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n
to
o
ls
.
T
h
is
d
ata
r
ich
n
ess
m
ak
es
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
er
tile
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
PLA
m
o
d
els
.
Pre
d
ictiv
e
an
aly
tics
u
s
in
g
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
in
v
o
lv
es
s
ev
er
al
s
y
s
tem
atic
s
tep
s
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
r
aw
d
ata
in
to
ac
tio
n
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
in
s
with
d
ata
co
llectio
n
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
d
ata
p
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
to
h
an
d
le
m
is
s
in
g
v
alu
es,
n
o
is
e,
an
d
n
o
r
m
aliza
tio
n
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Featu
r
e
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
en
g
i
n
e
er
in
g
e
n
h
an
ce
m
o
d
el
r
elev
an
ce
b
y
id
en
tify
in
g
k
ey
p
r
ed
ic
to
r
s
.
Nex
t,
m
o
d
el
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
tr
ai
n
in
g
u
s
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
u
ch
as
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
s
,
o
r
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
to
lear
n
p
atter
n
s
f
r
o
m
d
ata.
T
h
e
tr
ain
ed
m
o
d
el
u
n
d
er
g
o
es
ev
alu
atio
n
u
s
in
g
m
etr
ics
lik
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
d
ep
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
etr
ain
in
g
wh
en
n
ec
ess
ar
y
[4
]
,
[
5]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Step
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
an
aly
tics
u
s
in
g
m
ac
h
in
e
lea
r
n
in
g
T
h
e
s
ch
o
lar
ly
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
PLA
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
b
u
ilt
u
p
o
n
a
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
o
f
r
esear
ch
f
r
o
m
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
ata
m
in
in
g
,
co
m
p
u
ter
s
cien
ce
,
an
d
th
e
lear
n
in
g
s
cien
ce
s
.
E
ar
ly
w
o
r
k
in
th
is
d
o
m
ain
f
o
cu
s
ed
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
tly
o
n
id
e
n
tify
in
g
k
e
y
p
r
e
d
icto
r
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Sem
in
al
s
tu
d
ies
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
s
im
p
le,
r
ea
d
ily
av
ailab
le
d
ata
f
r
o
m
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
u
ch
as
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
g
r
ad
e
p
o
in
t
av
er
ag
e
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
test
s
co
r
es,
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
p
o
wer
f
o
r
f
ir
s
t
-
y
ea
r
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
u
cc
ess
[6
]
–
[
8]
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
an
d
p
r
e
-
en
t
r
y
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
s
tatic
an
d
o
f
f
er
litt
le
in
s
ig
h
t
f
o
r
o
n
g
o
in
g
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
o
n
ce
a
s
t
u
d
en
t is en
r
o
lled
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
t
r
esear
ch
s
h
if
te
d
t
o
war
d
s
lev
er
ag
in
g
d
y
n
am
ic,
co
u
r
s
e
-
lev
el
d
ata,
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
r
o
m
L
MS.
Var
iab
les
s
u
ch
as
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
L
MS
ac
ce
s
s
,
tim
e
s
p
en
t
o
n
co
n
ten
t
p
ag
es,
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
s
u
b
m
is
s
io
n
tim
elin
es
s
,
an
d
q
u
iz
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
h
av
e
b
ee
n
wid
ely
u
s
ed
to
b
u
ild
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
els
o
f
f
in
al
g
r
ad
es
an
d
d
r
o
p
o
u
t
r
is
k
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
co
u
r
s
es
lik
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
,
ca
lcu
lu
s
,
an
d
in
tr
o
d
u
cto
r
y
m
ec
h
an
ics
[9
]
,
[
10]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
[
1
1
]
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
p
r
e
d
ict
ed
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
a
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
c
o
u
r
s
e
u
s
in
g
f
ea
tu
r
es
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
v
er
s
io
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
aly
zin
g
co
d
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
p
atter
n
s
r
ath
er
th
a
n
ju
s
t
o
u
tco
m
es.
Similar
ly
,
r
esear
ch
in
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
co
u
r
s
es
h
as
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
u
s
in
g
d
at
a
f
r
o
m
co
lla
b
o
r
ativ
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
to
p
r
ed
ict
team
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
id
en
tif
y
d
y
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
d
y
n
am
ics
[
1
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
E
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al
&
R
es E
d
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c
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SS
N:
2252
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8
8
2
2
B
r
id
g
in
g
eth
ics a
n
d
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
ed
ictive
…
(
Ha
mza
A
b
u
Ow
id
a
)
2975
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
ev
o
lu
tio
n
is
also
n
o
tab
le.
W
h
ile
ea
r
ly
m
o
d
els
r
elied
o
n
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l
s
tatis
tical
tech
n
iq
u
es
lik
e
l
o
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
,
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
in
cr
e
asin
g
ly
ad
o
p
ted
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
le
x
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
i
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Dec
is
io
n
t
r
ee
s
,
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
ests
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
ec
t
o
r
m
ac
h
in
es,
an
d
n
eu
r
al
n
e
two
r
k
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
em
p
lo
y
ed
,
o
f
ten
claim
in
g
s
u
p
er
io
r
ac
cu
r
ac
y
[
1
3
]
,
[
14]
.
A
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
ted
th
at
m
o
d
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
v
ar
ies
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
ly
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
n
te
x
t,
c
h
o
s
en
f
ea
tu
r
es,
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
r
ed
ictio
n
task
[
1
5
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
a
cr
itical
lin
e
o
f
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
eg
u
n
to
q
u
esti
o
n
th
e
s
o
le
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
ad
v
o
ca
tin
g
f
o
r
a
g
r
ea
ter
em
p
h
asis
o
n
m
o
d
el
in
ter
p
r
etab
ilit
y
an
d
ac
tio
n
ab
ilit
y
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
[
1
6
]
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
E
x
p
lai
n
ab
le
Ar
tific
i
al
I
n
tellig
en
ce
(
XAI
)
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
ar
g
u
in
g
th
at
f
o
r
a
m
o
d
el
to
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
i
n
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
,
it
m
u
s
t
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
p
r
ed
ic
t
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
ab
le
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
its
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
.
Desp
ite
th
is
g
r
o
win
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
liter
atu
r
e,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
ap
s
r
em
ain
.
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
co
n
f
in
ed
to
a
s
in
g
le
co
u
r
s
e
o
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
,
li
m
itin
g
th
e
g
e
n
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
f
in
d
in
g
s
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
also
a
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
"tr
an
s
f
er
p
r
o
b
lem
"
in
lear
n
in
g
an
aly
tic
s
,
wh
er
e
a
m
o
d
el
tr
ain
e
d
o
n
o
n
e
co
h
o
r
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ay
p
er
f
o
r
m
p
o
o
r
ly
o
n
an
o
th
er
with
o
u
t
ca
r
e
f
u
l
r
ec
ali
b
r
atio
n
[
1
8
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
r
esear
ch
h
as
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
th
e
tech
n
ical
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
m
o
d
els,
with
f
ar
less
atten
tio
n
p
aid
to
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
m
o
d
els
in
to
ac
tu
al
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
p
r
a
ctice
s
o
r
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
eir
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
r
eten
tio
n
an
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
r
e
v
iew
s
ee
k
s
to
c
o
n
tex
tu
alize
th
ese
r
elate
d
s
tu
d
ies
with
in
th
e
b
r
o
ad
e
r
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
et
h
ics th
at
d
ef
in
e
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
p
ath
f
o
r
wa
r
d
f
o
r
PLA
in
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
W
ith
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
a
clea
r
er
r
esear
ch
g
a
p
m
u
s
t
b
e
ar
t
icu
lated
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
ac
a
d
em
ic
r
is
k
,
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
em
ai
n
s
f
r
ag
m
en
t
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
tech
n
ical
m
o
d
el
-
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
ap
er
s
,
co
u
r
s
e
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies,
an
d
eth
ics
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
.
Fe
wer
r
ev
iew
-
o
r
ien
ted
wo
r
k
s
s
y
n
th
esize
h
o
w
PLA
in
ter
s
ec
ts
with
lear
n
in
g
ev
alu
atio
n
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
c
atio
n
—
th
at
is
,
h
o
w
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
in
d
icato
r
s
ar
e
tr
an
s
lated
in
to
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
f
ee
d
b
a
ck
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
r
ed
esig
n
,
an
d
ev
id
en
ce
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
ed
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
is
ar
ticle
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
g
ap
b
y
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
p
r
ed
ictio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
with
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
u
s
e,
ev
al
u
ativ
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
an
d
eth
ica
l
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
T
o
s
tr
e
n
g
th
en
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
th
e
r
e
v
iew
was
o
r
g
an
ized
as
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
n
ar
r
ativ
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
PLA
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
b
a
r
r
ier
s
,
eth
ic
al
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
in
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ts
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
n
ar
r
ativ
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Pu
b
licatio
n
s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
ei
r
d
ir
ec
t
r
ele
v
an
ce
to
P
L
A
in
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
with
em
p
h
asis
o
n
s
tu
d
ies
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
ea
r
ly
r
is
k
d
etec
tio
n
,
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
cu
r
r
icu
la
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t,
m
o
d
el
in
ter
p
r
etab
ilit
y
,
f
air
n
ess
,
eth
ics,
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
n
th
esis
was
o
r
g
an
ized
th
em
atica
lly
to
ex
am
in
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
ch
allen
g
es,
eth
ical
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies,
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
wh
ile
k
ee
p
in
g
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
ce
n
ter
ed
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
r
ath
er
th
an
tech
n
ical
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
alo
n
e.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
r
ev
iew
ar
ticle
is
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
d
cr
itical
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
PLA
with
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
t
m
o
v
es
b
ey
o
n
d
a
s
im
p
le
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
n
ar
r
ativ
e
t
o
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
in
te
r
p
lay
b
etwe
en
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
e
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ac
t
ical
an
d
tech
n
ical
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
eth
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
th
is
ar
ticle
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
f
ir
s
t
estab
lis
h
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tate
o
f
th
e
f
iel
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
r
elate
d
s
tu
d
i
es,
th
en
to
ex
p
a
n
s
iv
ely
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
p
r
o
m
is
es
an
d
p
er
ils
o
f
PLA,
an
d
f
in
ally
to
r
ef
lect
d
ee
p
ly
o
n
t
h
e
eth
ical
im
p
er
ativ
es
an
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
th
at
m
u
s
t
g
u
id
e
its
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t.
B
y
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
a
b
r
o
ad
b
o
d
y
o
f
liter
atu
r
e,
th
is
r
ev
iew
aim
s
to
s
er
v
e
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ato
r
s
,
d
ata
s
cien
tis
ts
,
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
en
g
a
g
ed
in
th
e
co
m
p
lex
task
o
f
p
r
ep
ar
i
n
g
th
e
n
ex
t g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
e
n
g
in
ee
r
s
.
2.
O
P
P
O
RT
UNI
T
I
E
S
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
PL
A
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
a
m
u
ltit
u
d
e
o
f
c
o
m
p
ellin
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
th
at
ca
n
f
u
n
d
am
en
tally
en
h
an
ce
b
o
th
s
tu
d
en
t o
u
tco
m
es a
n
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
o
f
th
ese
is
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
ea
r
ly
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
r
is
k
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
f
ailu
r
e.
I
n
th
e
d
em
an
d
in
g
,
s
eq
u
en
tial
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
o
f
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
a
f
ailu
r
e
in
a
co
r
e
co
u
r
s
e
ca
n
h
av
e
ca
s
ca
d
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
,
d
elay
in
g
g
r
a
d
u
atio
n
o
r
ca
u
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
leav
e
th
e
d
is
cip
l
in
e
en
tire
ly
.
PLA
m
o
d
els
ca
n
an
aly
ze
p
atter
n
s
o
f
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
f
ew
wee
k
s
o
f
a
s
em
ester
—
s
u
ch
as
d
ec
li
n
in
g
L
MS
ac
tiv
ity
,
m
is
s
ed
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
,
o
r
lo
w
s
co
r
es
o
n
in
itial
ass
ess
m
en
ts
—
t
o
f
lag
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
m
a
y
b
e
s
t
r
u
g
g
lin
g
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
en
ab
les
a
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
r
ea
ctiv
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
o
f
f
er
ed
af
ter
a
s
tu
d
e
n
t
h
as
f
ailed
a
m
id
ter
m
,
to
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
wh
er
e
ac
ad
em
ic
ad
v
is
o
r
s
o
r
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
ca
n
r
ea
ch
o
u
t
with
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
tu
to
r
in
g
,
o
r
co
u
n
s
elin
g
at
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ig
n
o
f
tr
o
u
b
le
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
tim
ely
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
r
etai
n
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
u
n
d
e
r
r
ep
r
esen
te
d
g
r
o
u
p
s
wh
o
m
ay
f
ac
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
b
ar
r
ier
s
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
[
2
1
]
.
B
ey
o
n
d
r
is
k
i
d
en
tific
atio
n
,
PLA
h
o
ld
s
im
m
en
s
e
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
aliza
tio
n
o
f
lea
r
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
"o
n
e
-
s
ize
-
f
its
-
all"
m
o
d
el
o
f
l
ec
tu
r
e
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
s
ee
n
as
in
ad
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
o
n
e
-
s
ize
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
2
9
7
3
-
2
982
2976
f
its
-
all
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
o
d
el
d
eliv
er
s
u
n
if
o
r
m
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
to
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
ass
u
m
in
g
s
im
ilar
l
ea
r
n
in
g
n
ee
d
s
an
d
p
ac
es.
I
t
em
p
h
asizes
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
cu
r
r
icu
la,
f
i
x
ed
teac
h
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
co
m
m
o
n
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
,
o
f
ten
o
v
er
lo
o
k
in
g
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
lear
n
in
g
s
ty
les,
ab
ilit
ies,
an
d
in
ter
ests
lead
in
g
to
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
lim
ited
p
er
s
o
n
aliza
tio
n
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
o
p
tim
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es.
An
aly
tics
ca
n
p
o
we
r
ad
ap
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
p
r
ac
tice
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
o
r
alter
n
ativ
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
p
ath
way
s
b
ased
o
n
a
s
tu
d
en
t'
s
u
n
iq
u
e
p
r
o
f
ile
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
2
]
,
[
23]
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
a
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
tr
u
g
g
lin
g
with
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
in
a
th
er
m
o
d
y
n
am
ics
co
u
r
s
e
co
u
ld
b
e
au
to
m
atica
lly
d
ir
e
cted
to
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
wh
ile
a
s
tu
d
en
t
s
tr
u
g
g
lin
g
with
m
ath
em
atica
l
d
er
iv
atio
n
s
c
o
u
ld
r
ec
eiv
e
ta
r
g
eted
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ets
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
m
o
v
es
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
war
d
s
a
m
o
r
e
m
a
s
ter
y
-
b
ased
m
o
d
el,
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
r
o
g
r
ess
u
p
o
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
r
at
h
er
th
an
s
im
p
l
y
s
p
en
d
in
g
tim
e
in
a
class
r
o
o
m
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
PLA
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
u
n
p
r
ec
ed
e
n
ted
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
f
o
r
e
v
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
cu
r
r
i
cu
lu
m
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
r
ef
i
n
em
en
t.
B
y
an
aly
zin
g
d
ata
a
g
g
r
e
g
ated
a
cr
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
co
h
o
r
ts
,
e
d
u
c
ato
r
s
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
ca
n
id
e
n
tify
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
p
ics,
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
,
o
r
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
co
n
s
is
t
en
tly
co
r
r
elate
wit
h
s
tu
d
en
t
d
if
f
ic
u
lty
[
2
5
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
if
a
n
aly
tics
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
f
ails
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
ass
ig
n
m
en
t lin
k
ed
to
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
co
n
ce
p
t lik
e
f
r
ee
-
b
o
d
y
d
iag
r
am
s
in
s
tatics,
it si
g
n
als a
n
ee
d
to
re
-
ex
am
in
e
th
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
o
r
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
ater
ials
f
o
r
th
at
co
n
ce
p
t
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
d
a
ta
-
d
r
iv
en
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
lo
o
p
allo
ws
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
co
u
r
s
e
d
esig
n
a
n
d
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
m
o
v
in
g
b
ey
o
n
d
an
ec
d
o
tal
ev
id
en
ce
to
in
f
o
r
m
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
s
eq
u
en
cin
g
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
n
ew
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
lik
e
f
lip
p
ed
class
r
o
o
m
s
o
r
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
r
es
o
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
ass
i
s
tan
ts
an
d
lab
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
[
2
7
]
.
Ultim
ately
,
PLA
ca
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
f
r
o
m
a
s
o
le
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
is
s
em
in
ato
r
to
a
d
esig
n
er
o
f
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
in
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
r
ich
,
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
o
f
PLA
in
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
o
f
PLA
ar
e
o
f
ten
p
r
esen
ted
c
o
n
c
ep
tu
ally
,
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
also
r
e
p
o
r
ts
em
p
ir
ical
b
en
ef
its
wh
en
an
aly
tics
ar
e
p
air
ed
with
tim
ely
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ac
tio
n
.
E
ar
l
y
-
aler
t
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
ass
o
ciate
d
PLA
-
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
with
im
p
r
o
v
ed
co
u
r
s
e
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
b
etter
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
c
o
m
p
letio
n
,
s
tr
o
n
g
er
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
,
an
d
,
in
s
o
m
e
s
ettin
g
s
,
h
ig
h
e
r
p
ass
r
ates
[
4
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
ev
id
en
ce
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
ts
ar
e
u
n
ev
e
n
r
ath
er
t
h
an
au
t
o
m
atic:
g
ain
s
d
ep
en
d
o
n
th
e
tim
in
g
o
f
aler
t
s
,
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
v
id
ed
,
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
d
ata,
an
d
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
co
n
te
x
t
in
wh
i
ch
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
ar
e
en
ac
ted
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
P
L
A
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
e
v
alu
ated
n
o
t
o
n
ly
b
y
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
b
u
t
also
b
y
wh
eth
er
it
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
ly
im
p
r
o
v
es lea
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es a
n
d
o
u
tc
o
m
es with
in
s
p
ec
if
ic
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
c
o
u
r
s
es a
n
d
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Key
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
o
n
e
-
s
ize
-
f
its
-
all
ed
u
ca
tio
n
T
ab
le
1
.
Op
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
o
f
PLA
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
A
sp
e
c
t
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
i
m
p
a
c
t
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Ea
r
l
y
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
at
-
r
i
s
k
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
P
LA
c
a
n
d
e
t
e
c
t
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
l
i
k
e
l
y
t
o
f
a
i
l
e
a
r
l
y
b
y
a
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g
L
M
S
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
mi
ss
e
d
a
ssi
g
n
me
n
t
s
,
o
r
p
o
o
r
e
a
r
l
y
a
ssessm
e
n
t
s.
En
a
b
l
e
s
p
r
o
a
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
s
t
e
a
d
o
f
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
o
n
e
s
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
r
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t
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
u
c
c
e
ss
r
a
t
e
s.
A
d
v
i
so
r
s
r
e
a
c
h
o
u
t
t
o
st
r
u
g
g
l
i
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
w
i
t
h
t
u
t
o
r
i
n
g
o
r
c
o
u
n
se
l
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
r
st
f
e
w
w
e
e
k
s.
P
e
r
so
n
a
l
i
z
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
a
t
h
w
a
y
s
P
LA
su
p
p
o
r
t
s
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
sy
st
e
ms
t
h
a
t
t
a
i
l
o
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
t
o
e
a
c
h
st
u
d
e
n
t
's
n
e
e
d
s.
En
h
a
n
c
e
s
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
o
n
b
y
a
c
c
o
mm
o
d
a
t
i
n
g
d
i
v
e
r
se
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
st
y
l
e
s.
A
t
h
e
r
m
o
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
s
st
u
d
e
n
t
st
r
u
g
g
l
i
n
g
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
l
y
i
s
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
si
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
s;
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
g
e
t
s
t
a
r
g
e
t
e
d
mat
h
e
x
e
r
c
i
s
e
s.
D
a
t
a
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m
r
e
f
i
n
e
me
n
t
A
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
s
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
p
a
t
t
e
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n
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o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
y
a
c
r
o
ss
t
o
p
i
c
s
a
n
d
c
o
h
o
r
t
s.
F
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
s
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
-
b
a
se
d
i
mp
r
o
v
e
me
n
t
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
me
t
h
o
d
s
a
n
d
c
o
u
r
se
d
e
si
g
n
.
R
e
a
ss
e
ssi
n
g
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
me
t
h
o
d
s
w
h
e
n
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
s
s
h
o
w
p
e
r
si
st
e
n
t
f
a
i
l
u
r
e
i
n
t
o
p
i
c
s
l
i
k
e
f
r
e
e
-
b
o
d
y
d
i
a
g
r
a
ms
.
P
r
o
mo
t
i
o
n
o
f
mast
e
r
y
-
b
a
se
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
p
r
o
g
r
e
ss
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
d
e
m
o
n
st
r
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d
c
o
mp
e
t
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n
c
e
r
a
t
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t
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a
n
t
i
me
s
p
e
n
t
.
I
mp
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o
v
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p
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n
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a
n
d
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c
o
n
c
e
p
t
s.
A
d
a
p
t
i
v
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a
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
s
y
st
e
ms
u
n
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o
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mo
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l
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f
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r
m
a
st
e
r
y
o
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p
r
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c
o
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t
e
n
t
.
Tr
a
n
sf
o
r
mat
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d
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c
a
t
o
r
r
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Ed
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f
o
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me
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s.
P
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a
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a
g
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l
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r
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v
e
me
n
t
.
I
n
st
r
u
c
t
o
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s
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a
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a
l
y
t
i
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a
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b
o
a
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d
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t
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l
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p
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d
-
c
l
a
ssr
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o
m s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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N:
2252
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8
8
2
2
B
r
id
g
in
g
eth
ics a
n
d
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
ed
ictive
…
(
Ha
mza
A
b
u
Ow
id
a
)
2977
3.
CH
AL
L
E
NG
E
S
Desp
ite
its
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
ten
ti
al,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
PLA
in
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
f
r
au
g
h
t
with
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ch
alle
n
g
es.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese,
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tial
ar
e:
i
)
f
r
ag
m
en
t
ed
an
d
lo
w
-
q
u
ality
d
ata
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
es,
b
ec
au
s
e
wea
k
d
ata
u
n
d
er
m
in
e
ev
er
y
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
s
tag
e
o
f
an
aly
s
is
;
ii
)
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
g
ap
b
etwe
en
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
ac
tio
n
;
an
d
iii
)
lim
ited
m
o
d
el
i
n
ter
p
r
etab
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
tr
ain
s
ed
u
ca
to
r
t
r
u
s
t
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
u
s
e.
Oth
er
ch
allen
g
e
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
,
an
d
s
taf
f
ca
p
ac
ity
,
in
ten
s
if
y
th
ese
co
r
e
b
ar
r
ier
s
a
n
d
o
f
ten
d
eter
m
i
n
e
wh
eth
er
PLA
in
itiativ
es
m
o
v
e
b
ey
o
n
d
p
ilo
t
p
r
o
jects.
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
h
ete
r
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
,
g
e
n
er
atin
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
d
is
p
ar
ate
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
clu
d
in
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
SIS,
L
MS
(
e.
g
.
,
C
an
v
as,
Mo
o
d
le)
,
s
p
ec
ialized
s
o
f
twar
e
(
e.
g
.
,
MA
T
L
AB
,
So
lid
W
o
r
k
s
)
,
s
im
u
latio
n
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
lab
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
t
eg
r
atin
g
t
h
ese
s
ilo
ed
d
ata
in
t
o
a
c
o
h
er
e
n
t,
clea
n
,
an
d
tim
e
-
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
d
atas
et
f
o
r
an
aly
s
is
is
a
n
o
n
-
tr
iv
ial
task
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
in
v
estme
n
t
in
d
ata
i
n
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
a
n
d
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
d
ata
f
o
r
m
ats,
m
is
s
in
g
v
alu
es,
an
d
t
h
e
lo
g
is
tical
co
m
p
lex
ities
o
f
cr
e
atin
g
a
u
n
if
ied
s
tu
d
en
t
r
ec
o
r
d
p
o
s
e
m
ajo
r
o
b
s
tacle
s
to
b
u
ild
in
g
r
eliab
le
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
m
o
d
els.
A
s
ec
o
n
d
,
cr
itical
ch
allen
g
e
l
ies
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
d
els
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ac
cu
r
at
e
b
u
t
also
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t,
in
ter
p
r
etab
le,
an
d
ac
tio
n
ab
le
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
.
W
h
ile
co
m
p
lex
m
ac
h
in
e
lea
r
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
lik
e
d
ee
p
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
m
ay
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
th
e
y
o
f
ten
o
p
er
ate
as
"b
lack
b
o
x
es,"
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
litt
le
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
b
eh
in
d
th
eir
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
An
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
r
ec
eiv
in
g
an
aler
t
th
at
a
s
tu
d
en
t
h
as
a
9
0
%
r
is
k
o
f
f
ailu
r
e
is
lef
t
with
a
cr
itical
q
u
esti
o
n
:
"Wh
y
?"
W
ith
o
u
t
in
ter
p
r
etab
le
ex
p
l
an
atio
n
s
—
s
u
ch
as
"th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
h
as
n
o
t
ac
ce
s
s
ed
th
e
last
th
r
ee
lectu
r
e
v
id
e
o
s
a
n
d
s
co
r
e
d
b
el
o
w
5
0
%
o
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
two
q
u
izze
s
"
—
th
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
lack
s
th
e
co
n
te
x
tu
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
d
esig
n
a
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
d
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
s
u
it
o
f
in
ter
p
r
etab
ilit
y
m
ay
s
o
m
etim
es
co
m
e
at
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
s
lig
h
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
in
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
a
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
th
at
p
r
i
o
r
itizes p
r
ac
tical
u
tili
ty
o
v
er
p
u
r
ely
s
tatis
tical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
3
2
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
m
er
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
at
-
r
is
k
s
tu
d
en
ts
is
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t;
th
e
"last
m
ile"
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
lin
k
in
g
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
to
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
r
em
ain
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
e.
Simp
l
y
n
o
ti
f
y
in
g
a
s
tu
d
en
t
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
p
r
ed
icted
to
f
ail
ca
n
b
e
d
em
o
tiv
atin
g
o
r
in
d
u
ce
an
x
iety
if
n
o
t
h
an
d
le
d
with
ca
r
e
an
d
co
u
p
led
with
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e,
ac
tio
n
ab
le
g
u
id
an
ce
[
3
3
]
.
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
u
s
t
d
ev
elo
p
r
o
b
u
s
t
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
r
o
to
co
ls
th
at
d
ef
in
e
wh
o
ac
ts
o
n
a
n
aler
t,
h
o
w
th
ey
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t,
an
d
wh
at
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
av
ailab
le
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
is
r
eq
u
ir
es
tr
ain
in
g
f
o
r
f
ac
u
lty
a
n
d
ad
v
is
o
r
s
,
a
clea
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
a
cu
ltu
r
al
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
a
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
o
d
el.
Fin
ally
,
th
er
e
is
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
.
Ma
n
y
PLA
in
itiativ
es
b
eg
in
as
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
jects;
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
in
g
th
e
m
in
t
o
s
u
s
tain
a
b
le,
in
s
titu
tio
n
-
wid
e
p
r
ac
tices
r
eq
u
ir
es
o
n
g
o
in
g
tech
n
ical
m
ain
ten
an
ce
,
d
e
d
icate
d
p
er
s
o
n
n
el,
an
d
a
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
tr
ateg
ic
co
m
m
itm
en
t
f
r
o
m
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
all
o
f
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
s
ec
u
r
e
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
ac
ad
em
i
c
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
3
5
]
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
PLA
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
A
cr
itical
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
ar
e
n
o
t
eq
u
al
ly
weig
h
ted
.
Data
in
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
d
esig
n
a
r
e
ar
g
u
ab
ly
th
e
h
ig
h
est
-
p
r
io
r
ity
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
b
ec
au
s
e
ev
e
n
h
ig
h
l
y
ac
cu
r
ate
m
o
d
els
d
eliv
er
lim
ited
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
v
al
u
e
wh
en
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
n
o
t
ass
em
b
le
r
eliab
le
d
ata
o
r
co
n
v
er
t
r
is
k
s
ig
n
als
in
to
tim
ely
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Similar
ly
,
in
t
er
p
r
etab
ilit
y
is
n
o
t
m
er
ely
a
tech
n
ical
p
r
ef
e
r
en
c
e;
it
is
a
co
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
,
tr
u
s
t,
an
d
ac
tio
n
a
b
ilit
y
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
q
u
esti
o
n
i
s
n
o
t
wh
eth
er
PLA
ca
n
p
r
e
d
ict
o
u
tco
m
es,
b
u
t
wh
eth
er
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
b
u
ild
a
p
ed
ag
o
g
ically
cr
ed
ib
le
s
y
s
tem
in
wh
ich
d
ata
p
ip
elin
es,
h
u
m
an
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
a
n
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t su
p
p
o
r
t a
r
e
co
h
er
e
n
tly
alig
n
e
d
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
h
allen
g
es o
f
PLA
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
A
sp
e
c
t
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
I
mp
a
c
t
/
C
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
P
o
ssi
b
l
e
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
D
a
t
a
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
D
a
t
a
o
r
i
g
i
n
a
t
e
s
f
r
o
m
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
,
i
n
c
o
n
si
s
t
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
l
i
k
e
LM
S
,
S
I
S
,
a
n
d
l
a
b
t
o
o
l
s
.
Le
a
d
s
t
o
u
n
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
f
r
a
g
m
e
n
t
e
d
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
.
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
a
t
a
g
o
v
e
r
n
a
n
c
e
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
d
a
t
a
p
i
p
e
l
i
n
e
s
.
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
p
l
e
x
mo
d
e
l
s
(
e
.
g
.
,
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s)
l
a
c
k
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
o
r
s.
Ed
u
c
a
t
o
r
s
c
a
n
n
o
t
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
w
h
y
a
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
i
s
a
t
r
i
s
k
,
l
i
m
i
t
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
U
se
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
b
l
e
ma
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
(
ML
)
m
o
d
e
l
s
a
n
d
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
h
u
ma
n
-
r
e
a
d
a
b
l
e
e
x
p
l
a
n
a
t
i
o
n
s.
La
st
-
m
i
l
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
(
I
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
g
a
p
)
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
n
g
r
i
s
k
i
s
n
o
t
e
n
o
u
g
h
—
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
b
l
e
,
e
mp
a
t
h
e
t
i
c
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
s
a
r
e
o
f
t
e
n
mi
ss
i
n
g
.
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
ma
y
f
e
e
l
d
e
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
e
d
o
r
a
n
x
i
o
u
s
w
h
e
n
l
a
b
e
l
e
d
“
a
t
-
r
i
s
k
.
”
C
o
m
b
i
n
e
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
v
e
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
a
n
d
a
d
v
i
s
o
r
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
.
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
a
n
d
su
st
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
I
mp
l
e
me
n
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
ma
i
n
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
P
LA
sy
st
e
ms
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
l
o
n
g
-
t
e
r
m
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
a
n
d
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
c
o
mm
i
t
me
n
t
.
I
n
i
t
i
a
t
i
v
e
s
ma
y
f
a
i
l
a
f
t
e
r
p
i
l
o
t
st
a
g
e
s
d
u
e
t
o
l
a
c
k
o
f
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
o
r
e
x
p
e
r
t
i
se.
S
e
c
u
r
e
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
P
LA
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4.
E
T
H
I
CAL R
E
F
L
E
C
T
I
O
N
S
T
h
e
p
o
wer
o
f
PLA
is
in
ex
tr
ic
ab
ly
lin
k
ed
t
o
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
eth
ic
al
im
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
d
em
an
d
c
ar
ef
u
l
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
r
ef
lectio
n
.
Fo
r
e
m
o
s
t
am
o
n
g
th
ese
ar
e
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
p
r
i
v
ac
y
,
d
ata
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
,
an
d
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
co
n
s
en
t.
T
h
e
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
PLA
—
tr
ac
k
in
g
ev
er
y
click
,
lo
g
in
,
an
d
s
u
b
m
is
s
io
n
—
cr
ea
tes
a
d
etaile
d
d
ig
ital
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
o
f
a
s
tu
d
e
n
t's
life
,
r
aisi
n
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
an
d
th
e
"p
an
o
p
tico
n
"
e
f
f
ec
t,
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ay
alter
th
ei
r
n
at
u
r
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
k
n
o
win
g
th
ey
a
r
e
b
ein
g
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
[
3
6
]
.
W
h
ile
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
h
av
e
a
leg
itima
te
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
ter
est
in
u
s
in
g
d
ata
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
o
f
th
is
in
ter
est
m
u
s
t
b
e
clea
r
ly
d
ef
in
ed
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
co
m
p
lex
in
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t,
wh
er
e
p
o
wer
d
y
n
a
m
ics
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
m
ak
e
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
f
o
r
co
n
s
en
t
to
b
e
tr
u
ly
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
[
3
7
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
m
ay
f
ee
l
p
r
ess
u
r
ed
to
o
p
t
-
in
to
d
ata
co
llectio
n
f
o
r
f
ea
r
o
f
m
is
s
in
g
o
u
t o
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t o
r
b
ein
g
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
n
e
g
ativ
ely
b
y
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
.
An
o
th
er
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t
eth
ical
c
o
n
ce
r
n
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
b
ias
a
n
d
f
ai
r
n
ess
.
Pre
d
ictiv
e
m
o
d
e
ls
ar
e
n
o
t
o
b
jectiv
e;
th
ey
lear
n
p
atter
n
s
f
r
o
m
h
is
to
r
ical
d
ata,
wh
ich
o
f
ten
r
e
f
lect
ex
is
tin
g
s
o
ciet
al
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
eq
u
ities
.
I
f
p
ast
d
ata
s
h
o
ws
th
at
ce
r
tain
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
g
r
o
u
p
s
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av
e
h
is
to
r
ically
u
n
d
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
i
n
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
co
u
r
s
es,
a
m
o
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el
tr
ain
ed
o
n
t
h
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ata
m
a
y
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er
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etu
ate
o
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ev
e
n
am
p
lify
th
ese
b
iases
b
y
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
as
s
ig
n
in
g
h
ig
h
er
r
is
k
s
co
r
es
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
o
s
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
s
elf
-
f
u
lf
illi
n
g
p
r
o
p
h
ec
y
[
3
8
]
,
[
39]
.
T
h
is
p
o
s
es
a
g
r
av
e
th
r
ea
t
to
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
d
iv
er
s
if
y
th
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
.
R
ig
o
r
o
u
s
au
d
itin
g
f
o
r
f
air
n
ess
an
d
b
ias
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
n
o
t
a
n
o
p
tio
n
al
ad
d
-
o
n
b
u
t
an
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
PLA
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
4
0
]
.
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
d
etec
t
an
d
m
itig
ate
b
ias,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
at
m
o
d
els
d
o
n
o
t
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ately
d
is
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
tecte
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
u
ch
as
r
ac
e,
g
en
d
er
,
o
r
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
er
e
is
an
eth
ical
r
is
k
o
f
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
th
eir
d
ata
p
o
in
ts
,
p
o
ten
tially
u
n
d
er
m
i
n
in
g
th
eir
ag
e
n
cy
an
d
au
to
n
o
m
y
.
An
o
v
er
-
r
elian
ce
o
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
m
a
y
lead
to
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
eter
m
in
is
m
,
wh
e
r
e
a
s
tu
d
en
t
is
lab
eled
as
"a
t
-
r
is
k
"
an
d
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
ch
a
n
n
eled
in
to
a
n
ar
r
o
w,
p
r
ed
ef
in
e
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t p
ath
,
lim
iti
n
g
th
eir
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
f
o
r
s
elf
-
d
ir
ec
ted
r
ec
o
v
er
y
an
d
g
r
o
wth
[
4
1
]
.
I
t is cr
u
cial
to
f
r
am
e
PLA
as
a
to
o
l
to
a
u
g
m
en
t,
n
o
t
r
ep
lace
,
h
u
m
a
n
ju
d
g
m
e
n
t
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
s
tu
d
en
t
-
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
t
o
cr
ea
te
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e,
r
ath
er
th
an
a
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
,
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
Fin
ally
,
is
s
u
es
o
f
d
ata
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
a
n
d
t
r
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
ar
e
cr
it
ical.
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
u
s
t h
av
e
cle
ar
p
o
licies
o
n
wh
o
h
as
ac
ce
s
s
to
s
tu
d
en
t
d
ata,
f
o
r
wh
at
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
h
o
w
l
o
n
g
it
i
s
r
etain
ed
,
a
n
d
h
o
w
it
is
p
r
o
tecte
d
f
r
o
m
b
r
ea
ch
es
[
4
2
]
.
A
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
,
wh
er
e
th
e
lo
g
ic
o
f
m
o
d
els
is
ex
p
lain
ab
le
to
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
is
a
k
ey
p
illar
o
f
b
u
ild
in
g
tr
u
s
t
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
eth
ical
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
PLA
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
eth
ical
r
e
f
lectio
n
s
o
n
PLA
in
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
I
n
p
r
ac
tice,
th
is
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
h
u
m
a
n
-
in
-
th
e
-
lo
o
p
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
wh
ich
in
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
s
an
d
ad
v
is
o
r
s
in
ter
p
r
et
an
al
y
tics
o
u
tp
u
ts
alo
n
g
s
id
e
co
n
t
ex
tu
al
k
n
o
wled
g
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s
tu
d
en
t v
o
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n
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
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lig
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n
s
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T
ab
le
3
.
E
th
ical
r
ef
lectio
n
s
o
n
PLA
in
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
Et
h
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c
a
l
d
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me
n
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o
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D
e
scri
p
t
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R
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k
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C
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Et
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a
g
o
v
e
r
n
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
M
a
n
a
g
i
n
g
w
h
o
a
c
c
e
sses,
st
o
r
e
s
,
a
n
d
r
e
t
a
i
n
s
se
n
si
t
i
v
e
d
a
t
a
.
D
a
t
a
b
r
e
a
c
h
e
s
o
r
m
i
su
s
e
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
.
En
f
o
r
c
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
g
o
v
e
r
n
a
n
c
e
,
e
n
c
r
y
p
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
a
c
c
e
ss
p
o
l
i
c
i
e
s.
Tr
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
t
r
u
st
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
r
s
m
u
st
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
h
o
w
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
s
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s.
La
c
k
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
c
a
n
e
r
o
d
e
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
.
I
mp
l
e
me
n
t
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
mi
c
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
s
t
a
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
r
c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
s.
5.
F
UT
UR
E
T
R
E
ND
S
T
h
e
f
ield
o
f
PLA
f
o
r
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
p
o
is
ed
to
e
v
o
lv
e
r
ap
id
ly
,
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
ad
v
a
n
c
em
en
ts
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
a
g
r
o
win
g
s
o
p
h
is
ticatio
n
in
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
.
Sev
er
al
k
ey
tr
en
d
s
ar
e
lik
ely
t
o
s
h
ap
e
its
f
u
tu
r
e
tr
ajec
to
r
y
.
A
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
m
o
v
e
will
b
e
to
war
d
s
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
m
u
ltimo
d
al
d
at
a
s
tr
ea
m
s
to
cr
ea
te
m
o
r
e
h
o
lis
tic
an
d
n
u
an
ce
d
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
d
els.
Fu
tu
r
e
PLA
s
y
s
tem
s
will
m
o
v
e
b
ey
o
n
d
L
MS
c
lick
s
an
d
g
r
ad
es
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
ata
f
r
o
m
a
wid
e
r
ar
r
a
y
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
n
atu
r
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
(
NL
P)
o
f
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
u
m
p
o
s
ts
an
d
wr
itten
r
ep
o
r
ts
,
an
aly
s
is
o
f
co
d
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
af
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
to
d
etec
t
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
f
ac
ial
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
o
r
k
e
y
s
tr
o
k
e
d
y
n
am
ics
in
lab
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
r
id
g
in
g
eth
ics a
n
d
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
ed
ictive
…
(
Ha
mza
A
b
u
Ow
id
a
)
2979
s
ettin
g
s
,
an
d
ev
en
d
ata
f
r
o
m
wea
r
ab
le
s
en
s
o
r
s
in
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
,
p
r
ac
tical
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
is
m
u
ltimo
d
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
m
is
es
a
r
ich
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e,
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al,
an
d
af
f
ec
tiv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
lear
n
in
g
.
C
o
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
,
th
er
e
will
b
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
u
s
h
to
war
d
s
th
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
o
f
XAI
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
co
m
m
u
n
ity
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
th
at
t
h
e
"b
lack
b
o
x
"
p
r
o
b
lem
is
a
m
ajo
r
b
ar
r
ier
to
ad
o
p
tio
n
an
d
tr
u
s
t
[
3
0
]
.
Fu
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
will
f
o
cu
s
o
n
cr
ea
tin
g
m
o
d
el
s
th
at
ar
e
in
tr
in
s
ically
in
ter
p
r
etab
le
o
r
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
p
o
s
t
-
h
o
c
ex
p
lan
atio
n
in
ter
f
ac
es
th
at
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
with
clea
r
,
co
n
tex
tu
al,
a
n
d
ac
tio
n
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
“
Stu
d
en
t
A
is
s
tr
u
g
g
lin
g
s
p
ec
if
ically
with
co
n
ce
p
ts
X
an
d
Y,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
n
q
u
izze
s
3
an
d
4
an
d
th
eir
lack
o
f
en
g
ag
em
en
t
with
th
e
co
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
u
le
”
[
1
6
]
,
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
is
will b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
p
r
ed
ic
tio
n
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ac
tio
n
.
An
o
th
er
e
m
er
g
in
g
tr
e
n
d
is
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
a
n
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
co
m
p
eten
cies
b
ey
o
n
d
ac
ad
em
ic
g
r
ad
es,
s
u
ch
as
d
esig
n
th
in
k
in
g
,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
.
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ac
cr
e
d
itatio
n
b
o
d
ies
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
em
p
h
asiz
e
th
ese
o
u
tco
m
es
[
4
6
]
.
PLA
m
o
d
els
will
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
an
aly
ze
d
ata
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
ject
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
,
p
ee
r
ass
ess
m
en
ts
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
to
o
ls
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
a
s
tu
d
en
t'
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
ese
cr
u
cial,
y
et
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
-
to
-
m
ea
s
u
r
e,
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
[
4
7
]
.
Fin
ally
,
we
ca
n
an
ticip
ate
a
g
r
ea
ter
em
p
h
asis
o
n
in
ter
o
p
er
a
b
ilit
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
(
e.
g
.
,
u
s
in
g
C
alip
er
An
aly
tics
)
to
s
im
p
lify
d
ata
in
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
th
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
f
ed
er
ated
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es,
wh
ich
allo
w
f
o
r
m
o
d
el
tr
ain
i
n
g
ac
r
o
s
s
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
with
o
u
t
s
h
ar
in
g
r
aw
s
tu
d
en
t
d
ata,
th
er
e
b
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
s
o
m
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
a
n
d
d
ata
s
o
v
er
eig
n
t
y
co
n
ce
r
n
s
[
4
8
]
–
[
5
0
]
.
T
h
ese
t
r
en
d
s
,
c
o
llectiv
ely
,
p
o
in
t
to
wa
r
d
s
a
f
u
tu
r
e
wh
e
r
e
PLA
b
ec
o
m
es
a
m
o
r
e
in
te
g
r
at
ed
,
in
tellig
en
t,
an
d
eth
ically
-
a
war
e
p
ar
tn
e
r
i
n
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
s
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
will
b
e
m
o
s
t
v
alu
ab
le
wh
en
th
ey
ar
e
an
ch
o
r
ed
in
co
n
tem
p
o
r
a
r
y
lear
n
in
g
t
h
eo
r
ies.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le
,
ad
ap
tiv
e
PLA
s
y
s
tem
s
alig
n
with
m
aster
y
lear
n
i
n
g
b
y
id
en
tify
in
g
g
ap
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
wh
ile
d
as
h
b
o
ar
d
-
b
ased
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
lated
lear
n
in
g
b
y
h
elp
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
o
n
ito
r
ef
f
o
r
t,
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
v
er
tim
e.
I
n
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
an
aly
tics
-
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ca
n
also
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
en
it
is
u
s
ed
to
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
p
ee
r
in
ter
a
ctio
n
,
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
r
e
f
lectiv
e
p
r
ac
tice.
Fro
m
an
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
g
in
with
clea
r
ly
d
ef
i
n
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
b
jectiv
es,
p
ilo
t
PLA
in
h
ig
h
-
r
is
k
g
atew
ay
co
u
r
s
es,
estab
lis
h
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
an
d
co
n
s
en
t
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
tr
ain
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
to
in
ter
p
r
et
an
aly
tics
o
u
tp
u
ts
,
an
d
ev
alu
ate
s
u
cc
ess
u
s
in
g
b
o
th
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
etr
ics an
d
lear
n
in
g
-
o
u
tco
m
e
in
d
icato
r
s
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
r
ev
iew
s
h
o
ws
th
at
PLA
h
as
v
alu
e
in
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
c
atio
n
n
o
t
s
im
p
ly
b
ec
au
s
e
it
c
an
p
r
ed
ict
ac
ad
em
ic
o
u
tco
m
es,
b
u
t
b
e
ca
u
s
e
it
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ea
r
lier
,
m
o
r
e
tar
g
eted
,
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
ev
id
en
ce
-
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
Acr
o
s
s
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
e
s
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
r
elate
to
ea
r
ly
r
is
k
d
etec
tio
n
,
p
er
s
o
n
aliza
tio
n
,
an
d
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
r
ef
in
em
en
t,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
ar
r
ier
s
in
v
o
lv
e
d
ata
f
r
ag
m
en
tatio
n
,
lim
ited
in
ter
p
r
etab
ilit
y
,
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
d
esig
n
,
an
d
eth
ical
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
.
T
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
co
n
t
r
ib
u
t
io
n
o
f
th
is
ar
ticle
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
is
its
in
te
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