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I
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3293
ar
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AI
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[
5
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.
Al
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s
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[
1
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[
2
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T
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[
6
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I
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On
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k
o
f
co
g
n
iti
v
e
atr
o
p
h
y
an
d
th
e
d
ec
lin
e
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
g
en
u
in
e
i
n
tellectu
al
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
d
u
e
to
e
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
r
ea
d
y
-
m
ad
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
;
in
d
ee
d
,
th
e
y
ar
g
u
e
th
at
th
is
th
r
ea
ten
s
th
e
au
to
n
o
m
y
o
f
th
e
h
u
m
an
m
i
n
d
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
o
th
e
r
s
v
iew
th
is
d
ig
ital
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
as
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
m
ed
iu
m
an
d
a
to
o
l
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
T
h
is
allo
ws
lear
n
er
s
to
f
r
ee
th
em
s
elv
es
f
r
o
m
r
o
u
tin
e
task
s
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
e
r
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
co
m
p
lex
an
aly
s
is
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
,
s
u
ch
as
m
in
i
-
ap
p
s
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
d
u
r
in
g
m
ath
em
atics
class
es.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
c
o
n
ten
t
ca
n
b
e
b
etter
u
n
d
e
r
s
to
o
d
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
d
ig
ital to
o
ls
[
2
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
Ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
av
e
p
r
o
m
p
ted
m
a
th
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
id
e
n
tify
two
p
r
im
ar
y
r
o
les
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
th
e
f
ir
s
t
as
ass
is
tin
g
teac
h
er
s
with
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
task
s
lik
e
cr
ea
tin
g
wo
r
k
s
h
ee
ts
an
d
g
r
a
d
in
g
,
a
n
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
as
a
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
way
s
to
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
v
is
u
alize
m
ath
e
m
atica
l id
ea
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Star
tin
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
is
s
u
e,
a
n
d
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
ec
ip
h
er
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
lex
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
th
e
h
u
m
an
m
in
d
an
d
AI
,
th
e
u
tili
ty
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
as
co
g
n
itiv
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
s
ta
n
d
s
o
u
t
am
o
n
g
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
u
s
e
[
2
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
g
o
es
b
e
y
o
n
d
th
e
s
im
p
le
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
u
s
ag
e
r
ates;
in
d
ee
d
,
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
e
v
o
lv
es
in
to
a
co
g
n
itiv
e
to
o
l
o
n
ce
it
is
ap
p
lied
to
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
lear
n
in
g
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
2
]
,
[
6
]
.
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
th
is
d
e
b
ate,
it
b
ec
o
m
es
ess
en
tial
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
d
ee
p
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
an
d
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
th
at
g
o
v
er
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
with
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
eter
m
in
e
w
h
eth
er
th
ey
will
ac
t
as
a
to
o
l
u
n
d
e
r
m
in
in
g
in
tellectu
al
s
k
ills
o
r
,
co
n
v
er
s
ely
,
as
a
g
e
n
u
in
e
le
v
e
r
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
d
ir
ec
tly
i
n
f
o
r
m
s
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
p
o
licy
,
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
esig
n
,
an
d
class
r
o
o
m
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
is
f
ield
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
r
e
v
ea
l
th
e
m
o
d
e
r
n
co
g
n
itiv
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
in
tellectu
al
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
b
jectiv
e
aim
s
t
o
e
x
a
m
in
e
th
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
an
d
co
r
r
e
latio
n
al
lin
k
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
u
s
e
A
I
f
o
r
lea
r
n
in
g
as
a
th
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
an
d
th
eir
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
as
ath
e
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le,
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
co
g
n
itiv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
I
t
d
ee
p
ly
e
x
p
lo
r
es
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
lear
n
er
,
an
aly
zin
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
as
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
al
d
r
i
v
er
th
a
t
g
u
id
es
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
ex
ce
llen
ce
as
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
r
ef
lectin
g
t
h
e
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
m
en
tal
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
attem
p
ts
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
cien
tific
an
s
wer
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
a
n
d
d
y
n
am
ics
th
at
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
AI
f
r
o
m
a
m
er
e
to
o
l
f
o
r
r
ap
i
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
i
n
to
a
le
v
er
f
o
r
i
n
tellectu
al
em
an
cip
atio
n
an
d
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
t
o
f
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
ex
ce
llen
ce
,
r
el
y
in
g
o
n
p
r
ec
is
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t to
o
ls
an
d
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
s
tatis
t
ical
cr
iter
ia
to
g
u
ar
an
t
ee
th
e
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
Glo
b
ally
,
th
is
d
eb
ate
ju
x
tap
o
s
es
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
co
g
n
itiv
e
atr
o
p
h
y
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
an
o
v
er
-
r
elian
ce
o
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
p
r
o
m
is
e
o
f
f
r
ee
i
n
g
lear
n
er
s
f
r
o
m
r
o
u
tin
e
task
s
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
co
m
p
lex
a
n
aly
s
is
.
T
h
is
d
y
n
a
m
ic
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
v
ital
to
ex
am
in
e
with
in
th
e
Mo
r
o
cc
an
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
l
s
y
s
tem
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ally
b
y
a
f
am
ily
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
o
f
t
en
o
f
f
er
s
lim
ited
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
ath
way
s
an
d
r
ef
lects
a
m
o
d
est
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
,
th
e
Mo
r
o
cc
an
co
n
tex
t
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
a
h
ig
h
p
e
n
etr
atio
n
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
to
o
ls
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
s
itu
atin
g
th
is
r
esear
ch
with
in
Mo
r
o
cc
a
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
i
o
r
ities
allo
ws
u
s
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
wh
eth
er
d
ig
ita
l
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
d
AI
ca
n
tr
an
s
ce
n
d
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
ar
r
ier
s
an
d
s
er
v
e
as a
g
en
u
in
e
eq
u
alize
r
f
o
r
co
g
n
itiv
e
ac
q
u
i
s
itio
n
an
d
m
ath
em
atica
l e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
p
u
r
p
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v
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m
p
l
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t
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p
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h
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a
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a
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f
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o
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y
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e
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.
T
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t
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c
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o
f
1
3
0
a
d
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s
c
e
n
t
s
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ev
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n
l
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p
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it
b
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n
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r
.
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p
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f
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T
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
2
9
2
-
3
3
0
0
3294
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
.
I
t
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
e
d
o
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
at
i
v
e
o
f
a
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
n
d
s
t
ab
l
e
g
r
o
w
t
h
p
l
a
t
e
a
u
,
t
h
e
r
e
b
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
il
i
ty
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
a
ti
s
t
i
c
a
l
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
h
o
r
t
.
2
.
2
.
M
a
t
er
ia
ls
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
h
ase
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
b
ased
o
n
a
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
co
m
b
in
in
g
co
n
tex
tu
al
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
a
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
te
s
ts
.
A
s
p
ec
if
ic
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
to
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
to
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
th
eir
f
am
ily
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
id
en
tify
an
y
s
en
s
o
r
y
im
p
air
m
en
ts
(
v
is
u
al
o
r
au
d
ito
r
y
)
,
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
eir
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ac
cu
ltu
r
atio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
eir
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
with
AI
.
Glo
b
al
co
g
n
itiv
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
W
ec
h
s
ler
co
g
n
itiv
e
in
tellig
en
ce
s
c
ale
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
en
an
d
ad
o
lescen
ts
(
W
I
SC
)
,
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
its
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
clin
ical
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
i
n
tellectu
al
ab
ilit
ies
in
m
in
o
r
s
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
o
p
tim
al
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
m
in
im
ize
s
tr
ess
,
th
e
te
s
t
w
as
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
in
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
ess
io
n
s
o
r
g
an
ized
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
f
r
ee
tim
e.
Alth
o
u
g
h
d
is
tin
ct
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
u
l
l
s
ca
le
in
tellig
en
ce
q
u
o
tien
t
(
IQ
)
,
th
e
“
Ar
ith
m
etic
”
s
u
b
test
was
s
p
ec
if
ically
u
tili
ze
d
.
T
h
is
s
u
b
test
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
34
item
s
,
c
o
m
p
r
is
in
g
a
s
er
ies
o
f
m
ath
em
atica
l
p
r
o
b
lem
s
p
r
esen
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
icto
r
ial
o
r
v
e
r
b
al
item
s
,
wh
ich
t
h
e
ad
o
lescen
t
m
u
s
t
s
o
lv
e
m
en
tally
.
I
n
te
g
r
ated
in
t
o
th
e
Flu
id
R
ea
s
o
n
in
g
I
n
d
ex
(
o
r
wo
r
k
in
g
m
em
o
r
y
in
d
e
x
,
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
v
er
s
io
n
/m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
)
,
t
h
is
test
allo
wed
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ec
is
e
q
u
an
tif
icatio
n
o
f
l
o
g
ical
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
a
b
ilit
ies
an
d
wo
r
k
in
g
m
em
o
r
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
en
tire
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
s
co
r
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
wer
e
d
o
n
e
ex
ac
tly
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
s
tr
ict
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
in
te
r
p
r
etatio
n
m
an
u
al
th
e
tec
h
n
ic
al
g
u
id
elin
es
s
tip
u
lated
in
t
h
e
o
f
f
icial
W
ec
h
s
ler
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
an
d
s
co
r
in
g
m
a
n
u
al
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
d
a
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
ct
e
d
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
p
h
a
s
e
w
as
o
p
ti
m
i
z
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
a
n
d
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
d
i
g
i
t
al
t
o
o
l
s
,
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
r
e
c
is
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
s
u
l
ts
.
O
n
c
e
t
h
e
W
I
SC
w
as
a
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
e
r
e
d
,
r
a
w
d
a
t
a
w
e
r
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
tt
e
d
v
ia
t
h
e
Q
-
g
l
o
b
a
l
o
n
li
n
e
p
l
at
f
o
r
m
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
i
s
r
e
li
a
n
c
e
o
n
a
u
t
o
m
at
ed
s
c
o
r
i
n
g
e
li
m
i
n
a
t
e
d
t
h
e
r
is
k
o
f
c
a
l
c
u
l
at
i
o
n
e
r
r
o
r
s
i
n
h
e
r
e
n
t
i
n
m
a
n
u
a
l
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
w
h
i
l
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
a
c
ce
l
e
r
at
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
w
o
r
k
f
l
o
w
.
F
i
n
a
l
r
es
u
lt
s
w
e
r
e
co
n
s
o
lid
ated
in
t
o
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
d
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
ite
s
co
r
es,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
o
v
e
r
v
iew
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
'
co
g
n
itiv
e
ab
ilit
ies.
Fo
r
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
SP
SS
s
o
f
twar
e
was
u
til
ized
.
T
h
is
to
o
l
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
v
er
if
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
es
(
m
ea
n
s
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
)
,
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
t
-
test
s
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
m
ea
n
s
an
d
s
ee
if
th
er
e
ar
e
an
y
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
th
e
s
am
p
le
th
at
ar
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
2
.
4
.
So
cio
e
co
no
m
ic
s
t
a
t
us
a
nd
educa
t
io
na
l le
v
el
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
s
itu
ated
with
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
M
o
r
o
cc
a
n
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
l
s
y
s
tem
,
a
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
ce
r
tain
s
o
ci
al
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
s
ca
r
ci
ty
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
p
r
i
v
ileg
ed
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
T
h
is
co
n
tex
t
is
o
f
ten
m
ar
k
ed
b
y
a
f
am
ily
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ally
,
o
f
f
er
s
lim
ited
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
ath
wa
y
s
.
A
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
lo
w
lev
el
o
f
p
ar
e
n
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
,
r
ef
lectin
g
m
o
d
est
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
an
d
lim
i
tin
g
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
with
in
th
e
h
o
m
e
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast
to
th
is
lo
w
ac
ad
em
ic
ca
p
ital,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
ls
h
i
g
h
p
en
etr
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
t
o
o
ls
.
A
n
o
tab
le
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
h
av
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
a
c
o
m
p
u
ter
o
r
a
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e
at
h
o
m
e.
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
is
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ce
d
b
y
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
n
ea
r
ly
all
f
am
ily
m
em
b
er
s
o
wn
a
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
with
p
er
m
an
en
t
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
d
ig
ital
d
iv
id
e
is
less
a
m
atter
o
f
m
ater
ial
ac
ce
s
s
th
an
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ap
p
licatio
n
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
As
v
is
u
ally
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
g
r
a
p
h
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
ea
n
f
o
r
o
v
e
r
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
n
th
e
ar
ith
m
etic
s
u
b
test
.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
8
9
%
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
h
iev
ed
r
esu
lts
ab
o
v
e
th
e
m
ea
n
,
wh
ile
1
1
%
p
r
esen
ted
r
es
u
lts
b
elo
w
th
e
m
ea
n
.
T
h
e
av
e
r
ag
e
s
co
r
e
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
th
e
e
n
tire
s
am
p
le
s
tan
d
s
at
1
4
.
2
5
o
u
t
o
f
2
0
.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
g
r
ap
h
an
aly
s
es
th
e
in
tellectu
al
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
I
Q
n
o
r
m
.
A
lar
g
e
m
ajo
r
ity
,
r
ep
r
ese
n
tin
g
9
2
%
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le,
p
o
s
s
ess
es
an
I
Q
ab
o
v
e
th
e
m
ea
n
;
o
n
ly
8
%
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
f
alls
b
elo
w
th
e
m
e
an
,
with
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
h
alf
o
f
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
ea
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
g
ir
ls
an
d
b
o
y
s
ac
h
ie
v
e
d
eq
u
iv
alen
t
s
co
r
es.
R
eliab
ilit
y
,
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
co
ef
f
icien
t,
is
0
.
8
6
0
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
t
h
e
th
ir
d
g
r
ap
h
d
etails
s
en
s
o
r
y
h
ea
lth
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
o
f
v
is
u
al
an
d
au
d
ito
r
y
im
p
air
m
en
ts
with
in
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
.
Ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
7
6
%
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
r
esen
t
n
o
s
en
s
o
r
y
is
s
u
es,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
v
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o
f
tr
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s
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ar
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CAL AP
P
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elate
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Helsin
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Dec
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r
th
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m
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p
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was
f
o
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m
ally
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v
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in
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titu
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v
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b
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p
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to
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y
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ata
co
llectio
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.
I
n
f
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r
m
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d
co
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s
en
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was
p
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p
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ly
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b
tain
e
d
f
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m
a
ll
p
ar
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an
ts
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d
th
ei
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leg
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ar
d
ian
s
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
f
u
ll e
th
ical
co
m
p
lian
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.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
All
d
ata
u
tili
ze
d
in
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
ar
e
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
tly
p
r
esen
ted
with
in
th
e
ar
ticle
th
r
o
u
g
h
tab
l
es,
f
ig
u
r
es,
an
d
d
etailed
d
is
cu
s
s
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s
.
T
h
e
r
aw
d
atasets
g
en
er
ated
an
d
an
aly
ze
d
d
u
r
in
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t
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e
cu
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en
t
s
tu
d
y
ar
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n
o
t
p
u
b
licly
av
ailab
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d
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e
to
s
tr
ict
p
ar
tici
p
an
t
p
r
iv
ac
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
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,
an
o
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y
m
ized
d
ata
ex
tr
ac
ts
ca
n
b
e
m
ad
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av
ailab
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b
y
th
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co
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r
esp
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n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
,
[
KM
]
,
u
p
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n
r
ea
s
o
n
a
b
le
ac
ad
em
ic
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q
u
est
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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2252
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8
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Th
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b
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metic
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tellig
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(
K
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3299
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
Y
.
A
.
F
r
e
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t
a
s
,
M
.
A
b
b
a
si
,
S
.
B
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o
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a
,
R
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o
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a
n
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.
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a
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i
n
s,
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x
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:
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ra
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o
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.
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T
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h
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m:
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M
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F
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Y
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n
,
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d
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m
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sso
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L.
Z
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.
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a
:
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,
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Fr
o
n
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Psy
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5
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A
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L
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A
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A
ssessm
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C
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-
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M
o
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c
c
a
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C
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l
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n
,
”
Ar
c
h
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v
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s
o
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C
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N
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ro
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h
o
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o
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c
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re
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c
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ti
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fr
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m
th
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iv
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rsity
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f
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ss
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n
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sa
b
lan
c
a
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ro
c
c
o
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r
c
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rre
n
t
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se
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rc
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.
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ics
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rm
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c
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n
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rti
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ial
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telli
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c
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h
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c
a
n
b
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c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
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m
a
il
:
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b
h
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m
a
il
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c
o
m
.
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u
z
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k
r
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To
u
r
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p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
t
th
e
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Ha
ss
a
n
II,
Ca
sa
b
lan
c
a
,
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o
ro
c
c
o
.
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g
o
t
h
i
s
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h
.
D
.
a
s
a
F
u
l
b
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g
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ter
a
t
U
n
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v
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rsity
o
f
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a
s
a
t
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stin
jo
in
t
ly
wit
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to
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te
a
t
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iv
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rsity
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o
h
a
m
m
e
d
V
Ra
b
a
t
a
s
a
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
ist.
His
p
o
st
-
d
o
c
a
s
a
F
u
lb
r
ig
h
ter
wa
s
a
t
UT
a
t
Au
st
in
a
s
we
ll
.
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wa
s
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u
l
b
rig
h
ter
a
n
d
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m
u
s
g
ra
n
tee
m
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n
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ti
m
e
s
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n
d
a
c
tu
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ll
y
p
re
si
d
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n
t
o
f
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ro
c
c
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n
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lb
r
ig
h
t
Al
u
m
n
i
As
so
c
i
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
th
ir
d
m
a
n
d
a
te.
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is
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
CARG
Lab
a
t
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Tex
a
s
a
t
Au
stin
.
His
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
c
o
v
e
r
to
p
ics
su
c
h
a
s
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
b
e
h
a
v
io
ra
l
sc
ien
c
e
,
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t,
sc
h
o
o
l
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
,
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
p
s
y
c
h
o
li
n
g
u
ist
ics
,
c
rit
ica
l
th
in
k
in
g
,
d
e
sig
n
th
in
k
in
g
,
re
se
a
rc
h
m
e
th
o
d
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
t
o
u
ri
b
o
u
z
e
k
ri@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
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