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15
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ar
ts
,
an
d
m
a
th
em
ati
cs
(
S
T
E
A
M)
p
ar
ad
ig
m
h
as
g
a
in
ed
t
r
a
cti
o
n
a
s
a
p
i
v
o
t
al
s
tr
ate
g
y
f
o
r
r
e
n
e
wi
n
g
tea
c
h
e
r
p
r
ep
ar
at
io
n
.
B
y
s
y
n
th
esi
zi
n
g
s
cie
n
t
if
i
c
in
q
u
i
r
y
wit
h
t
ec
h
n
ic
al
an
d
cr
ea
ti
v
e
d
is
ci
p
l
in
es,
th
is
m
et
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
cu
lti
v
a
tes
a
d
is
c
o
v
e
r
y
-
o
r
ie
n
t
ed
m
i
n
d
s
et
,
f
o
s
te
r
i
n
g
an
al
y
ti
ca
l
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
ac
tic
al
ex
ec
u
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
eo
r
e
tic
al
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
i
n
a
u
t
h
e
n
t
ic
s
ce
n
a
r
i
o
s
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
R
ec
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
ies
h
a
v
e
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
e
d
t
h
e
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
al
p
o
t
e
n
ti
al
o
f
ST
E
A
M,
b
u
t
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
em
f
o
c
u
s
eit
h
e
r
o
n
s
c
h
o
o
l
-
le
v
el
im
p
l
em
e
n
t
ati
o
n
o
r
o
n
s
e
lec
te
d
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
,
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
m
at
h
e
m
at
ic
s
(
ST
E
M
)
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
r
at
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
o
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
a
tic
r
e
d
es
ig
n
o
f
te
ac
h
e
r
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
ese
n
t
s
t
u
d
y
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
tes
t
o
t
h
is
f
iel
d
b
y
d
e
v
el
o
p
i
n
g
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
all
y
v
ali
d
a
ti
n
g
a
S
T
E
A
M
-
b
as
ed
m
o
d
e
r
n
iza
ti
o
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
t
ea
c
h
er
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
aim
ed
at
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
in
g
g
e
o
e
c
o
lo
g
ic
al
co
m
p
et
e
n
ce
am
o
n
g
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ti
v
e
te
ac
h
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
c
o
m
b
i
n
es
c
u
r
r
i
cu
lu
m
c
o
n
t
en
t
a
n
al
y
s
is
,
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
a
m
o
d
er
n
i
za
t
io
n
m
o
d
el,
an
d
a
p
ed
a
g
o
g
i
ca
l
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
t
o
v
al
id
ate
th
e
e
f
f
ic
ac
y
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
es
te
d
m
et
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
ic
al
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
k
[
1
9
]
.
Desp
ite
t
h
e
g
r
o
wi
n
g
in
te
r
est
i
n
ST
E
AM
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
,
its
s
y
s
t
em
atic
i
n
t
eg
r
a
ti
o
n
i
n
t
o
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
y
te
ac
h
e
r
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
an
d
i
ts
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
g
e
o
e
co
lo
g
i
ca
l
c
o
m
p
e
te
n
c
e
r
e
m
ai
n
u
n
d
e
r
ex
p
l
o
r
e
d
.
B
u
i
ld
in
g
o
n
th
is
,
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
ese
ar
ch
in
v
est
ig
at
es
h
o
w
a
S
T
E
AM
-
i
n
te
g
r
at
e
d
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
f
a
cil
it
ates
th
e
g
r
o
w
th
o
f
g
e
o
ec
o
l
o
g
ic
al
m
ast
er
y
in
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
te
ac
h
e
r
t
r
ai
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
r
ese
ar
c
h
q
u
es
ti
o
n
g
u
id
in
g
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
is
as:
d
o
es
th
e
in
te
g
r
ati
o
n
o
f
ST
E
AM
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
i
es s
ig
n
i
f
i
ca
n
tl
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
g
e
o
ec
o
l
o
g
ic
al
c
o
m
p
e
te
n
c
e
i
n
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
t
ea
ch
e
r
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
?
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
d
esig
n
B
y
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
em
p
ir
ical
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
with
i
n
ter
p
r
etiv
e
tech
n
iq
u
es
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
te
d
a
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
with
in
a
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
s
ettin
g
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
in
clu
d
ed
th
r
ee
s
eq
u
en
tial
s
tag
es:
d
iag
n
o
s
tic,
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l.
At
th
e
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
s
tag
e,
ex
is
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
g
e
o
g
r
ap
h
y
teac
h
er
s
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
,
an
d
th
e
b
aselin
e
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
g
eo
ec
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
was
ass
es
s
ed
wi
th
in
ea
ch
p
ar
ticip
an
t
clu
s
ter
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
b
o
th
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
an
aly
s
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
d
is
cip
lin
es,
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
p
r
ac
tice
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
an
d
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
-
d
r
iv
e
n
in
v
esti
g
ativ
e
to
o
ls
ets
an
d
an
aly
tical
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
with
in
th
e
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
At
th
e
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
s
tag
e,
a
STE
AM
-
b
ased
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
izin
g
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
[
3
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
s
tag
e
in
v
o
lv
e
d
r
e
v
is
in
g
co
u
r
s
e
co
n
ten
t,
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
in
ter
d
i
s
cip
lin
ar
y
p
r
ac
tical
task
s
,
an
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
STE
AM
-
o
r
ien
ted
p
r
o
jects
aim
e
d
at
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
g
eo
ec
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
.
As
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
with
in
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
en
co
m
p
ass
es
s
ev
er
al
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
tep
s
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ate
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
lear
n
in
g
.
At
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
tag
e,
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
g
e
o
ec
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
was
r
ea
s
s
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
ap
p
lied
at
th
e
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
s
tag
e,
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
ed
co
m
p
ar
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
ata
co
llected
b
ef
o
r
e
a
n
d
af
te
r
th
e
in
ter
v
en
ti
o
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Me
th
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
d
eliv
er
y
2
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
em
p
ir
ical
b
asis
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
e
d
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
in
B
0
1
4
Geo
g
r
a
p
h
y
T
ea
ch
e
r
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
f
er
ed
at
Ak
t
o
b
e
R
eg
io
n
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
n
am
ed
a
f
ter
K.
Z
h
u
b
an
o
v
a
n
d
Z
h
ety
s
u
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
n
am
e
d
af
ter
I
.
Z
h
an
s
u
g
u
r
o
v
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
am
p
le
co
m
p
r
is
ed
1
7
8
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
d
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
en
g
a
g
ed
in
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
r
an
g
i
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in
a
g
e
f
r
o
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1
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to
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r
s
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e
en
r
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r
(
3
8
)
4
t
h
y
e
a
r
(
3
6
)
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
s
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
,
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
u
tili
ze
d
a
s
et
o
f
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic
to
o
ls
tailo
r
ed
to
th
e
m
u
lti
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
g
eo
ec
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
.
T
h
ese
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
wer
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
d
ata
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e,
ac
tiv
ity
-
o
r
ien
te
d
,
ax
io
lo
g
ical
(
v
alu
e
-
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al)
,
an
d
s
elf
-
ev
alu
ativ
e
(
r
ef
lectiv
e)
d
o
m
ain
s
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Me
asu
r
em
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
co
g
n
it
iv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
in
v
o
l
v
ed
a
4
0
-
q
u
esti
o
n
o
b
jectiv
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t.
T
h
is
to
o
l
aim
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
d
e
p
th
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
th
eo
r
etica
l
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
th
eir
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
s
k
ills
,
an
d
th
eir
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
g
eo
ec
o
lo
g
ical
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
s
y
llab
u
s
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
je
cted
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
g
o
als with
in
th
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
-
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
was
ex
am
in
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
a
n
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
STE
AM
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
e
ac
ti
v
ity
-
b
ased
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
was
ass
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
ca
s
e
-
b
ased
task
s
an
d
p
r
o
ject
wo
r
k
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
ese
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
w
er
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ills
,
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
a
r
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
,
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
i
g
ital a
n
d
g
e
o
s
p
atial
to
o
ls
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
g
eo
e
co
lo
g
ical
is
s
u
es [
2
3
]
–
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
lectiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
wa
s
ass
es
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ef
lectiv
e
r
e
p
o
r
ts
,
wh
ic
h
wer
e
u
s
ed
t
o
id
en
tify
ch
a
n
g
es
in
s
elf
-
ass
ess
m
en
t,
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
an
d
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ac
tiv
ity
.
R
ef
lectiv
e
an
aly
s
is
is
wid
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
a
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t
elem
en
t
o
f
co
m
p
eten
ce
-
b
ased
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
2
]
.
T
o
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
v
alid
ity
,
d
ata
f
r
o
m
test
s
,
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es,
ex
p
er
t
e
v
alu
atio
n
s
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
ject
an
aly
s
is
wer
e
tr
ian
g
u
lated
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
e
p
ea
ted
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tag
es
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
-
e
x
p
er
t
ag
r
e
em
en
t
in
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
task
s
.
Par
ticip
atio
n
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
in
cip
le
s
o
f
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
tiality
,
an
o
n
y
m
ity
,
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
ata
u
s
e
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t t
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
m
e
tr
ics
an
d
Pear
s
o
n
’
s
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
(
χ²
)
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
ese
s
tati
s
tical
to
o
ls
wer
e
v
ital
f
o
r
id
en
tif
y
in
g
v
ar
iatio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
co
h
o
r
ts
,
with
th
e
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
f
o
r
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
estab
lis
h
ed
at
p
<0
.
0
5
.
Qu
a
n
titativ
e
d
ata
wer
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
to
ca
teg
o
r
ize
s
tu
d
e
n
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
t
o
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
tier
s
:
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
,
in
ter
m
e
d
i
ate,
an
d
elem
en
tar
y
g
eo
ec
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
T
h
is
class
if
icatio
n
allo
wed
f
o
r
a
clea
r
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
an
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
th
e
χ²
test
s
er
v
ed
to
v
alid
at
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
s
h
if
ts
o
b
s
er
v
ed
d
u
r
in
g
b
o
th
th
e
in
itial (
d
iag
n
o
s
tic)
an
d
f
in
al
(
c
o
n
tr
o
l)
p
h
ases
o
f
th
e
t
r
ial.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
y
teac
h
er
tr
ain
i
n
g
cu
r
r
icu
la
a
r
e
d
etailed
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
STE
AM
-
b
ased
m
o
d
er
n
iza
tio
n
m
o
d
el
an
d
its
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
g
e
o
ec
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
3
.
1
.
Curre
nt
s
t
a
t
e
a
nd
g
a
ps
in g
eo
g
ra
ph
y
t
ea
cher
t
r
a
ini
ng
Un
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
th
e
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
a
n
d
o
r
ie
n
t
ati
o
n
o
f
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
te
ac
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
is
e
s
s
en
t
ial
f
o
r
id
e
n
t
if
y
i
n
g
lim
ita
ti
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
h
i
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
g
eo
ec
o
l
o
g
ica
l
co
m
p
et
e
n
ce
.
Pa
r
ti
c
u
la
r
at
te
n
ti
o
n
w
as
g
i
v
e
n
t
o
t
h
e
b
ala
n
ce
b
e
twe
en
t
h
e
o
r
et
ica
l
c
o
n
te
n
t
a
n
d
p
r
a
cti
ce
-
o
r
i
e
n
te
d
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
le
v
e
l
o
f
i
n
t
er
d
is
ci
p
li
n
ar
it
y
,
an
d
t
h
e
e
x
te
n
t
t
o
w
h
ic
h
d
ig
ita
l
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
i
es
a
n
d
r
ese
ar
c
h
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
r
e
i
n
t
eg
r
a
te
d
in
to
t
h
e
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
al
p
r
o
c
ess
.
3
.
1
.
1
.
Co
nte
nt
o
rient
a
t
i
o
n a
nd
identif
ied lim
it
a
t
io
ns
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
b
o
th
c
o
r
e
an
d
s
p
ec
ialized
d
is
cip
lin
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
s
u
b
ject
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
eir
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
,
p
r
ac
tical,
an
d
in
te
r
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
s
k
ills
r
em
ai
n
s
lim
ited
.
Mo
s
t
co
u
r
s
es
ar
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
R
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Vo
l
.
15
,
No
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4
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Au
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u
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t
20
26
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2
9
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u
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f
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m
o
d
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,
an
d
p
r
o
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b
ased
lear
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i
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g
.
S
p
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ically
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e
cu
r
r
icu
la
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o
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r
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ch
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u
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a
m
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tals
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r
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g
r
ap
h
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n
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p
r
im
ar
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p
h
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n
atu
r
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
Ho
wev
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,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
p
atial
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
d
ig
ital
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
r
em
ain
s
lim
ited
.
A
s
im
ilar
tr
en
d
was
o
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s
er
v
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in
s
o
ci
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
,
wh
e
r
e
ter
r
ito
r
ial
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
t
u
d
ies
r
ar
ely
u
tili
ze
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
a
n
aly
tical
to
o
ls
ets.
T
ab
le
2
p
r
o
v
id
es a
d
etaile
d
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
ese
c
o
n
ten
t a
n
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
n
ten
t a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
y
teac
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
B
l
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c
k
o
f
d
i
s
c
i
p
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e
s
D
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sci
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e
D
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c
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n
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d
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n
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f
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d
l
i
m
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a
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o
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Th
e
p
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1
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2
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P
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ased
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3
.
2
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ased
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p
ec
ialized
d
is
cip
lin
es [
3
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
Str
uct
ura
l
cha
ng
es in c
o
re
co
urs
es
W
ith
in
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
co
n
te
n
t
o
f
co
r
e
d
is
cip
lin
es
was
r
ev
is
ed
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
te
r
d
is
cip
lin
ar
ity
an
d
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
d
i
g
ital
to
o
ls
in
to
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Mo
d
ern
iz
in
g
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
y
tea
ch
er e
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u
ca
tio
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r
o
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g
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S
TEA
M in
teg
r
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tio
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h
a
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…
(
R
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Mu
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itd
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o
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a
)
2987
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
a
ter
ial
was
s
u
p
p
lem
en
ted
with
elem
en
ts
o
f
d
ig
ital
an
d
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
elin
g
,
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
t
h
e
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
o
f
s
p
atial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
2
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
W
ith
in
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
y
m
o
d
u
le,
lea
r
n
er
s
en
g
ag
ed
in
p
r
ac
tical
s
im
u
latio
n
s
o
f
clim
atic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
th
e
s
tatis
tical
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
atasets
.
T
h
e
s
e
ac
tiv
ities
wer
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
it
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
f
o
r
r
esu
lt
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
in
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tals
o
f
ca
r
to
g
r
ap
h
y
an
d
to
p
o
g
r
ap
h
y
,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
f
o
c
u
s
was
r
ed
ir
ec
ted
to
war
d
au
t
o
m
at
ed
m
ap
p
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
s
p
atial
in
f
o
r
m
atics.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
i
f
icatio
n
s
ex
p
a
n
d
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
wo
r
k
with
g
e
o
s
p
atial
d
ata
an
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
r
elev
an
t to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
g
eo
ec
o
l
o
g
i
ca
l p
r
o
ce
s
s
es [
1
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Mo
d
el
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
izatio
n
o
f
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
y
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
b
ased
o
n
STE
AM
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies as a
co
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
g
e
o
ec
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
2
9
8
3
-
2
9
9
2
2988
3
.
2
.
2
.
T
ra
ns
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n o
f
s
pecia
lized
dis
ci
pli
ne
s
Sig
n
if
ican
t
ch
an
g
es
wer
e
als
o
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
to
s
p
ec
ialized
d
is
cip
lin
es.
I
n
g
eo
ec
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
r
atio
n
al
n
atu
r
e
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
,
th
e
tr
a
d
it
io
n
al
s
tu
d
y
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
th
e
o
r
y
was
s
u
p
p
lem
en
ted
b
y
p
r
ac
tice
-
o
r
ien
ted
STE
AM
p
r
o
jects.
Stu
d
en
ts
co
m
p
leted
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
an
th
r
o
p
o
g
en
ic
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
als
aim
ed
at
r
ed
u
cin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
r
is
k
s
.
GI
S
we
r
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
p
atial
an
aly
s
is
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
ata
an
d
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
n
atu
r
al
an
d
a
n
th
r
o
p
o
g
en
ic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es [
1
4
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
An
im
p
o
r
tan
t
elem
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
STE
AM
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
“
a
r
ts
”
p
illar
,
aim
ed
at
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
is
tic
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
W
ith
in
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
ac
tiv
ities
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
r
ep
ar
ed
p
o
llu
tio
n
m
a
p
s
,
in
f
o
g
r
ap
h
ics,
m
u
ltime
d
ia
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
an
d
co
n
ce
p
t
u
al
s
ch
em
es
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
s
p
atial
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
p
o
llu
tan
ts
,
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
l
an
d
-
u
s
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Su
ch
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
an
al
y
tical
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
p
r
ac
tices
ju
s
tifie
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
ter
m
“ST
E
AM
”
r
ath
er
th
an
s
o
lely
“ST
E
M”
[
3
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
3
.
3
.
Q
ua
ntit
a
t
iv
e
re
s
ults o
f
t
he
p
eda
g
o
g
ica
l e
x
perim
ent
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
izin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
was
ev
alu
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
aim
ed
at
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
g
eo
ec
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
an
aly
s
is
wa
s
d
esig
n
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
m
ain
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
,
n
am
ely
wh
eth
er
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
STE
AM
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies lea
d
s
to
a
s
tati
s
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t in
th
e
lev
el
o
f
g
eo
ec
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
am
o
n
g
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
y
teac
h
er
s
.
3
.
3
.
1
.
B
a
s
eline
co
m
pa
ra
bil
it
y
o
f
g
ro
up
s
T
h
e
in
itial
ass
es
s
m
en
t
r
ev
ea
led
a
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
co
h
o
r
ts
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
n
o
n
o
tab
le
d
is
p
ar
ities
wer
e
d
etec
ted
in
a
n
y
g
eo
ec
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
d
o
m
ain
(
p
>0
.
0
5
)
,
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
b
aselin
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
e
x
p
er
im
en
t
,
as
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
3
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
co
h
o
r
t d
is
p
lay
ed
ad
v
an
ce
d
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
th
e
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
v
alu
e
-
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
d
o
m
ain
s
(
b
o
th
at
2
1
%),
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
ac
tiv
ity
-
b
ased
(
1
9
%)
an
d
r
e
f
lectiv
e
(
1
4
%)
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
T
h
ese
f
i
g
u
r
es
wer
e
clo
s
ely
m
ir
r
o
r
ed
b
y
t
h
e
co
n
t
r
o
l g
r
o
u
p
r
esu
lts
,
wh
ich
s
to
o
d
at
2
2
%,
2
0
%,
1
8
%,
an
d
1
5
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
ly
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Geo
ec
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
e
ten
ce
b
aselin
e
(
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
s
tag
e
)
C
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=
9
0
)
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=
8
8
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
H
i
g
h
:
2
1
%
M
e
d
i
u
m
:
4
7
%
Lo
w
:
3
2
%
H
i
g
h
:
2
2
%
M
e
d
i
u
m
:
4
6
%
Lo
w
:
3
2
%
>
0
.
0
5
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
H
i
g
h
:
1
9
%
M
e
d
i
u
m
:
4
9
%
Lo
w
:
3
2
%
H
i
g
h
:
1
8
%
M
e
d
i
u
m
:
5
0
%
Lo
w
:
3
2
%
>
0
.
0
5
V
a
l
u
e
-
mo
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
H
i
g
h
:
2
1
%
M
e
d
i
u
m
:
4
8
%
Lo
w
:
3
1
%
H
i
g
h
:
2
0
%
M
e
d
i
u
m
:
4
9
%
Lo
w
:
3
1
%
>
0
.
0
5
R
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
H
i
g
h
:
1
4
%
M
e
d
i
u
m
:
4
6
%
Lo
w
:
4
0
%
H
i
g
h
:
1
5
%
M
e
d
i
u
m
:
4
5
%
Lo
w
:
4
0
%
>
0
.
0
5
3
.
3
.
2
.
Dy
na
m
ics o
f
g
eo
ec
o
lo
g
ica
l c
o
m
pet
ence
dev
elo
pm
en
t
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
s
tag
e
,
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
m
ar
k
ed
i
m
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
ac
r
o
s
s
all
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
g
e
o
ec
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
a
h
ig
h
l
ev
el
o
f
co
g
n
itiv
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
2
1
%
to
5
4
%.
Fo
r
th
e
ac
tiv
ity
-
b
ased
co
m
p
o
n
en
t,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
1
9
%
to
4
9
%.
I
n
th
e
v
alu
e
-
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
2
1
%
t
o
4
5
%,
wh
ile
in
t
h
e
r
ef
lectiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t it
r
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
1
4
% to
4
1
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B
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[
2
7
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[
2
9
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.
I
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ased
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liter
ac
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[
2
8
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,
[
2
9
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t.
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h
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s
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g
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at
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AM
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teg
r
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in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
n
o
t
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n
ly
s
tu
d
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ts
’
o
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er
atio
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al
s
k
ills
b
u
t
also
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
attitu
d
es,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
ca
p
ac
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f
o
r
s
elf
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ass
ess
m
en
t.
T
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
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b
ased
v
iew
th
at
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ea
ch
er
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r
ep
ar
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n
s
h
o
u
ld
co
m
b
in
e
k
n
o
wled
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e,
ac
tio
n
,
v
al
u
es,
an
d
r
ef
lectio
n
with
in
a
u
n
if
ied
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
o
f
f
er
s
a
n
o
v
el
p
er
s
p
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tiv
e
b
y
s
tr
ateg
ically
em
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ed
d
in
g
th
e
“a
r
ts
”
f
ac
et
with
in
th
e
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AM
-
m
o
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er
n
i
ze
d
cu
r
r
icu
la,
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er
e
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y
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ef
i
n
in
g
th
e
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r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
g
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g
r
ap
h
y
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
.
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ith
in
o
u
r
f
r
am
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r
k
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h
is
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m
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o
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e
n
t
was
r
ea
lized
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r
o
u
g
h
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e
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tic
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r
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tr
en
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ed
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o
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ly
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aly
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ical
wo
r
k
b
u
t
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en
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o
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m
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n
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y
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e
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AM
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r
o
ac
h
[
3
0
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,
[
3
1
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.
C
o
m
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ar
ed
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r
lier
s
tu
d
ies th
at
co
n
s
id
er
ed
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AM
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ain
ly
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m
ea
n
s
o
f
en
h
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cin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
l
ea
r
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
at
e
its
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
-
lev
el
r
elev
a
n
ce
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
er
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
ex
p
an
d
s
th
e
th
e
o
r
etica
l
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
STE
AM
,
p
o
s
itio
n
i
n
g
it
as
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h
o
lis
tic
d
r
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f
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
-
wid
e
r
ef
o
r
m
in
ed
u
ca
to
r
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
,
as
o
p
p
o
s
ed
to
a
n
ar
r
o
w
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
m
eth
o
d
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
.
T
h
e
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
tw
o
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
in
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
m
ig
h
t
co
n
s
tr
ain
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
al
ex
tr
a
p
o
latio
n
o
f
th
ese
o
u
tco
m
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
d
id
n
o
t
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
a
m
u
lti
-
y
ea
r
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
to
t
r
ac
k
th
e
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
tr
ajec
to
r
ies
o
f
th
e
alu
m
n
i
an
d
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ed
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
t
h
eir
g
eo
ec
o
lo
g
ical
s
k
ills
in
r
e
al
-
wo
r
ld
class
r
o
o
m
s
ettin
g
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
th
er
ef
o
r
e
in
v
o
lv
e
b
r
o
ad
e
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
am
p
les,
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
d
esig
n
s
,
an
d
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
co
m
p
eten
c
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
STE
AM
-
b
ased
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o
d
er
n
izatio
n
o
f
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
y
teac
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ca
n
b
e
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
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ef
f
ec
tiv
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m
ec
h
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is
m
f
o
r
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
g
e
o
ec
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
o
cieta
l g
r
o
wth
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
em
p
ir
ical
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
STE
AM
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
to
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
y
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
e
n
h
an
c
es
g
eo
e
co
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
co
g
n
itiv
e,
ac
tiv
ity
-
b
ased
,
v
alu
e
-
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al,
a
n
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
er
n
izatio
n
m
o
d
el
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
lear
n
in
g
,
d
i
g
ital
an
d
g
eo
s
p
atial
s
k
ills
,
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
,
an
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
awa
r
en
ess
am
o
n
g
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
r
o
g
r
ess
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
with
in
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
co
h
o
r
t
in
d
icate
s
th
at
STE
AM
-
d
r
iv
en
cu
r
r
icu
lar
r
ef
o
r
m
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
r
ef
in
i
n
g
t
ea
ch
er
p
r
ep
a
r
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n
.
Su
ch
a
m
o
d
el
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
alig
n
s
with
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
ec
o
lo
g
ical
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
th
e
p
er
v
asiv
e
d
ig
ital
ev
o
lu
tio
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
r
esh
a
p
in
g
th
e
ed
u
c
atio
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al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
c
h
o
lar
ly
in
q
u
ir
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
in
v
e
s
tig
ate
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
o
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tco
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es,
th
e
s
ca
lin
g
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
a
n
d
th
e
s
y
n
e
r
g
y
with
h
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g
h
-
tier
tech
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o
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g
ical
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s
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m
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ts
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u
ch
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AI
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RE
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S
[
1
]
J.
Á
.
A
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.
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.
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-
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A
.
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M
.
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.
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