
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L
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o
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ts
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g
ed
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1
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o
s
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d
im
en
s
io
n
s
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d
C
r
o
n
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ac
h
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icien
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g
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8
3
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8
7
1
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with
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tal
s
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le
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eliab
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y
o
f
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=.
8
8
8
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Self
-
r
ep
o
r
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
b
ec
au
s
e
b
o
th
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
ar
e
p
er
ce
p
tu
al
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
atu
r
e,
m
ak
in
g
p
ar
ticip
an
t self
-
ass
ess
m
en
t th
e
m
o
s
t v
alid
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
s
tu
d
y
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
P
sy
c
h
o
met
r
i
c
s
a
m
p
l
e
(
N
=
4
7
3
)
M
a
i
n
sam
p
l
e
(
N
=
6
4
7
)
N
%
N
%
A
c
a
d
e
mi
c
r
a
n
k
D
e
mo
n
st
r
a
t
o
r
50
1
5
.
9
60
1
0
.
6
A
ssi
st
a
n
t
l
e
c
t
u
r
e
r
95
3
0
.
2
1
0
7
1
8
.
8
Le
c
t
u
r
e
r
1
0
0
3
1
.
7
1
2
0
2
1
.
1
A
sso
c
i
a
t
e
p
r
o
f
e
sso
r
56
1
7
.
8
1
5
6
2
7
.
5
P
r
o
f
e
sso
r
14
4
.
4
1
2
5
2
2
.
0
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
2
1
3
6
7
.
6
4
0
6
7
1
.
5
F
e
mal
e
1
0
2
3
2
.
4
1
6
2
2
8
.
5
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
s
k
i
l
l
s
l
e
v
e
l
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
1
3
2
4
1
.
9
2
1
0
3
7
.
0
I
n
t
e
r
med
i
a
t
e
1
4
9
4
7
.
3
2
2
6
3
9
.
8
B
e
g
i
n
n
e
r
34
1
0
.
8
1
3
2
2
3
.
2
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
Y
e
s
1
9
1
6
0
.
4
3
3
3
5
8
.
6
No
1
2
4
3
9
.
4
2
3
5
4
1
.
4
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Data
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
s
tatis
tical
p
ac
k
ag
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
27
(
SPSS
-
27
)
an
d
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
m
o
m
en
t
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
2
6
(
AM
OS
-
26
)
.
T
h
e
an
aly
tical
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
was
d
ir
ec
tly
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
two
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
ad
d
r
ess
ed
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
1
b
y
ex
am
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
atu
r
e,
s
tr
en
g
t
h
,
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
b
iv
a
r
iate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
all
OC
E
an
d
OSD
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
;
m
u
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
ad
d
r
ess
ed
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
2
b
y
d
eter
m
in
in
g
t
h
e
u
n
i
q
u
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
ea
ch
OC
E
d
im
en
s
io
n
to
o
v
er
all
OSD
wh
ile
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
s
h
ar
ed
v
a
r
ian
ce
am
o
n
g
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
.
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
in
AM
OS
ass
es
s
ed
f
ac
to
r
ial
v
alid
ity
a
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
b
o
t
h
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
p
r
i
o
r
t
o
m
ain
an
aly
s
es.
Mu
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
was
ex
am
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
ia
n
ce
in
f
latio
n
f
ac
to
r
(
VI
F)
v
alu
es
an
d
to
l
er
an
ce
s
tatis
tic
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
esti
m
ates.
Stan
d
ar
d
ized
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
(
β)
wer
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
to
en
ab
le
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
elativ
e
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ea
ch
OC
E
d
im
en
s
io
n
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
Pre
lim
in
ar
y
an
aly
s
es
ex
am
in
e
d
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
al
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
b
iv
ar
iate
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
iab
les.
As
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
T
a
b
le
2
,
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
r
ev
ea
led
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
all
s
ix
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
OC
E
an
d
t
h
e
s
ev
en
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
OSD
(
all
p
<.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
OC
E
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
m
o
d
e
r
ate
to
s
tr
o
n
g
(
r
=.
4
8
5
t
o
r
=.
5
9
2
)
,
wh
ile
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
am
o
n
g
OSD
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
r
=.
5
1
1
to
r
=.
6
2
5
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
OC
E
s
co
r
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
with
all
OSD
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
with
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
r
=.
6
5
5
to
r
=.
7
3
9
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
OS
D
s
co
r
e
co
r
r
elate
d
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
with
all
O
C
E
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
r
=.
6
7
0
to
r
=.
7
3
5
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
to
tal
OC
E
s
co
r
e
an
d
to
tal
OSD
s
co
r
e
was
e
x
ce
p
tio
n
ally
s
tr
o
n
g
(
r
=.
8
8
7
,
p
<
.
0
0
1
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
ass
o
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lty
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em
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s
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in
s
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r
r
elatio
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p
atter
n
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ip
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g
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
On
lin
e
co
llective
effica
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a
n
d
its
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
w
ith
o
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a
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iz
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(
A
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a
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a
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a
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)
2779
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
m
atr
ix
o
f
OC
E
an
d
OSD
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
S
P
_
P
L
1
S
P
_
C
L
.
5
4
**
1
E_
P
L
.
5
3
**
.
5
3
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1
E_
C
L
.
5
8
**
.
5
9
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.
5
6
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1
C
A
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L
.
5
1
**
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5
3
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5
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5
7
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L
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5
5
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5
5
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4
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7
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t
a
l
.
7
7
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4
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5
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7
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C
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L
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5
3
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ES
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5
6
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9
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5
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5
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5
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1
N
o
t
e
:
S
P
_
P
L
=
S
o
c
i
a
l
p
r
e
se
n
c
e
-
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
l
e
v
e
l
;
S
P
_
C
L=
S
o
c
i
a
l
p
r
e
s
e
n
c
e
-
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
l
e
v
e
l
;
E_
P
L=
E
n
g
a
g
e
men
t
-
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
l
e
v
e
l
;
E_
C
L=
E
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
-
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
l
e
v
e
l
;
C
A
_
P
L=
C
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
u
g
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
-
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
l
e
v
e
l
;
C
A
_
C
L=
C
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
u
g
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
-
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
l
e
v
e
l
;
O
C
E
_
T
o
t
a
l
=
To
t
a
l
O
C
E
;
C
I
L=
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
i
mp
r
o
v
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
;
ES=E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
st
e
w
a
r
d
sh
i
p
;
S
R
=
S
o
c
i
a
l
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
;
G
E=
G
o
v
e
r
n
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
t
h
i
c
s;
EV
=
Ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
v
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
;
I
A
=
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
l
i
g
n
men
t
;
S
E
=
S
t
a
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
r
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
;
O
S
D
_
T
o
t
a
l
=
T
o
t
a
l
O
S
D
.
**
p
<
.
0
0
1
(
t
w
o
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
.
Mu
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ex
am
i
n
e
wh
eth
er
th
e
s
ix
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
OC
E
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
e
d
icted
o
v
er
al
l
OSD.
T
h
e
m
u
ltip
le
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
was
R
=.
8
8
8
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
v
e
r
y
s
tr
o
n
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
v
ar
ia
b
les
an
d
th
e
cr
iter
i
o
n
v
a
r
iab
le.
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
(
R
²=
.
7
8
8
)
in
d
ic
ates
th
at
th
e
s
ix
O
C
E
d
im
en
s
i
o
n
s
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
7
8
.
8
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
OSD,
with
m
in
im
al
s
h
r
in
k
ag
e
in
t
h
e
ad
ju
s
ted
R
²
(
0
.
7
8
6
)
.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
er
r
o
r
o
f
esti
m
ate
was
8
.
8
8
,
r
ef
lectin
g
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
p
r
ec
is
io
n
g
iv
en
th
e
s
ca
le
o
f
th
e
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t v
ar
iab
le.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
ce
o
f
th
e
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
,
wh
ic
h
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
f
o
r
th
e
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
eq
u
atio
n
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
,
t
h
e
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
was
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
F(6
,
6
4
0
)
=3
9
6
.
2
2
5
,
p
<.
0
0
1
,
in
d
icati
n
g
th
at
th
e
s
et
o
f
OC
E
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
icted
OSD
b
ey
o
n
d
wh
at
wo
u
ld
b
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
b
y
ch
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
F
-
r
atio
in
d
ic
ates
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
an
d
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
e
OC
E
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
as
a
s
et,
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
lly
e
x
p
lain
v
ar
iatio
n
in
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
ab
le
3
.
ANOV
A
f
o
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
OSD
S
o
u
r
c
e
S
u
m
o
f
s
q
u
a
r
e
s
df
M
e
a
n
s
q
u
a
r
e
F
S
i
g
.
R
e
g
r
e
ssi
o
n
1
8
7
4
7
1
.
2
7
7
6
3
1
2
4
5
.
2
1
3
3
9
6
.
2
2
5
.
0
0
0
R
e
si
d
u
a
l
5
0
4
6
8
.
6
6
7
6
4
0
7
8
.
8
5
7
-
-
To
t
a
l
2
3
7
9
3
9
.
9
4
4
6
4
6
-
-
-
T
h
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
ea
ch
OC
E
d
im
en
s
io
n
a
r
e
d
etailed
in
T
ab
le
4
,
w
h
ich
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
u
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
d
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
iz
ed
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
alo
n
g
with
th
eir
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
ce
test
s
.
All
s
ix
OC
E
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
em
er
g
e
d
as
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
OSD
(
all
p
<.
0
0
1
)
,
e
v
en
w
h
en
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
s
h
ar
ed
v
ar
ia
n
c
e
am
o
n
g
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
.
E
x
am
in
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
(
β)
r
ev
ea
led
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial
p
r
ed
icti
v
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
with
s
o
cial
p
r
esen
ce
-
co
m
m
u
n
ity
lev
el
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
u
n
iq
u
e
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
(
β=.2
4
1
,
t=9
.
4
9
8
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
f
ac
u
lty
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
en
tire
co
m
m
u
n
ity
'
s
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
esen
ce
in
d
ig
ital
s
p
ac
es
m
o
s
t
p
o
wer
f
u
lly
p
r
ed
icted
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
u
tco
m
es.
E
n
g
ag
em
en
t
-
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
l
ev
el
(
β=.2
0
3
,
t=7
.
6
1
0
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
a
n
d
au
g
m
en
tatio
n
-
co
m
m
u
n
ity
le
v
el
(
β=.2
0
2
,
t=
8
.
1
6
3
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
s
h
o
we
d
n
ea
r
ly
e
q
u
i
v
alen
t
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
.
So
cial
p
r
esen
ce
-
p
ar
ticip
an
t
lev
el
ex
h
ib
ited
a
m
o
d
er
ate
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
(
β=.1
8
1
,
t=7
.
2
1
2
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
,
wh
ile
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
-
p
ar
ticip
an
t
lev
el
(
β=.1
6
7
,
t=6
.
8
9
1
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
,
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
au
g
m
en
tatio
n
-
p
ar
ticip
an
t
lev
el
(
β=.1
2
7
,
t=5
.
2
2
7
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
r
el
ativ
ely
s
m
aller
b
u
t
s
till
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
atter
n
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
co
ef
f
icien
ts
s
u
g
g
ested
t
h
at
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
-
lev
el
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
OC
E
g
en
e
r
ally
ex
er
ted
s
tr
o
n
g
er
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ef
f
ec
ts
th
an
p
ar
ticip
a
n
t
-
lev
el
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
th
o
u
g
h
b
o
t
h
lev
els
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
ted
u
n
iq
u
ely
to
ex
p
lain
in
g
v
ar
ian
c
e
in
OSD.
T
h
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
ac
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o
s
s
all
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n
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er
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co
r
es
th
e
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
i
o
n
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
OC
E
's
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
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y
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u
tco
m
es
in
E
g
y
p
tian
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
.
T
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
b
o
th
p
ar
ticip
an
t
-
lev
el
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
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g
ag
em
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n
t,
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c
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d
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en
s
io
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s
in
d
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n
d
en
tl
y
p
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ict
OSD,
with
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
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lev
el
p
er
ce
p
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n
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R
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DIS
CU
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N
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
l
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
m
u
ltid
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
OC
E
an
d
OSD
in
E
g
y
p
tian
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
c
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ex
ce
p
tio
n
ally
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
elatio
n
(
r
=.
8
8
7
)
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ex
p
lain
ed
v
ar
ian
ce
(
R
²=
.
7
8
8
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
te
th
at
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
'
s
h
ar
ed
b
elief
s
in
th
eir
co
llectiv
e
d
i
g
ital
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
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y
o
u
tc
o
m
e
s
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial
p
r
ed
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e
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
ix
OC
E
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
i
s
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
with
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
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lev
el
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
p
ar
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an
t
-
lev
el
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
in
p
r
ed
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g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
So
cial
p
r
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ce
-
co
m
m
u
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ity
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v
el
e
m
er
g
ed
as
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
p
r
ed
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r
(
β=.2
4
1
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
a
t
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
en
tire
ac
ad
em
ic
co
m
m
u
n
ity
'
s
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
esen
ce
i
n
d
ig
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
m
o
s
t
p
o
wer
f
u
lly
d
r
iv
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
in
it
iativ
es.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
in
d
icate
s
th
at
co
llectiv
e
-
lev
el
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
r
ath
er
th
an
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
d
ig
ital
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
ar
e
t
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
lin
k
in
g
o
n
lin
e
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
to
tr
ip
le
-
b
o
tto
m
-
lin
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
u
tco
m
es
ac
r
o
s
s
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
tewa
r
d
s
h
ip
,
s
o
cial
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
iab
ilit
y
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ex
ten
d
ex
is
tin
g
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
lin
k
in
g
ef
f
icac
y
b
elief
s
to
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
o
u
tco
m
es
wh
ile
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
a
cr
itical
em
p
ir
ical
g
ap
.
C
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
i
es
[
4
8
]
–
[
5
0
]
,
wh
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
in
d
iv
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u
al
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
o
f
f
lin
e
co
llectiv
e
ef
f
icac
y
p
r
ed
ict
p
r
o
-
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ac
tio
n
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
OC
E
s
im
ilar
ly
p
r
ed
icts
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
en
g
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
alig
n
with
s
o
cial
co
g
n
itiv
e
th
eo
r
y
'
s
tr
iad
ic
r
ec
ip
r
o
ca
l
d
eter
m
in
is
m
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
s
h
ar
ed
d
ig
ital
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
b
elief
s
in
ter
ac
t
with
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
u
tco
m
es
[
4
0
]
–
[
4
2
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
b
ased
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
th
eo
r
ies
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tiv
is
m
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
s
b
y
s
h
o
win
g
h
o
w
r
ep
ea
ted
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
d
ig
ital
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
ac
cu
m
u
lates
s
o
cial
ca
p
ital
an
d
a
d
ap
tiv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
OSD
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
in
d
ig
itally
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
E
g
y
p
tian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
f
o
llo
win
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
-
ac
ce
ler
a
ted
p
latf
o
r
m
ad
o
p
tio
n
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
,
[
4
5
]
–
[
4
7
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ca
r
r
y
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
p
u
r
s
u
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
.
T
h
eo
r
etica
lly
,
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
estab
lis
h
es
OC
E
as
a
cr
itical
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
m
ec
h
an
is
m
b
r
id
g
i
n
g
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
OSD
,
ad
d
r
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
g
ap
id
en
t
if
ied
b
y
[
5
6
]
,
[
5
7
]
,
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
s
h
ar
ed
d
ig
ital
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
b
elief
s
an
d
tr
ip
le
-
b
o
tto
m
-
lin
e
o
u
tco
m
es.
Pra
ctica
lly
,
th
e
d
o
m
i
n
an
ce
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
lev
el
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
in
s
titu
tio
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al
l
ea
d
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
io
r
itize
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te
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v
en
tio
n
s
f
o
s
ter
in
g
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llectiv
e
r
ath
er
th
an
in
d
i
v
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ig
ital
c
o
m
p
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cies
th
r
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g
h
c
r
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s
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f
u
n
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m
m
u
n
ities
,
co
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e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
p
r
o
jects
u
s
in
g
p
latf
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r
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s
lik
e
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
T
ea
m
s
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d
v
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le
in
s
titu
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n
ar
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r
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m
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n
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
ac
ad
e
m
ic
cu
ltu
r
es
with
em
er
g
in
g
d
i
g
ital
in
f
r
ast
r
u
ctu
r
e,
cu
ltiv
atin
g
OC
E
ca
n
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
ad
v
an
c
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
ag
en
d
as.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ca
r
r
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
p
o
licy
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
At
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
lev
el,
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
f
o
r
m
ally
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
OC
E
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
to
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies,
tr
ea
tin
g
it
as
a
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
e
r
at
h
er
th
an
an
in
cid
en
tal
b
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
o
f
p
latf
o
r
m
a
d
o
p
tio
n
.
Pra
c
tically
,
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
s
h
o
u
ld
estab
lis
h
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
cr
o
s
s
-
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
ities
th
at
b
r
in
g
to
g
eth
er
f
ac
u
lty
ac
r
o
s
s
d
ep
ar
tm
en
ts
f
o
r
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
p
r
o
jects
u
s
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
s
u
ch
as
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
T
e
am
s
,
th
er
eb
y
s
im
u
ltan
e
o
u
s
ly
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
s
o
cial
p
r
esen
ce
,
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
At
th
e
p
o
licy
lev
e
l,
n
atio
n
al
h
i
g
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
u
th
o
r
ities
in
E
g
y
p
t
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
a
b
le
d
e
v
elo
p
i
n
g
c
o
n
tex
ts
s
h
o
u
l
d
m
a
n
d
ate
d
ig
it
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
c
o
m
p
eten
c
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
with
in
f
ac
u
lty
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
allo
ca
te
d
e
d
icate
d
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
lev
el
d
i
g
ital
ca
p
ac
ity
b
u
ild
in
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
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c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
On
lin
e
co
llective
effica
cy
a
n
d
its
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
w
ith
o
r
g
a
n
iz
a
tio
n
a
l su
s
ta
in
a
b
le
…
(
A
s
h
r
a
f R
a
g
a
b
I
b
r
a
h
im
)
2781
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ex
p
a
n
d
ed
t
o
in
clu
d
e
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
co
llectiv
e
d
ig
ital
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
alo
n
g
s
id
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
m
etr
ics,
in
ce
n
t
iv
izin
g
th
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
s
th
at
th
is
s
tu
d
y
id
en
tifie
s
as c
r
itical
d
r
iv
er
s
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
u
tco
m
es.
Sev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
war
r
an
t
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
wh
e
n
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
al
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
,
wh
ile
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
o
b
jectiv
es,
p
r
ec
lu
d
es
ca
u
s
al
in
f
er
en
ce
s
,
an
d
r
elian
ce
o
n
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
p
o
ten
tial
co
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
v
ar
ian
ce
,
leav
in
g
r
ec
ip
r
o
ca
l
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
OC
E
an
d
OSD
th
eo
r
etica
lly
p
lau
s
ib
le;
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
esi
g
n
s
co
u
ld
estab
lis
h
tem
p
o
r
a
l
p
r
ec
ed
en
ce
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
tr
ajec
to
r
ies.
T
h
e
ex
clu
s
iv
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
p
o
ten
tial
co
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
v
ar
ian
ce
,
th
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
alid
ated
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
s
with
s
tr
o
n
g
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
p
ar
tially
m
itig
ates
th
is
co
n
ce
r
n
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le'
s
r
estrictio
n
to
Al
-
Azh
ar
Un
iv
er
s
ity
f
ac
u
lty
lim
its
g
en
e
r
aliza
b
ilit
y
to
o
t
h
er
E
g
y
p
tian
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
with
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
cu
ltu
r
e
s
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
lev
els,
o
r
d
ig
ital
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es,
a
n
d
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
to
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
c
o
n
tex
ts
wh
er
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
ad
o
p
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
an
d
co
llecti
v
is
t
cu
ltu
r
al
v
alu
es
m
ay
d
if
f
er
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
id
n
o
t
ex
am
in
e
p
o
te
n
tial
m
o
d
er
atin
g
v
ar
iab
les
s
u
ch
as
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
p
r
io
r
d
ig
ital
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
o
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
th
at
m
ig
h
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
OC
E
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el,
d
esp
ite
ex
p
lain
in
g
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
v
ar
ian
ce
,
leav
es
2
1
.
2
% u
n
ex
p
lain
e
d
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
o
th
er
u
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
OSD
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
Fu
tu
r
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
em
p
lo
y
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
a
n
d
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
s
to
estab
lis
h
ca
u
s
al
p
ath
way
s
an
d
test
in
ter
v
en
t
io
n
s
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
OC
E
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
u
tco
m
es.
R
esear
ch
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
am
in
e
p
o
ten
tial
m
ed
iatin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
s
u
ch
as
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
h
ar
in
g
q
u
ality
,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
o
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
tr
u
s
t
th
at
m
ig
h
t
ex
p
lain
h
o
w
O
C
E
tr
an
s
lates
in
to
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
r
ac
tices.
C
r
o
s
s
-
in
s
t
itu
tio
n
al
an
d
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
c
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
s
tu
d
ies
wo
u
ld
illu
m
in
ate
wh
eth
er
th
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
ed
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
g
en
e
r
alize
b
ey
o
n
d
E
g
y
p
tian
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
r
r
e
q
u
ir
e
cu
ltu
r
al
ad
a
p
tatio
n
.
I
n
v
esti
g
atin
g
m
o
d
er
atin
g
v
ar
iab
les
in
clu
d
in
g
ac
ad
e
m
ic
d
is
cip
lin
e,
ca
r
ee
r
s
tag
e,
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ty
p
e,
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
af
f
o
r
d
a
n
ce
s
wo
u
ld
r
ev
ea
l
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
.
Mix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
q
u
alitativ
e
in
ter
v
iews
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
al
d
ata
co
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ich
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
f
ac
u
lty
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
an
d
e
n
ac
t
OC
E
in
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
in
itiativ
es.
Fin
ally
,
ex
am
in
in
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
s
p
ec
if
ic
OC
E
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
ilit
y
d
o
m
ain
s
(
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal,
s
o
cial,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic)
r
ath
er
th
an
a
g
g
r
eg
ate
s
co
r
es
wo
u
ld
o
f
f
er
m
o
r
e
n
u
an
ce
d
th
eo
r
etica
l
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
tar
g
eted
p
r
ac
tical
g
u
id
an
c
e.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
co
m
p
ell
in
g
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
OC
E
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
OSD
in
E
g
y
p
tian
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
w
ith
f
ac
u
lty
s
h
ar
ed
b
elief
s
ab
o
u
t
d
ig
ital
co
llectiv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
ex
p
lain
in
g
n
ea
r
ly
7
9
%
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
in
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
all
s
ix
O
C
E
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
lev
el
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
s
o
cial
p
r
esen
ce
,
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
i
o
n
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
d
ig
ital
p
l
atf
o
r
m
s
as
cr
itical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
As
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
wo
r
ld
wid
e
n
av
ig
ate
s
im
u
l
tan
eo
u
s
d
ig
ital
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
,
cu
ltiv
atin
g
r
o
b
u
s
t
OC
E
em
er
g
es
as
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
im
p
er
ativ
e
r
ath
er
th
an
p
e
r
ip
h
e
r
al
co
n
ce
r
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
f
e
r
ac
tio
n
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
s
ee
k
in
g
to
lev
er
ag
e
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
as
a
ca
taly
s
t
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
ag
en
d
as
wh
ile
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
th
eo
r
etica
l
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
b
y
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
s
o
cial
co
g
n
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2
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.
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